1.

Computation of Interest
Art. 1956. No interest shall be due unless
it has been expressly stipulated in writing.
2. Differentiate Interest and Damages
Interest is the compensation allowed by
law or fixed by the parties for the loan or
forbearance of money, goods, or credits.
Damages money that is awarded by a
judge that reflects the result of the injury
or loss caused by one party to another.
3. Guarantee in case of different
guarantor
(rights and obligation)
Art. 2065. Should there be several
guarantors of only one debtor and for the
same debt, the obligation to answer for
the same is divided among all. The
creditor cannot claim from the guarantors
except the shares which they are
respectively bound to pay, unless
solidarity has been expressly stipulated.
The benefit of division against the coguarantors ceases in the same cases and
for the same reasons as the benefit of
excussion against the principal debtor.
4. Meaning of Quasi-Delict (Meaning of
Double recovery)
Art. 2177. Responsibility for fault or
negligence under the preceding article is
entirely separate and distinct from the
civil liability arising from negligence under
the Penal Code. But the plaintiff cannot
recover damages twice for the same act
or omission of the defendant.
The injured party can not avail himself of
any other remedy because he may not
recover damages twice for the same
negligent act or omission of the accused.
This is the rule against double recovery. In
other words, the same act or omission
can create two kinds of liability on the
part of the offender, that is, civil liability
ex delicto, and civil liability quasi delicto
either of which may be enforced against
the culprit, subject to the caveat under
Article 2177 of the Civil Code that the
offended party cannot recover damages
under both types of liability.
Quasi-Delict is an act or omission by a
person, which causes damage to another
in his person, property, or rights giving
rise to an obligation to pay for the
damage done, there being fault or

negligence but there is no pre-existing

contractual relation between the parties.

5. Computation
of
RH,
SH,
RD,
Overtime, Night
Regular Holiday
Special Holiday
-200%
-30%
-260% (Rest Day) -50% (Rest Day)
-100% (unworked)
Overtime
Night Differential
-25% (Ordinary)
-10% (10PM
6AM)
-30% (RD, RH, SH)

6. Liability in commodatum in case of

fortuitous event
Art. 1942. The bailee is liable for the loss
of the thing, even if it should be through
fortuitous event:
a. if stipulated
b. if he devotes the thing to any purpose
different from that for which it has
been loaned
c. if he delays its return
if he lends or leases the thing to a
third person, who is not a member of
his household.
d. If, being able to save either the thing
borrowed or his own thing, he chose to
save the latter.
7. Difference between Attachment and
Sequestration
The difference between attachment and
sequestration is that the latter takes place
when an attachment or seizure of
property in litigation is ordered while the
former is security interest attaches to
collateral when it becomes enforceable
against the debtor with respect to the
collateral.
8. Obligation of depository if the
property is not owned by depositor
Art. 1984. The depositary cannot demand
that the depositor prove his ownership of
the thing deposited.
Nevertheless, should he discover that the
thing has been stolen and who its true
owner is, he must advise the latter of the
deposit.

If the owner, in spite of such information,

does not claim it within the period of one
month, the depositary shall be relieved of
all responsibility by returning the thing
deposited to the depositor.
If the depositary has reasonable grounds
to believe that the thing has not been
lawfully acquired by the depositor, the
former may return the same.
9. Define Pacto Comisorio
Pacto Comisorio is a stipulation whereby
the thing pledged or mortgaged shall
automatically become the property of the
creditor in the event of non-payment of
the debt within the term fixed.
10.
Pledge within commerce of
men (know the meaning of commerce
of man)
Art. 2094. All movables which are within
commerce may be pledged, provided they
are susceptible of possession.
11.
Difference between Junior and
Senior
mortgages
(rights
and
liabilities)
Senior mortgage a mortgage against
property that is superior to all other
mortgage claims upon the property. Junior
mortgage is taken out on a property that
already has an existing mortgage. It has
only second priority with regard to the
proceeds of the sale of the property in the
event of a foreclosure sale due to default
on the mortgage.
12.

Indivisibility of Pledge

Art. 2089. A pledge or mortgage is

indivisible, even though the debt may be
divided among the successors in interest
of the debtor or of the creditor.
Therefore, the debtor's heir who has paid
a part of the debt cannot ask for the
proportionate extinguishment of the
pledge or mortgage as long as the debt is
not completely satisfied.
Neither can the creditor's heir who
received his share of the debt return the
pledge or cancel the mortgage, to the
prejudice of the other heirs who have not
been paid.

From these provisions is expected the

case in which, there being several things
given in mortgage or pledge, each one of
them guarantees only a determinate
portion of the credit.
The debtor, in this case, shall have a right
to the extinguishment of the pledge or
mortgage as the portion of the debt for
which each thing is specially answerable
is satisfied.
Art. 2090. The indivisibility of a pledge or
mortgage is not affected by the fact that
the debtors are not solidarily liable.
13.
Transfer of ownership in case
of pledge
Art. 2112. The creditor to whom the credit
has not been satisfied in due time, may
proceed before a Notary Public to the sale
of the thing pledged. This sale shall be
made at a public auction, and with
notification to the debtor and the owner
of the thing pledged in a proper case,
stating the amount for which the public
sale is to be held. If at the first auction the
thing is not sold, a second one with the
same formalities shall be held; and if at
the second auction there is no sale either,
the creditor may appropriate the thing
pledged. In this case he shall be obliged
to give an acquittance for his entire claim.
14.
Difference between mortgage,
pledge, and chattel mortgage as to
transfer of ownership
Mortgage is a contract whereby the
debtor secures to the creditor the
fulfilment of a principal obligation,
especially subjecting to such security,
immovable property or real rights over
immovable property in case the principal
obligation is not complied with at the time
stipulated. Pledge is contract by virtue of
which the debtor delivers to the creditor
or to a third person a movable, or
instrument evidencing incorporeal rights
for the purpose of securing the fulfilment
of a principal obligation with the
understanding that when the obligation is
fulfilled, the thing delivered shall be
returned with all its fruits and accessions.

