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SumatraWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Coordinates:00N102E
Sumatra
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Sumatra(Indonesian:Sumatera)isanislandinwesternIndonesiaandpartoftheSundaIslands.Itisthelargest
islandthatisentirelyinIndonesia(twolargerislands,BorneoandNewGuinea,aresharedbetweenIndonesiaand
othercountries)andthesixthlargestislandintheworldat473,481km2(includingadjacentislandssuchastheRiau
IslandsandBanggaBelitungIslands).
Sumatra
Sumatraisanelongatedlandmassspanningadiagonalnorthwestsoutheastaxis.TheIndianOceanbordersthewest,
northwest,andsouthwestsidesofSumatrawiththeislandchainofSimeulue,NiasandMentawaiborderingthe
southwesterncoast.OnthenortheastsidethenarrowStraitofMalaccaseparatestheislandfromtheMalay
Peninsula,anextensionoftheEurasiancontinent.OnthesoutheastthenarrowSundaStraitseparatesSumatrafrom
Java.ThenortherntipofSumatraborderstheAndamanIslands,whileonthelowereasternsidearetheislandsof
BangkaandBelitung,KarimataStraitandtheJavaSea.TheBukitBarisanmountains,whichcontainseveralactive
volcanoes,formthebackboneoftheisland,whilethenortheastsidesareoutlyinglowlandswithswamps,mangrove
andcomplexriversystems.TheequatorcrossestheislandatitscenteronWestSumatraandRiauprovinces.The
climateoftheislandistropical,hotandhumidwithlushtropicalrainforestoncedominatingthelandscape.
TopographyofSumatra
Sumatrahasawiderangeofplantandanimalspeciesbuthaslostalmost50%ofitstropicalrainforestinthelast35
years,andmanyspeciesarecriticallyendangeredsuchastheSumatranGroundcuckoo,Sumatrantiger,Sumatran
elephant,Sumatranrhinoceros,andSumatranorangutan.Deforestationontheislandhasalsoresultedinserioushaze
overneighbouringcountries,suchasthe2013SoutheastAsianhazecausingconsiderabletensionswithaffected
countriessuchasMalaysiaandSingapore.[1]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
Geography
Location
SoutheastAsia
Coordinates
00N102E
Archipelago
GreaterSundaIslands
Area
473,481km2(182,812sqmi)
Highestelevation 3,805m(12,484ft)
3 Administration
Highestpoint
Country
4 Geography
5 Largestcities
Indonesia
Provinces
Aceh,Bengkulu,Jambi,
Lampung,Riau,WestSumatra,
SouthSumatra,NorthSumatra
6 Floraandfauna
7 Demographics
7.1 Ethnicgroups
7.2 Languages
7.3 Religion
Kerinci
Demographics
Population
~50million (asof2014)
Density
106/km2(275/sqmi)
Ethnicgroups
Acehnese,Batak,Minangkabau,
Malay
8 Railtransport
9 Seealso
10 References
11 Externallinks
Etymology
SumatrawasknowninancienttimesbytheSanskritnamesofSwarnadwpa("IslandofGold")andSwarnabhmi("LandofGold"),becauseofthegolddepositsofthe
island'shighland.[2]ThefirstwordmentioningthenameofSumatrawasthenameofSrivijayanHaji(king)Sumatrabhumi("KingofthelandofSumatra"),[3]whosent
anenvoytoChinain1017.ArabgeographersreferredtotheislandasLamri(Lamuri,LambriorRamni)inthetenththroughthirteenthcenturies,inreferencetoa
kingdomnearmoderndayBandaAcehwhichwasthefirstlandfallfortraders.
Lateinthe14thcenturythenameSumatrabecamepopularinreferencetothekingdomofSamudraPasai,whichwasarisingpoweruntilitwasreplacedbySultanate
ofAceh.SultanAlauddinShahofAceh,onletterswrittenin1602addressedtoQueenElizabethIofEngland,referredtohimselfas"kingofAcehandSamudra".[4]
TheworditselfisfromSanskrit"Samudra",(
),meaning"gatheringtogetherofwaters,seaorocean".[5]
Europeanwritersinthe19thcenturyfoundthattheindigenousinhabitantsdidnothaveanamefortheisland.[6]
History
TheMelayuKingdomwasabsorbedbySrivijaya.[8]:7980
SrivijayawasaBuddhistmonarchycentredinwhatisnowPalembang.Dominatingtheregionthroughtradeandconquest
throughoutthe7thto9thcenturies,theempirehelpedspreadtheMalayculturethroughoutNusantara.Theempirewasa
thalassocracyormaritimepowerthatextendeditsinfluencefromislandtoisland.Palembangwasacenterforscholarly
learning,anditwastheretheChineseBuddhistpilgrimIChingstudiedSanskritin671CEbeforedepartingforIndia.Onhis
journeytoChina,hespentfouryearsinPalembangtranslatingBuddhisttextsandwritingtwomanuscripts.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra
Historicalpopulation
Year
Pop.
