Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1938 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
EL CTRONIC CIRCUITS
VOLUME 1 RUDOLF F. GRAF
~I flJJ JJ. 11-'41 - ~ JIJ~I ~ ~ )1 it,
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E.'mail;,'oazir,@matni.com www.matni.corn
NAZIR IMATNI ELIECTRiONICS
EALBOUNJ", MOS,ALAM BAROlTDI sra, DH\,B; ,BLDO.FUtP.O.BO'X: 1207~
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...
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Importers I Exporters I Distri'butors l Retailers I A{ailoHlers :
I . kinds Elecir-onic Components ~ Parts , Devices, ".' ' .. ' ..
Contents
Acknowledgments Introduction
Common Schematic Symbols 1 Alarms
2 Amateur -Radio 3 Amplifiers
4 Analog-to-Digital Converters 5 Attenuatars
6 Audio Mixers
7 Audio Oscillators
8 Audio Power Amplifiers 9 Audio Signal Amplifiers
10 Automotive
11 Battery Chargers 12 Battery Monitors 13 Buffers
14 Capacitance (Touch) Operated Circuits -15 Carrier Current Circuits
16 Comparators
17 Converters
18 Crossover Networks 19 Crystal Oscillators
20 Current Measuring Circuits 21 Current -Sources and Sinks
vi vii viii
1 14 26 43 51 54 61 71 83 93
110 119 125 129 139 147 158 171 174 200 204
22 Dc/dc and dc/ac Converters 23 Decoders
24 Delay Circuits 25 Detectors
26 Digital-to-Analog Converters 27 Dip Meters
28 Displays
29 Dividers
30 Drivers
31 Fiber Optic Circuits 32 Field Strength Meters 33 Filters
34 Flashers and Blinkers
35 Frequency Measuring Circuits 36 Frequency Multlpiiers
37 Frequency-to-Voltage Converters 38 Fuzz Circuits
39 Games
40 Gas/Vapor Detectors 41 Indicators
42 Infrared Circuits
43 Instrumentation Amplifiers 44 Light Activated Circuits
45 Light Controls
46 Light-Measuring Circuits 47 liquid Level -Detectors 48 logic Circuits
49 Measuring Circuits 50 Metal Detectors
51 Metronomes
52 Miscellaneous CircuLts 53 Mixers and Multiplexers 54 Modulation Monitors
55 Modulators
56 Moisture and Rain Detectors 57 Motor Controls
58 Multivibrators
59 Noise Generators
--SO Oscilloscope Circuits
-61 Phase Sequence and Phase Shift Circuits
207 212 216 221 236 245 249 256 260 267 272 277 298 309 312 315 319 323 331 334 3~0 345 356 368 381 385 392 396 407 410 414 424 429 432 441 444 459 466 470 475
62 Photograpby Related Circuits 478
63 Power Measuring Circuits 486
64 Power Supplies (Fixed) 490
65 Power Supplies (Variable) 504
66 Power Supply Protection Circuits 514
67 Probes 519
68 Pulse Generators 528
69 Radiation Detectors 533
70 Ramp Generators 538
71 Receivers -541
72 Resistance and Continuity Measuring Circuits 548
73 RF Amplifiers 553
74 RF Oscillators 569
75 Remote Control Circuits 573
76 Safety and Sec_urlty Circuits 578
77 Sample and Hold Circuits 584
78 Schmitt Triggers 591
79 Smoke and Flame Detectors 594
80 Sound Effect Circuits 597
81 Sound (Audio) Operated Circuits 607
82 Square Wave Oscillators 611
83 Stereo Balance Circuits 617
84 Switches 620
85 Telephone Related Circuits 624
86 Temperature Controls 637
87 Temperature Sensors 645
-88 Timers 659
89 Tone Control Circuits 669
90 Transmitters 678
91 Ultrasonic Circuits 682
92 Video Amplifiers 686
93 Voltage and Current Sources and Reference
Circuits 693
94 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators 700
95 Voltage-to~Frequency Converters 705
96 Voltmeters 709
97 Waveform and Function Generators 717
98 Zero Crossing Detectors 7-27
Sources 730
Index 749
Introduction
This volume of timely and practical circuits highlights the creative work of many people. Featured here are many circuits that appeared only briefly in some of our finer periodicals or limited-circulation publications. Also included are other useful and unique circuits from more readily available sources.
The source for each circuit is given in the sources section at the back of the book.
The-bold figure number that appears inside the box of each circuit is the key to the source. For example, the High Stability Voltage Reference circuit-shown below is Fig. 93-10. If you tum to the Sources section and look for Fig. 93-10 you will find that .Precision Monolithics supplied this circuit frorn-p. 6-142 of their Full Line Catalog.
HIGH STABILITY VOLTAGE REFERENCE
.,
_f
Fig. 93·9: Reprinted with the permission of NaJional Semiconductor Co1fJTransistor Dat(i:book, 1982, p. 11-25. Fig. 93·10: Precision Monoiithics Incorporated, 1981 Full Line Catalog, p. 6-142.
Fig. 93-11: Precision Monolithicdncorporated, 1981 Full Line Catalog,p. 10-lB.
Many circuits are accompanied by a brief explanatory text. Those that do not have textcan be readily understood from similar circuits in that chapter, or else they may be too complex to be explained briefly. The sparseness of text is deliberate so as to allow for more circuits which, after all, is what this book is all about.
The Index and Contents will be a time saver for the reader who knows exactly what he is looking for. The first page of each chapter lists the circuits in the order that they appear. The browser will surely discover many ideas and circuits that may well turn out to be most rewarding and great fun to put together.
The Common Schematic Symbols chart will help you identify circuit components.
~I i:~
R~ I'~ :o\l~)
RJ~ , ~ 10 J
All "V!:L· 16
Fig. 93-10
vii
Com-moo Schematic Symbols
+ + ---0 ----------- -<:f"\P- ----f01-
VOLTAGE TO VOLTAGE FUSE CRYSTAL
NO tOHNECTtON CO~NECTION ORSIGHAL SOURCE OR SIGNAL ~
SOURCE (]J
.. ---
VOLJAGE OR
::=Jl GROUND SIGNAL I.
----:;;.>- --.___., MICRO'HONE
SPEAKER
MALE FEMALE __r-
BOARD PHONE PHONE ----..- ~ ®- 17 ©
CONNECTORS PLUG .)AGK I DIODE ZENER 60
PIN DIODE
rr r -@ "'HER HEADPHONES
-@- -I -<# -.y @ A~TENNA
PttONO /'!tOND DR AC -@r
PLUG JACK Q:: SOCKET I LED '"OTO DIODE €{
VARACTOR ~
0- -----4-- I -S: -t!f --([)-
'T' AC
aANANA PLUG CONSTANT IHCANDESCENT NEON
JACK SHIELDED SCA TRIAC CURRENT LAMP LA'"
CABLE SOURCE N-CHANN EL E NHANe EMEMT
8~ N-CHANNEL NCHANNEL WOSfET
G~D E~Bl ~DSUB
o S B' G S
E
B-©, P-CHANNEl P-CHANNEL
.-@~ E ---@=B2 *SUB
81
BIPOLAR JUNCTION FET UNIJUNCTION P-CHANNEL ENHANCEMENT
MOSFET ~ :~I ~I I ---------- ~
I RESISTOR CAPACITOIII
-L -)I--=----
INDUCTOR INDUCTOR INDUCTOR I
lAIR CORU IIRDN COREl (ADJUST ABLE) I CAPACITOR
POTE NTiO METE R (ELECTROLYTIC)
--l!- ~E-
CAPACITOR
(NON-POLARIIEDI
]~[ E POTENTIOMETER ~-
,TRIMMERI
CAPACITOR
,VARIABLE)
TRANSFORMER =t1 ~
RELAY CAPACITOR
'TRIMMERI ./~ ~
0- ~ D
&PST SPDT SPOT
SWITCH SWITCH SLIDE
SWITCH
D 0
0 1 ~
0 0
0 0 PUSHBUTTON
ROTARY SWITCH
SWITCH N-CHANNEL ENHANCEMENTJ DEPLETION MOSFET
f'ilr:1__D_ SUB ~~
~
C
PHaro TRANSISTOR
viii
fIiI:J!l SU B G~
P-CHANNEL E~HANCEMENTJ DEPLETION MOSFET
-----i~
BATTERY (SINGLE CElLI
THERMISTOR
-il----IF BATTERV 'MULT! CELL)
VARISTOR
LIGHT-DEPENDENT RESISTOR
AMPLIFIERJ8iJFfEA
INVUTiNQ
A~PLIH ERfBUFFER
~"
GATE
-OR-GATE
"NOR" ~ATE
-EXClUSIVE~R" GATE
1
Alarms
The sources of the following circuits are contained in the Sources section beginning on page 730. The figure number contained in the box of each circuit correlates to the source entry in the Sources section.
Computalarm
Automotive Burglar Alarm Security Alarm
Vehicle Security -System
Home Security Monitor System Antitheft Device
Auto Burglar Alarm Tamper-Proof Burglar Alarm Latching Burglar Alarm
Motion-Activated Motorcycle or Car Alarm Boat Alarm
Blown Fuse Alarm Auto Burglar Alarm
Continuous-Tone 2 kHz Buzzer with Bridge Drive. Gated on by a Logic 0 Pulsed-Tone Alarm, Gated by a High Input,
with Direct-Drive Output Piezoelectric Alarm
Gated 2 kHz Buzzer
Burglar Alarm
Latching Burglar Alarm Sun - Powered Alarm
Freezer Meltdown Alarm
COMPUTALARM
JEV
TO '11 V
AT BATTER V
18!~~~-1 0
l
COOl RI
~ SWITCH 1_ QK
TO S(NSIIIC (II
SWITCH~S - rnUNJ Rl
USE AS MANY ( SWITCH 19k •
AS REQUIREO 01
HOOD Rl
SWITCH -In ~~~~~~----------~
~Z -
Fig. 1·1
R6
SCR I
R4
•. 1 k
UV 10V
ZlJO 0100£ ZEi'£A O·IOOE
REEll R[LAY
I A 0
~
~ I, K2 tH£RMAL RElAy - B0110M ViEW
(Ii. 112 SOli, SCRl
aotlOM VI[W BOTTOM V lEW
Circuit Notes
The circuit has a built-in, self-arming fea- mately 1 to 2 seconds apart) for a period of one
ture. The driver turns off the ignition, presses minute. Then the Computalarm automatically
the arm button on the.Computalarm, and leaves shuts itself off (to .save your battery) and re-
the car. Within 20 seconds, the alarm arms arms. If a door, the trunk lid, or the hood re-
itself-all automatically! The circuit will then mains ajar, the alarm circuit retriggers and
detect the opening of any monitored door, the another period of horn blasts occurs. The Com-
trunk lid, or the hood on the car. Once acti- putalarm has a "key" switch by which the
vated, the circuit remains dormant for 10 sec- driver can disarm the alarm circuit within a
onds. When the 10-second time delay has run lO-second period after he enters the door. The
out, the circuit will close the car's hom relay key switch consists of a closed circuit jack, 11,
and sound the horn in periodic blasts (appro xi- and a mating miniature plug.
