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Bends
Bends are the most typical feature of sheet metal parts and can be formed by a variety of methods and machines
which negate the absolute need for some of the below tips. However for typical parts meant to be cost effective
and easily produced the following tips should be useful.
The minumum flange length is based on the die used to bend. Consult and Air Bend Force Chart to
determine typical minimum flange lengths.
When multiple bends are on the same plane try and design the part so the bends all face the same
direction. This will prevent the need for the operator to flip the part. This also benefits man leaf and
panel benders which can only bend one direction per setup.
Avoid large parts when possible, and especially large parts with small or detailed flanges. Chasing a
large part through each bend can be dangerous and exhausting for an operator. This also makes you
vulnerable to reduced part accuracy.
Always consult a tooling profile chart when developing your part. Know the tools available in your shop
or the standards if you are outsourcing production. Specialized tooling cen be very expensive.
The distance between two countersinks should be kept to at least 8 times the material thickness.
To ensure strength the distance between a countersinks edge and the edge of the material should be 4
times the material thickness.
There should be at least %50 contact between the fastener and the surface of the countersink.
To prevent any deformation of the hole the edge of the countersink should be at least 3 times the material
thickness from the tangent point of the bend.
Curls
When adding a Curl to the edge of a sheet the following guidelines will ensure that no special tooling is required.
The outside radius of a curl can be no smaller than 2 times the material thickness. This will create an
opening with a 1 material thickness radius.
A hole should be at least the radius of the curl plus material thickness from the curl feature.
A bend should be at least the radius of the curl plus 6 times the material thickness from the curl feature.
Dimples
The diameter of a dimple should be no more than 6 times the material thickness.
The inside depth of a dimple should be no more than the inside radius.
A hole should be at least three times material thickness away from the edge of the dimple. Or the inside
radius of the dimple plus 3 times material thickness.
From the parts edge, dimples should be at least 4 times material thickness plus the radius of the dimple.
From a bend, dimples should be at least 2 times material thickness plus the dimple radius plus the bend
radius.
From another dimple, dimples should be 4 times material thickness plus the inside radius of each dimple.
Embossments and offsets should be measured to the same side of material unless it is necessary to hold
an outside dimension.
For round embossments or ribs, maximum depth is equal to the internal radius of the embossment.
For flat embossments, the maximum depth is equal to the inside radius plus the outside radius.
Between two parallel ribs, minimum distance is 10 times material thickness plus the radius of the ribs.
Extruded Holes
Between two extruded holes, distance should be at least 6 times material thickness.
From edge to extruded hole, distance should be at least 3 times material thickness.
From bend to extruded hole, distance should be 3 times material thickness plus bend radius.
Gussets
Gussets are used to strengthen a flange without the need for secondary processes such as welding. While
gussets will almost always require custom tooling some basic guidlines should help. Be sure to consult with your
factorys Brake Press department to learn what they are equipped to bend.
45 gussets shouldnt be designed to be more than 4 times material thickness on their flat edge
For holes, the distance between the gusset and the holes edge should be at least 8 times material
thickness.
Hems
Hems are used to create folds in sheet metal in order to stiffen edges and create an edge safe to touch.
For tear drop hems, the inside diameter should be equal to the material thickness.
For open hems, the bend will lose its roundness when the inside diameter is greater than the material
thickness.
For holes, the minimum distance between the holes edge is 2 times the material thickness plus the
hems radius.
For bends, the minimum distance between the inside edge of the bend and the outside of the hem should
be 5 times material thickness plus bend radius plus hem radius.
Holes / Slots
Distance from outside mold line to the bottom of the cutout should be equal to the minimum flange
length prescribed by the air bend force chart.
o
When using a punch press the diameter of a hole should always be equal to that of your tooling and you
should never use a tool whos diameter is less than that of the materials thickness.
o
Rule Of Thumb: Never design a hole smaller than .040 Diameter unless laser cutting.
When using a punch press holes should be at least 1 material thickness from any edge. This prevents
bulging along the edge.
The minimum depth of a lance should be twice the material thickness and at least .125
If the lance if formed with standard tooling be sure that the length of the bend is dividable by a standard
set of Sectionalized Tooling.
From a bend, lances should be at least 3 times material thickness plus bend radius, however the actual
minimum is often much greater than this and driven by the tooling profile.
From a hole, lances should be at least 3 time material thickness from the edge of the hole.