1971
1980
1990
1995
2000
20,808,148
28,016,160
36,506,703
40,830,334
42,616,164
+34.6%
+30.3%
+11.8%
+4.4%
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2005
45,839,041
+7.6%
Srivijayaninfluencewanedinthe11thcenturyafteritwasdefeatedbytheChola
EmpireofsouthernIndia.Atthesametime,IslammadeitswaytoSumatrathrough
2010
50,613,947
+10.4%
ArabsandIndiantradersinthe6thand7thcenturiesAD.[9]Bythelate13thcentury,the sources:[7]
monarchoftheSamudrakingdomhadconvertedtoIslam.MarcoPolovisitedtheisland
in1292,andIbnBattutavisitedtwiceduring13451346.SamudrawassucceededbythepowerfulAcehSultanate,which
survivedtothe20thcentury.WiththecomingoftheDutch,themanySumatranprincelystatesgraduallyfellundertheir
control.Aceh,inthenorth,wasthemajorobstacle,astheDutchwereinvolvedinthelongandcostlyAcehWar(18731903).
SumatracameunderthecontroloftheDutchEastIndiesandbecameamajorproducerofpepper,rubber,andoil.Intheearly
andmidtwentiethcentury,SumatranacademicsandleaderswereimportantfiguresinIndonesia'sindependencemovements,
suchas:MohammadHatta(thefirstvicepresident)andSutanSjahrir(thefirstprimeminister).
Batakwarriors,1870
TheFreeAcehMovementfoughtagainstIndonesiangovernmentforcesintheAcehInsurgencyfrom1976to2005.[10]Securitycrackdownsin2001and2002resulted
inseveralthousandciviliandeaths.[11]
Administration
ThetenadministrativeProvinces(provinsi)ofSumatraincludingthesmallerislandsnearbyarelistedbelowwiththeir
populationsatthe2000and2010Censuses.[12]Notesome4millionoftheseresidentsofSumatradonotliveontheislanditself
butonnearbyislandsadministeredcollectivelyas"Sumatra".Thefinaltwooftheprovincesbelowdonothaveterritoryon
theactualisland.
Name
Area(km2)
Population
census2000
Population
census2010
Population
estimate2014
Capital
Aceh
57,956.00
4,073,006
4,486,570
NorthSumatra
(SumateraUtara)
72,981.23
11,642,488
12,326,678
13,527,937 Medan
WestSumatra
(SumateraBarat)
42,012.89
4,248,515
4,845,998
5,098,790 Padang
Riau
87,023.66
3,907,763
5,543,031
6,359,790 Pekanbaru
Jambi
50,058.16
2,407,166
3,088,618
3,412,459 Jambi
SouthSumatra
(SumateraSelatan)
91,592.43
6,210,800
7,446,401
7,996,535 Palembang
Bengkulu
19,919.33
1,455,500
1,713,393
1,828,291 Bengkulu
Lampung
34,623.80
6,730,751
7,596,115
7,972,246 BandarLampung
BangkaBelitung
(KepulauanBangkaBelitung)
16,424.14
899,968
1,223,048
1,380,762 PangkalPinang
8,256.10
1,040,207
1,685,698
2,031,895 TanjungPinang
480,847.74
42,616,164
50,613,947
RiauIslands
(KepulauanRiau)
Totals
4,731,705 BandaAceh
TraditionalhouseinNiasNorth
Sumatra
RumahGadang,Minangkabau
traditionalhouseinWestSumata
54,339,256
Geography
Thelongestaxisoftheislandrunsapproximately1,790km(1,110mi)northwestsoutheast,crossingtheequatornearthe
centre.Atitswidestpoint,theislandspans435km(270mi).Theinterioroftheislandisdominatedbytwogeographical
regions:theBarisanMountainsinthewestandswampyplainsintheeast.SumatraistheclosestIndonesianislandtomainland
Asia.
