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AmirHamzah
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TengkuAmirHamzah(28February191120
March1946)[a]wasanIndonesianpoetandNational
HeroofIndonesia.BornintoaMalayaristocratic
familyintheSultanateofLangkatinNorthSumatra,
hewaseducatedinbothSumatraandJava.While
attendingseniorhighschoolinSurakartaaround
1930,theyouthbecameinvolvedwiththenationalist
movementandfellinlovewithaJavanese
schoolmate,IlikSundari.EvenafterAmircontinued
hisstudiesinlegalschoolinBatavia(nowJakarta)the
tworemainedclose,onlyseparatingin1937when
AmirwasrecalledtoSumatratomarrythesultan's
daughterandtakeonresponsibilitiesofthecourt.
Thoughunhappywithhismarriage,hefulfilledhis
courtlyduties.AfterIndonesiaproclaimedits
independencein1945,heservedasthegovernment's
representativeinLangkat.Thefollowingyearhewas
killedinasocialistrevolutionledbytheCommunist
PartyofIndonesiaandburiedinamassgrave.
Amirbeganwritingpoetrywhilestillateenager:
thoughhisworksareundated,theearliestarethought
tohavebeenwrittenwhenhefirsttravelledtoJava.
DrawinginfluencesfromhisownMalaycultureand
Islam,aswellasfromChristianityandEastern
literature,Amirwrote50poems,18piecesoflyrical
prose,andnumerousotherworks,includingseveral
translations.In1932hecofoundedtheliterary
magazinePoedjanggaBaroe.Afterhisreturnto
Sumatra,hestoppedwriting.Mostofhispoemswere
publishedintwocollections,NyanyiSunyi(1937)and
BuahRindu(1941),firstinPoedjanggaBaroethenas
standalonebooks.

Tengku

AmirHamzah
PangeranIndraPoetera

Native
name

Born

28February1911
TanjungPura,Langkat,DutchEast
Indies

Died

20March1946(aged35)

Resting
place

AziziMosque,TanjungPura,
Langkat,Indonesia

Occupation Poet
Language

Indonesian/Malay

Nationality Indonesian
PoemsbyAmirdealwiththethemesofloveand
Ethnicity
Malay
religionandhispoetryoftenreflectsadeepinner
conflict.Hisdiction,usingbothMalayandJavanese
Genre
Poetry
wordsandexpandingontraditionalstructures,was
Subject
Love,religion
influencedbytheneedforrhythmandmetre,aswell
Notable
BuahRindu
assymbolismrelatedtoparticularterms.Hisearlier
works
NyanyiSunyi
worksdealwithasenseoflongingandbotheroticand
Spouse
TengkuPuteriKamiliah
idealisedlove,whereashislaterworkshaveadeeper
religiousmeaning.Ofhistwocollections,Nyanyi
Children
1
Sunyiisconsideredthemostdeveloped.Amirhas
beencalledthe"KingofthePoedjanggaBaroeeraPoets"andtheonlyinternationalclassIndonesian
poetfrombeforetheIndonesianNationalRevolution.[1]
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Contents
1 Biography
1.1 Earlylife
1.2 Java
1.3 ReturntoLangkat
1.4 PostIndependenceanddeath
2 Influences
3 Works
3.1 NyanyiSunyi
3.2 BuahRindu
4 Style
5 Awardsandrecognition
6 Explanatorynotes
7 References
8 Workscited

Biography
Earlylife
AmirwasbornasTengkoeAmirHamzahPangeranIndraPoetera[b]inTanjungPura,Langkat,North
Sumatra,theyoungestsonofViceSultanTengkuMuhammadAdilandhisthirdwifeTengkuMahjiwa.
Throughhisfather,hewasrelatedtotheSultanofLangkat,Machmud.Sourcesdisagreeoverhisdateof
birth.ThedateofficiallyrecognisedbytheIndonesiangovernmentis28February1911,adateAmir
usedthroughouthislife.However,hiselderbrotherAbdullahHodstatesthatthepoetwasbornon11
February1911.Amirlatertookthenameofhisgrandfather,TeungkuHamzah,asasecondnamethus,
hewasreferredtoasAmirHamzah.Thoughachildofnobility,hewouldoftenassociatewithnon
nobles.[2]
ItisknownthatAmirwasschooledinIslamicprinciplessuchasQu'ranreading,fiqh,andtawhid,and
studiedattheAziziMosqueinTanjungPurafromayoungage.[3]HeremainedadevoutMuslim
throughouthislife.Sourcesdisagreeontheperiodinwhichhecompletedhisformalstudies.Several
sources,includingtheIndonesiangovernment'sLanguageCentre,statethathestartedschoolin1916,[4]
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whilethebiographerM.LahHusnyputsthefuturepoet'sfirstyearofformalschoolingas1918.[5]Atthe
DutchlanguageelementaryschoolwhereAmirfirststudied,hebeganwriting[6]andreceivedgood
marks[7]inherbiographyofhim,Nh.DiniwritesthatAmirwasnicknamed"olderbrother"(abang)by
hisclassmatesashewasmuchtallerthanthem.[3]
In1924[8]or1925,[9]AmirgraduatedfromtheschoolinLangkatandmovedtoMedantostudyatthe
MeerUitgebreidLagerOnderwijs(MULOmiddleschool)there.[10]Aftercompletinghisstudiessome
twoyearslater,heenteredaformalrelationshipwithhiscousinfromhismother'sside,Aja(alsoAje)
Bun.[11]Husnywritesthatthetwowerearrangedtobemarriedbytheirparents,[12]whileDinicaststhe
relationshipasavowtobealwaysfaithful.[13]AshisparentspermittedhimtofinishhisstudiesinJava,
AmirmovedtothecolonialcapitalatBatavia(nowJakarta)tocompletehisstudies.[12]