The minimum width of a notch is equal to the material thickness and at least .04. This is negated if the
blank is being cut by a Laser System in which case the minimum is only the kerf of the laser.
When determining the length of a notch it is very important to understand the tooling used to cut the
notch. When possible the notch should be equal to a multiple of the punchs length in order to prevent
nibbling from occurring.
From a bend, the minimum distance is 3 times material length plus the bend radius.
When fabricating with a Punch Press the minimum space between two notches should be at least 2 time
material thickness and at least .125
Welding
Spot welding should be used for joining equally thick co-planar surfaces. The arm geometry and throat
depth of the spot welder will be a limiting factor.
Welded joints should be designed with as tight of tolerances as possible to remove the need for a welder
to add wire.
Wire material should always be the same as the material being welded.
Plating
Sharp edges and corners will typically receive about twice as much as the plating material because of the
current density in these areas.
If possible tap and thread after plating, else assume that the material will grow up to 4 times the typical
platting thickness, compensate pitch and depth accordingly.
Because the parts are going to be hung from hooks and dipped it is beneficial to design hanging holes
into your part rather than leaving the decision to the plater. These holes can be small, just enough to get
a wire hook through. These holes will also give you control over how the part is positioned when it is
dipped.
In addition to hanging holes design drainage holes. Knowing the orientation of the part from your
hanging holes make sure the part can be easily cleaned after plating.
Assume all areas of the part will be plated, masking is not recommended.
Bend Allowance
Understanding the Bend Allowance and consequently the Bend Deduction of a part is a crucial first step to
understanding how sheet metal parts are fabricated. When the sheet metal is put through the process of bending
the metal around the bend is deformed and stretched. As this happens you gain a small amount of total length in
your part. Likewise when you are trying to develop a flat pattern you will have to make a deduction from your
desired part size to get the correct flat size. The Bend Allowance is defined as the material you will add to the
actual leg lengths of the part in order to develop a flat pattern. The leg lengths are the part of the flange which is
outside of the bend radius. In our example below a part with flange lengths of 2 and 3 with an inside radius of .
250 at 90 will have leg lengths of 1.625 and 2.625 respectively. When we calculate the Bend Allowance we
find that it equals .457. In order to develop the flat pattern we add .457 to 1.625 and 2.625 to arrive at 4.707.
As you can see the Bend Allowance and Bend Deduction are closely related below.
Bend Deduction
Understanding the Bend Deduction and consequently the Bend Allowance of a part is a crucial first step to
understanding how sheet metal parts are fabricated. When the sheet metal is put through the process of bending
the metal around the bend is deformed and stretched. As this happens you gain a small amount of total length in
your part. Likewise when you are trying to develop a flat pattern you will have to make a deduction from your
desired part size to get the correct flat size. The Bend Deduction is defined as the material you will have to
remove from the total length of your flanges in order to arrive at the flat pattern. The flange lengths are always
measured to the apex of the bend. In our example below a part with flange lengths of 2 and 3 with an inside
radius of .250 at 90 will have a total length of 5. When we calculate the Bend Deduction we find that it equals .
293. In order to develop the flat pattern we will subtract .293 from 5 to arrive at 4.707. As you can see the
Bend Deduction and Bend Allowance are closely related below.
If you have your Out Side Set Back (OSSB) and Bend Allowance (BA) then the Bend Deduction Formula is
shortened considerably.
Inside Setback
Understanding the Inside Setback of the workpiece is an important part of designing sheet metal parts. The
Inside Setback is the distance from the apex of the inside mold lines to the tangent point of the inside radius.
When the sheet metal is bent the inside radius pulls the edge of the material away from the apex of the bend.
Because this is a geometrical function it does not change with a metals K-Factor the way Bend Allowance and
Bend Deduction do. The Inside Setback is closely related to, but should not be confused with, the Outside
Setback. The below image shows the difference between the Inside Setback (ISSB) and the Outside Setback
(OSSB) . As you can see these values are heavily dependent on the Bend Angle.
The Inside Setback is only considered in angles up to about 170 because as the angle approaches a 180
bend the values of the Inside Setback and Outside Setback approach infinity. This will throw off any Bend
Allowance or Bend Deduction formulas you are trying to use to calculate your flat pattern. Because of this there
are different considerations given to hem allowances. We have anentire post relating to hems if you are
interested in their design and uses. Below you can see how these values become very large compared to the part
itself as the bend approaches a flat. Below is shown at 170 , the largest practical value for the Inside and
Outside Setbacks.
