1.

INTRODUCTION
In todays world, electricity becomes a basic and the most important need of
life style. Every one need to electricity and the amount of electricity consumption are
increasing day by day. The most important reason is that all home appliances need electricity.
So at the end of the month, the MSEB department needs to dispatch the monthly hard copy
bill.
Every month, the MSEB need to send a man power door to door to collect the
reading of the meter. This involves human resource which encored the money. And to collect
the meter reading from door to door, the meter reader need to use a camera to click the snap
of the reading of the meter. This also involves the flow of money. Because this activity takes
place throughout the country, every month and that too door to door, it cost allot to MSEB
department. Many people have their meter installed inside their home. So it makes it
inconvenient for the user. Sometime the user is not available at home, so the meter reader
sometime fails to take the meter reading.
In order to avoid all these problems, we have developed this automatic energy
meter reading system. The Microcontroller based system continuously records the readings
and the live meter reading can be sent to the Hand held device. The receiver end comprises of
GSM Transceiver, which receives the data from the transmitter. The data received at the
receiver end is fed to the microcontroller present at the receiving end. The microcontroller at
the receiving end is provided with a LCD. The readings received is processed and displayed
on the LCD. The Microcontroller is programmed using Embedded C language.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
We have gone through the different types of IEEE Papers ,International
Journals and have been reported in the literature. However, few relevant and significant
works are reviewed here.
Table 1 State of Art
Title of the

Year

Paper

of

Author

Issues Discussed

Conclusion

publis
GSM

h
Based 2013

Sudhish N George This paper presents the The

Automatic

Energy

Assistant Professor, design of a simple low system

Meter

Reading

Electronic

developed
is

highly

& cost wireless GSM energy effective in the sense

System with Instant

Communication

Billing

Dept.

meter and its associated it is able to eliminate

National web

Institute

interface,

of automating

Technology,

managing

billing
the

for the

drawback

of

and serial

collected communication

ZigBee

Based 2011

Calicut, India
data globally.
1 S.Arun , 2 R. The ZigBee is used since Paper provides an

Electric

Meter

Krishnamoorthy

Reading System

the application dont need application

in

the

and 3 Dr. Venu high speed data rate, need field of automatic
Gopala Rao. M

to be low powered and low Electric

cost.

Reading

Meter
System.

With

the

developments of the
ZigBee

technology

and

the

communication
Remote
Automatic
Reading

Wireless 2011

Shi

jiong

Meter

Sichuan

System

Electric

Based on GPRS

Yuan The technology of

metering
Power Metering)

network .
e- This
design

of

(Electronic remote

automatic

reading

meter

Research Institute

system

Qing

is fast and highly

Hua
2

Road,NO

24

reliable.

The

,Qingyang District,

system

,which

,Cheng Du City Si

connect to

Chuan,China

Internet through the

GPRS network ,can
achieve reliable
real-time

Design

and 2008

Implementation of
a

Wireless

Automatic

Meter

transmission
An economical prototype economical

Tariq Jamil,

Senior Member of
IEEE,

data

Wireless

Member Meter

IET, IAENG

Automatic prototype

Reading

of

System Wireless Automatic

has been developed, in Meter

Reading System

which

wireless System

Reading
has been

communication is based developed, in which

on IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee wireless
standard and security has communication
been

implemented

following

the

Sequence

by based

on

Direct 802.15.4

ZigBee

has

been

implemented

and 2013

Mrs.

real-time

data

Golait. Asst. Prof. metering

transfer
of

Tech, Priyadarshini

Meter

College of Engg

Reading System

Nagpur

by

Direct

Sequence

Spread

Spectrum

(DSSS) protocol
e- By
(Electronic adding an
initialization
message option at
the time of
installation the meter
time can be updated
from the server.

