Question: Give an example of 2 characters you have that are controlled (at least in part) by

your genes.
Answer: My eye color and my hair color. Everybody in my family has black hair and brown
eyes.
Other things include how thick your hair is, how fast your nails grow, your nose, eye
shape, etc. Things outside of genes that change you include nature/the environment,
nurture, diet, etc.
Question: Why do scientist study genetics by looking at organisms (such as fruit flies and
plants) with very short reproductive systems.
Answer: I think scientist study genetics by looking at organisms with very short
reproductive systems because they can study many more specimens/generations if they
do this (its fast). However, if they chose to study human genes, they have to wait more than
twenty years between generations. The less time it takes for them to collect data, the more
data they can collect. The more data they can collect, the more information they can learn
and share with the world. (trends, pattern - ex of what they look for)
They can study the off springs of the off springs of the off springs (etc) in a much
shorter amount of time compared to the human cycle of this. Plus, the pattern of fruit fly
genes are almost the same as human genes.
Question: What is a Clone? Give an example of a clone.
Answer: A clone is an organism that is a genetic copy of its ancestor. A clone is created by
another organisms DNA. An example of a clone is Dolly the sheep. Dolly was the first
successful clone of an adult organism created by scientists. Another example is identical
twins. Some species like starfish can regenerate into another starfish if a part of a starfish
gets cut off.
Question: a. How are Sexual and Asexual reproduction the same?
b. How are Sexual and Asexual reproduction different?
Answer: a. They both produce offspring. All offspring have a set of complete set of
chromosomes.
b. Sexual creates a mix of genes from the parents, there are two
parents
Asexual creates a clone of the parent, there is one parent
Question: a. What percentage of your genes do you get from your Mom?
b. What percentage of your genes do you get from your Dad?
Answer: I have 50% of my genes from my mom.
I have 50% of my genes from my dad.

Question: Use a punnett square to show why a homozygous dominant black rabbit and a
homozygous recessive white rabbit will always produce black leverets?
Answer:
B

Bw

Bw

Bw

Bw

The Black gene is Dominant, so as long as the black gene is present in the offspring, it will
be black
The black gene can only give one type of gene, the black dominant gene. The white gene
gene can only give one type of gene, the white recessive gene.
Their offspring will always be heterozygous.
Question: Explain why a homozygous dominant wrinkled-scaled twizzlenut eater will never
have offspring with flat scales.
Answer: Because the parents will only give off the dominant gene. They only have one type
of gene to pass on. Therefore, unless they cross breed, there will never be a flat scaled
twizzlenut.
Question: Write a sentence that shows the relationship between: Chromosomes
(structure), DNA (Bricks), and genes (Walls)
.
Answer: Genes are units of information in an organisms chromosomes that are passed
from the parents DNA to the offsprings DNA.
Question: Name the 5 phrases of Mitosis we discussed. Name one of the things that
happens in each stage.
Answer: Please Make A Tiny Cell
1. Prophase - DNA coils therefore chromosomes become visible, nuclear membrane
disappears
2. Metaphase - Chromosomes line up along the equator, spindle fibers appear and attach to
centromeres
3. Anaphase - Chromosomes get pulled apart by the spindle fibers
4. Telophase - Chromosomes begin to uncoil, new nuclear membrane starts to form
5. Cytokinesis - Cell splits into two daughter cells and mitosis is complete
Question: How are Mitosis and Meiosis the same?
How are they different?

Answer: They both are a type of cell division, and they both create daughter cells.
Meiosis creates sex cells which have only 23 chromosomes. Mitosis creates
somatic cells which have all 46 chromosomes.

Question: Give two facts about DNA

Answer: DNA has the power to give physical traits to every organism.
DNA makes up genes.
Holds your genetic info
Deoxyribonucleic Acid - what DNA is made out of
The shape of DNA is a double helix (a twisted ladder)
Made up of 4 chemicals

Question: a. One parent is Type AB- blood, the other parent is Type AB+. Could they have
a child who is Type 0-? Explain your answer
b. If I am Type B+ blood could either parent give me blood if I needed it?
Answer: a. No because someone who has AB blood, no matter what rh, does not have a O
allele. This is because this person already has two alleles. The only difference is that AB is
codominant.
A

AA

AB

AB

BB

b. No because the parent has antigens that would not work for the B+ blood.