The Inside Setback Formula takes into account only the geometries of bending rather than the physical properties
of the metal. You will need to know your Material Thickness (MT), the Bend Angle (B<) and the Inside Radius
(IR). The Material Thickness will be measured in decimal form, not by the gauge number. For more information on
gauges and their decimal equivalents and tolerances view our Gauge Chart page. The Bend Angle will be
something that you determine based on what the complimentary angle of your part is going to be. It is important
to convert from the included angle to the complimentary angle before performing any calculations. The
Inside Radius will be the finished radius of the included angle. For information on how the Inside Radius is
determined see our post on the Air Bend Force Chart.
The Formula itself is rather simple:
When the Inside and Outside Setbacks are properly accounted for the finished design is superior in both fit and
finish. The lack of interference means that the parts will fit together in a predictable fashion. The lack of an
overhang means a smoother edge which is safer to handle and will look more professional.
Outside Setback
Understanding the Outside Setback of the workpiece is an important part of designing sheet metal parts. The
Outside Setback is the distance from the apex of the outside mold lines to the tangent point of the outside radius.
When the sheet metal is bent the inside radius pulls the edge of the material away from the apex of the bend.
Because this is a geometrical function it does not change with a metals K-Factor the way Bend
Allowance and Bend Deduction do. The Outside Setback is closely related to, but should not be confused with,
the Inside Setback. The below image shows the difference between the Outside Setback (OSSB) and the Inside
Setback (ISSB). As you can see these values are heavily dependent on the Bend Angle.
The Outside Setback is only considered in angles up to about 170 because as the angle approaches a 180
bend the values of the Outside Setback and Inside Setback approach infinity. This will throw off any Bend
Allowance or Bend Deduction formulas you are trying to use to calculate your flat pattern. Because of this there
are different considerations given to hem allowances. We have anentire post relating to hems if you are
interested in their design and uses. Below you can see how these values become very large compared to the part
itself as the bend approaches a flat. Below is shown at 170 , the largest practical value for the Outside and
Inside Setbacks.
The Outside Setback Formula takes into account only the geometries of bending rather than the physical
properties of the metal. You will need to know your Material Thickness (MT), the Bend Angle (B<) and the Inside
Radius (IR). The Material Thickness will be measured in decimal form, not by the gauge number. For more
information on gauges and their decimal equivalents and tolerances view our Gauge Chart page. The Bend
Angle will be something that you determine based on what the complimentary angle of your part is going to be. It
is important to convert from the included angle to the complimentary angle before performing any
calculations. The Inside Radius will be the finished radius of the included angle. For information on how the
Inside Radius is determined see our post on the Air Bend Force Chart.
The Formula itself is rather simple:
When the Inside and Outside Setbacks are properly accounted for the finished design is superior in both fit and
finish. The lack of interference means that the parts will fit together in a predictable fashion. The lack of an
overhang means a smoother edge which is safer to handle and will look more professional.
K-Factor
The K-Factor in sheet metal working is the ratio of the neutral axis to the material thickness. When metal is bent
the top section is going to undergo compression and the bottom section will be stretched. The line where the
transition from compression to stretching occurs is called the neutral axis. The location of the neutral axis varies
and is based on the materials physical properties and its thickness. The K-Factor is the ratio of the Neutral Axis
Offset (t) and the Material Thickness (MT). Below the image shows how the top of the bend is compressed, and
the bottom is stretched.
The K-Factor is used to calculate flat patterns because it is directly related to how much material is stretched
during the bend. Its used to determine Bend Allowances and Bend Deductions ahead of the first piece. Having
an accurate idea of your K-Factor is key to designing good parts because it can anticipate Bend Deductions for a
variety of angles without relying on a chart. Because of this it is often used by design software such as Solid
Edge, Solid Works and Pro-Engineer, though Pro-Engineer uses a variation called the Y-Factor.
If you have a Bend Allowance (BA) you can derive the K-Factor from it. This is useful if you are transitioning from
hand layouts to an advanced design software. Subsequently you can use the K-Factor to extrapolate allowances
for new angles and radii.
the piece wont be used in our calculations. Preparing at least 3 samples and taking the average
measurements from each will help
2. Set up your press brake with the desired tooling youll be using to fabricate this metal thickness and place
a 90 bend in the center of the piece. For our example this means a bend at the 2 mark.