2
AUTOMOTiVE BURGLAR ALARM
2N3!l06
RI
0.1
J:
51
+I2V~~
ON
.r
e2
~
EXCEPT AS INOlt AT ED, OECIMAL VALUES OF CAPAC ITANCE ARE
IN MICROFARADS I)JF) ; OTHERS ARE IN PICOFARADS I pF OR )J)JF1; RESISTANCES ARE IN OHMS;
k '1000, M' I 000 000
762
DISC'" TRIO,
THflSHO. 0'0
TIMER
UI ANO U2, VIEWED FROM THE TOP
'DB
--2 7
3 6
4 5
EO
s·
c·-
E f'::\s c~
(BOTTOM VIEW)
Q2. 03, Q4, DEPENDING ON CASE STYLE
Fig. 1·2
Circuit Notes
Alarm triggers on after a 13 second delay and stays on for l-lY.! minutes. Then it resets automatically. It can also be turned off and reset by opening and reclosing Sl.
TO 51
3
'"
UJ
"" f-
sg c{
... u.. C!)
'" M _>I. C
+ U~ Z
<
Z
f-
~
)1 e,
z
u.J ,
f-U- N
=>"" 0
~~ "!:
~Z =>
~~ d
, t- C;
tl ..
0
u
I
N
~ e,
0
0
"7t;
::a c;>""
~f-
~ 0
--'
:s u
-<
~ :>:
F-- u
~ f-
e.:
_J
;:J Cl
C!) u.J
U w :r;:
~ ,....:::E ere
"'- «
CIJ
>-
O<!
z--'
0""
uO
.... uJ:Z:
elim "'u
J,t:
~ -- -'
C!J
-""
"'~
... c:
a:~
.. 4
.". "- --' c r.t:
Clt-Z
~~~
;;::::ZCC w-w "- t-
o co t-
VEHICLE SECURITY SYSTEM
01 2N2222A
AI5 12K
~7 I
L ~:______ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1-' NOTE CONNECT DOME LlG~T CIRCUIT
TOeD OR ®AS APPROPRIUE, BUT NOT BOTH
DOME LIGHT
Fig. 1·4
Circuit Notes
This alarm gives a 15-20 second exit and entrance delay. After being triggered, the alarm sounds for five minutes and then shuts off. Once triggered, the sequence is automatic and is not affected by subsequent opening or closing of doors.
5
HOME SECURITY MONITOR SYSTEM
~~------~--._~ N/O
52 1M
~ -J:- ~~
All diodes = 1 N9148
For siren. horn, etc.
Fig. 1-5
Circuit Notes
This circuit. provides normally open (NO) and normally closed (N C) contacts S 1, S2, and S3 to tum on the alarm after a 30 second delay. S4 and S5 operate instantly. The CANCEL switch resets the alarm.
6
ANTITHEFT DEVICE
C2 _+
21. ;;J;,
VIBRATION SENSOR
.---+----- ---.
15V
_ .... ----
I I
-BUZlER I RELAV :
I ,
!---- ... ..'
, I
L.- __ +- I
02
NOTE.
ICl.2 .AE 401, 01 IS 1N4148 02 IS ,_,
COIjNECT UNUSED INPUTS _ TO OV OR +15V
R1 10M
C3 470.
Fig. 1-6
Circuit Notes
Any momentary break in the protective loop or tripping of the normally closed vibration sensor, causes alarm to sound for 20 seconds. If the circuit is open all the time, the alarm will sound continuously.
AUTO BURGLAR ALARM
DPDT key switch
~---_ --,
\ \
\
3.3kO lW
Hidden reset switch
1000p,F 35V
.___----....._-+-tlll----- 9V battery
To auto ground
~I
+
r- -,
I I
Reed I J Shaker
switch I I switch 2
I J
1... +
Auto dome light
To horn wire in steering wlleel
To door switch
About 50 turns of No. 26 wire wrapped around reed switch
Fig. 1·7
Circuit Notes
Dome light current.through L1 closes reed switch and sounds alarm. Shaker switch also activates alarm.
.7
TAMPER-PROOF BURGLAR ALARM
---,
EXISTING BURGLAR ALARM 1
1 I I I I I
OPTO- ._ OUPLER -._
R2 10k
+12V
,.,OTE;
IC1,2 ARE 741 Q1 IS TIP122
01,2 ARE GENERAL PURPOSE DIODES
Circuit Notes
If-R2 is opened or shorted, the alarm sounds,
OV
RELAY I
CONTACTS r
r r r
--_j
Fig. 1-8
-6V .... --l-,
N.C. Door SWITCHES
LATCHING BURGLAR ALARM
R2i
C1
b
Q1
Fig. 1-9
8
A1
WINDOW FOIL
TO PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT
Circuit Notes
When the protective circuit is interrupted (opened), the alarm sounds. To set the circuit. adjust R2 (with protective circuit open) for 1 V across RL
MOTION-ACTI-V ATED MOTORCYCLE OR CAR ALARM
01
NOTE
110, .. 7400 01 i, BeY]1 R~la~ to.uit
Fig. 1-10
Fig. 1-11
Circuit Notes
Trembler (motion activated) switch sounds the alarm for 5 seconds. Then it goes off. Circuit is timed out for 10 seconds to allow the trembler switch to settle.
Notes:
• See text for details +12Vdc to Pin 4 of 324
12V ground to Pin 11 of 324
Circuit Notes
Removing R1 or R2 from the circuit (i.e., the potential thief breaks a hidden wire that connects R1 to + 12 V and R2 to ground) activates the alarm for about five minutes.
+12V
R1"
BOAT ALARM
10K lOOK
33K
+12V
?
Alarm -relay
A2'
9
BWWN-FUSE ALARM
+l~y.o---------~~--------------------~----------------_'
PNP
FLASH
~R_A_T_E r- __ l~il: .~
f~1Sn
~lED
Fig. 1-12
-l~v.O---------~~----------~------------------~------~
Circuit Notes
If the fuse blows, the LED indicator starts to blink.
AUTO BURGLAR ALARM
SHORT DURATION TIMERS ARE NEEDED TO ALLOW fN1'RY ANO EXIT
JOO
9
lmog!l
2
6 1/2 NES56 5
10
14
1/2 NE556 8
HORN RELAY
Fig. 1-111
lmegll
DOOR SWITCHES
10
I
PB1 ,6 (PRESS kr FOR ON) I
I I
Fig. 1·14
Tx PB-2720
...------j IJ 1-----,
CONTINUOUS·TONE 2 kHz.BUZZER WITH BRIDGE DRIVE, GATED ON BY A LOGIC 0
I I J I
PB1 : (PRESS 10 FOR 0
ON) :
I r
GATE R1 100k_
Fig. 1-15
,....----1 ...... -----0 +3V TO 18V
C1
PULSED- TONE ALARM, -GATED BY A HIGH INPUT, WITH DIRECT ,DRIVE OUTPUT
ICla
NOTE:
IC1 is4011B
C2 4n7
R1 100k
+3V TO 18V .------,-0()
C1 100n
NOTE:
IC1 IS -4011 B
11
PIEZOELECTRIC ALARM
IV
IlIIIk
BURGLAR ALARM
IV
XTAL fRED
ON .n,
tvOff
LDI-------I
Fig. 1-16
Fig. 1.18
22K
4,7":'
(""
GATED 2 kHz BUZZER ,---- ...... .---0 +3V TO 18V
I
PBl I
(PRESS ~ FOR ON).
I I
C1 4n7
LATCHING BURGLAR ALARM ~~~----~--------~
+6V Sl
-6V
~
R1
Cl
NOTE:
IC1 IS 40118
Fig. 1-17
To N.D. PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT
Fig. 1·19
Circuit Notes
Closing the protective circuit (i.e., Rl to R2) applies positive voltage to the gate of SCRI and sounds the alarm . .It can only be turned off with S1.
12
SUN-POWERED ALARM
Circuit Notes
Circuit turns on when light (sunlight) strikes photocell. Potentiorneter.R sets light level at which the alarm sounds. Painted tube (black on inside) may be used on photocell to aim at the sun.
seR
R
2N3906 PNP
Fig. 1-20
Tube (painted black inside) ¢
I 9== Photocell
\
Photocell J
Fig. 1-21
Circuit Notes
The meltdown is a magnet held to a small stand by ice. A reed switch is below the magnet. When the ice melts, the magnet falls on the switch, closing it, and completing the alarm circuit.
FREEZER MELTDOWN ALARM
Speaker
M.gnel_ with ice
8
14 13 +Supply
4011
13
2
Amate-ur Radio
The sources of the following circuits are contained in the Sources section-beginning on page 730. The figure number contained in the box of each circuit correlates to the source entry in the Sources section.
Code Practice Oscillator Produces Automatic
Dits and Dahs
Rf Power Meter In-Line Wattmeter CW Signal Processor
Two-Meter Preamplifier for Handitalkies Repeater Beeper
Electronic Keyer
Code Practice Oscillator Automatic Tape Recording
14
Self-Powered CW Monitor Remote Rf Current Readout Code Practice Oscillator SWR Warning Indicator Subaudible Tone Encoder Audio Mixers
Rf Powered Sidetone Oscillator Harmonic Generator
Automatic TTL Morse-Code Keyer Remote Rf Current Readout
CODE--PRACTICE OSCILLATOR PRODUCES AUTOMATIC DITS AND DABS
J.lKn
.0
SP;:i(J
Fig. 2-1
IODKn
.---¥th---T-- ~.;v-. ....... m~
Straight hand key
1000n
10K!!
c
lN414B
IN4148
o+9v.
+
looon
1.3K!1 lJ.lf
4.7K!1
a
> J
To Pm 14 0' +9v. --7 4011 .lId 4081
To Pm 1 01 ~ 4011 ond 4081
,------ .....
I
"DAIf' I 1 "OtT' ,
I L .!A!_D~E ~ _ J
CiFcuit Notes
The circuit consists of a basic oscillator (above dashed line) and an automatic keyer (below dashed line). The unit can be used with a straight hand key ora paddle key for automatic operation.
15
RF POWER METER
~ __ ~!I!~~.E.2~~O~~H!£~O~_ ~
IN ~-4~------~+-_-_-_--_--_-_-_--_-_--_--_-_--_-_--_-_--_~~--'_~. OUT
~T1
SKT1
AFC 1
Fig. 2-2
C1 1~
O:l OA95
A2 150R
~3 150R
SKT2
03 OA95
F
POWER
04& 05 '1N914 .
Circuit Notes
+ 5O"A F.S 2k
Reflectometer (SWR Power Meter) covers three decades-from 100 kHz to 100 MHz. It can be constructed for rf powers as low as 500 mW or up to 500 watts.
16
IN-LINE WATTMETER
C,
R, 56n
CR1 lN34AI lN60 or similar
r; :ngie 7a.T;: - - - - - - - - - 1
: FORO~RE' I
I M
I
I
I
-L J
NOTES:
L, = 2 turn Imk
L1 - T·50·2 torctd. wound full core with No. 28 wore.
, 11' space between windings 10 allow for L, space.
C, - C2 See text.
I
·1
reactance of L2 so as to avoid any significant effect on the L2 current which is induced by the transmission line current flowing through Ll. The lower frequency limit of the bridge is set by the RI-R2!Ls ratio, and the cutoff is at the point where the value of Rl-Rz.becomes significant with reference to the reactance of L2 at that frequency point.
