See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265710516

Ship Design - Methodologies of

Preliminary Design
BOOK SEPTEMBER 2014
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-8751-2

CITATIONS

READS

1,918

1 AUTHOR:
Apostolos Papanikolaou
National Technical Universit
337 PUBLICATIONS 880
CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE

Available from: Apostolos Papanikolaou

Retrieved on: 26 February 2016

Ship Design

Apostolos Papanikolaou

Ship Design
Methodologies of Preliminary Design

13

Apostolos Papanikolaou
School of Naval Architecture & Marine
EngineeringShip Design Laboratory
National Technical University of Athens
ZografouAthens
Attiki
Greece

Originally published in the Greek language by SYMEON Publishers, Athens, Greece, as

Papanikolaou, Apostolos; 1 &
2.

ISBN 978-94-017-8750-5ISBN 978-94-017-8751-2 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-8751-2
Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014947529
Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief
excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the
work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the
Copyright Law of the Publishers location, in its current version, and permission for use must always
be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright
Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of
publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for
any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with
respect to the material contained herein.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface

This book elaborates on theoretical approaches and practices of the preliminary

design of ships. It is intended to support introductory courses to ship design as a
text book. In this respect, it may be useful to university or college students of naval
architecture and related disciplines; it may also serve, more generally, as a reference book for naval architects, practicing engineers of related disciplines and ship
officers, who like to enter the ship design field systematically or to use practical
methodologies for the estimation of ships main dimensions and of other ship main
properties and elements of ship design.
The book is based on the authors lecture notes, which were developed over the
past two and a half decades (19852012) for the needs of teaching the undergraduate course on Ship Design and Outfitting I at the School of Naval Architecture and
Marine Engineering of National Technical University of Athens (NTUA). For the
understanding of the material presented in this book, the reader is assumed to have
basic knowledge of certain fundamental disciplines of ship design, in particular, of
Hydrostatics & Stability of Ships, Ship Resistance and Propulsion and Ship
Strength, which are commonly taught in prerequisite courses in Schools of Naval
Architecture and Marine Engineering, as at NTUA.
The present book is a thoroughly updated and enhanced, new edition of a book
published originally in Greek language by the author (Papanikolaou, A., Ship DesignMethodologies of Preliminary Ship Design, in Greek:
, SYMEON Publisher, Athens, October 2009).
The Greek version of the book is supplemented by a Handbook of Ship Design of
the author (Volume II, SYMEON Publisher, Athens, 1989) and the Collection of
Ship Design Supportive Materials (A. Papanikolaou, K. Anastassopoulos, NTUA
publications, Athens, 2002), which cover specific elements, methods and examples
of application of ship design and are being used by students of NTUA for the elaboration of the assigned Ship Design Project work. Elements of the detailed design
of ships are presented in the authors lecture notes on Ship Design and Outfitting
IIGeneral Arrangements, Accommodation, Outfitting and Design of Special Ship
Types (A. Papanikolaou, NTUA publication, 2002), which supplement the teaching
material of the Ship Design module of the School of Naval Architecture and Marine
Engineering of NTUA.
v