15.
Difference between right of
redemption and equity redemption
Right of redemption is the right of the
mortgagor to redeem the mortgaged
property within a certain period after it
was sold for the satisfaction of the
mortgage debt. Equity Redemption is the
right of the mortgagor to redeem the
mortgaged property after his default in
the performance of the conditions of the
mortgage but before the sale of the
mortgaged property.
16.
Article 1991 depositor by heir
Art. 1991. The depositarys heir who in
good faith may have sold the thing which
he did not know was deposited, shall only
be bound to return the price he may have
received or to assign his right of action
against the buyer in case the price has
not been paid by him.
17.
Illegal dismissal or not (Case
wherein you will identify if it is
illegally dismissed or not)
Under Article 282 of the Labor Code, an
employer may terminate an employment
for any of the following causes:
(a)
Serious
misconduct
or
willful
disobedience by the employee of the
lawful orders of his employer or
representative in connection with his
work;
(b) Gross and habitual neglect by the
employee of his duties;
(c) Fraud or willful breach by the
employee of the trust reposed in him by
his
employer
or
duly
authorized
representative;
(d) Commission of a crime or offense by
the employee against the person of his
employer or any immediate member of
his family or his duly authorized
representatives; and
(e) Other causes analogous to the
foregoing.
An employee who is unjustly dismissed
from
work
shall
be
entitled
to
reinstatement without loss of seniority
rights and other privileges and to his full
backwages, inclusive of allowances, and
to his other benefits or their monetary
equivalent computed from the time his
compensation was withheld from him up
to the time of his actual reinstatement.

18.Quasi-Delict (Vicarious liability)

The liability for quasi-delict extends to
those persons for whom one is
responsible, including an employee.
19.
Guarantee with regards to
subrogation
Art. 2067. The guarantor who pays is
subrogated by virtue thereof to all the
rights which the creditor had against the
debtor.
If the guarantor has compromised with
the creditor, he cannot demand of the
debtor more than what he had really paid.
Art. 2066. The guarantor who pays for a
debtor must indemnified by the latter.
The indemnity comprises:
1. The total amount of the debt
2. The legal interests thereon from
the time the payment was made
known to the debtor, even
though it did not earn interest
for the creditor.
3. The expenses incurred by the
guarantor after having notified
the debtor that payment had
been demanded of him
4. Damages, if they are due.
20.
Negotiorium Gestio difference
to Special and General Power of
Attorney
A General Power of Attorney given to the
agent the authority to handle all your
affairs during a period of time when you
are unable to do so. One which comprises
all the business of the principal. Special
Power of Attorney given to the agent the
authority to handle one or more specific
transactions only. Negotiorum gestio is a
doctrine whereby one person (the gestor
or manager) may manage the affairs of
another who is absent or incapacitated,
without
there
being
any
official
appointment or contract of mandate. It is
based on a sort of legally presumed
mandate. Negotiorum gestio does not
arise from a contract

World Architecture
1. Egyptian Architecture
- Pyramid of Giza
2. Mesopotamia Architecture
- Ziggurat
3. Greek Architecture
- Temple of Zeus
4. Roman Architecture
- Ruins of the Coliseum
5. Byzantine Architecture
- Hagia Hopia
6. Western Architecture in the Middle Ages
- Maneon Crete
7. Early Christian Architecture
- Church of Chora
8. Romanesque Architecture
- Basilica of Spain
9. Renaissance Architecture
- Saint Peters Basilicas inner dome
10.Baroque Architecture
11.19th Century Architecture
- Keble College, Oxford
12.Modern Architecture
- Burj Khalifa
13.Philippine Architecture
- Quiapo Church
14.Japanese Architecture
- Juto
Purpose of Literature
1. Raise the level of readers humanity
2. Makes us better person
Important elements of literature
1. Emotional appeal touched by literary
work
2. Intellectual appeal - importation
3. Humanistic value improved person
Two classification of literature
1. Escape literature
2. Interpretative literature
Uses of literature

1. Moralizing literature
2. Propaganda literature
3. Psychological literature
Elements of Poetry
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Denotation
Imagery
Figurative language
Rhythm and Meter
Meaning and Idea

Elements of Short story

1.
2.
3.
4.

Plot
Character
Theme
Symbol and Irony
- Verbal irony
- Dramatic irony
- Irony of situation
5. Language and Style
Elements of the Essay
1. The issue introduced
2. The writers viewpoint and thought
3. The relevance of the issue to the life of
the reader
Elements of the Novel
1.
2.
3.
4.

Setting
Plot
Theme
Characters

Elements of Drama
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Plot
Character
Thought
Language
Theme
Climax
Music and Spectacle
Costume and Make-up
Scenery and Lighting