Test Review
Section 54 - Investigating Human Traits

o Individuals have many traits that are similar and many traits that are different
o Our genes come from our parents; Many times we look like one parent or the
other or a blend of both. Sometimes we dont look like them at all.
Section 55 - Plants Have Genes, Too!
o Traits are inherited from parent and are passed in things called genes.
o All organisms have gene and inherited traits.
o In this section we planted our seeds and predicted what color the sprouts
would be.
Section 56 - Joes Dilemma
o Marfans Syndrome caused by a problem in a gene on chromosome 15.
o Results in some or all of the following: Problems with connective tissue, can
affect the heart and blood vessels, can can cause death, people with it are
quite tall and have long slender arms, legs and faces. Must be careful of
physical activity.
o Testing for genetic traits can create difficult decisions for people and families.
Section 57 - Copycat
o Organisms reproduce to create new members of the species
o Sexual and Asexual reproduction are two forms of reproduction; Be able to
identify them and or give examples.
o Asexual

One parent - The offspring is a copy

Examples: Cell division, Cloning, Budding, Regeneration

o Cloning - Creating a genetic copy

Twins in Nature vs Twins in a lab

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer. ( Think Dolly the Sheep and Mimi the
Mouse)

o Sexual

Two Parents - The offspring is a combination of both parents

Examples - Sperm and Egg combining, Pollen from one flower is

placed by a bee on another flower.

Section 58 - Creature Feature

o We met Poppy and Skye and learned about their kids and grandkids.
o Genes determine traits and organisms have two genes for each trait. In
sexual reproduction you get one from Mom and one from Dad.
o As a result, traits can be hidden in an organism of even a generation because
the trait is recessive and this does not show.
o Dominant genes will cause a trait to be seen in an organism or generation.
Section 59 - Gene Combo
o We used coins to create a model of how combinations of genes are passed
from parents to offspring.
o We learned that a certain ratio exists when a trait is dominant over another,
and we cross parent will certain combinations of genes.
Units of Measurement - Review
Measurements of

Mass - Grams

Distance - Meters

Volume -

or metric variations of these

o Liters
o Cubic measurements ( for example: cm3)

Density = Mass

Volume

Section 60 - Mendel, First Geneticist

o Gregor Mendel was an Austrian Monk who was passionate about the study of plants
and wanted to understand how traits were controlled and passed to offspring.
o He studied pea plants and found that certain characteristics come in two forms and,
often, one form was stronger than another. We call the chemically stronger one
Dominant and the chemically weaker one Recessive.
o Mendel observed that if a Homozygous Dominant plant was crossed with a
Homozygous Recessive plant all of the offspring show the dominant trait. Mendel
then noticed that when two Heterozygous plants are crossed, the offspring show the
dominant trait and the recessive trait in a 3:1 ratio
o Allele: One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are
found at the same place on a chromosome.

Section 63 - Show Me The Genes

Mitosis: Cell division that creates new cells with complete copies of the
chromosomes.

Please Make A Tiny Cell

Prophase - DNA coils: chromosomes appear. Nuclear membrane disappears.

Copies of chromosomes are connected at centromere

Metaphase - Chromosomes line up along the equator. Spindle fibers appear and
attach to centromeres

Anaphase - Chromosomes get pulled apart

Telophase - New Nuclear Membranes begin to form. Chromosomes begin to uncoil

Cytokinesis - The two daughter cells form and the division is complete

o Chromosomes come in pairs and genes one one chromosome match the genes on
the other chromosome of that pair.

~Meiosis : Creates sex cells which have 23 chromosomes for humans as opposed to the
46 chromosomes in a somatic cell.
~Karyotype: the visual appearance of chromosomes in a cells nucleus. They are often
numbered and put into a chart
~Name three types of information you can get from a Karyotype:

Female or Male

If they have a disease in which they are missing or have an extra chromosome

Using the bands, you can tell if certain genes or chemicals are there

Blood and Blood Typing:

~ antigens: A chemical that attaches to the blood cell

affects the blood in certain situations

RH: if RH is present then your blood type is Positive

if RH is absent then your blood type is Negative
RH is Dominant
this applies to all types of blood
Like many other traits, you have two alleles in your blood
therefore you have a chance to be 2 blood types (see Guide to the Lost Children)

Gene Make Up

Adenine and Thymine: always together

Guanine and Cytosine: always together

Blood Type

Can Give To

Can Get From

O-

ALL
O-, O+, A-, A+,
B-, B+, AB-, AB+

O-

O+

O+, A+,
B+, AB+

O-, O+

A-

A-, A+,
AB-, AB+

O-, A-

A+

A+, AB+

O-, O+, A-, A+

B-

B-, B+,
AB-, AB+

O-, B-

B+

B+, AB+

O-, O+, B-, B+

AB-

AB-, AB +

O-, A-, B-, AB-

AB+

AB+

ALL
O-, O+, A-, A+,
B-, B+, AB-, AB+

Cells with foreign antigens or rh will be blocked by the bodys immune system.