IN 34AJ 1N60or similar
~~~myF~rL~ 'OO __ '~ ~~ ~
HI
Fig. 2-3
Circuit Notes
The circuit is not frequency sensitive. Its calibration will be accurate over a wide frequency spectrum, such as the entire amateur hf spectrum, if the values of L2, the voltage divider capacitors Cl-2 and C3, and the resistances of Rl-2 are chosen properly. Rl-2 and CRl-2 should be matched for best results. Generally, Rl-2 must be small compared to the
17
--------
-CW SIGNAL PROCESSOR
60HWS
2>0
J.9t
o
Circuit Notes
This circuit provides interferenced rejec- vate the circuit. For periods of loss of signal, tion for the CW operator. The 567 phase- circuit B wiU automatically switch back to live locked loop is configured to respond to tones receiver audio after a suitable delay. (If a relay from 500 to 1100 Hz. The Schmitt trigger re-with a 5-volt coil is not available, the circuit can duces the weighting effect caused by the output also be powered from + 12 volts.) When circuit of the PLL remaining low after removal of the B is used, th€ contacts on relay K1 replace 51. audio-signal. Ten to 15 millivolts of audio acti-
18
L:c.
${
KI
Circuit Notes
This simple, inexpensive, wide band rf amplifier provides 14 dB gain on two meters without the use of tuned circuits.
Preamplifier RS 470
Transceiver
TWO-METER PREAMPLIFIER ·FOR HANDIT ALKIES
aC:E. FREOUENCY ~ 2"K
)0.
+lSV lOrnA.
Fig. 2-5
-s-rsv
REPEATER BEEPER
C5
1;001
INPU~ I---j-""' .............. I-O--".,....,VV\'*-"! .001
BEEP DELAY
BEEP LENGTH
D) IN914
~ooo
Fig. 2-6
Circuit Notes
The signal from COR triggers VI which produces a beep-gate pulse that enables the analog gate consisting of D2 and D3 to pass the beep tone generated by V2.
"0
DELAY RA."'GE 0 I~ to 5 £ECO~OS
BuRST IU~GE 0 15 TO 5 SECONDS
TONE RANGE 500 TO 1400·tU
19
ELECTRONIC KEYER
DOT
-Fig. 2-7
PADDLE
'I
12vDC
DASH
+
PARTS LIST FOR HAM'S KEYER C 1-3-uF, 6-YDC electrolytic capacitor
C2-10-uF, 6-VDC electrolytic capacitor
Dl-1N60 diode
Kl-12-VDC relay
Ql-HEP-2S3 pnp transistor Rl-10,OOO-ohm linear
potentiometer R2-50,OOO-ohm potentiometer R3-1200-Ohm, "'-watt resistor R4-560-ohm, Y>"watt resistor R5-50DO-ohm potentiometer
Circuit Notes
This circuit automatically produces Morse code dots and dashes set by time constants involving Cl and C2. Rl sets dot/dash ratio and R2 sets the speed. R5 sets the relay drop-out point.
CODE PRACTICE OSCILLATOR
Fig. 2-8
VOLTAGE DIVIDER
Circuit Notes
Ion
This simple cpo uses the 7404 low-power Schottky hex inverter, C is a 5- to 30-ILF electrolytic se lecte d for the desired pitch. The speaker is a 2-inch, 8-ohm unit.
GND
20
AUTOMATIC TAPE RECORDING
MICROPHONE INPUT
TO ~CJlSSETTE RECORDER
R~ 300Klt
~
LREMOTE
INPUT
3
10(
lei SK368e OR LM3900 OP AMP
ICZ SK4049 INVERTING MEX SUfFER
Fig. 2-9
Circuit Notes
Amateurs don't have to miss the action while away from the rig. This circuit turns on a tape recorder whenever the receiver's squelch is broken. After signal loss, the recorder will shut off following a slight delay.
SELF-POWERED CW MONITOR
a
L
Magnetic heaaphones
Fig. 2-10
R
c
Circuit Notes
Position L near the transmitter output tank to hear the key-down tone. Then tape the coil in place.C = .047 ILF, R = 8.2 K, Q = HEP 253 (or equal), T = 500: 500 ohm center tapped transformer. L = 2 to 6 turns on W' coil form.
21
Fig. 2-11
REMOTE RF CURRENT READOUT
200 OHio! SHUNT
Circuit Notes
A suitable pilot.lamp is illuminated by a small sample of rf and energizes an inexpensive solar cell; the de current generated by the cell is a measure of relative rf power, and may be routed to a low-current meter located at any convenient point. A sensitive, low-current pilot lamp is desirable to cause minimum disturbance to normal rf circuit conditions. The number 48 or 49, 60 rnA lamp is suitable for use with transmitters above l-watt output.
CI
CODE -PRACTICE OSCILLATOR
Circuit Notes
RI
Fig. 2-12
SPI
Oscillator, works with2 to 12--vdc (but 9 to 12 volts gives best volume and clean keying). Rl can be replaced with a 500 K pot and the circuit will sweep the entire audio frequency range.
TO ANTENNA
FROM TRANSMITIER
Fig. 2-13
\\
SWR WARNING INDICATOR
+6
3900
Circuit Notes
Op amp with de input from SWR meter can be adjusted to preset the SWR reading at which the LED lights.
22
2MO
10KO
SWI
SUBAUDIBLE TONE ENCODER
I'll 68K
~ ~ +8 TO 15VDC
!.LCI ...l...C2
T\~<J'F I 02 .. F
L .... __ -_,_ GND
QI 2N.4124
1'13 36K
C4 .005
+. ~ -C P. S. OUTPUT TO INSE RTION
- POINT ON TRANSMITTER "UOIO BOARD. INSERTION POINT WILL REOUIRE A LOADING RESISTOR. [VALUE DEPENDING ON RIG USED. 10K TO .~ MEG FOUND EXPERIMENTJlLLV)
Fig_ 2-14
SW2
• C TONE SEL SWITCII
~~~~---------
1'15 lOOK 1%
C6 1" .047
C7 m M'r'L"R CS
022 MYL"R .022 MYLAR
•
Circuit Notes
This twin- T oscillator produces six preset subaudible tones from 93 to 170 Hz in three ranges.
10K TRIMPOTS FREo AOJ
~> IN I )
~> IN 2 )
~> IN 3 )
~> IN 4 )
~) IN 5 )
-Fig. 2·15 AUDIO MIXER
RJ
R2
R3
R4
12K
+12-JaV
R5
12K
Circuit Notes
The 741 op amp is used as a summing amplifier to combine several audio inputs.
Overall gain is set by RI.
23
RF-POWERED SIDETONE OSCILLATOR
+9 Vdc
R2 SDK
C1 ,05
,~
SHORT TELESCOPING WHIP' ANTENNA
!Jl lC4
001 01 1N60
.... Dt-_~_--._4., AST
2
7
8
IC1 555
Fig. 2-16
--PORTABLE RADIO REPLACEMENT TYPE
Circuit Notes
A sidetone oscillator is a special audio astable multivibrator. Keying is accomplished oscillator that istumed on and off with the by applying a positive de potentia!, developed transmitter. The oscillator is rf-driven and bat- from the rf signal, to the reset terminal of the tery operated. It uses a 555 Ie timer as an '555.
HARMONIC GENERATOR
TD251
1
l"
INPUT FROM XTALOSC
50!'V HARMONIC OUTPUT
Fig. 2-17
Circuit Notes
This circuit will produce 50 J.t V harmonics through 1296 MHz with an input of 0.15-1 V from a 100 or 1000 kHz crystal oscillator. With a germanium diode instead.of a tunnel diode, harmonics can be heard up to about 147 MHz.
24
AUTOMATIC TTL MORSE-CODE KEVER
+5V
- -
cor DASH
SW2
MECCANO BRACKETS
OV
".ICRO$WITCHES
RULERS
Iii ... }
H":2. 6- AAE 14)''1. ICJ, 5- ARf 7400 IC4 is 741D~
lSI
7S OHMS
SWI ~~~+-~---;~~----~----------~ -~~~----~----~~
ov
Fig. 2-18
Circuit Notes
Automatically generated dits and dabs are produced over a speed range of 11 to 39 wpm. Tbe upper limit can be raised by decreasing R2. SWI and SW2 can be a "homebrew" paddle operated key.
25
Amplifiers
The sources of the following circuits are contained in the Sources section beginning on page 730. The figure number contained in-the box of each circuit correlates tothe source entry in the Sources section.
High Impedance Differential Amplifier Unity Gain Follower
Voltage Controlled Variable Gain Amplifier Power Booster
Logarithmic Amplifier
Voltage Controlled Variable Gain Amplifier Discrete Current Booster
Precision Process Control Interface Voltage Controlled Amplifier Absolute Value Amplifier
Programmable Gain Noninverting Amplifier
with Selectable Inputs x 1000 Amplifier Circuit
Inverting Amplifier with Balancing Circuit Switching Power Amplifier
Precision Power Booster
Noninverting -Voltage Follower
Color Video Amplifier
Fast Voltage Follower
Isolation Amplifier-for Capacitive Loads Cable Bootstrapping
Current Booster
Wide band Unity Gain Inverting Amplifier in a 75 Ohm System
High-Speed Current to Voltage Output Amplifier
Gated Amplifier
Reference Voltage Amplifier Fast Summing Amplifier
Adjustment-Free Precision Summing Amplifier Summing Amplifier witt Low Input Current
x 10 Operational Amplifier Using L161
x 100 Operational Amplifier Using Ll61 Precision Absolute Value Circuit Ultra-Law-Leakage Preamp
De to Video Log Amplifier
±lOO V Common Mode Range Differential Amplifier
Wide Bandwidth. Low Noise, Low Drift
Amplifier
Signal Distribution Amplifier Audio Distribution Amplifier
High Input Impedance, High Output Current Voltage Follower
Precision Amplifier
Preamplifier and High-to-Low Impedance Converter
Noninverting Amplifier
High Impedance, High Gain, High Frequency Inverting Amp
Log-Ratio Amplifier
Inverting Amplifier
Logarithmic Amplifier
26
HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
R6
A3
Rl = R4 R2 = R5
R6 2Rl
GaIn'" R2(1 + R3)" C-(1 + a +_b)
R4
VOUT = C (1 + a +b)(V2 -VI)
R2 R6
R5 == R7 for best CMRR
R7
Fig. 3-1
UNITY GAIN FOLLOWER
+15V
O.Ol)1.F
-~
Fig. 3-2
27
VOLT AGE CONTROLLED VARIABLE GAIN AMPLIFIER
U1897E or 2N4091
U1897E or 2~091
VIDEO OUTPUT
VIDEO INPUT
I
I ...J...
-10VO- ...... --,
Fig. 3-3
U1897E or 2N4091
I-·OCU~F
Circuit Notes
The tee attenuator provides for optimum dynamic linear range attenuation up to 100 dB, even at f = 10.7 MHz with proper layout.
.....------ ..... ----o+v Circuit Notes
Power booster is capable of driving moderate loads. The circuit as shown uses -a NE5535 device. Other amplifiers may be substituted only if Rl values are changed because of the Icc current required by the amplifier. Rl should be calculated from the following expression:
POWER BOOSTER
2N3638
R1
~-------------'_--~-V
All resistor values are in ohms.
Fig. 3-4
600 mW Rl =
28
Icc
1K
2N697
LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER
C2 41. pF
Fig. 3·5
AU I. tl'
'" I •. '.
1~
a. Set Rll tor VOUT" O·at liN'" 100 ~A.