AMalaytraditionalhousein
Bangkinang,Riau
TothesoutheastisJava,separatedbytheSundaStrait.TothenorthistheMalayPeninsula(locatedontheAsianmainland),
separatedbytheStraitofMalacca.TotheeastisBorneo,acrosstheKarimataStrait.WestoftheislandistheIndianOcean.
ThebackboneoftheislandistheBarisanMountainchain,withtheactivevolcanoMountKerinciasthehighestpointat
3,805m(12,467ft),locatedataboutthemidpointoftherange.Thevolcanicactivityofthisregionendowedtheregionwith
fertilelandandbeautifulsceneries,forinstancearoundLakeToba.Italsocontainsdepositsofcoalandgold.Thevolcanic
activitystemsfromSumatra'slocationonthePacificRingofFirewhichisalsothereasonwhySumatrahashadsomeofthe
mostpowerfulearthquakeseverrecorded:in1797,1833,1861,2004,2005,and2007.
TheGreatSumatranfault(astrikeslipfault),andtheSundamegathrust(asubductionzone),runtheentirelengthoftheisland
alongitswestcoast.On26December2004,thewesterncoastandislandsofSumatra,particularlyAcehprovince,werestruck
byatsunamifollowingtheIndianOceanearthquake.Morethan170,000Indonesianswerekilled,primarilyinAceh.Other
recentearthquakestostrikeSumatraincludethe2005SumatraearthquakeandtheOctober2010Sumatraearthquake.
Mapofgeologicalformationof
Sumatraisland
Totheeast,bigriverscarrysiltfromthemountains,formingthevastlowlandinterspersedbyswamps.Evenifmostly
unsuitableforfarming,theareaiscurrentlyofgreateconomicimportanceforIndonesia.Itproducesoilfrombothaboveand
belowthesoilpalmoilandpetroleum.
SumatraisthelargestproducerofIndonesiancoffee.SmallholdersgrowArabicacoffee(Coffeaarabica)inthehighlands,
whileRobusta(Coffeacanephora)isfoundinthelowlands.ArabicacoffeefromtheregionsofGayo,LintongandSidikilangis
typicallyprocessedusingtheGilingBasah(wethulling)technique,whichgivesitaheavybodyandlowacidity.[13]
MountSinabung,NorthSumatra
MostofSumatrausedtobecoveredbytropicalrainforest,buteconomicdevelopmentcoupledwithcorruptionandillegal
logginghasseverelythreateneditsexistence.Evendesignatedconservationareashavenotbeensparedfromthisdestruction.
Theislandistheworld'sfifthhighestisland,andthethirdhighestintheIndonesianarchipelago.
BatangHariRiveristhelongestriverintheislandwithitssourceintheMinangkabauHighlands,stretchingaround800kilometreseastwardtoitsestuaryintheJambi
lowlands.
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Largestcities
ThelargestcitiesinSumatrabypopulation,listedbytheir2010censuspopulations,[12]are:
Rank
CapitalCity
province
Population
2010Census
CityBirthday
Areain
Km2
Medan
NorthSumatra
2,109,339 1July1590
265.10
Palembang
SouthSumatra
1,452,840 17June683
374.03
Batam
RiauIslands
1,153,860 18December1829
Pekanbaru
Riau
5
6
715.0
903,902 23June1784
633.01
BandarLampung Lampung
879,851 17June1682
118.50
Padang
WestSumatra
833,584 7August1669
694.96
Jambi
Jambi
529,118 17May1946
205.00
Bengkulu
Bengkulu
300,359 18March1719
Dumai
Riau
254,332 20April1999
10
Binjai
NorthSumatra
246,010
90.24
11
PematangSiantar NorthSumatra
234,885 24April1871
60.52
12
BandaAceh
Aceh
224,209 22April1205
13
Lubuklinggau
SouthSumatra
201,217 17August2001
Medan,thelargestcityinSumatra
144.52
2,039.35
Palembang,thesecondlargestcityin
Sumatra
61.36
419.80
Floraandfauna
Sumatrasupportsawiderangeofvegetationtypeswhicharehometoarichvarietyofspecies,including17endemicgeneraof
plants.[14]UniquespeciesincludetheSumatranPinewhichdominatestheSumatrantropicalpineforestsofthehigher
mountainsidesinthenorthoftheislandandrainforestplantssuchasRafflesiaarnoldii(theworld'slargestindividualflower),
andtheTitanArum(theworld'slargestunbranchedinflorescence).