3. Once youve bent your sample pieces carefully measure the flange lengths of each piece. Record each
length and take the average of lengths. The length should be something over half the original length.
For our example the average flange length is 2.073
4. Second measure the inside radius formed during the bending. A set of radius gauges will get you you
fairly close to finding the correct measurement, however to get an exact measurement an optical
comparator will give you the most accurate reading. For our example the inside radius is measured at .
105
5. Now that you have your measurements, well determine the Bend Allowance. To do this first determine
your leg length by subtracting the material thickness and inside radius from the flange length. (Note this
equation only works for 90 bends because the leg length is from the tangent point.) For our example the
leg length will be 2.073 .105 .075 = 1.893.
6. Subtract twice the leg length from the initial length to determine the Bend Allowance. 4 1.893 * 2 = .
214.
7. Plug the Bend Allowance (BA), the Bend Angle (B<), Inside Radius (IR) and Material Thickness (MT) into
the below equation to determine the K-Factor (K). For our example it comes to
K-Factor Chart
A K-Factor will typically range between 0 and .5 for standard materials and thicknesses though smaller and larger
K-Factors are possible. To help you begin Ive included a K-Factor Chart below which contains common K-Factor
starting points, good for general fabrication, for steel, aluminum and stainless steel.
Radius
Soft / Aluminum
Medium / Steel
0 - Mt.
.33
.38
.40
Mt. - 3*Mt.
.40
.43
.45
3*Mt. - >3*Mt.
.50
.50
.50
.42
.44
.46
Air Bending
Bottom Bending
0 - Mt.
Radius
Soft / Aluminum
Medium / Steel
Mt. - 3*Mt.
.46
.47
.48
3*Mt. - >3*Mt.
.50
.50
.50
0 - Mt.
.38
.41
.44
Mt. - 3*Mt.
.44
.46
.47
3*Mt. - >3*Mt.
.50
.50
.50
Coining
Y-Factor
The Y-Factor is simply a variable based of the more commonly used K-Factor. It is derived by taking half of the KFactor multiplied by pi.
The Y-Factor is used, as far as I know, solely by PTCs Pro-Engineer, now known as Creo Elements/Pro. From
and is defaulted at .5, leading to a K-Factor of approximately .318, which is not a terrible starting place for sheet
metal design. The Y and K-Factors affect how the part stretches when transitioning from a flat pattern to a
finished piece so it is important to understand their values. However to achieve truly accurate parts and designs
you are almost always going to have to edit the Y-Factor. To do so there are a few basic methods.
The first method I would recommended is to edit the Material file. You can do this by simply using the
PTC_INITIAL_BEND_Y_FACTOR parameter when in the Material Definition screen. This will allow you to set
specific Y-Factors to your materials. To my best understanding you cannot set specific values to individual
gauges, but this is a common limitation with design software. Being able to set a specific factor for each material
should get you very close to perfect when designing parts. If, after setting the material, you un-assign your
material from the part the K-Factor will remain whatever it was set to last. This should be taken into account when
switching materials.
The second method for editing the Y-Factor is to use the Set Up command. This will allow you to initialize the YFactor creating a new default. New parts created after the set up will have your new Y-Factor as their default. This
may not be the best method as different materials will exhibit the need for different Y-Factors. Again you can
reference our posting on the K-Factor, complete with charts and explanations.
The third option is to edit your configuration file and permanently set the Y-Factor for all new parts. This is
practically speaking the same as using the Set Up command and is thusly not recommended if youre working
with a variety of materials, or trying to get very accurate parts.
To add an extra level of accuracy to your parts the Y-Factor can be edited for individual features. This can be
beneficial towards the extreme ends of the Bend Angles or radii where the neutral axis becomes less and less
aligned to the proper Bend Allowances.
If you wish to avoid using the Y-Factor Pro-Sheet Metal, as well as most design programs, will allow you to
substitute a bend table in place of its own calculations. These tables are typically based off of the Machinists
Handbook, a must have for all manufacturing engineers. These tables were in turn based off of experimentation.
As far as I know there is no absolute or all encompassing formula for deducting a flat pattern.
Y-Factor Chart
Below Ive included a chart based off of our K-Factor chart. This will give you a good starting point when
experimenting with Y-Factors in your designs. I know new engineers hate to hear it but experimentation is really
the best way to get to a perfect part, however using these charts in addition to what can be learned about tooling
geometry and the different types of bending you will certainly be able to get close enough for %99 of applications.