I. b. Set R8 lor Vour- 3V at liN = 100 ~ c. Set R3 for VOUT- - 4V .t lIN'" 10pA
VOUT
t 33OO.ppW·C. Type 0209 avall.bl.
- trom Tellabe. mc., Manchntet, N.H.
Circuit Notes
Unusual frequency compensation gives this logarithmic converter a 100 /Lstime constant from 1 rnA down to 100/LA, increasing from 200 /LS to 200 ms from 10 nA to 10 pA. Optional bias current compensation can give 10 pA resolution from - 55°C to 100 °C. Scale factor is 1V / decade and temperature compensated.
VOLT AGE CONTROLLED VARIABLE GAIN AMPLIFIER
A2
Circuit Notes
The 2N5457 acts as a voltage variable resistor with an RI.(oo) of 800 ohms max. Since the differential voltage on the LMIOI is in the low mV range, the 2N5457 JFET will have linear resistance over several decades of resistance providing an excellent electronic gain control.
29
C2 VIN 0--{ t--""""'- ........... ----I
Fig. 3-7
Rg
33
VOUT
- R10
-
33 -DISCRETE CURRENT BOOSTER
0103 MPS6560 02 MPS6562
PRECISION PROCESS CONTROL INTERFACE
,..------------ .... ,__- .... ---- ,,~v
o I r
r
10
Fig. 3-8
40 100 "'V
JF~D·.=] "II-If lAA...,,~,..JITT~ ..
SI~I'11 AM '0.1 t ~OG4~
30
>- ..... - vcur IOV FGA 20 rnA OVfOA4mA
4 20 mtr.
I~"UT t
1
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED AMPLIFIER
111 lOll
Vine -GYTO-6V
Ql 2N390S
v."A ",.N.~ IV
VOUI • lJiJ,. av
NOTE NO OUTPUT WHEN VIR C IS NEGATIVE
Fig. 3-9
Circuit Notes
This circuit is basically an op amp with annal (±lO mY) between pin 2 and 3 and by
extra input at pin 5. A current Issc is injected controlling the current on pin 5, the level of the
into this input and this controls the gain of the signal output (pin 6) is controlled.
device Iinerly. Thus by inserting an audio sig-
ABSOLUTE VALUE AMPLIFIER
DC
lOt(
Fig. 3-10
Circuit Notes
The circuit generates a positive output The accuracy is poor for input voltages under 1 voltage for either polarity of input. For positive V, but for tess stringent applications, it can be signals, it acts as a noninverting amplifier and effective.
for negative signals, as an inverting amplifier.
31
PROGRAMMABLE GAIN NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER WITH SELECT ABLE INPUTS
Fig. 3-11
+HiV -l5V
~~--------------~~--~----~-----,--GVOUT
.. ,5\1
'V.,_,
CH, GAIN,
18K!! 8.SKu 100Kn
V,Pj 2 ;4 15
lOX
CH2 II GAIN2 18
VIN 1 11 10
l00X
CHJ • GA1N3
VI,.. 4
-100DX
C"_ GAIN,
2Kn loon loon
";" ':" -=- x 1000 AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT
D1 +15V IN757A
R7 75k!r
R4 5O1l
+15V
R9 50[1
C1 R8 S"F 1.Skll
ALL RESISTORS 1%
R6 SOkO
Fig. 3-12
32
INVERTING AMPLIFIER WITH BALANCING CIRCUIT
INPUT
PRECISION POWER BOOSTER
+15V
IC = LM101
C, JOpF
2400
Fig. 3-13
Circuit Notes
R.,q may be zero or equal to the parallel combination of Rl and R2 for minimum offset.
Fig. 3-15
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE:
SLEW RATE------------ ... '6V/~EC
0.1% SETIUNG-------4 .. SEC (1\ = 500"1 QUIESCENT SUPPLY CURRENT ---1.5mA
SWITCHING POWER AMPLIFIER
INPUT A1
10 II
A310ctk
NONINVERTING VOLTAGE FOLLOWER
Fig. 3-14
I,
L
VI J
--~
Chartttllittiu
IVD-V,",1D1·~--+------' I. % Err&r.:; ----v;;- - or O_OO1'M,
II., •• 10-4 II.' <)0 K,
til '1 ~ 30 M"ohrnJ. F -; 20 f'h
IV lOS' 100 mAd, VEE
Fig. 3-16
33
COLOR VIDEO AMPLIFIER
'soU
+v
1 __ ea L088-'
75!!
Ie ~ NE5529
Fig.3ml7
FAST VOLTAGE FOLLOWER
6
">---4~- VOUT
-C2
300 pF
Fig. 3-18
-R' 10K
Power Bandwidth: 15 kHz Slew Rate: 1 V / ILS
ISOLATION AMPLIFIER FOR CAPACITIVE LOADS
IUTPUY
Vee
• O\Je"noot-6%
• ',- 11>, ..
• Whln driving lar~ eLI the VOU1 ,lew rlU i, dlt.rmlnad by CL and 'outlm •• ':
-Fig. 3·19
CABLE BOOTSTRAPPING
r-.n'
34
Fig. 3-20
Circuit Notes
Bootstrapping input shield for a follower reduces cable capacitance, leakage. and spurious voltages from cable flexing. Instability can be avoided with small capacitor on input.
'15 V 7
I 100 k
__ L_ V, >0
--
R2
Vo
- - vo = ~ lin 1K2V,l
33 k 1. OffSET
A01UST
-
Fig. 3-22 Fig. 3-24 CURRENT BOOSTER
~OUT
GAIH.~. ,.~
M")U"'UM l-OAD CUARfHT. rlQrftA nov;. 200111
Fig. 3·21
WIDEBAND UNITY GAIN INVERTING AMPLIFIER IN A 75 OHM SYSTEM
HIGH-SPEED CURRENT TO VOLT AGE OUTPUT AMPLIFIER
Fig. 3-23
LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER
35
"GA TED AMPLIFIER
>---0-----. OUTPUT
DM
Fig. 3-25
FAST SUMMING AMPLIFIER
C2
r-----A-I' :~
30K
A1
30K VIN """,,,,""~II--""';=-I
C1 150 pF
Power Bandwidth: 250 kHz
Smali Signal Bandwidth: 3.5 MHz Slew Rate: 10V/J,ts
Fig. 3-27
REFERENCE VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER
ADJUSTMENT-FREE PRECISION SUMMING AMPLIFIER
R4 1000n
Rl
Vo = I' +:-~) VREF 101<n
£,
R2
r5DPF" 101<n
E2
Rl 6
-=- 101<n EO
t+v E3 FEATURES
MINIMUM BIAS CURRENT IN REFERENCE .cELL :2 SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION
IC = HA-OP07
Fig. 3-26
36
.Circuit Notes
This circuit produces continuous outputs that are a function of multiple input variables.
SUMMING AMPLIFIER WITH LOW INPUT CURRENT
INPUT Rl
l50 k
CS(2)
R~
x 100 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER USING LI6t
(1) Pow~ Bandwidth: 250 kHz
S,.".II Signll 81ndwidlh: 3.5 MHz
Slew Aile: I 0 V /1"1
(21 CS : 6 X 10-9
RI
(31 I n add ilion to i n,reasing speed. the LM10l A raises high and low frequ4In,y gain, in"eases output drive capability and elirnInales thermal feedback.
+15 V
Fig. 3-31
Fig. 3-29
x 10 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER USING LI6t
-3 V
IN
IceOMP 0.001
ICCOMP 0.003
220Kn
Circuit Notes
Amplifier has gain-bandwidth product of 20 MHz with slew rate of O.3V / JL sec.
PRECISION ABSOLUTE VALUE CIRCUIT
R3 1000n
A5 'OI!n
9,oK !l
1'1, 1001( !1
Circuit Notes
Amplifier is 3 dB down at 100 kHz andhas a slew rate of O.02V / JL sec.
0' FD~
Dl FDSS)
fQIIT1I1I'_T
1. 11",'0. 1120 ... 01 ON
2. 10' (~). (==).I,N8
" .TH,.,. ,,:I ... 4 • M! 10-· 11'-1 .. 110. ltI_ INC~UDIO.
10'11111' 2Voa
IIIIII"'TIIiI 'WUT
t. D' Of'. DI ON
~ ~·D+~
.I. I:O·~A (,+~)
... "'.TH 10. R4 • Ai: EO. 1.'''.
•. - Eo • - ("II ~:~;2 ~4~~'~5~~:N
.. WITH "1 • l1li2 .. RJI • Ft. 1:0· -I: IN
1. 11011 UROII INCLUDfO
10 • -[IN + '.IV0S2 - 0.5VOS1
.. FOR aoTIl 'NOUTS (0" i'N
Fig. 3·32
37
ULTRA-LOW-LEAKAGE PREAMP
UOSl
r---~------------~~~~-Oll~
Fig. 3-33
Circuit Notes
Input leakage-2 pA at 75°C.
DC TO VIDEO LOG AMPLIFIER
Fig. 3-34
38
±IOOV COMMON MODE RANGE DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
_Rl 50 kO
R3 5kO
R4 5 xn
INPUTS
J
390
Pin numbers are shown for melal package only.
Fig. 3·35
WIDE BANDWIDTH, LOW NOISE, LOW DRIFT AMPLIFIER
"2
Al
f"'.M ~-240 kH. 10 V/"'o. C ~\J
6 -10 v
s,
• Pow., BW~ 'MI .... 2"Vp iI 24.0 kHz
• P.rnitlc ''''put capac-ltl"C. ICl a: 3 pF tOt L.F'55. ~F '56, and LF 157 plUl Anv tddltlona' Ilvour e:aplcHI"Cll .nt:.r6CU W,lh " .. db.ck ".m."ta end cr •• te, und.'I,.bl. nigi'l fr.Qu.ncy pOI. To compen •• !. add C2 luch tna'. A2C-2 ill! "tC 1.
:Fig. 3-36
SIGNAL DISTRIBUTION AMPLIFIER
Fig. 3-37
Chirlll:11t'1ItlCl
I PoWIt' IlIPIPIII.If. ptCl.fetld trG"'-lht gllt.put flU", lOS· 200 rnA
U. T"'llhIlllflpul curr.,.' wlwl CASE 111 DUIPut curr..,. I.,nil (0.5 mA.) .iII •• ttI VC. VO' Ind 1102
'ra ... 1It ... IU, ve 1.
1M ..
Vcc+
V~_Y'
AUDIO DISTRIBUTION AMPLIFIER
11'F INPUT 0---11--+-- .... -1
lODkn
Fig. 3-38
lODI'F r
100kO 1001cn
~-~--~~-----OVCC+
- 100kO
-
-
39
HIGH INPUT IMPEDANCE, HIGH OUTPUT CURRENT VOLTAGE FOLLOWER
r---------------~r---------~-.vcc
V,
" ,25GM~~
Fig. 3-39
OFFSET A~JUST
:r: 470 pF
10 _. 1001'~!
10 " 100 rnA Irna~)
Fig. 3·40
~--._--------------~--------~-.VEE ~
·PRECISION AMPLIFIER
50 M!!
10 kn
Pin numbers are shown for metal package only.