vi

Preface

The methodology adopted in the writing of this book has been greatly influenced
by the teaching experience of the author and the curriculum of NTUA, particularly
in view of the requirement for the elaboration of the Ship Design project by final
year NTUA students of naval architecture. An inexperienced student needs to be
introduced gradually to ship design, until he is capable of developing by himself
(under certain guidance, in the preliminary design stage) the design of a ship, which
is assigned to him by a hypothetical ship-owner, specifying a merchant ships main
owners requirements (in terms of ship type, transport capacity and speed).
The book consists of six (6) main chapters and five (5) appendices with supportive materials.
Chapter1 gives an introduction to maritime transport and to marine vehicles in
general, defines the objectives and elaborates on the basic methods of ship design.
Chapter2 deals with the selection of ships main dimensions and elaborates on the
preliminary calculation and approximation of the fundamental characteristics and
properties of the ship. Chapter3 covers the criteria of forming ships hull form and
elaborates on the characteristics of alternative ship sectional forms, the form of
ships bow and stern. Chapter4 deals with methods of developing ships lines and
also elaborates on the development of the other main drawing plans of ship design
(general arrangements and capacity plan). Chapter5 covers the criteria for selecting
the engine installation, the propulsion plant and steering devices of the ship. Finally,
Chapter6 deals with the estimation of ships construction cost and related uncertainties. The book is complemented by a basic bibliography and five appendices
with useful updated design charts for the selection of the main dimensions and other
basic values of different types of ships (AppendixA), the determination of ships
hull form from the data of systematic series (AppendixB), the detailed description
of the relational method for the estimation of ships weight components and displacement from the data of similar/parent ships (AppendixC), a brief review of the
historical evolution of shipbuilding from the prehistoric era to date (AppendixD)
and finally a historical review of regulatory developments of ships damage stability
to date (AppendixE).
The author used in the development of the original form of this book material
of classical ship design, as he was taught it in the early 70ties by the memorable
Professor Erwin Strohbusch at the Technical University of Berlin. This material
was later complemented by valuable elements from the lecture notes of Professors
H. Schneekluth (echnische Hochschule Aachen) and H. Linde (Technical University of Berlin), who happened to be both also students and associates of the late
Prof. Strohbusch, and A. FriisP. AndersonJJ Jensen (Technical University of
Denmark). Also, the classical naval architectural books of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) of USA, namely The Principles of Naval
Architecture (EV Lewis, ed.) and Ship Design and Construction (R Taggart and
T Lamb, eds.), were frequently used as references. However, the synthetic nature
of the subject, the rapid developments of shipbuilding science and technology, the
frequent amendment of relevant maritime safety regulations and the rapid development of modern design methods and tools, which to a large extent were coded in
specialized computer software, as well as the peculiarity of educating students in a

Preface

vii

synthetic discipline like ship design demanded a thoroughly thought new structure/
presentation of the books material, apart from the continuous enrichment with contemporary design data.
A major objective of this book and of the associated supportive material is to
cover, as a self-contained information source, the necessary knowledge for students
of naval architecture to approach satisfactorily a ship design project. To some extent, this applies also to young professionals of naval architecture and related disciplines, for whom the access to the necessary technical knowledge and required
data for the study and design of a ship are often limited. Certainly, the rapid growth
of internet in recent years has improved significantly the accessibility to a large
amount of information relevant to the design of ships by search in the www.
A useful State of the Art report on the status of the international marine design education can be found in the following reference: Papanikolaou, A., Kaklis,
P., Andersen, P., Birmingham, R., Sortland, B., Wright, P., State of the Art Report
on Marine Design Education, Proc. 9th International Marine Design ConferenceIMDC06, Ann Arbor-Michigan, May 2006.
The author likes to thank SPRINGER for the efficient cooperation in publishing this work. He is also indebted to his associates MSc Dipl.-Eng. Naval Arch. &
Marine Eng. Aimilia Alisafaki, MSc Dipl.-Eng. Naval Arch. & Marine Eng. George
Papatzanakis, Dr.-Eng. Shukui Liu, Dr.-Eng Eleftheria Eliopoulou and Assoc. Prof.
George Zaraphonitis for their help in the thorough update and translation of this
book into English, and also in checking the final manuscript.
June 2014

Apostolos Papanikolaou
Professor of NTUA
Director of Ship Design Laboratory
http://www.naval.ntua.gr/sdl