Java
AloneaboardthePlancus,[14]AmirmadethethreedayboattriptoJava.[15]UponarrivingatBatavia,he
enrolledataChristianMULOthere,wherehecompletedhislastyearofjuniorhighschool.[12]Anthony
H.JohnsofAustralianNationalUniversitywritesthathelearnedsomeChristianconceptsandvalues.[16]
AlsoinBatavia,AmirbecameinvolvedwiththesocialorganisationJongSumatera.[17]Duringthis
period,theyoungmanwrotehisfirstpoems.Husnycreditsseveraltohisheartbreakafterhefoundthat
AjaBunhadbeenmarriedtoanothermanwithoutAmir'sknowing(thetwoneverspokeagain),[18]
whileDinisuggeststhatthepoem"Tinggallah"waswrittennotlongafterheboardedthePlancus,while
hewaslongingafterhisparents.[19]
AfterabriefreturntoSumatra,AmircontinuedtoaBoediOetomooperatedAlgemeneMiddelbare
School(AMSseniorhighschool)inSurakarta,CentralJava,wherehestudiedeasternliteratureand
languages,includingJavanese,Sanskrit,andArabic.[20]Preferringsolitudetothebustleofthe
dormitories,AmirboardedataprivatelyownedhomeofaSurakartanresident.[21]Laterhemetseveral
futurewriters,includingArmijnPaneandAchdiatKartaMihardja[22]theysoonfoundhimtobea
friendlyanddiligentstudentwithcompletenotesandaspotlessbedroom(sheetsfoldedsowell,
Mihardjalaterrecalled,thata"lostflycouldhaveeasilyslidoverthem"[c]),butalsoaromanticproneto
thinkingwistfullybeneaththelamplightandisolatinghimselffromhisclassmates.[23]
InSurakartaAmirjoinedthenationalistmovement.HewouldmeetwithfellowSumatransanddiscuss
thesocialplightoftheMalayarchipelago'spopulaceunderDutchcolonialrule.Thoughmosteducated
youthatthetimepreferredusingDutch,heinsistedonspeakingMalay.[24]In1930Amirbecamehead
oftheSurakartanbranchoftheIndonesiaMuda(YoungIndonesians),deliveringaspeechatthe1930
YouthCongressandservingasaneditoroftheorganisation'smagazineGarudaMerapi.[25]Atschoolhe
alsometIlikSundari,aJavanesewomannearlyhisagewithwhomhefellinlove.[26]Sundari,the
daughterofRadenMasKusumodihardjo,wasoneofthefewfemalestudentsattheschool,andher
homewasnearoneofthoseinwhichAmirboarded.AccordingtoDini,thetwogrewcloser,Amir
teachingSundariArabicandSundariteachinghimJavanese.[27]Theyweresoonmeetingeveryday,
conversingonavarietyoftopics.[28]
Amir'smotherdiedin1931,andhisfathertheyearafter,meaningthathiseducationcouldnolongerbe
funded.AfterhisAMSstudiesconcluded,hewantedtocontinuetostudyatalawschoolinBatavia.As
such,hewrotetohisbrother,Jakfar,whoarrangedfortheremainderofhisstudiestobepaidforbythe
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Sultan.In1932AmirwasabletoreturntoBataviaandbeginhislegal
studies,[29]takingupaparttimejobasateacher.[30]Atfirst,his
relationshipwithSundariwascontinuedthroughletters,thoughshe
sooncontinuedherstudiesinLembang,acitymuchcloserthan
Surakartathisallowedthetwotomeetfurtively[31]whenSundari's
parentshaddiscoveredtheirrelationship,AmirandSundarihadbeen
forbiddenfrommeeting.[32]
ThisyearAmir'sfirsttwopoems,"Sunyi"("Silent")and"Mabuk..."
("Nauseous..."),werepublishedintheMarcheditionofthemagazine
Timboel.Hisothereightworkspublishedin1932includedasyair
basedontheHikayatHangTuah,[33]threeotherpoems,twopiecesof
lyricalprose,andtwoshortstoriesthepoemswereagainpublishedin
Timboel,whiletheprosewasincludedinthemagazinePandji
Poestaka.[34]AroundSeptember1932ArmijnPane,upontheurgingsof
SutanTakdirAlisjahbana,editorof"MemadjoekanSastera"
("AdvancingLiterature",theliterarysectionofPandjiPoestaka),
invitedAmirtohelpthemestablishanindependentliterary
magazine.[35]Amiraccepted,andwastaskedwithwritinglettersto
solicitsubmissions[35]atotaloffiftylettersweresenttonotedwriters,
includingfortysenttocontributorsto"MemadjoekanSastera".[36]After
severalmonthsofpreparations,theinitialeditionwaspublishedinJuly
1933,[37]underthetitlePoedjanggaBaroe.Thenewmagazinewasleft
undertheeditorialcontrolofArmijnandAlisjahbana,[38]whileAmir
publishedalmostallofhissubsequentwritingsthere.[34]

AmirestablishedPoedjangga
BaroewithArmijnPane(top)
andSutanTakdirAlisjahbana.