40
50 M!!
Char act.rlaties
AV = 1000 '= 60 dB DC Gain Error = 0.05%
Bandwidth = 1 kHz for -0.05% error Dill. Input Res. '" 1 MU
Typical amplifying capability
etN"" 10 IlV on VCMt = 1.0 V Caution: Minimize Stray Capacitance AVCL = 1000
00 kn
eOUT
1.001 "F
470 n
PREAMPLIFIER AND HIGH- TO-LOW IMPEDANCE CONVERTER
+t2V
9
Fig. 3-41
TO
CERAMIC 2M2
CARTRIDGE
INPUTS
lk OUTPUT
OV
Circuit Notes
Thiscircuit matches the very high imped- characteristics are such as to quite closely
ance of ceramic cartridges, unity gain, and low compensate for the RIAA recording curve. The
impedance output. By "loading" the cartridge output from this preamp may be fed to a level
with a 2M2 input resistance, the cartridge pot for mixing ..
NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER
Cb
Fig. 3-42
(liZ
A, I • ) RI
CI
V
HIGH IMPEDANCE, HIGH GAIN, HIGH FREQUENCY INVERTING AMP
lOOK
BW ~ 100KHz AV ~ 100
Z,n'2xw9n
Fig. 3-43
-isv
o .15V Ie = HA2650/2655
41
GAIN
>l5V
LOG-RATIO AMPLIFIER
"' \lOUT - -IV LOG,a 1,12
lk I OR -lV LOGlO Vt 'V 2
~Rl
r- •'54k J
NOTES
CIRCUIT SHOWN FOR NEGATIVE V OR tiN
15V FOR POSITIVE INPUTS 01 PiliP AND VA 15V
Fig. 3-44
154.
1.
ATe TEL LABS • 350ppprn 081
INVERTING AMPLIFIER
lOOk
Fig. 3-45
R2 Rl
42
4
Analog-to-Digital Converters
The sources of the following circuits are contained in the Sources section beginning on page 730. The figure number contained in the box of each Circuit correlates to the source entry in the Sources section.
8-Bit MD Converter
Successive Approximation AID Converter 8-Bit AID Converter
8- Bit Tracking AID Converter
8~Bit Successive Approximation AID Converter
Four Channel Digitally Multiplexed Ramp
AID Converter
Three Decade Logarithmic AID Converter Tracking (Servo Type) AID Converter 3lh Digit AID Converter with LCD Display Fast Precision AJD Converter
High Speed 3-Bit AID Converter
Three IC Low Cost AID Converter
43
I-
;:)
«Q.Z ~
I-I-°UJ ...J
«;:)Ci)tii « UJ
aOa: 01- ...J I-
..J~UJ...J ...J ;:)
~U>Q. ;i;:) ««Q.
a:OZ~ _Q. a:1-1-
UJ...Joo a:!- III a:~5 III
w=>
(l)UUU (1)0 _{J) (I)
...J s
I I ot )..
N 0 0
0
01 CD
N Q.al
:::.., U x:
I ~ o Q.« u :..:::
Q.'" t 0
UJ JI-Q. P-~ N
~C o J' o 0
0
I I 0)
14 ~!
I a: r-- J .....
Q. >- W U
:::> I- 9
~ Z
<b :::> <t
.... Z <, o
M CD 0
01 U IX)
-,U
U
II
o
.-
.-
I
r---- >
l!)
> "- IX) + .... ~
w NN- 0:1. --{> -ill
-0 0: "-_ r-H--111
... > «M
:1. »
"-r-- .0.0
1:)'0
..." ..,$
0 Cii l!!
~,_,j t.D (J~
.:.< .- '0
IX) '01:
III c: .-
...J LtU~ 00
«
~ ZZ
-o e
::I- I") I"-Nl ill _01
=> ..... - !!~~
.....
u, .:.< « 0.21 c
IX) :I.. ZO«
A""
''V 44
SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION AID CONVERTER
- + ,-----___;-o_ VIN ~
J....oIIL HP2800
I
1""""1 39kll .A
~D>r
~ A3
f - +5V
24 26~ 23
.. • H!'2800
~
Il:Z·
':' -15V
221 18
25
19
20
21
1 CS DGND V~L
~-
~WR
~Ao
27
~ A, MSB
Ill?
PROG V· AGNOF RFB lOUT
ICL7134B
~SB _ LSBI __ ~+ sv +;V
t-~~-+~-r-------~-+-r-r'_+-<-)I ~ - -~~n
.._H,..--+--+-+-----------1-+-+-+--+-+--O DATA A2
+-t--H-t---------HH-t-+-+-<>· OUT LM311
+-+-~-----------+_~H-+-+-O ~-+
+-+-I---------+-+-t-H-+--o -15V
t-r---------+-r;-+-~-O
18 15 14 13 12 11 10 9
B 7 6 5 4
~ ~.-
IN 827A ~ t I I
~
: I
-.__
~
:
-15V 15 13 12 11 8 5 4 3
+5V~ a; Oe •••• • 00 CC 2
P AM25L03
• CP 9
m 5 D [
10 7 -
"-+-1--+-+-0_ • 130n
-
~+~ ~ r--oMSB 14 13 12 11 8 6 4j_
~ ............ -tl E Q1· • • • • 0, ~+5V
B(N+t)
9 CP AM2Sl03 8
S CC ~ SHORT
0 I CYCLE
7 10 :2 LINE
.....
....-.
1N4148 STATUS
Fig. 4-2
Circuit Notes
A bipolar input, high speed ND converter uses two AM25L03s to form a 14-bit successive approximation register. The comparator -is a two-stage circuit with an HA2605 front-end amplifier used to reduce settling time problems at the summing node. Careful offset-nulling of this amplifier is needed.
45
8.BIT AJD-CONVERTER
+5
)- ~ 47kO
Analog 1kO
Input 15kfl )o~l~
O.22jLF ~ s,,''''.
1 8
1 16 .....oj F.S.R_ 4 -
+
'---- 2 15 - 3~ 6
3 14
4 13 t !71N914
~
I 5 12 ~ -511
15k!}
,-6 11 7 2
14
r- 7 10 - ZN7400E res
8 9-
ZN425E: 47pF r0-
B Bil Dlgilal
Output I I
Oil 4
.... 13
11 I
6 'Statu
12 5
4765/4 II
s
Fig. 4-3
Clock
-----u-
Conver! Command
8·BIT TRACKING AJD CONVERTER
.. 15V CLOCt( IN
I 8: C B'D 8 I C MAXIMUM CLOCK RATE ~ 1.OMH.
~~ 8 3Lc 1 -t. lit +SVTRACK
['_~HD 1 'l747t 10 wol 828. I, 6 - 8284 ~1 HOLO
CMP Ole r .... PE "0' r.---~"::'l UP/DOWN n 2 OUT UP/DOWN 0----,
2G(1' 2 FLiPfLOP 15 61 COUNTER tiN CARR .... J COUNTER 2 ....L
1 I 10 g 5 4 III 9 5 4
F -:" 6 -lSV
DIGITAL OUTPUT
1+5
D OJ
I
1-'5
JO.02
1-15 JOo,
.L POWER -::- GROUND
I AIIIAlOa rh aAOU~D
f--------
T = 3RC
:rO
~.'~3~'2~'~'O~ ~.~ •• 7~·il'.;.~1 .• -~~-~·5V
3 /MS8 LSB
DAC lOOCCOJ
\ lb·8jT 'U'A CONVERTE~
4118'"
1'/::?"~L
VIN ~ 0 TO -101.1 __
RI'" 48.11~~
~N4l0GINPUTO----------_' __ ~ ~
P.4AXIMUM FULL SCALE
SINE WAVE INPuT
IS '[JOD~J
16
FUll 5CAlE ~,-._.,_ll -o. 15\1
Fig. 4-4
46
8·BIT SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION AID CONVERTER
BIPOLAR IllEFEREPKE ANALOG
+ tllY INPUT INflUT
.t5Y • ! 1 ... + 1!V
G.D',,' 1~F
I!lOY I lOy
--,- ....... --t-4~- ANALOG m ! ~~. ~~OUND
08'.,' ...c 'JI'
I!lav I"v
-1SV - - -15\1
Fig. 4·5
,URT __'
~ ....J
~~ .. ---------------~
FOUR CHANNEL DIGITALLY MULTIPLEXED RAMP AID CONVERTER
DAC.oI
)IHOITAL
ounu!
I
I
I
QUAO
LATCH
.... , .''''''A~ COUNTlA
+-------j-I- 'TATU. .,T
ON' IHOT
Fig. 4·6
~
I
I
47
THREE-DECADE LOGARITHMIC AID CONVERTER
Fig. 4--'1
A, B, C, D = LM324A
48
tO~ 1-11 mV TO -~~~~ O-"""M ...... H
tOl< til
-tv ItFS~I-.JV"""""..-.j ADI
TRACKING (SERVO TYPE) AID CONVERTER
r------------------------~---------------------------~-MA~X~IM~U~M~C~UX~K~R~A~T£ ~~: c
POll CLOCK 1UlTf. - J._ Co • 4111pF
.sv +15\1
1 .1
l D.02 tlF -l 0.02 a.a.F
+l11V
-tSV
rl,
ANALOG QIIOUND
Fig. 4·8
3V2 DIGIT AJD CONVERTER WITH LCDDISPLA Y
CI _1
'C/'
0 .. :.1
I I
~ .....
tt 1\ 10 Q
,.,.
'"
.-1'"
to .......
TEL EOYNE 8750 CMOS
J 1720lGIT AIDCONVERT£R
Fig. 4-9
FAST PRECISION AID CONVERTER
Fig. 4-1(}
tHPUT MANon
......... 81po1., COftl'lllll:t EIIJII.,.O.AC ZJUl
010+10 •• INPUT TO A 2.l6llU
oro+6 .,. 1P.I'U'f"TO A ..... 0
D TO +20 ". tNPUT ro e t,fJi!IIII11
II TO DA.C cut 49
HIGH" SPEED 3-BIT AID CONVERTER
Inpul yoltage range: -3_5 V TYPical conversion speed: 30 ns
-Fig. 4-11
THREE IC LOW COST AID CONVERTER
ANALQCi
CONNECT 'PSTA"T' TO "CONVEAliIjON COMIl"L.-""T' FOA CDl'IIl'l"'~OV$ CONYEASUO~S
Fig. 4-12
50
5
Attenuators
The sources of the following circuits are contained in the Sources section beginning on page 730. The figure number contained in the box of each circuit correlates to the source entry in the Sources section.
Digitally Selectable Precision Attenuator Variable Attenuator
Digitally Controlled Amplifier! Attenuator Programmable Attenuator (1 to _G.OOOl)
51
DIGITALLY SELECTABLE PRECISION ATTENUATOR
RI I_
Fig. 5-1
All resistors 1 % tolerance
AI -A2 A3 Vo
ATTENUATION
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 -I dB
I 0 0 - 2 dB
I 0 I 1 -3 dB
0 0 -4 dB
0 -5 dB
I 0 - 6 dB
I -7 dB
I AZ
AI
6V-n-OFf 1V...J L.. DN
ATfUUATIDN $El£nIN'U15
• Accuracy of better tllan 0.4% witll standard 1 % value resistorl
• No offset adju stmer\t neceslBry
• E xpandabl e 10 any nu mber of stages
• Verv high i npu 1 1mpedal'lce
VARIABLE ATTENUATOR
VlDW DUTPU1
I ...J...