S. The technology of

Dept. of Computer Metering)

requirements
Automatic

Snehal

IEEE

Spread standard and security

Spectrum protocol

Reliability

is

3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION

Fig.1 Project Block Diagram

Fig.2 MSEB Billing Department Unit

This system basically consist of meter, OPTO-coupler, 16x2 LCD Display, GSM
module interfaced with microcontroller.
The electricity meter is continuously read the electricity consumption in the form of
meter reading. This electricity meter is connected with the OPTO-coupler. The meter works
on 12v. So this 12 v is converted into 5v at the output of the OPTO-coupler. This 5 v digital
output is fed at the input of the microcontroller.
4

The microcontroller continuously gets the input from the meter. On the input from the
meter, the microcontroller is mathematically programmed to calibrate the amount of units
consumed. Once the unit consumed is calibrated by microcontroller, it sends that present unit
to the MSEB department wirelessly via GSM module serially interfaced with the
microcontroller.
16x2 LCD display is used to display the previous reading and the present consumed
units reading. 16x2 LCD display is also used to debug the system in case of system failure.
3.1.1 ARM 7 MICROCONTROLLER LPC2138
The LPC2138 is the brain of the project. It control all peripheral which connected to
that IC externally. It is having features like

16/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 or HVQFN package.

8/16/32 kB of on-chip static RAM and 32/64/128/256/512 kB of on-chip flash
program memory. 128-bit wide interface/accelerator enables high-speed 60 MHz

operation.
In-System Programming/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot
loader software. Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of
256 B in1 ms.

3.1.2 SELECTION OF ARM CONTROLLER

5

Table 2 Comparison of ARM Processors

Features

LPC 2106

LPC 2129

LPC 2138

LPC 2148

Processor

ARM7

ARM7

ARM7

ARM7

58.9824

60

60

58.9824

12

14.7456

14.7456

14.7456

Internal RAM

64KB

16KB

32KB

32KB

Internal FLASH

128KB

256KB

512KB

512KB

USB Drive

YES

SD Card

YES

YES

NO

YES

MCU Clock
(MHz)
Crystal
(MHz)

In ARM core we are using ARM7 processor and LPC 2138 controller for our project.
As it has 60MHz clock operation so that its operation is fast. Also it is easily available and it
is cheaper than LPC2148.
We are not using LPC 2106 and LPC 2129 because of memory restriction and speed.
Also for future enhancement of the project LPC2138 is useful. Also coding in LPC 2138 is
compatible with LPC 2148. Due to this reasons we are using the LPC 2138 controller for our
project.
3.1.3 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
LCD is used in a project to visualize the output of the application. We have used 16x2
LCD which indicates 16 columns and 2 rows. So, we can write 16 characters in each line. So,
total 32 characters we can display on 16x2 LCD.
LCD can also use in a project to check the output of different modules interfaced with
the microcontroller. Thus LCD plays a vital role in a project to see the output and to debug
the system module wise in case of system failure in order to rectify the problem.

Fig.3 16x2 LCD Display Configurations

3.1.4 OPTO- ISOLATOR (MCT2E)
The MCT2XXX series OPTO-isolators consist of a gallium arsenide infrared emitting
diode driving a silicon phototransistor in a 6-pindual in-line package.

Fig.4 OPTO-ISOLATOR
APPLICATIONS

Power supply regulators

Digital logic inputs
Microprocessor inputs

3.1.5 GSM HARDWARE

7

The core of data communication about this system lies in wireless communication
control terminals that uses GSM Modules to transfer long-distance data extensively and
reliably. It Support instructions of AT commands.SIM300 can be integrated with a wide range
of applications. SIM300 is a Tri-band GSM/GPRS engine that works on frequencies EGSM
900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz and PCS1900 MHz SIM300 provides GPRS multi-slot class 10
capabilities and support the GPRS coding schemes CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS- 4. With a tiny
configuration of 40mm x 33mm x 2.85 mm, SIM300 can fit almost all the space requirement
in our application. Therefore, the MCU can connect with GSM modules very expediently
through serial interfaces. GSM modem as shown in Fig.3.6.