Inmid1933AmirwasrecalledtoLangkat,wheretheSultaninformed
himoftwoconditionswhichhehadtofulfiltocontinuehisstudies:be
adiligentstudentandabandontheindependencemovement.[39]DespitetheSultan'sdisapproval,Amir
becamemoreheavilyinvolvedinthenationalistmovement,bringinghimunderincreasingDutch
scrutiny.[40]HecontinuedtopublishinPoedjanggaBaroe,includingaseriesoffivearticlesonEastern
literaturesfromJunetoDecember1934andatranslationoftheBhagavadGitafrom1933to1935.[34]
Hislegalstudies,however,weredelayed,andby1937hehadstillnotgraduated.[41]

ReturntoLangkat
TheDutch,concernedaboutAmir'snationalistictendencies,convincedtheSultantosendhimbackto
Langkat,anorderwhichthefledglingpoetwasunabletorefuse.In1937,Amir,togetherwithtwoofthe
Sultan'svassalstaskedwithescortinghim,boardedtheOptenNoortfromTanjungPriokandreturnedto
Sumatra.UponarrivinginLangkat,hewasinformedthathewastobemarriedtotheSultan'seldest
daughter,TengkuPuteriKamiliah,awomanhehadbarelymet.[41]BeforetheweddingAmirreturnedto
BataviatofacehisfinalexamandhaveonelastmeetingwithSundari.[42]Severalweekslaterhe
returnedtoLangkat,whereheandKamiliahweremarriedinanextravagantceremony.[41]Hiscousin,
TengkuBurhan,laterstatedthatAmir'sindifferencethroughoutthesevendayeventwasduetohis
thinkingofSundari.[43]

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Nowaprince(pangeran),[41]AmirwasgiventhetitleTengku
PangeranIndraPutera.[44]HelivedwithKamiliahintheirown
home.Byallaccounts,shewasadevoutandlovingwife,andin
1939thecouplehadtheironlychild,adaughternamedTengku
Tahura.[d][45]AccordingtoDini,AmirprofessedtoKamiliahthat
hecouldneverloveherashehadSundariandthathefelt
obligatedtomarryher,somethingwhichKamiliahreportedly
accepted.ThepoetretainedanalbumwithhisJavanese
sweetheart'sphotographsathome[46]andwouldoftenisolate
himselffromhisfamily,lostinthought.[47]Asaprinceof
Langkat,Amirbecameacourtofficial,handlingadministrative
andlegalmatters,andattimesjudgingcriminalcases.[48]He
oncerepresentedthesultanateatthefuneralofPakubuwonoXin
JavaAmir'slasttriptotheisland.[49]
AlthoughAmirhadlittlecorrespondencewithhisfriendsin
Java,[50]hispoemsmostofwhichhadbeenwritteninJava
AmirandKamiliahattheirwedding,
continuedtobepublishedinPoedjanggaBaroe.Hisfirstpoetry
1937
collection,NyanyiSunyi(SongsofSilence),waspublishedinthe
magazine'sNovember1937edition.Nearlytwoyearslater,in
June1939,themagazinepublishedacollectionofpoemsAmirhadtranslated,entitledSetanggiTimur
(IncensefromtheEast).InJune1941hislastcollection,BuahRindu(FruitsofLonging),was
published.[34]Allwerelaterrepublishedasstandalonebooks.[51]Alastbook,SasteraMelayuLamadan
RajaRajanya(OldMalayLiteratureanditsKings),waspublishedinMedanin1942thiswasbasedon
aradiospeechAmirhaddelivered.[34]
AftertheGermaninvasionoftheNetherlandsin1940,thegovernmentoftheIndiesbeganpreparingfor
apossibleJapaneseinvasion.InLangkat,aHomeGuard,orStadswacht,divisionwasestablishedto
defendTanjungPura,inLangkat.AmirandhiscousinTengkuHarunwereinchargethenobility,
trustedbythegeneralpopulace,wasselectedtoensureeasierrecruitmentofcommoners.Whenthe
invasionbecamearealityinearly1942,AmirwasoneofthesoldierssenttoMedantodefendit.Heand
theotherDutchalliedforceswerequicklycapturedbytheJapanese.Hewasheldasaprisonerofwar
until1943,wheninfluencefromtheSultanallowedhimtobereleased.Throughouttheremainderofthe
occupation,whichlasteduntil1945,Amirwasemployedasaradiocommentatorandcensorin
Medan.[52]Inhispositionasprince,hewastaskedwithhelpingtocollectricetofeedtheJapanese
occupationarmy.[50]

PostIndependenceanddeath
AfterIndonesiaproclaimeditsindependenceon17August1945,theentiretyofSumatrawasdeclareda
defactopartofthecountry.ThecentralgovernmentestablishedTeukuMuhammadHasanastheisland's
firstgovernor,andon29October1945HasanselectedAmirasthegovernmentrepresentativein
Langkat(laterequatedtoregent),withhisofficeatBinjai.[53]Amiracceptedthepositionreadily,[54]
subsequentlyhandlingnumeroustaskssetbythecentralgovernment,includinginauguratingthefirst
localdivisionofthePeople'sSafetyArmy(TentaraKeamananRakjatthepredecessortotheIndonesian
Army)[53]openingmeetingsofvariouslocalbranchesofnationalpoliticalparties,[55]andpromoting
educationparticularlyLatinalphabetliteracy.[54]
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TheongoingIndonesianNationalRevolution,withvariousbattlesinJava,meantthatthenewly
establishedrepublicwasunstable.[56]Inearly1946,rumoursspreadinLangkatthatAmirhadbeenseen
diningwithrepresentativesofthereturningDutchgovernment,[57]andtherewasgrowingunrestwithin
thegeneralpopulace.[58]On7March1946,duringasocialistrevolutionledbyfactionsofthe
CommunistPartyofIndonesia,agroupstaunchlyagainstfeudalismandthenobility,Amir'spowerwas
strippedfromhimandhewasarrested[59]KamiliahandTahuraescaped.[60]Togetherwithother
membersoftheLangkatnobility,hewassenttoaCommunistheldplantationatKualaBegumit,some
10kilometres(6mi)outsideofBinjai.[59]Latertestimonysuggeststhatthedetaineesweretriedbytheir
captors,forcedtodigholes,andtortured.[61]
Amir'slastpieceofwriting,afragmentfromhis1941poem"BuahRindu",waslaterfoundinhis
cell:[62]
Original