Contents

1 General on Ship Design 1

1.1Conventional and Advanced Marine Vehicles 1
1.2Maritime TransportInnovative Design Concepts, Energy
Efficiency and Environmental Impact 4
1.3Introduction to Ship Design 14
1.3.1Main Approach to Ship Design 14
1.3.2Main Phases of Ship Design 16
1.3.3Objectives of Preliminary Design 17
1.3.4Design Procedure: Design Spiral 19
1.3.5Owners Requirements: Statement of Work 27
1.3.6Preliminary Ship Design Methods 34
1.3.7Basic Design Procedures for Main Ship Categories 59
References 66
2Selection of Main Dimensions and Calculation of Basic Ship
Design Values 69
2.1 Preliminary Estimation of Displacement 69
2.2Selection of the Main Dimensions and Form Coefficients 73
2.3 Selection of Length 76
2.3.1 Effect of Length on Resistance 77
2.3.2Effect of Length on the Ships Strength and
Structural Weight 90
2.3.3 Effect of Length on the Outfitting Weight 98
2.3.4Effect of Length on the Weight of Propulsion
System and Fuel Consumption 98
2.3.5Effect of Length on the Exploitation of Spaces and
General Arrangement 99
2.3.6 Other Factors Affecting the Selection of Length 100
2.3.7 Ship Length Estimation Using Empirical Formulas 100
2.4 Slenderness Coefficient L/1/3 114
2.4.1 Influence on the Ships Resistance 114
2.4.2 Effect on the Ships Structure 115
2.4.3 Approximate Values 115
ix

Contents

2.5 Selection of Other Main Dimensions 115

2.6 Selection of Beam 119
2.6.1 Effect of Beam on the Ships Stability 121
2.6.2 Effect of Beam on the Ships Resistance 124
2.6.3 Effect of Beam on the Ships Structural Weight 127
2.6.4 Other Factors Affecting the Selection of the Beam 129
2.7 Selection of the Side Depth 132
2.7.1 Effect of Safety Regulations on Side Depth 132
2.7.2 Effect of Side Depth on Hold Volume and Arrangement 133
2.7.3 Effect of Side Depth on the Ships Stability 133
2.7.4 Effect of Side Depth on the Ships Structural Weight 134
2.8 Selection of the Draft 136
2.8.1 Effect of Draft on Resistance and Propulsion 136
2.8.2 Effect of Draft on Stability 136
2.8.3 Influence of Draft on Seakeeping and Maneuverability 137
2.8.4 Influence of Draft on Strength 138
2.8.5 Effect of Route Limits 138
2.9 Selection of Hull Form Coefficients 140
2.10Selection of Block Coefficient CB and Prismatic Coefficient CP 142
2.10.1 Effect of CP and CB on the Ships Resistance 144
2.10.2 Effect on the Seakeeping Performance 146
2.10.3 Effect on the Construction Cost 147
2.10.4 Effect on the Exploitation of Spaces 148
2.10.5 Effect on the Stability 149
2.10.6 Approximate/Semiempirical Formulas 150
2.11 Midship Section Coefficient C 151
2.11.1 Effect on Resistance 152
2.11.2 Effect on Construction Cost 154
2.11.3 Effect on Space Exploitation 155
2.11.4 Effect on Stability 155
2.11.5 Effect on Seakeeping Performance 156
2.11.6 Approximation Formulas 158
2.12 Waterplane Area Coefficient CWP 160
2.12.1 Effect on Stability 160
2.12.2Effect on Resistance, Propulsion, and Seakeeping
Performance 162
2.12.3 Approximation Formulas 163
2.12.4Conclusions 164
2.13Determination of the Main Dimensions Through the Ship
Design Equation 164
2.14 Preliminary Estimation of Propulsive Power 165
2.15 Estimation of Ship Weights 175
2.15.1 Definitions of Ship Weight Components 175
2.15.2 Initial Estimation of Weights and Their Centroids 177
2.15.3 Factors That Affect the Values of the Weight Coefficients 178