Circuit Notes
The PN4391 provides a low &ls(on) (less than 30 ohms). The tee attenuator provides for optimum dynamic linear range for attenuation and if complete tum-off is desired, attenuation of greater than 100 dB can be obtained at 10 MHz providing proper rf construction techniques are employed.
-IOVO- ...... .....,
\ -.L...o
Fig. 5-2
52
DIGITALLY CONTROLLED AMPLIFlERIATTENUATOR
IllS! UI AI Al A1 At ~j AI AI AI 4~ Atl
15V
[AI A2
- .. _.
• 4
Al0 1
+ 1024
('02J-N) or VOUT' VREF --N--
Aili
+ -- 1024
whe-e 0 s iii s 1023
N - 0 faf AN .. aU J8rO$ N-llorAl()- I.Al-A9~0
PROGRAMMABLE ATTENUATOR (1 TO 0.0001)
YOUT
UIII lOIk ~'OII giO
I 1~ " 8
~
2,7.10,11 SW.olFQ
-~
1 r e \ I
-10 ·1110 ·Ik ~ 'Ok Fig. ;5-4
.LECT $I LECT $I LEcr I( LECT ,., ATTENUATIOIiI ,,"I" ALL SWITC"ES (IFF)
53
6
Audio Mixers
The sources of the following circuits are contained in the Sources section beginning on page 730 . The figure number contained in the box of each circuit correlates to the source entry in the Sources section.
Four Input Stereo Mixer High-Level Four-Channel Mixer Two Channel Panning Circuit CMOS Mixer
Mixer Preamplifier with Tone Control
Passive Mixer
One Transistor Audio Mixer Silent Audio Switching/Mixing Hybrid Mixer
Four Channel Mixer
54
FOUR-INPUT STEREO MIXER
INfluT 1
UNITY
GAlfotI
~J~ .. 7 ,-
UVHl
'00.
..7
INPUT '2
GAl'_' i\f;APPRO)O ALL OP·AMPS. POWER(:O F"OM ~ 12v
AX IN K I LOI-IMS
.>7 1001<
ru~
PAN 2
, ..
100111 - Io. . ... ,-
LEV!r:!. 2
'00' •• 7
,_
PAN> [ ,_
ADD MORE IPtlI'1.iTS
I'~S RJ:QU~AIfD "",.
PANi { ,00. ~~ "
•• R
,W
~ O·U\,I
12 + RIGHT DUTPuT.
Four (or more) inputs can-be mixed and produce stereo output. Gain of each stage can be boosted by adding RX, but it should be kept below 50 (RX above 2.2 K) to avoid poor frequency, response. If more than four stages are
used, decrease RX to 6.8 K for six inputs, or 4.7 K for eight inputs. The op amps are 741 or other lower noise types. The power supply
- circuit is also given.
Circuit Notes
Fig. 6--1
55
HIGH-LEVEL FOUR~CHANNEL MIXER
CI 0----;1 f------I INPUT
C2+
200J,lF I
RI 100
R3 ~...JI.N\.~ ...... --o 101(
OUTPUT
+ 12VDC
PARTS LIST FOR HI·LEVEL MIXER -C1-0.1-uF, 3 VOC capacitor C2-200-uF, 3 VDC capacitor C3-0.05-uF. 75 vee disc capacitor C4-1-uF, 15 vee capac1tor CIS-O.l-uF, 15 VOCeapaeltor
1
NOTCH
~ i6 15 14 13 12 " 10 9
I ~:::::::I
2345678 lei
TOP VIEW
Fig. 6-2
IC1-RCA CA 3052 Rt-1OO-ohms, ~·watt resistor R2-47-ohms, !AI-watt resistor R3-Potentiometer. 10,OOO-ohms
audio taper
R4-10,OOO-ohms, !AI-watt resistor
Circuit Notes
To provide good signal-to-noise ratio, this crophone but not with crystal or ceramic mikes four channel mixer amplifier controls the signal because the Ie input impedance is low. Note levels after the amplifiers, and then mixes that all four circuits are identical but that only them to offer a combined output. The circuit one is shown complete.
works with any 50 ohm to 50 K dynamic mi-
56
TWO CHANNEL PANNING CIRCUIT
Fig. 6-3
CHANNEl 1 OUTPUT
CHANNEl Z DUTPUT
Circuit Notes
This panning circuit (short for panoramic soles. Panning is how recording engineers
control circuit) provides the ability to move the manage to pick up your favorite pianist and
apparent position of one microphone's input "float" the sound over to the other side of the
between two output channels. This effect -is stage and back again.
often required in recording studio mixing con-
CMOS MIXER
.------------- ........ --+----o •• -15V
NOTH
Ie, IS 4011 01 IS 8C149 02 15 ElC147
A7 ,,..
OUTPUT
AV2 1Il110
'"
~--~--~----~~-~-----------------~_o.v
Fig. 6-4
Circuit Notes
Four inputs can --be mixed by duplicating the circuit to the left of C3 and using the fourth gate of leI. Two gates are used in a touchoperated switching circuit that controls the
voltage on the base of switching transistor Q2. Touching TPI and TP2 alternately turns the circuit on ana off.
57
MIXER PREAMPLIFIER WITH TONE CONTROL
. , n.
•• ., ..
CI. , .. '
•• :u.
.,. nDn
.7 U'
Al .Ie
VQL .... ·r
RVS
~~--~~~+<~~
el 11.0n,..,
•• II •
.. n.
Fig. 6·5
Circuit Notes
General purpose preamplifier/mixer accepts up to four inputs, has a gain of 1600, and provides bass and treble controls that can be varied ± 10 dB at 100 Hz and 10 kHz respectively. IC1 and IC2 = LM301A.
PASSIVE MIXER
L input
L + R output
R input
Fig. 6·6
Circuit Notes
This simple circuit can be used to combine stereo signals to produce a monaural output. R1 and R2 isolate both circuits and R3 controls the level of the combined output signal.
58
ONE TRANSISTOR AUDIO MIXER
n~10k INPUT1~ 1.
-
-
OUTPUT
01
Be 109_
-
-
-
-
Circuit Notes
Three or more inputs with individual level controls feed into the base of Ql that provides a voltage gain of 20.
SILENT AUDIO SWITCHING/MIXING
Q1
47k
SWITCH TIME CONSTANT 47mS
ON =OV OFF = -15V;;Jjj7n
Fig. 6-8
Circuit Notes
Two or more signals can be switched and/or mixed without annoying clicks by using FETs and a low input-impedance op amp circuit.
Fig. 6-7
59
HYBRID MIXER
R9 +6-15V
2201<
12(10)
Fig. 6-9
NOTE:
ici rs 4011A IGIS 747
OV
Circuit Notes
ICla and b are biased into the linear regions by R3 and R4. (leI must be 4011A).
Outputs from gates are combined by op amp IC2, which provides low impedance output.
FOUR _CHANNEL MIXER +9V to +24V Output o
'~i
Fig. 6·10
n
Circuit Notes
High gain.op amp combines up to fourindividually controlled input signals. The de power source should be well filtered (battery is ideal), and the circuit should be well shielded to prevent hum pickup.
60
7
Audio Oscillators
The sources of the following circuits are contained in the Sources section beginning on page 730. The figure number contained in the box of each circuit correlatesto the source entry in the Sources section.
Wien Bridge Oscillator Wien Bridge Oscillator Wien Bridge Oscillator
Very Low Frequency Generator Audio Oscillator
Sine Wave Oscillator
Easily Tuned Sine/Square Wave Oscillators Wien Bridge Sine Wave Oscillator
Phase Shift Oscillator
Tone Encoder Feedback Oscillator Phase Shift Oscillator 800 Hz Oscillator
Tunable Single Comparator Oscillator Wide Range Oscillator (Frequency Range
of 500 to 1)
Wien Bridge Oscillator
Wien Bridge Sine Wave Oscillator
61
R 470 kn 1%
R 470 krl 1%
WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
1
'JOJ f = 2iiRc
+15 V f = 1.0 kHz
1%
6
R2
47 kG
1% .. I
-= (
R4 R5 Fig. 7-1
22 k{J
1%
R3 01
Rl 1 kO FD600 Circuit Notes
Field effect transistor, Ql, operates in the linear resistive region to provide automatic gain control. .Because the attenuation of the RC network is one-third at the zero phase-shift oscillation frequency, the amplifier gain determined by resistor R2 and equivalent resistor Rl must be just equal to three to make up the unity gain positive feedback requirement needed for stable oscillation. ResistorsRd and R4 are set to approximately 1000 ohm less than
the required Rl resistance. The FET dynamically provides the trimming resistance needed to make Rl one-half of the ·resistance of R2. The circuit composed of R5, D1, and C1 isolates, rectifies, and filters the output sine wave, converting it into.a de potential to control the gate of the FET. For the low drain-tosource voltages used, the FET provides a symmetrical linear resistance for a given gateto-source voltage.
62
WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
rI
I
I
I I I I I I I I
L
660
RANSE _rat
DUrPUT
It .00
OHMS
Circuit Notes
Wien bridge sine-wave oscillator using two RCA CA3140 op amps covers 30 Hz to 100 kHz with less than 0.5 percent total harmonic distortion. The 10k potis adjusted for the best waveform. Capacitor C1 and C2 are a two-gang, 450-pF variable with its frame isolated from ground. Maximum output into a 600-ohm load is about 1 volt nTIS.
WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
SOlI
~.'O"HZ
, r 50
y~-
Fig. 7-3
CIwK'.""oa
10• --'- "D'" 0 01 Hz 10 10 kHz 1·,oCo
II IQS'l00mA
63
R1
VERY LOW FREQUENCY GENERATOR
s, .".,_ ,52
S2A I FRED
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9 10 11 12
: '. fff Offfffff ~~~.
CA2 lN914
R13 -I
,K
VAR _r-
....-
(b s. Jl
~ OUTPUT
52 FREQ VALUE
POS Hz CAPACITOR ,_,.F
1 1 C1 =C12= .5 + 1
2 2 C2=C13= _15 + J5
3 4 C3=C14= _15
4 6 C4=C15= 1
5 8 C5=C16= _066 + 0068
6 10 C6=C17= _D5 + D1
7 12 C7=C18- .05
8 14 C8=C19= 033 +.01
9 16 C9=G20= 0_33 +_0047
10 18 C10=C21 = _033
11 20 en ",C22= _015+ 015 12
Circuit Notes
Wien bridge oscillator generates frequen- tenuator allows the output level to be set with a
cies of 1 Hz and -2 to 20 Hz in 2 Hz steps. fair degree of precision to any value within a
Maximum output amplitude is 3 volts rms of 8.5 range of 5 decades.
volts peak-to-peak. A pot-and-switch at-
117 Fig. 7-4
~A8
.c. lOOK
Circuit Notes
Almost any transistor will work.
Rl and Cl will vary the tone.
A UDIO OSCILLATOR
RI 5K-150K
+ ~9V
Q2 2N3638
4-8tl
Fig. 7-5
64
SINE WAVE OSCILLATOR
Cl 00' jJf ''I
Fig. 7-6
C5 lOoF
Dl Ilv
ftl 11M '11
01 6.lV
R4 5D~
Circuit Notes
The oscillator delivers a high-purity sinusoid with a stable frequency and amplitude.
EASILY TUNEDSINE/SQUARE WAVE OSCILLATORS
Rl 330K
A2 59K
C1t C2c
1.