Translation

Wahaimaut,datanglahengkau
Lepaskanakudarinestapa
Padamulagitempatkuberpaut
Disaatinigelapgulita

Comethen,ohDeath
Releasemefromminesuffering
Toyou,again,mustIcling
Inthesemostdarktimes

Onthemorningof20March1946,Amirwaskilledwith26otherpeopleandburiedinamassgrave
whichthedetaineeshaddug[e][63]severalofhissiblingswerealsokilledintherevolution.[64]Afterit
wasquashedbynationalistforces,therevolution'sleaderswerequestionedbyateamledbyAmir
SjarifuddinandAdnanKapauGani:theyarereportedtohaverepeatedlyasked"WhereisAmir
Hamzah?"duringtheinvestigation.[65]In1948thegraveatKualaBegumitwasdugupandtheremains
identifiedbyfamilymembersAmir'sboneswereidentifiedowingtoamissingfalsetooth.[66]In
November1949hisbodywasreinterredattheAziziMosqueinTanjungPura,Langkat.[67]

Influences
Amirwasraisedinacourtsetting,wherehespokeMalayuntilithad"becomehisfleshandblood".[f][68]
Fromayoungagehewasexposedtooralandwrittenpantunsandsyair,bothlisteningand
improvisationallycreatinghisown.[69]Aswithhisfatherbeforehim,Amirenjoyedtraditionaltexts,
suchasHikayatHangTuah,SyairSitiZubaidah,andHikayatPancaTanderan.Hewouldlistentothese
whentheywerereadinpublicceremonies,[68]andasanadulthekeptalargecollectionofsuchtexts,
thoughtheseweredestroyedduringthecommunistrevolution.[69]
ThroughouthisformaleducationAmirreadworksofArabic,Persian,andHinduliterature.[70]Hewas
alsoinfluencedbyworksfromotherEasterncountries:[71]poemstranslatedinSetanggiTimur,for
instance,includeworksbyOmarKhayym(Persia),DuFu(China),FukudaChiyoni(Japan),and
RabindranathTagore(India).[34]Theseworkswerenotreadintheoriginal,butfromDutch
translations.[72]TheliterarycriticMuhammadBalfaswritesthat,unlikehiscontemporaries,Amirdrew
littleinfluencefromsonnetsandtheneoromanticDutchpoets,theTachtigers[73]Johnscomestothe

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sameconclusion.[74]TheAustralianliteraryscholarKeithFoulcher,however,notingthatthepoet
quotedWillemKloos's"Lenteavond"inhisarticleonpantuns,suggeststhatAmirwasverylikely
influencedbytheTachtigers.[75]
ManywritershavecommentedonAmir'sinfluencefromIslamic
doctrine.TheIndonesianliterarydocumentarianH.B.Jassin[76]
andthepoetAriefBagusPrasetyo,[77]amongothers,arguethat
AmirwasapurelyorthodoxMuslimandthatitshowedinhis
work.Prasetyoarguesthatthiswasevidentinhistreatmentof
GodhedoesnotviewGodashisequal,athemefoundinthe
worksofsuchSufipoetsasHamzahFansuri,butasthemasterto
Amir'sservant.[77]Johnswritesthat,thoughhewasnotamystic,
Amirwasalsonotapurelydevotionalwriter,insteadpromoting
aformof"IslamicHumanism".[78]Others,suchastheDutch
scholarofIndonesianliteratureA.TeeuwandtheIndonesian
scholarofliteratureAbdulHadiWM,findAmirtobeinfluenced
bySufism.[77]AprinusSalamofGadjahMadaUniversity,ofthe
sameposition,pointstotheinstanceswhereHamzahtreatsGod
asaloverasindicativeofSufiinfluence.[79]Ultimately,thepoet
ChairilAnwarwrotethatAmir'sNyanyiSunyicouldbetermed
"obscurepoetry"asreaderscannotunderstandtheworkswithout
priorknowledgeofMalayhistoryandIslam.[80]

IlikSundari,photographedbyAmir
shehaswidelybeencreditedashis
muse.