Fig.5 GSM modem

A GSM modem is interfaced with the microcontroller serial port for sending and
receiving SMS. Using AT command Protocol, [2] microcontroller send the different
commands to the modem. AT-commands which stand for ATTENTION TERMINAL are used
by processing unit to communicate with the GSM Modem. This whole operation is based on
the instructions that are passed by processing unit.
This modem and the processing unit are linked by means of RS-232 communication
protocol. This operates under the following configuration,

Baud Rate = 9600

Parity Bit = None
Byte Size = 8
Stop Bit =1

Some of the main and frequently used AT-Commands are given below as also used in,

AT (Attention Command)
AT+CMGL (List message)
AT+CMGF (Selecting messaging mode)
AT+CMGS (Send message)
AT +CMGR (Read message)
8

AT+CMGD (Delete message)

Importance of GSM:

GSM (Global System for Mobile communications).

GSM is a digital cellular communications system.
It is used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.
International roaming capability.
Encryption capability for information security and privacy

3.1.6. MEMORY (24C04)

The AT24C02A/04A/08A provides 2048/4096/8192 bits of serial electrically erasable
and programmable read only memory (EEPROM) organized as 256/512/1024 words of 8 bits
each. The device is optimized for use in many industrial and commercial applications where
low power and low voltage operation are essential. The AT24C02A/04A/08A is available in
space saving 8-pin PDIP, 8-pin, and 14-pin SOIC and 8-pin TSSOP packages and is accessed
via a 2-wire serial interface. In addition, the entire family is available in 5.0V (4.5V to 5.5V),
2.7V (2.7V to 5.5V), 2.5V (2.5V to 5.5V) and 1.8V (1.8V to 5.5V) versions.
Table 3 Pin configurations
Pin Name
A0 to A2
SDA
SCL
WP
NC

Function
Address Inputs
Serial Data
Serial Clock Input
Write Protect
No Connect

Fig.6 Pin-Diagram EEPROM

PIN DESCRIPTION

SERIAL CLOCK (SCL) :

The SCL input is used to positive edge clock data into each EEPROM device and
negative edge clock data out of each device.
SERIAL DATA (SDA):
The SDA pin is bidirectional for serial data transfer. This pin is open-drain driven
and may be wire-ORed with any number of other open-drain or open collector devices.
DEVICE/PAGE ADDRESSES (A2, A1, and A0):
9

The A2, A1 and A0 pins are device address inputs that are hard wired for the AT24C02A. As
many as eight 2K devices may be addressed on a single bus system (device addressing is
discussed in detail under the Device Addressing section). The AT24C04A uses the A2 and A1
inputs for hard wire addressing and a total of four 4K devices may be addressed on a single
bus system. The A0 pin is a no connect.
The AT24C08A only uses the A2 input for hardwire addressing and a total of two 8K
devices may be addressed on a single bus system. The A0 and A1 pins are no connects.
WRITE PROTECT (WP):
The AT24C02A/04A/08A has a Write Protect pin that provides hardware data
protection. The Write Protect pin allows normal read/write operations when connected to
ground (GND). When the Write Protect pin is connected to VCC, the write protection feature
is enabled and operates as shown in the following table.
Table 4 WP Pin Status

3.1.7 RELAY
When a coil of wire is wound on a nonmagnetic material such as plastic, paper etc.
,it is called a air-core solenoid or simply a solenoid .if a soft iron core is inserted into the coil,
it becomes an electromagnet. this electromagnet is the basic component for relay and many
other electromechanical devices such as electric bell, circuit breaker etc,.
When a current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts an
armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact. The movement either makes or
breaks a connection with a fixed contact. When the current to the coil is switched off, the
armature is returned by a force approximately half as strong as the magnetic force to its
relaxed position. Usually this is a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial
motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low voltage application,
this is to reduce noise. In a high voltage or high current application, this is to reduce arcing.
10

If the coil is energized with DC, a diode is frequently installed across the coil, to
dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would
otherwise generate a spike of voltage and might cause damage to circuit components. Some
automotive relays already include that diode inside the relay case. If the coil is designed to be
energized with AC, a small copper ring can be crimped to the end of the solenoid. This
shading ring creates a small out-of-phase current, which increases the minimum pull on the
armature during the AC cycle

Fig.7 Relay Circuit

By analogy with the functions of the original electromagnetic device, a solid-state
relay is made with a thyristor or other solid-state switching device. To achieve electrical
isolation, a light-emitting diode (LED) is used with a photo transistor.

