Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
diameters between 5 and 10 A (molecular sieves). The extremely small pores allow only certain
molecules to reach the catalytically active sites, making these catalysts typically very selective.
L22L22-1
Typical uses: hydrocarbon cracking and support for noble metals (many examples).
ZSM-5
L22L22-2
Catalyst Supports
L22L22-3
Nickel clusters
Desired qualities:
high
high
high
SiO2
pellets
extruded pellets
spheres
granules
rings
spoked wheels
Catalyst Design
L22L22-5
The
Thedevelopment
developmentof
ofcatalysts
catalystsisisstill
stilllargely
largelyaablack
blackart
artrather
rather
than
thanaascientific
scientificendeavor
endeavor
almost
almostall
allindustrial
industrialcatalysts
catalystshave
havebeen
beenfound
foundby
by
painstaking
painstakingtrial-and-error
trial-and-errorprocedures
proceduresrather
ratherthan
than
thoughtful
thoughtfulscientific
scientificdesign!
design!
Most technical catalysts contain a large number of components (as support, active
components, structural and/or mechanical stabilizers etc).
Catalyst recipes are among the best kept secrets in the chemical industry.
Catalyst Deactivation
L22L22-6
agglomeration
Catalyst pore:
time
8
interparticle transport
pore occlusion
1
a s (t ) =
1 + kst
d (a s )
= k s a s2
dt
with:
k s = As exp( E s / T )
k CA
rA = (k C A ) as =
1 + ks t
10
600oC
1000oC
1300oC
12
A+S
AS
BS
undesired reaction
P+S
surface complex PS does not react further
removes active sites from use
Poison P typically trace contaminant in feed
generally irreversible
modeled by power law kinetics
=>
-state !!!!
=>catalytic
catalyticreactors
reactorsdo
donot
not(really)
(really)operate
operateat
atsteady
steady-state
13
Catalytic reforming:
deactivation due to coking
Alloying the catalyst
quite successful!
14