SomeattemptshavealsobeenmadetoconnectAmir'sworkstoa
Christianperspective.Inanalysing"PadamuJua",theIndonesian
criticBakriSiregarsuggeststhatsomeinfluencesfromtheChristianBibleareevident,pointingto
severalaspectsofthepoemthatwouldseemtosupportsuchaview,includingthedepictionofan
anthropomorphicGod(notallowedinorthodoxIslam)andtheideaofajealousGod.Hewritesthatthe
conceptofajealousGodisnotfoundinIslam,butisintheBible,citingExodus20:5
(http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?book=Exodus&verse=20:5&src=KJV)andExodus34:14
(http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?book=Exodus&verse=34:14&src=KJV).[81]Inanotherpoem,
"Permainanmu",Hamzahusesthesentence"Kaukeraskankalbunya"(Youhardenhisheart)Jassin
drawsaparalleltoGodhardeningthePharaoh'sheartintheBookofExodus.[g][82]
JassinwritesthatAmir'spoemswerealsoinfluencedbyhisloveforoneormorewomen,inBuahRindu
referredtoas"Tedja"and"SendariDewi"heopinesthatthewomanorwomenarenevernamedas
Amir'sloveforthemisthekey.[83]HusnywritesthatatleastnineoftheworksinBuahRindu[h]were
inspiredbyhislongingforAjaBun,portrayingasenseofdisappointmentaftertheirengagementwas
calledoff.[84]Regardingthebook'sthreepartdedication,"tothemournfulGreaterIndonesia/tothe
ashesoftheMotherQueen/andtothefeetoftheSendariGoddess",[i][85]MihardjawritesthatSundari
wasimmediatelyrecognisabletoanyofAmir'sclassmatesheconsidersherthepoet'sinspirationas
"LauratoPetrarch,MathildetoJacquesPerk".[86]ThecriticZuberUsmanfindsSundari'sinfluenceon
NyanyiSunyiaswell,suggestinghispartingfromherledAmirclosertoGod,[87]anopinionDini
echoes.[88]ThetranslatorBurtonRaffelconnectsacoupletattheendofthebook,reading"Sunting
sanggulmelayahrendah/sekakisajaksenisedih"[89]("Aflowerfloatinginalooseknotofhair/Gave
birthtomysorrowfulpoems")asacallouttoaforbiddenlove.[90]DinicreditsAmir'sloveforSundari
forhisfrequentuseofJavanesetermsinhiswriting.[43]
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Works
AltogetherAmirwrotefiftypoems,eighteenpiecesoflyrical
prose,twelvearticles,fourshortstories,threepoetrycollections,
andoneoriginalbook.Healsotranslatedfortyfourpoems,one
pieceoflyricalprose,andonebook[34]thesetranslations,Johns
writes,generallyreflectedthemesimportantinhisoriginal
work.[91]
ThevastmajorityofAmir'swritingswerepublishedin
PoedjanggaBaroe,althoughsomeearlieroneswerepublishedin
TimboelandPandjiPoestaka.[34]Noneofhiscreativeworksare
dated,andthereisnoconsensusregardingwhenindividual
poemswerewritten.[92]However,thereisaconsensusthatthe
worksincludedinNyanyiSunyiwerewrittenafterthoseincluded
inBuahRindu,despitethelatterbeingpublishedlast.[93]Johns
writesthatthepoemsinthecollectionsappeartobearrangedin
chronologicalorderhepointstothevariousdegreesofmaturity
Amirshowedashiswritingdeveloped.[94]
A1937coverofPoedjanggaBaroe

JassinwritesthatAmirmaintainedaMalayidentitythroughout
themagazinepublishedmostof
hisworks,despiteattendingschoolsrunbyEuropeans.Unlike
Amir'sworks.
theworksofhiscontemporariesAlisjahbanaorSanusiPane,his
poemsdidnotincludesymbolsofaEuropeanisedmodernity
suchaselectricity,trains,telephones,andengines,allowing"thenaturalMalayworldtoshowwholly".[j]
Ultimately,whenreadingAmir'spoems"inourimaginationwedonotseeamaninpants,ajacket,and
tie,butayouthintraditionalMalaygarb".[k][95]MihardjanotesthatAmirwrotehisworksatatime
whenalloftheirclassmates,andmanypoetselsewhere,were"pouringtheirheartsorthoughts"[l]in
Dutch,or,if"abletofreethemselvesfromtheshacklesofDutch",[m]inalocallanguage.[96]
Amir'sworkoftendealtwithlove(botheroticandidealised),withreligiousinfluencesshowinginmany
ofhispoems.[73]Mysticismisimportantinmanyofhisworks,andhispoetryoftenreflectsadeepinner
conflict.[97]Inatleastoneofhisshortstories,hecriticisedthetraditionalviewofnobilityand"subverts
thetraditionalrepresentationoffemalecharacters".[98]Thereareseveralthematicdifferencesbetween
histwooriginalpoetrycollections,[99]discussedfurtherbelow.

NyanyiSunyi
NyanyiSunyi,Amir'sfirstpoetrycollection,waspublishedintheNovember1937issueofPoedjangga
Baroe,[100]thenasastandalonebookbyPoestakaRakjatin1938.[51]Itconsistsoftwentyfourtitled
piecesandanuntitledquatrain,[101]includingHamzah'sbestknownpoem,"PadamuJua".Jassin
classifieseightoftheseworksaslyricalprose,withtheremainingthirteenasregularpoems.[100]
Althoughitishisfirstpublishedcollection,basedonthewelldevelopednatureofthepoemswithin,[102]
generalconsensusisthattheworksinBuahRinduwerewrittenearlier.[103]ThepoetLaurensKoster
BohangconsidersthepoemsincludedinNyanyiSunyiashavingbeenwrittenbetween1933and
1937,[104]whileTeeuwdatesthepoemsto1936and1937.[105]
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ReadingsofNyanyiSunyihavetendedtofocusonreligiousundertones.AccordingtoBalfas,religion
andGodareomnipresentthroughoutthecollection,beginningwithitsfirstpoem"PadamuJua".[106]In
it,Jassinwrites,AmirshowsafeelingofdissatisfactionoverhisownlackofpowerandprotestsGod's
absoluteness,[107]butseemsawareofhisownsmallnessbeforeGod,actingasapuppetforGod's
will.[108]TeeuwsummarisesthatAmirrecognisesthathewouldnotexistifGoddidnot.[109]Jassinfinds
thatthethemeofreligionismeantasanescapefromthepoet'sworldlysorrows.[110]Johns,however,
suggeststhatultimatelyAmirfindslittlesolaceinGod,ashe"didnotpossessthetranscendentfaith
whichcanmakeagreatsacrifice,andresolutelyaccepttheconsequences"instead,heseemstoregret
hischoicetogotoSumatraandthenrevoltsagainstGod.[111]