Pole & Throw:

11

Since relays are switches, the terminology applied to switches is also applied to relays. A
relay will switch one or more poles, each of whose contacts can be thrown by energizing the
coil in one of three ways:
1. Normally-open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the
circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form A contact or
make contact.
2. Normally-closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the
circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form B contact or
break contact.
3. Change-over, or double-throw, contacts control two circuits: one normally-open
contact and one normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called a
Form C contact or transfer contact.
The following types of relays are commonly encountered:
SPST :
Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected or
disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is
ambiguous whether the pole is normally open or normally closed. The terminology SPNO
and SPNC is sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity.
SPDT :
Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two others.
Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total.
DPST :
Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to two
SPST switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a relay has
six terminals in total. It is ambiguous whether the poles are normally open, normally closed,
or one of each.

12

DPDT :
These have two rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent two SPDT switches or
relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has eight terminals, including the coil.
QPDT :
Quadruple Pole Double Throw. Often referred to as Quad Pole Double Throw, or
4PDT. These have four rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent to four SPDT switches or
relays actuated by a single coil, or two DPDT relays. In total, fourteen terminals including the
coil.

Fig.8 Relay View

13

4. METHODOLOGY
4.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The purpose of this project development is to make the process of electricity billing
easy, time efficient and transparent. It will be very helpful for Electricity Department as well
as common peoples. In our project we are going to Send all data through GSM System
After the completion of this project it will save the economy of government and will
prove a great help to our country and society.
4.2 GSM TECHNOLOGY
GSM stands for Global system for Mobile Communications and is the most popular
standard for mobile phones in the world GSM phones are used by over a billion people across
more than 200 countries. The ubiquity of the GSM standard makes international roaming
very common with "roaming agreements" between operators. GSM differs from its
predecessors most significantly in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, which
means that it is seen as a second generation(2G) mobile phone system. This fact has also
meant that data communication was built into the system very early. GSM is an open standard
which is developed by the 3GPP.
The key advantage of GSM systems from the point of view of the consumer has been
early delivery of new services at low costs, for example text messaging was developed first
for GSM, while the advantage for network operators has been the low infrastructure cost
which is caused by open competition. Disadvantage is that GSM's radio network is based on
TDMA technology, which is considered less than CDMA based systems. The GSM standard
continues to develop and packet data capabilities were added in the Release 97 version of the
standard with GPRS. Higher speed data transmission has been introduced by providing a new
modulation scheme with EDGE.

14

GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges with most
2G GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Where these bands were
already allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were used instead(for example in
Canada and the United states). In rare cases the 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are
assigned in some countries because they were previously used for first-generation systems.
Most 3G networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band For more information
on worldwide GSM frequency usage, see GSM frequency bands.

