Design for Static Load

Objective

Strengthen the knowledge: static and strength of material.

Know how to do analysis on component under static load
Find the relationship between these topics
Know how to use Table in appendix A

Notation
Axis: Right Hand Rule
To maintain the position of X, Y and Z axis

To show the rotation direction of Moment and Torsion

Force: arrow with single head

Eg: Fx = 10 kN, Fy = 20 kN and Fz = 30 kN
F = (10i + 20j + 30k) kN
FY

FZ

Static load design

Fx

Moment and torsion: arrow with two head on direction of rotation.

Eg: Mx = 10 Nm, My = 20 Nm and Mz = 30 Nm
M = (10i + 20j + 30k) Nm

My

Mx
Mz

Are torsion and moment same and why they are named differently?

My

Mx

Mz

`
My

Mx
Mz

Static load design

Static:

0
y

Discuss the following problem

Static load design

Based on T, which one has higher force value (F1 or F2). If pulley
diameter is D, find F1 in function of D and T.

Find F1 in function of D (sprocket diameter) and d (pulley diameter)

Static load design

F=600 N
F=600 N
Chain
Sprocket

Pulley

F2
Shaft rotated at
350 rpm (ccw)
F1=1.75F2

Ball Bearing
V-Belt

Isometric View

1.

3-80 pp 140

2.

3-84 pp 140

Static load design

3.

3-68 pp 137

FBD Figure 3-72, 3-73

Static load design

INDETERMINATE PROBLEM

Static load design

STRESS ANALYSIS
Axial Load (P)

Axial Stress

P
A

A: cross sectional area

P

Stresses on element

Shear load (V) : can be neglected when the part is subjected to

bending or torsion

Transverse shear stress

V
A

A: cross sectional area

V

Static load design

Moment
Bending stress

Mc M

I
Z

c: distance from the center axis

I: second moment of area (last page, Table
A-6 to A-8 pp1008 - 1012)
Z: section modulus (Table A-6 to A-8)

Stresses on element

Static load design

Torsion

Shear Stress

Tr
J

R: distance from center axis

J: second polar of moment
inertia

Note:
In design we are responsible our design is safe against failure.
Therefore, parameters such A, I, Z and J play important role as well
as the loads themselves.

Note
We should identify the most critical element in order to proceed with
our analysis.
We should calculate the maximum stresses resulted from stress on
the element of the most the critical position. How?

Static load design

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Compounded Load

P
M

Compounded

B, D

B, D

B, D

Which element is most critical and why?

Static load design

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T
M

Compounded

B, D

B, D

B, D

Which element is most critical and why?

Static load design

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M2
M1

M1
M2

M1

M2

Compounded

B, D

B, D

B, D

Which element is most critical and why?

Static load design

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Mohr Circle

Mohr Circle is used to represent graphically the state of stress on the

entire structure.

Element

xy

sxy

Refer to Eq 3-13, 3-14 pp 77, 78 to calculate the principal stress

Read Mohr Circle background theory: Section 3-6 (pp 70 84)

Static load design

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STATIC FAILURE THEORIES (Chap 5)

Ductile materials (yield criteria)
Maximum shear stress (MSS): Sec 5-4 pp 211
Distortion energy (DE): Sec 5-5 pp 213
Ductile Coulomb-Mohr (DCM): Sec 5-6 pp 219
Brittle materials
Maximum normal stress (MNS) Sec 5-8
Brittle Coulomb-Mohr (BCM) Sec 5-9
Modified Mohr (MM) Sec 5-9

Maximum shear stress Theory (MSS)

Yielding begins whenever the maximum shear stress in any element
equals or exceeds the maximum shear stress in a tension test
specimen of the same material when that specimen begins to yield.

LIMIT DUE TO SHEAR

LIMIT DUE YIELDING

Syt

Syc

Static load design

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Therefore, any Mohr

circle generated from
the most critical element
must lie inside this limit
Syt

Syc

Syc

Syt

Failure occurs when the Mohr

circle lies outside the limits

When the limits are plot

against sa and
Case1: when sa
Case2: when sa
Case3: when sa

sb.
and sb are +ve
is +ve and sb is ve
and sb are -ve

Static load design

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QB

Sy

Case 1

Syc
Sy

QA

Case 2
Syc

Case 3

Static load design

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Distortion Energy Theory (DE)

The effective stress is called Von Misses

' A2 A B B2
' x2 x y y2 3 xy2
If sy = 0

' x2 3 xy2
Therefore failure happens when s > Sy.
To plot the graph sa against sb for DE Theory, s = Sy.

QB
Sy

Syc
Sy

QA

Syc

Static load design

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sB
Sy

Load Line
Syc
Sy

sA

Pure Shear Ln
Syc

Load line and its meaning on MSS and DE.

Line when it is drawn from (0, 0) to another point and this line across
the (sa, sb) of the Mohr Circle of the element.
Intersection between load line and the MSS and DE Curve: point of
yielding according the theories defn. Any stresses exceed these
intersecting point is considered fail due to yielding ( FS < 1 ).
Before the intersection point ( FS > 1)
At the intersection point (FS = 1)
Beyond the intersection point ( FS < 1 ) NO GO
Pure Shear Line
When the element is subject to shear only. The intersection of this
line with MSS and DE curve will remark the relationship between yield
stress and shear yield stress. There
MSS : Ssy = 0.5 Sy
DE: Ssy = 0.577 Sy

Static load design

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Static failure using mathematical approach

Three-dimensional Stresses (Section 3-7 pp 82)

xy

s3

s2

s1
sxy

Principal Stresses
Maximum Shear Stress

s3 < s2 < s1

When there is no pressure, sz is equal to zero, therefore one of

principal stress must equal to zero.

Static load design

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What is the value of s3, s2, s1 and max for a, b and c?

MSST theory

Maximum shear

max

Allowable shear stress

Safety factor

1 3

S sy

2
Sy

2n

Sy

1 3

DET

Static load design

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Total stress

' x2 3 xy2
' A2 A B B2

Safety factor

Sy

'

*NOTE
Please differentiate between

stresses on element

2D Principal stresses

3D Principal stresses

x , xy

A, B
1, 2 , 3

Brittle Material
Static load design

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Static load design

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Note:
Please take note of the following appendix
(All the tables on the appendices should be at your finger tips)
Table A-6 to A-8

Table A-9

Static load design

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Table A-18

Table A-20 to A-22

Static load design

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