BuahRindu
Amir'ssecondpoetrycollection,BuahRindu,waspublishedintheJune1941issueofPoedjangga
Baroe,[112]thenasastandalonebookbyPoestakaRakjatlaterthatyear.[51]Itconsistsoftwentyfive
titledpiecesandanuntitledquatrainone,"BuahRindu",consistsoffourparts,whileanother,"Bonda",
consistsoftwo.Atleastelevenoftheworkshadpreviouslybeenpublished,eitherinTimboelorin
PandjiPoestaka.[112]ThiscollectionthoughpublishedafterNyanyiSunyi,isgenerallyconsideredto
havebeenwrittenearlier.[103]ThepoemsinBuahRindudatetotheperiodbetween1928and1935,
Amir'sfirstyearsinJava[104]thecollectiongivesthetwoyears,aswellthelocationofwritingas
JakartaSolo(Surakarta)Jakarta.[17]
Teeuwwritesthatthiscollectionisunitedbyathemeoflonging,[113]whichJassinexpandson:longing
forhismother,longingforhislovers(boththeoneinSumatraandtheoneinJava),andlongingforhis
homeland.Allarereferredtoas"kekasih"(beloved)inturn.[114]Theselongings,Teeuwwrites,are
unlikethereligiousovertonesofNyanyiSunyi,beingmoreworldlyandgroundedinreality.[99]Jassin
notesanotherthematicdistinctionbetweenthetwo:unlikeNyanyiSunyi,withitscleardepictionofone
god,BuahRinduexplicitlyputsforthseveraldeities,includingtheHindugodsShivaandParvatiand
abstractoneslikethegodandgoddessoflove.[114]

Style
Amir'sdictionwasinfluencedbytheneedforrhythmandmetre,aswellassymbolismrelatedto
particularterms.[115]Thiscarefuldictionemphasisedsimplewordsasthebasicunitandoccasionaluses
ofalliterationandassonance.[116]Ultimatelyheisfreerinhislanguageusethantraditionalpoets:[106]
JenniferLindsayandYingYingTanhighlighthis"verbalinventiveness",injectinga"lavishnessof
expression,amellifluousofsoundandmeaning"intohispoetry.[117]Siregarwritesthattheresultis"a
beautifulwordplay".[n][118]TeeuwwritesthatAmirhadacompleteunderstandingofthestrengthsand
weaknessesofMalay,mixingeasternandwesterninfluences,[116]whilstJohnswritesthathis"geniusas
apoetlayinhisremarkableabilitytoresurrecttheburntoutembersofMalaypoetry,andtoinfuseinto
theformsandrichvocabularyoftraditionalMalayanunexpectedandvividfreshnessandlife."[119]
ThechoiceofwordsdependsheavilyonoldMalaytermswhichsawlittlecontemporaryuse.Amiralso
borrowsheavilyfromotherIndonesianlanguages,particularlyJavaneseandSundanese[120]the
influencesaremorepredominantinNyanyiSunyi.[121]Assuch,earlyprintingsofNyanyiSunyiand
BuahRinduwereaccompaniedbyfootnotesexplainingthesewords.[73]Teeuwwritesthatthepoems
includednumerousclichscommoninpantunswhichwouldnotbeunderstoodbyforeignreaders.[122]
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AccordingtothetranslatorJohnM.Echols,Amirwasawriterofgreatsensitivitywhowas"nota
prolificwriterbuthisproseandpoetryareonaveryhighlevel,thoughdifficultreadingevenfor
Indonesians."[97]EcholscreditsAmirwitharevivaloftheMalaylanguage,breathingnewlifeinto
Malayliteratureinthe1930s.[123]
Structurally,Amir'searlyworksarequitedifferentfromhislaterones.TheworkscompiledinBuah
Rindugenerallyfollowedthetraditionalpantunandsyairstyleofquatrainswithtailrhymes,including
manywithrhymingcouplets[116]someworks,however,combinedthetwo,orhadadditionallinesor
morewordsthantraditionallyacceptable,resultinginadifferentrhythm.[124]Thoughtheseearlyworks
werenotasdetailedasAmir'slaterworks,Teeuwwritesthattheydidreflectthepoet'smasteryofthe
languageandhisdrivetowritepoems.[125]Worksinthisanthologyrepeatedtermsofsadnesssuchas
menangis(cry),duka(grief),rindu(longing),andairmata(tears),aswellaswordssuchascinta(love),
asmara(passion),andmerantau(wander).[126]
BythetimeAmirwrotetheworkslatercompiledinNyanyiSunyi,hisstylehadshifted.Nolongerdidhe
confinehimselftothetraditionalforms,butinsteadheexploreddifferentpossibilities:eightofhisworks
approachedlyricalproseinform.[127]Anwardescribedhispredecessor'suseoflanguageinthe
collectionascleanandpure,with"compactlyviolent,sharp,andyetshort"sentenceswhichdeparted
fromthe"destructiveforce"offlowerytraditionalMalaypoetry.[128]

