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Gaurav
Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
gauravs@iitgn.ac.in
Short course on
Soil-Structure Interaction
Computer Applications and Material Models
19-23 January, 2015
x
k
y, v
04-02-2015
Analytical Solution
exact solution
Difficult for nonlinear problems defined in non-regular
geometries
Finite Difference Method
Easy computer implementation
Difficult for problems defined in non-regular geometries
structure
Cumbersome computer implementation
Other methods
method
Discretize domain into multiple finite sub-domains
Compute quantities in all elements individually
Gather (assemble) contributions of all elements in a central
location
Enforce boundary conditions
Solve resulting system of algebraic equations
Compute quantities of interest (stress, strain, etc.)
4
04-02-2015
Assembly
Element-level contribution
Linear elements
Quadratic convergence
p Pn
1
2
3
1
Quadratic elements
Cubic convergence
This is a typically observed error
convergence behavior in FEA.
n
6
04-02-2015
object
Estimation of the value of
q(x)
x, u(x)
Analytical solution
04-02-2015
n=2
e=1
x=0
e=2
x = L/2
n=3
x=L
2(0.5 x/L)
1
u(0) = u1
Unknown nodal
displacements
2x/L
2(1 x/L)
u(L/2) = u2
2(x/L 0.5)
u(L) = u3
Partition of unity
10
04-02-2015
u2
uexact
u3
u1
We have
Strain energy
Stiffness matrix
External work
Force vector 12
04-02-2015
13
14
04-02-2015
different ranges of x
Integrations over individual elements limits depend on
elements
Makes it less amenable to computer implementation
Solution?: Define standard reference element
Real Element
Reference Element
15
u2
N1(r)
N2(r)
16
04-02-2015
method
Properties: A, E, L
AE/L
AE/L
1
a
AE/L
a
AE/L
1
b
17
ri
wi
NGP = 1
If 2NGP n+1,
quadrature is exact!
NGP = 2
0.677 350 269 189 626
NGP = 3
0.744 596 669 241 483
18
04-02-2015
y, v
Shape functions
Strain energy
Element Stiffness
19
q=1
y, v
EI = 1
L=1
q=1
What can we say about errors?
20
10
04-02-2015
for v and .
Beam-column element
Considers axial deformations as well
Essentially, combination of beam and bar elements
z) at each node
A.J.M. Ferreira, MATLAB Codes for Finite Element Analysis: Solids and Structures, 21
Springer, 2009.
Reference Element
22
11
04-02-2015
N1(r, s)
Shape functions
s
1
N1(r)
r
23
Shape functions
24
12
04-02-2015
Numerical quadrature
Gauss-Legendre quadrature
s
25
Triangular elements
Degenerate quadrilateral elements
Obtained by contracting two nodes of the quadrilateral
s
N1(r, s)
1
r
r
26
13
04-02-2015
node
Linear 1D case
Linear 2D case:
27
Reference Element
N3(r)
N1(r)
28
14
04-02-2015
29
Other possibilities
Combine Lagrange polynomials of different order for r
and s
e.g.: N(r, s) = l22(r) l11(s)
Serendipity elements
Elements with no interior nodes
s
30
15
04-02-2015
Gaurav
Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
gauravs@iitgn.ac.in
16