4.3 GSM FREQUENCY RANGES

GSM exists in four main versions based on the band used :GSM 900 GSM1800. GSM-850 and GSM-1900 GSM-900 MHz and GSM-1800 (1.8GHz) are used in most
of the world, excluding the United states and Canada The United States and Canada use
GSM 850 and GSM
19000(1.9 GHz) instead, since in the US. the 900 and 1800 bands were already
allocated. GSM- 850 is also sometimes called GSM-800. Another less common GM version
is GSM-450(450 MHz, sometimes also called GSM-400. It uses the same frequency as and
can co-exist with old analog NMT systems. NMT is a first generation(IG) mobile phone
system which was in some widespread usage in Europe and other areas. widespread is of
course a relative term since the boom of mobile phones started later with GSM. GSM-900
uses 890 915 MHz to send information from the Mobile Station to the Base Transciever
Station(uplink) and 935 960 MHz for the other direction(downlink), providing 124 RF
channels spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz is used. GSM-1800 uses 1710 1785
MHz to send information from the Mobile Station to the Base Transciever Station(uplink)
and 1805 1880 MHz for the other direction(downlink), providing 299 channels. Duplex
spacing is 95 MHz.
4.4 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
4.4.1 POWER SUPPLY
The basic step in the designing of any system is to design the power supply required
for that system. The steps involved in the designing of the power supply are as follows:
1) Determine the total current that the system sinks from the supply.
2) Determine the voltage rating required for the different components.
15

Fig.9 Linear Power Supply

The bridge rectifier and capacitor i/p filter produce an unregulated DC
voltage which is applied at the I/P of 7805.As the minimum dropout voltage is 2v for IC
7805, the voltage applied at the input terminal should be at least 7 volts .C1 (1000 F/ 65V)is
the filter capacitor and C2 and C3 (0.1 pF) is to be connected across the regulator to improve
the transient response of the regulator. Assuming the drop out voltage to be 2 volts, the
minimum DV voltage across the capacitor C1 should be equal to 7 volts.
4.4.2 POWER SUPPLY DESIGN OF THE PROJECT
The average voltage at the output of a bridge rectifier capacitor filter combination is
given by Vin(DC) = Vm Idc / 4 f C1Where , Vm=2 Vs and Vs = rms secondary voltage
Assuming Idc to be equal to max. load current, say 100mAC = 1000 Gf / 65v , f=50hHz.19 =
Vm 0.1 / 4*50*1000*106.19= Vm 0.1 / 0.2,Vm=19.5 volts
Hence the RMS secondary Voltage-Vrms = Vm / 2 = 19.5 / 2
=19.5 / 1.4421
=13.5 volts
So we can select a 15v secondary Voltage. In our system most of the components used
require 5 V as operating voltage such as microcontroller, MAX 232, MCT2E etc. The total
current, which our circuit sinks from the power supply, is not more than 100 mA. We have
used Regulator IC7805 that gives output voltage of 5V.The minimum input voltage required
for the 7805 is near about 7 v. Therefore we have used the transformer with the voltage rating
230V-10V and current rating 500 mA. The output of the transformer is 12 V AC. This Ac
voltage is converted into 12 V DC by Bridge rectifier circuit. The reasons for choosing the
bridge rectifier are:
16

a) The TUF is increased to 0.812 as compared the full wave rectifier.

b) The PIV across each diode is the peak voltage across the load =V m, not 2Vm as in the
two diode rectifier
Output of the bridge rectifier is not pure DC and contains some AC some AC ripples
in it. To remove these ripples we have used capacitive filter, which smoothens the rippled
output that we apply to 7805 regulators IC that gives 5V DC. We preferred to choose
capacitor filters since it is cost effective, readily available and not too bulky.

4.4.3 V DESIGN
The formula for calculating the output voltage of ARM is (As given in the datasheet
of LM317)

Assuming R2=470 ohms and I adj =0 then,

Vout= 3.3v = 1.25v (1+R2/450)
3.3v/1.25v= (450+R2)/450
2.64* 0.45 Kohm = 0.45kohm+R2
1.18 0.45kohm=R2
R2=738 ohms
Nearest calue of resistance is 750 ohms
Therefore with R1=450 ohms and R2=750 ohms we get an o/p of 3.3v

17

Fig.10 V Design

4.5 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Microcontroller programming: Embedded C

GUI programming: visual basic

Software used:
MPLABIDE is used for compiling the program, after compiling creates the hex file i.e.
MPLAB IDE is used for creating a hex file.
PROTEUS is used for draw the circuit diagram
Dip-trace is used for making a layout
VB6 is used for to create a GUI.

