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Sedimentary
How Classified
Composition
Texture
Chemical
Composition
Grain Size
Composition
Metamorphic
Mineral Makeup
Texture
What it Tells Us
Tectonic Setting
Cooling History
Surface
Environment
Energy of
Environment
Original Rock Type
Temperature,
Pressure
Degree of Change
Conglomerate or Breccia
Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale
Chemical/biochemical
Evaporites
Carbonate sedimentary rocks (limestones and
dolostone)
Siliceous sedimentary rocks
Organic (coals)
Other - ironstones
Environmental Clues in
Sedimentary Rocks
Environmental Clues in
Sedimentary Rocks
Fossils
Salt Water - Corals, Echinoderms
Fresh Water - Insects, Amphibians
Terrestrial - Leaves, Land Animals
Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Rocks
Made of Fragmentary
Material
Deposited by
Water (Most
Common)
Wind
Glacial Action
Gravity
Biochemical
Sedimentary Rocks
Evaporation
Precipitation
Biogenic Sediments
Sandstones
Conglomerates
Rounded fragments
Breccia
Angular fragments
CLASTIC ROCKS
Formed from broken rock fragments
weathered and eroded by river, glacier, wind
and sea waves. These clastic sediments are
found deposited on floodplains, beaches, in
desert and on the sea floors.
(mudstone)
solidify
Clastic rocks
Clastic Rocks
Classified by:
Grain Size
Grain Composition
Texture
Sediment
Grain Size
Shale
Clay
Siltstone
Silt
.001-0.1 mm
Sandstone
Sand
.01-1 mm
Conglomerate Gravel
1mm +
Bedding or Stratification
Almost Always Present in Sedimentary
Rocks
Originally Horizontal
Tilting by Earth Forces Later
Variations in Conditions of Deposition
Size of Beds (Thickness)
Usually 1-100 Cm
Can Range From Microscopic to 50m
GRADED BEDDING
Medium-coarse sandy
lithounit (cross stratified)
Cross-stratified sst.
Paleo-flow from
right to left
Ripple marks
Mud cracks
Biogenic structures
Foot prints
Diagenesis
Compaction
+
Cementing
Quartz
Calcite
Iron Oxide
Clay
Glauconite
Feldspar
Alteration
Limestone - Dolomite
Plagioclase Albite
Recrystallization
Limestone
Diagenesis is any chemical, physical,
or biological change undergone by a
sediment after its initial deposition and
during and after its lithification.
Cementation
Clastic particles ranging from siltsize to boulder-size may be
deposited on the sea floor. As
they are buried, ion-laden sea
water may deposit minerals in
the pore spaces between the
grains, thus effectively
cementing them together. By
this process the sediments
become rocks such as
siltstone, sandstone and
conglomerate.
Compaction
Clastic particles smaller than
silt, such as mud are deposited
on the sea floor. As they are
buried, the weight of overlying
sediments presses downward
on the mud particles and
compacts them, resulting in the
formation of rocks such as
claystone,mudstone or shale.
Sandstones
Conglomerates
Breccia
Shale/mudstones
Evaporites rocks
These rocks are formed
due to evaporation of saline
water (sea water)
eg. Gypsum, Halit
(rock salt)
Carbonate rocks
Organic rocks
Form due to
decomposition of
organic remains
under temperature
and pressure eg.
Coal/Lignite etc.
Chemical Sediments
Evaporites -Water
Soluble
Halite
Gypsum
Calcite
Precipitates
Example: Ca(sol'n) +
SO4 (Sol'n) = CaSO4
Gypsum
Limestone
Iron Formations
Alteration After
Deposition
Dolomite
Biogenic Sediments
Limestone - Shells,
Reefs, Etc.
Organic Remains
Coal
Petroleum
EVAPORITIC ROCKS
These rocks are formed within the a depositional basin
from chemical substances dissolved in the seawater or
lake water.
Gypsum
CaSO4.2H20
Halite
(NaCl)
it is used
For production of Paper,
Soap
Detergents
Antiseptics
As chemical for dyeing etc.
GYPSUM:
Biogenic Sediments
Chalk: which is made up of foraminefera is very fine grained
Non-Clastic
Sedimentary
Particles I
Broken fragments of
calcite, mostly from
algae. Shallow sub
tidal sediments from
the Yucatan,
Holocene.
Chalk
Biogenic Sediments
Non-Clastic Sedimentary Particles
Broken shell fragments of calcite
frombivalve molluscs. These shell
fragments accumulated on a beach
and are cemented together.
CARBONATE ROCKS
Limestone: It is a non-clastic rock
formed either chemically or due to
precipitation of calcite (CaCO3) from
organisms usually (shell). These
remains will result in formation of a
limestone.
Limestones formed by chemical precipitation are usually fine
grained, whereas, in case of organic limestone the grain size
vary depending upon the type of organism responsible for the
formation
Fossiliferous Limestone: which medium to coarse grained, as it is
formed out of cementation of Shells.
Rock Name
Rock Characteristics
mud
(see below)
Shale
mud
(mud sized particles:
< 0.063 mm)
Mudstone
silt
(silt sized particles:
0.063 - 0.004 mm)
Siltstone
sand
(sand-sized particles:
0.0625-2.0 mm)
Sandstone
granules, pebbles,
cobbles, boulders
(granule to boulder
sized particles:
2 mm - > 256 mm)
Conglomerate
granules, pebbles,
cobbles, boulders
(granule to boulder sized
particles:
2 mm - > 256 mm)
Breccia
Characteristics of common non-clastic sedimentary rocks that will not react with dilute HCl.
Grain size
very fine
grained:
can't see
constituent
particles with
naked eye
variable grain
size
Rock Name
Rock Characteristics
Chert
Rock Gypsum
Characteristics of common non-clastic sedimentary rocks that will react with dilute HCl.
Grain Size
Rock Name
Rock Characteristics
Chalk
Limestone
Coquina
Fossil Limestone
Sedimentary Rock
Mesas, Utah
Cuestas, Wyoming
A Hogback, Wyoming