Awardsandrecognition
AmirhasreceivedextensiverecognitionfromtheIndonesiangovernment,beginningwithrecognition
fromthegovernmentofNorthSumatrasoonafterhisdeath.[129]In1969hewasgrantedbothaSatya
LencanaKebudayaan(SatyaLencanaAwardforCulture)andPiagamAnugerahSeni(ArtPrize).[130]In
1975hewasdeclaredaNationalHeroofIndonesia.[8]Aparknamedafterhim,TamanAmirHamzah,is
foundinJakartaneartheNationalMonument.[70]AmosqueinTamanIsmailMarzuki,openedtothe
publicin1977,isalsonamedafterhim.[131]SeveralstreetsarenamedafterAmir,includingin
Medan,[132]Mataram,[133]andSurabaya.[134]
TeeuwconsidersAmirtheonlyinternationalclassIndonesianpoetfrombeforetheIndonesianNational
Revolution.[1]Anwarwrotethatthepoetwasthe"summitofthePudjanggaBarumovement",
consideringNyanyiSunyitohavebeena"brightlighthe[Amir]shoneonthenewlanguage"[128]
however,AnwardislikedBuahRindu,consideringittooclassical.[135]BalfasdescribesAmir'sworksas
"thebestliteraryproductstosurpasstheirtime".[136]Hamzah'swork,particularly"PadamuJua",is
taughtinIndonesianschools.HisuvrewasalsooneoftheinspirationsforAfrizalMalna's1992
postmodernstageplayBiografiYantisetelah12Menit(BiographyofYantiAfter12Minutes).[137]
JassinhascalledAmirthe"KingofthePudjanggaBarueraPoets",anameheusedasthetitleofhis
bookonthepoet.[1]Inclosinghisbook,Jassinwrites:
Amirwasnotaleaderwithaloudvoicedrivingthepeople,eitherinhispoemsorhisprose.
Hewasamanofemotion,amanofawe,hissouleasilyshakenbythebeautyofnature,
sadnessandjoyalternatingfreely.Allhispoemswereimbibedwiththebreathoflove:for
nature,forhome,forflowers,forabeloved.Helongedunendingly,inthemostdarkof
days,forjoy,for'lifewithadefinitepurpose'.Notonepoemofstruggle,notasinglecallfor
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empowermentlikethosewhichechoedfromtheotherPoedjanggaBaroepoets.Buthis
songsofnaturewereanintimatepermeationofapersonwhoseloveforhiscountrywas
neverindoubt.[o]
H.B.Jassin,Jassin(1962,p.41)

Explanatorynotes
a.Sourcesdisagreeoverhisdateofbirth.ThedateofficiallyrecognisedbytheIndonesiangovernmentis28
February1911,adateAmirusedthroughouthislife.However,hiselderbrotherAbdullahHodstatesthatthe
poetwasbornon11February1911.Thisarticleusesthemostcommondate,thegovernment's.
b.PerfectedSpelling:TengkuAmirHamzahPangeranInderaPutera
c.Original:"...lalatjangkesasarakandapattergelintjiratasnja"
d.Anotherpregnancyendedwithamiscarriage(Dini1981,p.113).Twolaterchildrenwerestillborn(Dini
1981,p.122),whilethecouple'slastpregnancyendedinamiscarriageafterAmir'sdeath.
e.ReportsstatedthatAmirwaskilledbyaformeroverseernamedYangWijaya,whowaslatertriedforhisrole
intherevolutionandsentencedtotwentyyearsinprison.Latergrantedamnesty,Wijayaleftprisoninastate
ofpoormentalhealth(Dini1981,pp.16061).
f.Original:"...mendjadidarahdagingbaginja."
g.InIslam,thePharaohhardenedhisownheart(Jassin1962,p.36).
h."HarumRambutmu","DalamMatamu","Mabuk...","Sunyi","Kusangka","BuahRindu","TuhanApatah
Kekal?","Cempaka",and"BerdiriAku"
i.Original:"KebawahpedukaIndonesiaRaya/KebawahdebuIbuRatu/KebawahkakiSendariDewi"in
IndonesianversionsoftheRamayana,Sendari(alsoSundari)isthefirstwifeofAbhimanyu.
j.Original:"AlamduniaMelajumasihutuh..."
k.Original:"Membatjasadjaknjadiruangfantasikitatidakterbajanglukisanseorangjangberpantalon,berdjas
danberdasi,melainkanseorangmudajangberpakaiansetjaraMelaju."
l.Original:"...mentjurahkanisihatidanbuahpikiran"
m.Original:"...melepaskandirinjadaribelengguBahasaBelanda"
n.Original:"...permainankatajangindah."
o.Original:"...Amirbukanlahseorangpemimpinbersuaralantangmengerahkanrakjat,baikdalampuisi
maupunprosanja.Iaadalahseorangperasadanseorangpengagum,djiwanjamudahtergetarolehkeindahan
alam,sendugembirasilihberganti,seluruhsadjaknjabernafaskankasih:kepadaalam,kampunghalaman,
kepadakembang,kepadakekasih.Diamerindutakhabis2nja,padazamanjangsilam,padabahagia,pada
'hidupbertentutudju'.Taksatupunsadjakperdjuangan,sadjakadjakanmembangkittenaga,sepertibegitu
gemuruhkitadengardaripenjair2PudjanggaBarujanglain.Tapilaguanalamnjaadalahperesapanjang
mesradariorangjangtakdiragukantjintanjapadatanahairnja."