Batam,thethirdlargestcityin
Sumatra
Theislandishometo201mammalspeciesand580birdspecies,suchastheSumatranGroundCuckoo.Thereare9endemic
mammalspeciesonmainlandSumatraand14moreendemictothenearbyMentawaiIslands.[14]Thereareabout300freshwater
fishspeciesinSumatra.[15]
TheSumatranTiger,SumatranRhinoceros,SumatranElephant,SumatranGroundCuckoo,andSumatranOrangutanareall
CriticallyEndangered,indicatingthehighestlevelofthreattotheirsurvival.InOctober2008,theIndonesiangovernment
announcedaplantoprotectSumatra'sremainingforests.[16]
Theislandincludesmorethan10nationalparks,including3whicharelistedastheTropicalRainforestHeritageofSumatra
WorldHeritageSiteGunungLeuserNationalPark,KerinciSeblatNationalParkandBukitBarisanSelatanNationalPark.
TheBerbakNationalParkisoneofthreenationalparksinIndonesialistedasawetlandofinternationalimportanceunderthe
RamsarConvention.
Sumatrantiger
Demographics
Sumatraisnotparticularlydenselypopulated,withjustover100peopleperkm2morethan50millionpeopleintotal.Becauseofits
greatextent,itisnonethelessthefourth[17]mostpopulousislandintheworld.ThemostpopulousregionsincludemostofNorth
SumatraandcentralhighlandsinWestSumatra,whilethemajorurbancentersareMedanandPalembang.
Ethnicgroups
ThepeopleofSumatraaremultilingual,multidiverseandmultireligious.Thereareover52languagesspoken,allofthembelongto
Austronesianlanguagefamily(exceptChineseandIndians).Mostofthesegroupssharemanysimilartraditionsandthedifferent
tonguesarecloselyrelated.EthnicMalaysdominatemostoftheeasterncoastintheprovincesofRiau,BangkaBelitung,South
Sumatra,RiauIslands,northernpartsofLampungandBengkuluandintheeasternmostpartsofNorthSumatraandAceh,whilepeople
inthesouthernandcentralinteriorspeaklanguagesrelatedtoMalay,suchasLembak(thatspeakCollanguage),Kerinci(thatspeak
Kerincilanguage)andMinangkabaupeople(thatspeakMinangkabau).ThehighlandsofnorthernSumatraisinhabitedbythe
Bataknese,thenorthernmostcoastisdominatedbytheAcehnese,whilesouthernmostcoastisdominatedbyEthnicJavanese.Chinese
andTamilminoritiesarepresentinurbancentres.
Rafflesiaarnoldii
Languages
AllLanguagesofSumatrabelongstoNuclearMalayoPolynesiansubbranchofMalayoPolynesianinwhichinturnabranchof
Austronesianlanguagefamily.WithinNuclearMalayoPolynesian,theyweredividedintoseveralsubbranchesthatisChamic(which
arerepresentedbyAcehneseinwhichitsclosestrelativesarelanguagesspokenbyEthnicChamsinCambodiaandVietnam),Malayic
(Malay,Minangkabauandothercloselyrelatedlanguages),NorthwestSumatran(Bataklanguages,Gayoandothers),Lampungic
(includesProperLampungandKomering)andBornean(representedbyRejanginwhichitsclosestlinguisticrelativesareBukar
SadongandLandDayakspokeninWestKalimantanandSarawak(Malaysia)).NorthwestSumatranandLampungicbranchesare
endemictotheisland.LikeallpartsofIndonesia,Indonesian(whichwasbasedonRiauMalay)istheofficiallanguageandthemain
Linguafranca.AlthoughSumatrahasitsownlocalLinguafranca,variantsofMalaylikeMedanMalayandPalembangMalay[18]are
popularinNorthandSouthSumatra,especiallyinurbanareas.Minangkabau(Padangdialect)[19]ispopularinWestSumatra,some
partsofNorthSumatra,Bengkulu,JambiandRiau(especiallyinPekanbaruandareasborderedwithWestSumatra).WhileAcehnese
arealsouseasaninterethniccommunicationinsomepartsofAcehprovince.