+ 15-11~"----, AS' lK
C4 01"F
R7
lK SQUARE >--- .... OUTPUT
Fig. 7-7
SINE OUTPUT
-IS
R6 tCl;C2
I OM ~ Frequency Adjust • Amplitude AdJus'
Fo; t
2lTC,~
Circuit Notes
This circuit will provide both a sine and square wave output for frequencies from below 20 Hzto above 20 kHz. .The frequency of oscillation is easily tuned by varying a single resistor.
65
WIEN BRIDGE SINE WAVE OSCILLATOR
Peak output voltage Vp:,V1.+1V
Fig. 7.8
Circuit Notes
Using the 2N5457 JFET as a voltage variable resistor in the amplifier feedback loop, produces a low distortion, constant amplitude sine wave getting the amplifier loop-gain just right. The LMI03 zener diode provides the voltage reference for the peak sine wave - amplitude.
PHASE·SHIFT _OSCILLATOR
.hF
h
-
-
tK lK
lK
f", 4kHz
T" T·t
":' -
-
--
Fig. '·9
Circuit Notes
Circuit .uses a simple RC network to produce an exceptionally shrill tone from a miniature speaker. With the parts values shown, the circuit oscillates at a frequency of 3.6 kHz and drives a miniature 21f./' speaker with earpiercing volume. The output waveform is a square wave with a width of 150 /LS, sloping rise and fall times, and a peak-to-peak amplitude of 4.2 volts (when powered by 9 volts). Current drain of the oscillator is 90 rnA at 9 volts, and total power dissipation at this voltage is 0.B1 watt. which is well below the 1.25 watts the 14-pin version will absorb (at room temperature) before shutting down.
_66
TONE ENCODER
POWER SWITCH
~-H~
9VBATTEAY
10K
.005,,1
.--------~t--___j ( <AUDIO
OUTPUT
lOOK
\ MOMENTARY SPSTSWITCHES
I
Fig. 7·10
Circuit Notes
A basic twin-T circuit uses resistors for accurately setting the frequency of the output tones, selected by pushbutton. Momentary switches produce a tone only when the button is depressed.
FEEDBACK OSCILLATOR
C
.------i I OUT~UT
_j_
Circuit Notes
Circuit oscillates because the transistor shifts the phase of the signal 180° from the base to the collector. Each of the RC networks in the circuit is designed to shift the phase 60° at the frequency of oscillation for a total of 180°. The appropriate values of R and C for each network is found from f = 1/2v31TRC); that equation allows for the 60° phase shift required QY the design.
Fig. 7-11
67
PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
R2 470k
OUTPUT
Fig. 7-12
47n R4 -4.7k
MJ
250 Hz
Circuit Notes
A single transistor makes a simple phase shift oscillator. The output is a sine wave with distortion of about 104. The sine wave purity can be increased by putting a variable resistor (25 ohms) in the emitter lead of Ql (x), The
-resistor is adjusted so the circuit is only just oscillating, then the sine wave is relatively pure. -Operating frequency may be varied by
putting a 10 K variable resistor in series with R3, or by changing Cl , C2, and C3. Making C1, 2,·3 equal to 100 nF will halve the operating frequency. Operating frequency canalso be voltage controlled by a FET in series with R3. or optically controlled by an LDR in series with R3.
800 Hz OSCILLATOR
47K !lSA
'[]r !~~
..
OUTPUT
.r
Fig. 7-13
Circuit -Notes
The following transistors may be used:HEP-254, 0.C-2, SK-3004. AT30H. To increase the frequency. decrease the value of the capacitors in the ladder network.
68
Circuit Notes
Varying the amount of this comparator circuit's hysteresis makes it possible to vary output frequencies in the 740-Hz to 2.7-kHz range smoothly. The amount of hysteresis together with time constant R6C1 determines how much time it takes for C1 to charge or discharge to the new threshold after the output voltage switches.
TUNABLE SINGLE COMPARATOR OSCILLATOR
Cs
Rs 4.7 kO
WIDE RANGE OSCILLATOR (FREQUENCY RANGE OF 5000 TO 1)
Fig. 7-14
Circuit Notes
Timing resistor R may be adjusted to any value between 10 K and 50 M to obtain a frequency range from 400 kHz to 100 Hz. Returning the timing resistor to the collector of Ql ensures that Ql draws its base current only from the timing capacitor Ct. The timing capacitor recharges when the transistors are off, to a voltage equal to the base emitter voltage of Q2 plus the base emitter drops of Ql and Q2.-The transistors then start into conduction. Capacitor Cs is used to speed up the transition. A suitable value would be in the region of 100 pF.
Fig. 7-15
69
Fig. 7-16
WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
50k
1
f --o 2'" FlC
fo - 1 kHz PI : 18 kn C· 0.01 UF
Fig. 7-17
WIEN BRIDGE SINE WAVE OSCILLATOR
AI 7iII
-
-
.L1 -10V - 14.mA bulb ELOEMA 1869 Rl "R2
Cl ~ C2
I
f:--
2w H2 Cl
70
8
Audio Power Amplifiers
The sources of the following circuits are contained in the Sources section beginning onpage 730. The figure number contained in the box of each circuit correlates to the source entry in the Sources section.
Low Cost 20 W Audio Amplifier
75 Watt Audio Amplifier with Load Line
Protection Bridge Amplifier
Noninverting Amplifier Using Single Supply Noninverting Amplifier Using Split Supply
6 W, 8 Ohm Output Transformerless Amplifier 12 W Low-Distortion Power Amplifier
10 W Power Amplifier
Stereo Amplifier with Av = 200 AM Radio Power Amplifier
470 mW Complementary-Symmetry Audio Amplifier
Novel Loudspeaker Coupling Circuit Noninverting Ac Power Amplifier Inverting Power Amplifier Noninverting Power Amplifier
4 W Bridge Amplifier
Phono Amplifier with a "Common Mode"
Volume and Tone with Control Phono Amplifier
Phonograph Amplifier (Ceramic Cartridge) Inverting Unity Gain Amplifier
Bridge Audio Power Amplifier
Phono Amplifier
High Slew Rate Power Op Amp/Audio Amp
16 W Bridge Amplifier
71
LOW COST 20 W AUDIO AMPLIFIER
©
RS 1K
40V
R7 4.7K
I I I I
-----------
01 02
SE9301
C2 15/-tF 50V
INPU~ r-+_,,'U'''""_ G1 10/-tF:2.5V
01-03==1 N4148
Fig. 8-1
-I .--------------1~-. I
I J I I I I
SE94Q1
Circuit Notes
This simple inexpensive audio amplifier can be constructed using a couple of TO-220 monolithic Darlington transistors for the push-pull output stage. Frequency response is flat within 1 dB from 30 Hz to 200 kHz with typical harmonic distortion below 0.2%. The amplifier requires only 1.2 Vrms for a full 20W output into an 8 ohm load. Only one other transistor is needed, the TO-92 low-noise high-gain 2N5961 (Ql). to provide voltage gain for driving the output Darlingtons. Its base
72
(point B) is the tie point for ac and dc feedback as well as for the signal input. Input resistance is 10 K. The-center voltage at point A is set by adjusting resistor R4. A bootstrap circuit boosts the collector supply voltage of Ql (point C) to ensure sufficient drive voltage for Q2. This also provides constant voltage across R7, which therefore acts as a current source and, together with diodes DI-D3. reduces lowsignal crossover distortion.
~ o ..
r'}----,I· ·8~'6"11.
I"IIIn l'"\N
-O~ -IE'- - -,
1 Ir
r - - - - -~~~- - --
1"'11 CON
... - .. N " N
r---I
I ~ I "'i;l Go
I-
I
I
I
--~---
I "'.
.... J<r
·
!! ...
IE ...
·
! ...
lEN
..
0
·
::! ....
lEN ...
uTr I'
:;T
d®-----"
73
BRIDGE AMPLIFIER
v.
na
27D
-Fig. 8-3
Vs -- 8V AL• 4il Pa" U. v, .. 12V AL• In '1). l.1W
Circuit Notes
This circuit is for low voltage applications de levels wilLbe within a-few tenths of a volt of requiring high power outputs. Output power each other. Where critical matching is required levels of 1.0 W into 4 ohm from 6 V and 3.5 V the 500 K potentiometer is added and adjusted into 8 ohm from 12 V are typical. Coupling for zero de current flow through the load. capacitors are not necessary since the output
NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER USING SINGLE SUPPLY
2.
IUD.
'.1 YRo--j
• (LM1Il1 QNL~)
e - RESISTORI • - CArACITIIIIS
Fig. 8·4
74
NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER USING SPLIT SUPPLY
Zk lOOk 2.7' O.I.u~·
II> fi
• r--~--"" -
~5~
14 I
-=- I TYPICAL SPLIT SUPPLY
I
L ..J
'!LMI877 ONLY)
4 - RE$ISTO RS
4 - CAPACITORS
Fig. 8·5
6 W,8 'OHM·OUTPUT TRANSFORMERLESS AMPLIFIER
IICC • 2411
1201(
''gUT I Ql NB021EY
01 Q2 N8211YY
d;~ U3 N-ROOIE
U4 NA41U
US -NA42U
"':' Fig. 8~6
75
12 -W LOW-DISTORTION POWER AMPLIFIER
N.C. -+-13V
Jl
JD
25
ii I.
4n ~
IPKR s 15
I. ;i, F,UOUfNtV 1i41)
Fig. 8-7
to W POWER AMPLIFIER
lOO~~
~. '26V o.47"F
MVLAR
q
lOOk
o l"f
~
loOO"F
.~:,
-
-
2. lOOk 35 30
l 15
I.
I
o II
Fig. 8.8
76
10
\Is· '13V
.2 RL =-4!1
"
U Po ~ nOm w~
~ 5W
~ D.6
iJ111W
D'
..2
1. tOO 1k 1111 1000
F REDUENtv lHI~
Diatortlon fo, Ampllfle, r-
'0-- law
I- -
I
-
-
-Va' BV
RI. ·.tn
Will I II. , ..
n
FRfOUnlCY 1H,)
Frequency R...--
STEREO AMPLIFIER WITH Av = -200
vso- ... -..,
D.I ~F
T
INk
Fig. 8-9
5tO~F
,:. 1~
-I I.IpF -
T -
13.4.5. -
~
-I *"AIGNO
I
AM RADIO POWER AMPLIFIER
Note 1: Twist supply lead and supply ground very tightly. Not. 2: Twist speaker lead and ground very tightlv.
Note 3: Ferrite bead is Ferroxcube K5-00Hl01/3B with 3 turns 01 Wire.
NOH 4: R1el bend limits inout sigRSls.
Note 5: All components must be spaced very close to IC.
Fig. 8-10
77
470 roW COMPLEMENTARY-SYMMETRY AUDIO AMPLIFIER
1j1-12V
Fig. 8-11
01·2N2429 Q2·2N2706 03·2N2430
Circuit Notes
This circuit has less than 2% distortion andisflat within 3 dB from 15 Hz to 130 kHz.
NOVEL LOUDSPEAKER COUPLING CIRCUIT
Circuit Notes
The ground side of the speaker is connected to the junction of two equal high value capacitors (1000 JLF is typical) across the supply. The amplifier output voltage will be V./2, and so will the voltage across C1 (if C1 and (2 are equal); so as the supply voltage builds up, the de voltage across the speaker will remain zero, eliminating the switch-on surge. Cl and C2 will also provide supply smoothing. The circuit is shown with the LM380, but could be applied to any amplifier circuit, providing that the dc voltage at the output is half the supply voltage.