References
1.Teeuw1980,p.123.
2.Husny1978,pp.1416.
3.Dini1981,p.20.
4.LanguageCenter,AmirHamzahMusa1955,p.9
5.Husny1978,p.17.
6.Husny1978,p.18.
7.Musa1955,p.13.
8.LanguageCenter,AmirHamzah.
9.Husny1978,p.20.
10.LanguageCenter,AmirHamzahHusny1978,p.21
11.Husny1978,p.24Dini1981,p.17
12.Husny1978,p.24.
13.Dini1981,p.22.
14.Dini1981,p.24.
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15.Dini1981,p.21.
16.Johns1979a,p.125.
17.Husny1978,p.29.
18.Husny1978,pp.3233.
19.Dini1981,pp.2930.
20.Dini1981,pp.3334.
21.Dini1981,p.38.
22.Husny1978,p.38.
23.Mihardja1955,pp.11517.
24.Dini1981,pp.3637.
25.Dini1981,p.74.
26.Jassin1962,p.40Mihardja1955,p.122
27.Dini1981,pp.4446.
28.Dini1981,p.49.
29.Husny1978,pp.4243.
30.Dini1981,p.83.
31.Dini1981,p.82.
32.Dini1981,p.85.
33.Teeuw1980,pp.12627Balfas1976,p.61
34.Jassin1962,pp.21119.
35.Foulcher1991,pp.1417.
36.Siregar1964,p.77Foulcher1991,p.20
37.Teeuw1980,p.50.
38.Siregar1964,p.75.
39.Husny1978,pp.4749.
40.Husny1978,p.63.
41.Husny1978,pp.7475.
42.Dini1981,p.105.
43.Dini1981,p.109.
44.Dini1981,p.112.
45.Husny1978,pp.7879.
46.Dini1981,p.114.
47.Dini1981,p.124.
48.Husny1978,pp.8182.
49.Dini1981,p.121.
50.Dini1981,p.129.
51.Husny1978,p.83.
52.Husny1978,pp.8489.
53.Husny1978,pp.9091.
54.Dini1981,p.132.
55.Musa1955,p.12.
56.Dini1981,p.133.
57.Dini1981,p.139.
58.Dini1981,p.142.
59.Husny1978,pp.9697.
60.Dini1981,p.147.
61.Dini1981,pp.14950.
62.Jassin1962,p.214.
63.Husny1978,p.97Dini1981,pp.15153
64.Husny1978,pp.1617.
65.Hadi1955,p.37.
66.Dini1981,p.159.
67.Musa1955,p.9Husny1978,pp.10203
68.Musa1955,p.10.
69.Musa1955,p.11.
70.JakartaCityGovernment,AmirHamzah.
71.Teeuw1980,p.124.
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72.Johns1979a,p.30.
73.Balfas1976,p.61.
74.Johns1979a,p.136.
75.Foulcher1991,p.102.
76.Jassin1962,p.33.
77.Kurniawan2010,PuisiAmirHamzah.
78.Johns1979b,pp.154,156.
79.Salam2004,p.50.
80.Raffel1970,p.175.
81.Jassin1962,pp.3334.
82.Jassin1962,p.36.
83.Jassin1962,pp.3940.
84.Husny1978,p.133.
85.Mihardja1955,p.120.
86.Mihardja1955,p.122.
87.Usman1959,pp.23150.
88.Dini1981,p.110.
89.Hamzah1949,p.31.
90.Raffel1968,p.15.
91.Johns1979b,p.158.
92.Jassin1962,p.9.
93.Teeuw1980,pp.12526.
94.Johns1979a,p.126.
95.Jassin1962,pp.1516.
96.Mihardja1955,pp.11718.
97.Echols1956,p.14.
98.Siapno2002,p.72.
99.Teeuw1980,p.132.
100.Jassin1962,p.212.
101.Hamzah1949,pp.530.
102.Jassin1962,p.14.
103.Balfas1976,pp.6264.
104.Jassin1962,p.8.
105.Teeuw1980,p.126.
106.Balfas1976,p.64.
107.Jassin1962,p.29.
108.Jassin1962,p.26.
109.Teeuw1955,p.116.
110.Jassin1962,p.31.
111.Johns1979a,pp.13132.
112.Jassin1962,p.213.
113.Teeuw1955,p.110.
114.Jassin1962,p.28.
115.Rosidi1976,p.46.
116.Teeuw1980,p.130.
117.Lindsay&Tan2003,p.49.
118.Siregar1964,p.116.
119.Johns1979a,p.124.
120.Rosidi1976,p.45.
121.Johns1979a,p.133.
122.Teeuw1980,p.133.
123.Echols1956,p.200.
124.Jassin1962,pp.14,22.
125.Teeuw1980,pp.12627.
126.Jassin1962,p.11.
127.Jassin1962,p.12.
128.Raffel1970,pp.17475.
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129.Dini1981,p.179.
130.Husny1978,p.8.
131.Dini1981,p.180.
132.GoogleMaps,Medan.
133.GoogleMaps,Mataram.
134.GoogleMaps,Surabaya.
135.Teeuw1980,p.136.
136.Balfas1976,p.60.
137.Bodden2002,p.306.

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