Radius
Soft / Aluminum
Medium / Steel
0 - Mt.
.52
.60
.63
Mt. - 3*Mt.
.63
.68
.71
3*Mt. - >3*Mt.
.79
.79
.79
0 - Mt.
.66
.69
.72
Mt. - 3*Mt.
.72
.74
.75
3*Mt. - >3*Mt.
.79
.79
.79
0 - Mt.
.60
.64
.69
Mt. - 3*Mt.
.69
.72
.74
Air Bending
Bottom Bending
Coining
Radius
Soft / Aluminum
Medium / Steel
3*Mt. - >3*Mt.
.79
.79
.79
Tooling Terminology:
Adapter Intermediate tooling which converts an American Style punch holder to a European Style, or
vice versa. They can also be used to lengthen the punch holder.
Adjustable A die where the v opening can be changed by turning a screw mechanism to spread the
two sides of the v.
American Style Tooling for press brakes comes in two main forms; American and European.
Box Tooling specifically designed to form boxes with flanges on 2, 3 and 4 sides.
Curling Tooling which creates an open circular roll at the end of the sheet, this is different than
hemming.
Die The bottom section of a press brake tool which typically features a v shaped groove.
Die Holder Attached permanently to the lower beam this clamping mechanism will hold the die or rail in
position.
Die Set The term applied to a specific combination of holder, die, punch and any spacers or rails.
European Style Press brake tooling comes in two main forms, European and American. European
style tooling has an offset between the center of the tool and where it is clamped to the brake.
Goose Neck Punch A term for punches with deep profiles to allow for large return flanges when
bending.
Hemming Tooling which is specially designed to produce hems in to stages, without tool change over.
Narrow Punch Also known as sword punches or straight punches these are characterized by long,
straight, thin punches used for bending symmetrical profiles.
Offset Offset tooling is a combination punch and die which has a Z shape and performs two bends in
one stroke to produce a jog, or offset, in the metal.
Louver A raised feature which allows air to pass through the work piece while simultaneously
protecting the opening.
Punch The upper section of tooling which generally features a v shaped profile matching the die.
Punch Holder A clamping mechanism which holds the punch, allowing for easy switching of punches.
Radius Tooling specifically designed for forming a larger radius in the work piece.
Ribbing Tooling which ads a round or v shaped grooved to the sheet metal in a single stroke.
Sash Punch A generally straight thin tool with a sharp relief offset at the bottom, used for bending
special relief profiles.
Sash Die A thin single v die with a center tang, allowing for tighter profiles to be bent around the die.
Seaming Punch and Die sets which are designed to prepare and close seams on one or more pieces
of sheet metal.
Shimming The act of adding material to the bend process in order to compensate for distortion along
the bend line.
Spacer Block An intermediate piece of tooling which adds height to the die holder.
Squaring Arm A device which attaches to and moves with the press brake and work piece to hold work
pieces square, or at a set angle.
Two, Three & Four Sided Die A specialized die which has a square shape and a special profile cut into
each side to allow for multiple setups from a single die.
Rail An intermediary holder which is seated in the die holder and adds height, or a special profile, to the
die holder. This also allows for quick accurate switching of dies.
Rolla V A specialized die which has two half cylinders which support the flanges as the work piece is
bent.
Rotary Die Rotary dies have a cylindrical shape with v cut along its axis is seated in a saddle.
Tang A locating protrusion on a piece of tooling which fits into a matching groove. Typically found at
the center of American Tooling.
Unbalanced Tooling which does not evenly distribute the tonnage front to back and thus creates a
thrust force on the punch holder. Often seen in 30-60 type tooling.
Urethane Die Press brake dies which incorporate a urethane pad to aid in the bending process.
Window Punch A bend setup which creates an open area above the punch to allow deep drawn parts to
pass through.
Wipe Die Wiping die bending is performed by holding the sheet between a pad and die then sliding the
wiping punch across the face bending the sheet metal which protrudes from the pad and die.