IC1 IS LM 380
+18V +
C2
1000IL
+
C1
1000}L
OV
Fig. 8-12
78
NON INVERTING AC POWER AMPLIFIE
tr-~--~----~--------, 01
~F ~
10k
5H
NONINVERTING POWER AMPLIFIER
1.0 k
120
III 11,30 mll!lnm 1111 I " 20 HI
IV lOS" 200 rnA
Fig. 8-15
IU 10 .... <l.S ohml
RA + AS I.Av"~~20
II los'200mA
IV '1'" 1 fikonm
V BWp", LOMHI
4 W BRIDGE AMPLIFIER
v'
, .. '
Fig. 8-16
Fig. 8-13
INVERTING POWER AMPLIFIER
~B
Fig. 8~14
79
PHONO AMPLIFIER WITH "COMMON MODE" VOLUME AND TONE CONTROL
+1811
'~OR ST A"lITY WITH
HIGH CURRENT LOADS "AUDIO TAPE POlENTIOMEIlR (tG'I OF R, AT .011 ROTATIONi
Fig. --g.17
PHONOGRAPH AMPLIFIER (CERAMIC CARTRIDGE)
1.0 k 12 V
100 pF To." Control IOMega
XT.l'~_ 10 Mign
= --l+---"".,._-:-::-----.l.-~ 0_002 ~FI 0 Meg n
Volums Control
Fig. 8·19
B_OIl
PHONO AMPLIFIER
CRYSTAL CART.'DU
Fig. 8·18
INVERTING UNITY GAIN AMPLIFIER
Fig. 8-20
80
i 1.0;1;1;11.~IO~lDIAD
~ f---H+HII!!---I ~~ . 1'N++i'!ttt!t--;-"t"t"tM!
~ .. 0.1 ~lfllll~'1
C ~
LJ
Z '
~ f··aW .
~ DOl limn .• 1
:= _. ~-~ .
a . .ao 1 .......... .J....U.WI1......J...J...I..L.tLIII-..u.J,.LIIIII_...L....L. I ..........
10 100 1 k 10k lOOk
FREDUENCY (Hll
Total Harmonic Distortion vs. Frequency of Bridge Power Amplifier
115
BRIDGE AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER
Rl-114 CURIIENT LIMIT "lIESISTOR O.1SQ 2W
115 FEEDBACK RESISTOR ·UQ
CASE R6 fEEDBACK RESISTOR 15kQ
R7-Rl0 INPUT RESISTORS '10kQ
Cl-C" BYPASS CAPACITORS "71A' 25 V .ELECTROLYTIC
C5-CI iYPASS CAPACITORS 10~F 25V TANTALUM
C9-C12 BYPASS CAPACITORS O.l",F 25V CERAMIC Fig. 8-21
INPUT
OUTPUT
'Iav
PHONO AMPLIFIER
Circuit Notes
Used when maximum input impedance is required or the signal attenuation of.the voltage divider volume control is undesirable.
Fig. 8-22
"""""'-.'1 V
116
'FDA STABILITY WITH HIGH CURREf>4T LOADS
81
Fig. 8-23
HIGH SLEW RATE POWER OP AMP/AUDIO AMP
30 1I
10 pF
to,., SIGNAL -.J_ INPUT "'I
Fig. 8-24
VOUT
1M
11181c
-
-
82
Pn(MAX) (I III = 'I W
-13 V 10.471'F
Feature.
• High Slew Rate 9 V I ~s
-High 3 dB Power Bandwidth 85 kHz
• 18 Watts Output Power Into an 8 n Load.
• Low Distortion - .. 2%, 10 VRMS, 1 kHz Into 8 n
16 W BRIDGE AMPLIFIER
O.2,.F
~
-
- ..
220
9
Audio Signal Amplifiers
The sources of the following circuits are contained in the Sources section beginning on page 730. The figure number contained in the box of each circuit correlates to the source entry in the Sources section.
General Purpose Preamplifier Basic Transistor Amplifier Circuits Microphone Amplifier
Transducer Amplifier
Ultra-High Gain Audio Amplifier Transformerless Microphone Preamp (Bal-
anced Inputs)
Transformerless Microphone Preamp (Unbalanced Inputs)
Magnetic Pickup Phone Preamplifier Disc/Tape Phase Modulated Readback Systems
Two-PoleFast Turn-On NAB Tape Preamplifier Tape Preamplifier (NAB Equation)
LM382 Phono Preamplifier
-Tape Recording Amplifier
Magnetic Phono Preamplifier
Phono Preamp
- Remote Amplifier
Adjustable Gain Noninverting Amplifier High Gain Inverting AC Amplifier
Flat Response Amplifier
Preamplifier with RIAA/N AB Compensation Tape Playback Amplifier
83
GENERAL PURPOSE PREAMPLIFIER
C2
lOOn
~GHT 11------<
INPUT
en RIGHT
_.lDJJrOUTPUT
R4
_ lOOk
en LEFT
+lo,.rOUTPUT
R3
_ lOOk
Rl
FUNCTION Cl 4 C5 6 C7 8 C9.10 R1.2
Phono preamp 330n 10~F 10~F ln5 1k
(RIAA)
Tape preamp 68n 10~F 10.uF - -
(NAB)
Flat 40dB gain - - 10.uF - -
Flat 55dB gain - 1OJ,JF - - -
Flat eoea gain - 10pF 10¢ - - Fig. 9-1
Circuit Notes
Not much can be said about how the LM382 works as most of the circuitry is contained within the IC. Most of the frequency-determining components are on the chip-only the capacitors are mounted externally. The LM382 has the convenient characteristic of rejecting ripple on the supply line by about 100 dB, thus greatly reducing the quality requirment for the power supply.
84
BASIC TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS
COMMON BASE
Circuit Notes
S",F >r------4 ..... +"-I(--o
0:fT
4700
Typical component values are given for use.at audio frequencies, where these circuits are used most often. The input and output phase relationships are shown.
Fig. 9-2
+911
COMMON EMITTER
4700
OUTPUT
r+:>
COMMON _COLLECTOR
+9v
-85
ELECTRONIC BALANCED INPUT MICROPHONE AMPLIFIER
Fig. 9-3
Circuit Notes
It is possible to simulate the balanced perfonnance of a transformer electronically with a different amplifier. By adjusting the presets, the resistor ratio can be balanced so that the best CMRR is obtained. It is possible to get a better CMRR than from a transformer. Use a RC4136 which is a quad low noise op amp.
TRANSDUCER AMPLIFIER
C I
o 1 "F
AS 22M
Fig. 9-4
112 19.6k ,.,~
R4 182k
l'/~
( R2) R2 .. RJ .. R4
R'N"RI ,~ A,co
. R.1 R2· R.j
Circuit Notes
This circuit is high-in put-impedance ac amplifier for a piezoelectric transducer. Input
86
resistance is 880 M. and a gain of 10 is obtained.
Circuit Notes
Sometimes called the JFET /L-amp. this circuit provides a very low power, high gain amplifying function. Since /L of a JFET increases as drain current decreases, the lower drain current is, the more gain you get. Input dynamic range is sacrificed with increasing gain. however.
ULTRA-HIGH GAIN AUDIO AMPLIFIER
r--------- ..... -~~v ~8
1M
-RI UM
Rl 1M
• ........ tnIn
Fig. 9-6
500 typical
MICROPHONE AMPLIFIER
Fig. 9-5
Circuit Notes
This circuit operates from a 1.5 Vdc source.
87
88
-TRANSFORMERLESS (BALANCE INPUTS) MICROPHONE PREAMP
..-ISV
·,5V
lOOl 0.1%
Fig. 9-7
-H.V
=
4,'0 S4dB
• - MfTAl FILM
AnJ ArFDR ~OUT' O~DC ADJ R'CFDR MAX CMAR NOISE -&ldB BEl OW
21'11\,1 INPUT
THD ~ 0 1%
TRANSFORMERLESS MICROPHONE PREAMPS (UNBALANCED INPUTS)
+24 V
R4 22Dk
~
A, ~ 52dS
• - METAL FILM NOISE' -69dB BELOW
-Ay 0 52dB
• - MET Al FILM
NOISE -SHS BELOW
2mV
2mV
THO 01"-
{b) LM387A
Fig. 9-8
HiD 0.1".
{a) LM381 AS. E. Bias
MAGNETIC PICKUP PHONO PREAMPLIFIER
1.
I~D'
24k
I~PUT
820.
,.
-=- -=-
"::" +
')0 r~O"~
2Zk
+
J~O.f IlO'
1.
-UV Fig. 9-9
7~O ,
Circuit Notes
This preamplifier provides proper loading to a reluctance phono cartridge. It provides approximately 35 dB of gain at.1 kHz (2.2 mV input for 100 m V output). It features (S + N)/N
ratio of better than -70 dB (referenced to 10 m V input at 1 kHz) and has a dynamic range of 84 dB (referenced to 1 kllz). The feedback provides for RIAA equalization.
DISC/TAPE PHASE MODULATED READBACK SYSTEMS
Fig. 9-10
o
AMPLITUDE FREQUENCV,
47 pFd
READ HEAD DIFFERENTIATORJAMPLIFlER
ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR
89
TWO-POLE FAST TURN-ON NAB TAPE PREAMPLIFIER
24V
(4,51
I
I-I
120pF
2201,
22 Ok
2k
I2JJF
Fig. 9-11
LM382 PHONO PREAMPLIFIER (RIAA)
+12V
O_0015,..F Fig. 9-13
T APE PREAMPLIFIER (NAB EQUALIZATION)
Vee
Fig. 9-12
90
TAPE RECORDING AMPLIFIER
10 KEAD
C9 470PFI
TO BIAS OSCILLATOR
Fig. 9-14
MAGNETIC PHONO PREAMPLIFIER
30V
Fig. 9-15
REMOTE AMPLIFIER
GAIN = 1 t 267~ Rl
RJ 1M -
Fig. 9-17
PHONO PREAMP (RIAA EQUALIZATION)
Vee
7,8
Fig. 9-16
ADJUSTABLE GAIN NONlNVERTING AMPLIFIER
C1 ~ __ 1_ 2" 10 Rt
fa = LOW FREQUENCY -JdB CORNER Fig. 9-18
PINS 3. 5, 6, 9, 1D, 12 All NO CONNECTION
I
I ..L
91
HIGH GAIN INVERTING AC AMPLIFIER
GAIN' _ 5.1 x '06 -Rl
CD' -,- 2d.R,
10 ' LOW FREQUENCY -JdB CORNER IC, Rl» C. ~I. INPUT IMPEDANCE ' R,
PINS 3_ 5_ 16,_12 NOT USED
Fig. 9-19
FLAT RESPONSE AMPLIFIER (FIXED GAIN CONFIGURATION)
Vee
PREAMPLIFIER WITH RIAAlNAB COMPENSATION
+lSV
>----- -OOUT.UT
HIt( e.ees
·Selec:t to PfowKiD"spectf,ed trlnldUQllr •• iRi· Our~' No ... se 0.8 mV rml ~wlth Input mOrled)
All resistor values are in ohms.
Fig. 9-21
TAPE PLAYBACK AMPLIFIER
24V
Fig. 9-20
Fig. 9-22
NAB
O.5Vrms
92