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Abstract
There is a clear advantage to drilling if we could strengthen
the wellbore and drill at higher mud weights without losing
fluid. A major prize is accessing difficult reserves in depleted
reservoirs. Another application is in deep water drilling where
the drilling window between pore pressure and fracture
gradient is often narrow. This paper describes the approach
taken by BP to produce a designer mud which effectively
increases fracture resistance whilst drilling, and which can be
applied in both shale and sandstone. It works by forming a
stress cage using particle bridging and an ultra-low fluid loss
mud system. The theory is described and laboratory data show
how the fluid system was developed. Field data are shown
which quantify the increase in fracture resistance and
demonstrate the value of the system. Logistics issues are
discussed.
Introduction
Mud losses are a frequent problem encountered during
drilling. Induced losses occur when the mud weight, required
for well control and to maintain a stable wellbore, exceeds the
fracture resistance of the formations. A particular challenge is
the case of depleted reservoirs. There is a drop in pore
pressure as the reserves decline, which weakens hydrocarbonbearing rocks, but neighbouring or inter-bedded low
permeability rocks (shales) may maintain their pore pressure.
This can make the drilling of certain depleted zones virtually
impossible - the mud weight required to support the shale
exceeds the fracture resistance of the sands and silts. The
potential prize is clear if we could devise a way to strengthen
the weak zones and thereby access these difficult reserves. In
fact, the value of wellbore strengthening is much more wideranging and includes the following applications/benefits:
Access to additional reserves (depleted zones)
Reduced mud losses in deepwater drilling
Loss avoidance when running casing or cementing
Improved well control
IADC/SPE 87130
P =
w
E
8
R
(1
IADC/SPE 87130
IADC/SPE 87130
IADC/SPE 87130
IADC/SPE 87130
Pt
a fracture forms
bridging particles
and mud cake seal
quickly at the fracture
mouth
Pp
WellBore
Bore
PPmm Well
Pm = Mud pressure
For stability
Pt ~ P p < Pm
Pp = Pore pressure
3000psi prime
(from gas bottle)
Safety Valve
Back Pressure
(set to 0psi for this test)
Back Pressure Regulator
Gas Pressure
Intensifier System
(7000psi)
Line
Leak-Off Lines
Top & Bottom
Line
Safety Valve
Heaters
Heater Controller
Dump Valve
& Pot
Pressure Transducers
Front, Middle & Back of Cell
(connected to digital displays)
Mud Collection
Vessel
Digital Displays
Digital
Balance
IADC/SPE 87130
3.0
2000
2000
1800
1800
2.0
1200
1.5
1000
800
1mm
0.5mm
0mm
1.0
P1
P2
P3
0.5
600
400
1600
1400
InjectionPressure (psi)
1400
2.5
1600
1200
1000
800
Pressure remains low in fracture
600
400
200
200
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.0
350
0
0
50
100
150
Injection Pressure
P1
P2
200
250
300
P3
Injection
P1
P2
P3
Figure 5: Designer oil mud laboratory test using 0.3mD rock. Test at 60C
fracture tapering from 1mm to zero; 60/40 o/w ratio, 1.13SG mud with
HTHP fluid loss of 0.2 mls at 60C. Mud contains 50ppb barite, 5ppb
sim. drill solids (clay), 15ppb graphitic, 18ppb calcium carbonate A
and 18ppb calcium carbonate B.
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
Additive
d10
(microns)
D50
(microns)
D90
(microns)
Carbonate A
80
154
280
Carbonate B
384
542
716
Graphitic
160
360
660
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Time (minutes)
Injection Pressure
350
Time (minutes)
Time (minutes)
P1, P2, P3
Figure 6: Designer oil mud laboratory test using zero permeability (sealed) rock.
Test at 60C, fracture tapering from 1mm to 0.5mm; oil mud as in Fig. 5.
IADC/SPE 87130
2500
2000
1500
Base Mud
Designer Mud
1000
500
0
0
10
15
20
time (mins)
Figure 7: Extended leak off field test in shale using designer mud
Depth (m TVDBRT)
Mud Weight
Sand/Silt FG
400
Sand/Silt FG
400
Overburden
Overburden
20
800
800
Shale FG
Shale FG
1200
13 3/8
FIT
Pore Pressure
Pore Pressure
1600
1600
Mud Weight
FIT
2000
2000
9 5/8
2400
2400
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0