18

4.6 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig.11 Circuit diagram

19

4.7 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

4.7.1 RESET CIRCUIT
Reset is used for putting the microcontroller into a 'known' condition. That practically
means that microcontroller can behave rather inaccurately under certain undesirable
conditions. In order to continue its proper functioning it has to be reset, meaning all registers
would be placed in a starting position. Reset is not only used when microcontroller doesn't
behave the way we want it to, but can also be used when trying out a device as an interrupt in
program execution, or to get a microcontroller ready when loading a program.
In order to prevent from bringing a logical zero RESET pin accidentally, RESET has
to be connected via resistor to the positive supply pole AND a capacitor from RESET to the
ground. Resistor should be between 5 and 10K and the capacitor can be in between 1f tp 10
f. This kind of resistor capacitor combination, gives the RC time delay for the c to reset
properly.

Fig.12 Reset circuit

As shown in the above circuit we are connecting an RC circuit to the RESET
(pin 57) of C .The ARM C has an active low reset, therefore we connect an RC circuit. As
shown the capacitor is initially at 0v.It charges via the supply through a 10 kohm resistance in
series, therefore the reset time of our circuit is:
R*C = 10kohm * 0.1 f

= 1 msec

Recommended time of reset = 1 sec

Here the RC time can vary from 10 sec to 1 msec.

20

4.7.2 CRYSTAL DESIGN

Pins OSC1 & OSC2 are provided for connecting a resonant network to form
oscillator. Typically a quartz crystal and capacitors are employed. The crystal frequency is the
basic internal clock frequency of the microcontroller. The manufacturers make available PIC
designs that can run at specified maximum & minimum frequencies, typically 1 Mhz to 32
Mhz.

Fig.13 Crystal clock pulses

Here we are connecting two ceramic capacitors which are basically used for filtering.
In other words to give a pure square wave to the C we are connecting the two capacitors.
The basic rule for placing the crystal on the board is that it should be as close to the C as
possible to avoid any interference in the clock.
4.7.3 RS 232
RS 232 ic is a driver IC to convert the C TTL logic(0-5) to the RS 232 logic (+9v).Many device today work on RS 232 logic such as PC, GSM modem , GPS etc. . .so in
order to communicate with such devices we have to bring the logic levels to the 232 logic
(+/-9v).
Here as we can see the RS 232 chip has 2 pairs of TTL and 232 logic viz,
Pair 1 : Pin 7,8,9,10

of RS 232

Pair 2 : pin 11,12,13,14 of RS 232

We can use any one pair in our project either 7,8,9,10 pair or 11,12,13,14 pair. if we
require 2 serial ports then Depending on the requirement of the project we may have to use
both the pair in the same project .

21

The C works on TTL logic (0-5 v). So to convert the TTL logic to 232 logic we use
the 4 capacitors connected to the RS232 IC. These capacitors are called charge pumps used to
convert the TTL voltage to the +/- 9 v swing required by the 232 IC.
Dual Charge-Pump Voltage Converter
The MAX220MAX249 have two internal charge-pumps that convert +5V to 10V
(unloaded) for RS-232 driver operation. The first converter uses capacitor C1 to double the
+5V input to +10V on C3 at the V+ output. The second converter uses capacitor C2 to invert
+10V to -10V on C4 at the V- output.

4.7.4 SERIAL MEMORY

Fig.14 Memory interface to ARM

Here as shown in the circuit diagram we are using a serial memory 24c04 in our
project which is a serial EEPROM. The IC has 3 address lines viz. a0,a1,a2.but we have only
1 serial memory in our project we can round the three address lines to ground. Also the two
data lines (SDA and SCL) can be connected to any of the i/o port pins of c. Here in our
project we are connecting the SCL and SDA lines to the Cs e0 and e1(pin 8 and pin9).both