Machine Specific:
Brake Press
Laser
Panel Bender
Punch Press
Pyramid Roller
Shear
Water Jet
Gauge
#
Standard
Steel
(Inches)
Standard
Steel
(mm)
Strip /
Tubing
(Inches
)
NonFerrous /
Aluminum
(Inches)
NonFerrous /
Aluminum
(mm)
Galvanized
Steel
(Inches)
Galvaniz
Steel (mm
0000000
Gauge
#
Standard
Steel
(Inches)
Standard
Steel
(mm)
Strip /
Tubing
(Inches
)
NonFerrous /
Aluminum
(Inches)
NonFerrous /
Aluminum
(mm)
Galvanized
Steel
(Inches)
Galvaniz
Steel (mm
000000
.5800
14.732
00000
.500
.5165
13.119
0000
.454
.4600
11.684
000
.425
.4096
10.404
00
.380
.3648
9.266
.340
.3249
8.252
.300
.2893
7.348
.284
.2576
6.543
.2391
6.073
.259
.2294
5.827
.2242
5.695
.238
.2043
5.189
.2092
5.314
.220
.1819
4.620
.1943
4.935
.203
.1620
4.115
.1793
4.554
.180
.1443
3.665
.1644
4.176
.165
.1285
3.264
4.270
.1495
3.797
.148
.1144
2.906
.1532
3.891
10
.1345
3.416
.134
.1019
2.588
.1382
3.510
11
.1196
3.038
.120
.0907
2.304
.1233
3.132
12
.1046
2.657
.109
.0808
2.052
.1084
2.753
13
.0897
2.278
.095
.0720
1.829
.0934
2.372
14
.0747
1.897
.083
.0641
1.628
.0785
1.994
15
.0673
1.709
.072
.0571
1.450
.0710
1.803
16
.0598
1.519
.065
.0508
1.290
.0635
1.613
17
.0538
1.367
.058
.0453
1.151
.0575
1.461
18
.0478
1.214
.049
.0403
1.024
.0516
1.311
19
.0418
1.062
.042
.0359
.912
.0456
1.158
20
.0359
.912
.035
.0320
.813
.0396
1.006
21
.0329
.836
.032
.0285
.724
.0366
.930
Gauge
#
Standard
Steel
(Inches)
Standard
Steel
(mm)
Strip /
Tubing
(Inches
)
NonFerrous /
Aluminum
(Inches)
NonFerrous /
Aluminum
(mm)
Galvanized
Steel
(Inches)
Galvaniz
Steel (mm
22
.0299
.759
.028
.0253
.643
.0306
.853
23
.0269
.683
.025
.0226
.574
.0276
.777
24
.0239
.607
.022
.0201
.511
.0247
.701
25
.0209
.531
.020
.0179
.455
.0217
.627
26
.0179
.455
.018
.0159
.404
.0202
.551
27
.0164
.417
.0142
.361
.0187
.513
28
.0149
.378
.0126
.320
.0172
.475
29
.0135
.343
.0113
.287
.0157
.437
30
.0120
.305
.0100
.254
.0142
.399
31
.0105
.267
.0089
.226
.0134
.361
32
.0097
.246
.0080
.203
.340
33
.0090
.229
.0071
.180
34
.0082
.208
.0063
.160
35
.0075
.191
.0056
.140
36
.0067
.170
.0050
.127
37
.163
.0045
.114
38
.152
.004
.102
39
.089
40
.079
41
42
43
44
Aluminum
Thickness
Thickness
48'' W
.170 - .030
.0015
.002
.018 - .028
.002
.002
.031 - .041
.002
.003
.029 - .036
.002
.002
.042 - .059
.003
.004
.037 - .045
.0025
.003
.060 - .073
.003
.0045
.046 - .068
.003
.004
.074 - .084
.004
.0055
.069 - .076
.003
.004
.085 - .099
.004
.006
.077 - .096
.0035
.004
.100 - .115
.005
.007
.097 - .108
.004
.005
.116 - .131
.005
.0075
.109 - .125
.0045
.005
.132 - .146
.006
.009
.126 - .140
.0045
.005
.147 - .187
.007
.0105
.141 - .172
.006
.008
.173 - .203
.007
.010
.204 - .249
.009
.011
Single Spot
Designation
Both Sides
One Side
Both Sides
G235
2.35
.80
2.00
Triple Spot
Single Spot
G210
2.10
.72
1.80
G185
1.85
.64
1.60
G165
1.65
.56
1.40
G140
1.40
.48
1.20
G115
1.15
.40
1.00
G90
.90
.32
.80
G60 / A60
.60
.20
.50
G40 / A40
.40
.12
.30
G30 / A30
.30
.10
.25
A25
.25
.08
.20