Contents

xi

2.15.4 Structural Weight 185

2.15.5 Weight of Equipment and Outfit 214
2.15.6 Weight of Machinery Installation 231
2.15.7 Analysis of Deadweight DWT 239
2.16 Verification of Displacement 245
2.17 Verification of Holds Capacity 246
2.17.1Definitions 246
2.17.2Calculation of Hold Volume 251
2.18 Verification of Stability and Trim 255
2.18.1 Vertical Position of Buoyancy Center 256
2.18.2 Metacentric Radius 257
2.18.3 Vertical Position of Metacenter 258
2.18.4 Approximation of Stability at Large Inclination Angles 259
2.18.5 Using the Hydrostatic Data of Similar Ships 260
2.18.6 Effect of Changing the Main Dimensions 260
2.18.7 Typical Values of Metacentric Height 262
2.18.8 Verification of Stability 264
2.18.9 Verification of Trim and Bow Height 271
2.19 Freeboard and Sheer 273
2.19.1 Factors Affecting the Freeboard 273
2.19.2 Verification of Freeboard 275
2.19.3Sheer 280
2.19.4Critical Review of the Load Line Regulations 289
References 291
3 Ships Hull Form 293
3.1Distribution of Displacement 295
3.1.1Shape of Sectional Area Curve 295
3.1.2Longitudinal Centre of Buoyancy (LCB) 297
3.1.3Parallel Body Length (LP ) 301
3.1.4Length of Entrance (LE) and Length of Run (LR) of
the Sectional Area Curve 303
3.1.5Angle of Entrance/Run of Sectional Area Curve 305
3.2Form of Waterlines 307
3.3Form of Sections 312
3.3.1Types of Sections 312
3.3.2Midship Section Form 312
3.3.3Form of Bow and Stern Sections 314
3.3.4Bow Sections Below Waterline 316
3.3.5Stern Sections Below Waterline 317
3.3.6Form of Sections Above Waterline 321
3.4Form of Bow 323
3.4.1Types of Bow 323
3.4.2Bulbous Bow  331
3.4.3Parabolic Bow 345

xii

Contents

3.5Form of Stern 347

3.5.1Forms of Stern 347
3.5.2Elliptic or Elevated Stern 349
3.5.3Cruiser Stern 349
3.5.4Transom Stern 353
References 357
4 Naval Architectural Drawings and Plans 359
4.1General 359
4.2Ship Lines Plan 360
4.3Introduction to the Development of Ship Lines Plan 370
4.4Design Based on Data of Systematic Ship Hull Form Series 377
4.5General Arrangement Plan 379
4.6Capacity Plan 389
References 391
5 Machinery Installation, Propulsion and Steering Devices 393
5.1Selection of Main Machinery 393
5.2Selection of Propeller 407
5.3Selection of Rudder 425
References 437
6 Estimation of Building Cost 439
6.1Statement of the Optimization Problem 439
6.2Building Cost Analysis 440
6.3Cost of Built/Processed Steel  442
6.4Cost of Machinery and Propulsive Installation 445
6.5Accommodation/Equipment/Outfitting Cost 446
References 447
Appendix 449
Appendix A: Diagrams of Regression Analysis of Basic Design
Values for Merchant Ships 449
Bulk Carriers 450
OBO Carriers 459
Containerships 462
Tankers 472
Product Carriers 476
Chemical Carriers  482
General Cargo Carriers 485
RORO Cargo Ships 488
RORO Passenger Ferries 493
Single-Hull Fast Ferries 496
Car Carrying Catamarans  499

Contents

xiii

Reefer Ships 501

Passenger/Cruise Ships 505
Offshore Tug/Supply Ships 508
Fishing Vessels 511
References 516
Appendix B: Systematic Hull FormModel Series 517
Wageningen-Lap Series 518
Series 60 Hull FormTodd et al. 519
FORMDATA Series 525
MARAD Series 547
References 560
Appendix C: Determination of Ships Displacement with the
Relational Method of Normand 561
Equation of Displacement for Small Deviations 562
Displacement Equation for Larger Deviations 565
Normands Number 575
Accuracy of the Displacement Equation 580
References 581
Appendix D: Historical Evolution of Shipbuilding 582
Before Christ Era 583
Middle AgesRenaissance 586
Industrial Revolution 587
First Half of the Twentieth Century 593
Second Half of the Twentieth Century 595
Contemporary Period 598
Appendix E: Subdivision and Damage Stability of Ships
Historical Developments and the Way Ahead 610
The Evolution of Deterministic Damage Stability Standards 610
Present Status: Probabilistic Assessment 613
Future Developments of International Regulations and
Concepts: Risk and Goal based standards 616
Conclusions 617
References 620
Index 623