Minangkabauwomen
carryingplattersoffoodtoa
ceremony
Religion
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AmajorityofpeopleinSumatraareMuslims(87%),while10%areChristians,2%areBuddhistand1%areHindu.[20]Most
centralBataksareProtestantChristians,areligionintroducedbytheGermanRhenishMissionarySociety.
Railtransport
SeveralunconnectedrailwaynetworksbuiltduringNetherlandsEastIndiesexistinSumatra,suchastheonesconnectingBanda
AcehLhokseumaweBesitangMedanTebingtinggiPematangSiantarRantauPrapatinNorthernSumatra(theBandaAceh
Besitangsectionwasclosedin1971,butiscurrentlybeingrebuilt).[21]PadangSolokBukittinggiinWestSumatra,andBandar
LampungPalembangLahatLubukLinggauinSouthernSumatra.
Seealso
BaiturrahmanGrandMosquein
BandaAceh
ArchitectureofSumatra
BukitSeguntang
CommunisminSumatra
MusicofSumatra
References
1.http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/19/world/asia/singaporehaze/?hpt=hp_t3
2.Drakard,Jane(1999).AKingdomofWords:LanguageandPowerinSumatra.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN983560035X.
3.Munoz.EarlyKingdoms.p.175.
4.Sneddon,JamesN.(2003).TheIndonesianlanguage:itshistoryandroleinmodernsociety.UNSWPress.p.65.ISBN9780868405988.
5.Macdonell,ArthurAnthony(1924).ApracticalSanskritdictionarywithtransliteration,accentuation,andetymologicalanalysis.MotilalBanarsidassPubl.p.347.
ISBN9788120820005.
6.Reid,Anthony(2005).AnIndonesianFrontier:AcehneseandOtherHistoriesofSumatra.NationalUniversityofSingaporePress.ISBN9971692988.
7.http://www.bps.go.id/tab_sub/view.php?kat=1&tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=12¬ab=1
8.Coeds,George(1968).WalterF.Vella,ed.TheIndianizedStatesofSoutheastAsia.trans.SusanBrownCowing.UniversityofHawaiiPress.ISBN9780824803681.
9.G.R.Tibbets,PreIslamicArabiaandSouthEastAsia,inD.S.Richards(ed.),1970,IslamandTheTradeofAsia,Oxford:BrunoCassirerPub.Ltd,p.127nt.21S.Q.Fatimi,In
QuestofKalah,inD.S.Richards(ed.),1970,p.132n.124W.P.Groeneveldt,NotesinTheMalayArchipelago,inD.S.Richards(ed.),1970,p.129n.42
10."IndonesiaagreesAcehpeacedeal".BBCNews.17July2005.
11.HumanRightsWatch(http://hrw.org/reports/2003/indonesia1203/5.htm)
12.BiroPusatStatistik,Jakarta.
13."DaerahProdusenKopiArabikadiIndonesia".KopiDistributor1995.20150228.Retrieved20150228.
14.Whitten,Tony(1999).TheEcologyofSumatra.TuttlePublishing.ISBN9625930744.
15.Nguyen,T.T.T.,andS.S.DeSilva(2006).Freshwaterfinfishbiodiversityandconservation:anasianperspective.Biodiversity&Conservation15(11):35433568
16.staff(20081014)."Forest,WildlifeProtectionPledgedatWorldConservationCongress".Ensnewswire.com.Retrieved20120725.
17."PopulationStatistics".GeoHive.Retrieved20120725.
18.https://books.google.com.my/books?
id=lFW1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA675&lpg=PA675&dq=palembang+malay+lingua+franca&source=bl&ots=ioikkf3lgY&sig=YWivhy9y78K16zIM5TxLqUNfIE4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDAQ6A
19.http://gcanthminangkabau.wikispaces.com/Minangkabau+Language
20."NumberofPopulationbyReligionYear2005".
21.Younger,Scott(6November2011)."TheSlowTrain".JakartaGlobe.Retrieved19July2015.
Externallinks
SumatratravelguidefromWikivoyage
WilliamMarsden,TheHistoryofSumatra,(1783)3rded.(1811)online.(http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/16768)
WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoSumatra.
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sumatra&oldid=708739156"
Categories: IslandsofIndonesia Sumatra GreaterSundaIslands
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