22

these lines require a pull up of 10 kohm. which means both the pins are needed to be
forcefully pulled high (3.3v) logic.
The 24c04 IC has an memory of 4 Kbits which means it has a memory of 4kbits/8=
500 bytes of EEPROM memory.
Here as shown in the circuit diagram we are using a serial memory 24c04 in our
project which is a serial EEPROM. The IC has 3 address lines viz. a0,a1,a2.but we have only
1 serial memory in our project we can round the three address lines to ground. Also the two
data lines (SDA and SCL) can be connected to any of the i/o port pins of c. Here in our
project we are connecting the SCL and SDA lines to the Cs c0 and c1 (pin 15 and pin
16).both these lines require a pull up of 4.7kohm.which means both the pins are needed to be
forcefully pulled high (5v) logic. The 24c04 IC has an memory of 4 Kbits which means it has
a memory of 4kbits/8= 500 bytes of EEPROM memory
4.5.8 ARM C INTERFACE TO THE RELAYS

Fig.15 Relay Interfacing

Here we use 12v single change over relay. These relays are connected to the C via a
relay driver ULN 2803The relays require an current of 50 ma at the time of switching.
23

The C cannot provide that much amount of current thats why we connect a relay driver
in between so that the current requirement can be fulfilled on our PCB we dont have the
relay driver and relay circuit so in the main circuit diagram we gave shown the relay
connector which eventually connects to the relay driver board PCB.

4.8 PCB LAYOUT

Fig.16 PCB Layout

Layout basically means placing or arranging things in a specific order on the PCB.
Layout means placing of components in an order. This placement is made such that the
interconnection lengths are optimal .At the same time, it also aims at providing accessibility
to the components for insertion testing and repair.
The PCB layout is the starting point for the final artwork preparation layout design
should reflect the concept of final equipment.

24

There are several factors, which we must keep in mind for placing the layout.
1. Schematic Diagram: The schematic diagram forms main input document for
preparation of the layout for this purpose the software for PCB design, ORCAD was
used.
2. Electrical and thermal requirement: The PCB designer must be aware of the circuit
performance in critical aspects of the same concerning electrical conditions and the
environment to be used in.
3. Mechanical requirement: The designer should have the information about physical
size of the board, type of installation of board (vertical/horizontal). The method of
cooling adopted, front panel operated components etc.
4. Component placing and requirement: All components are too placed first in a
configuration that demands only the minimum length for critical conductors. These
key components are placed first and the others are grouped around like satellites.
5. Components mounting requirements: All components must be placed parallel to
one another as far as possible .i.e. in the same direction and orientation mechanical
over stressing of solder should be avoided.

5. ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

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5.1 ADVANTAGES
Receive accurate billing from utility suppliers based on correct consumption figures
Return on investment in energy savings
Improved security and tamper detection for equipment
Improved billing and tacking of usage
5.2 APPLICATIONS

Can be used for taking meter readings anytime.

Can be used for cutting of power supply.

Can be used in remote places.

Can be used for fraud detection

6 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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[1] Yujun Bao and Xiaoyan Jiang, Design of electric Energy Meter for long-distance data
information transfers which based upon GPRS, ISA 2009. International Workshop on
Intelligent Systems and Applications, 2009.
[2] Amin S. Mehmood, T. Choudhry, M.A. Hanif, A Reviewing the Technical Issues for the
Effective Construction of Automatic Meter Reading System in International Conference on
Microelectronics, 2005 IEEE.
[3] Vivek Kumar Sehgal,Nitesh Panda, Nipun Rai Handa, Electronic Energy Meter with
instant billing,UKSim Fourth European Modelling Symposium on Computer Modelling and
Simulation.
[4] Bharath P, Ananth N, Vijetha S, Jyothi Prakash K. V. ,Wireless automated digital Energy
Meter, ICSET 2008.
[5] P.K. Lee and L.L. Lai, Fieee, A practical approach to wireless GPRS on-line power
quality monitoring system, Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007.
[6] Subhashis Maitra, Embedded Energy Meter- A new concept to measure the energy
consumed by a consumer and to pay the bill, Power System Technology and IEEE Power
India Conference, 2008

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