Toledo, Spain - Group of Autors

14/3/2016
Toledo,SpainWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Toledo,Spain
Coordinates:
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
395124N4128W
Forotheruses,seeToledo(disambiguation).
Toledo(Spanish:[toleo])isamunicipalitylocatedincentralSpain,
Toledo
70kmsouthofMadrid.ItisthecapitaloftheprovinceofToledoand
City
theautonomouscommunityofCastileLaMancha.Itwasdeclared
aWorldHeritageSitebyUNESCOin1986foritsextensiveculturaland
monumentalheritageandhistoricalcoexistence
ofChristian,MuslimandJewishcultures.
Toledoisknownasthe"ImperialCity"forhavingbeenthemainvenue
ofthecourtofCharlesI,andasthe"CityoftheThreeCultures",having
beeninfluencedbyahistoricalcoexistenceofChristians,Muslims
andJews.In1085,thecityfelltoAlfonsoVIofCastileasthefirstmajor
cityintheChristianReconquista.Toledohasahistoryintheproduction
ToledoatsunriseTheAlczarontheleft
andCathedralontherightdominatethe
skyline
ofbladedweapons,whicharenowpopularsouvenirsofthecity.
PeoplewhowerebornorhavelivedinToledoincludeBrunhildaof
Austrasia,AlZarqali,GarcilasodelaVega,EleanorofToledo,Alfonso
Flag
XandElGreco.Itwasalsotheplaceofimportanthistoriceventssuch
Coatofarms
astheVisigothicCouncilsofToledo.Asof2015,thecityhasa
populationof83,226[1]andanareaof232.1km2(89.6sqmi).
Contents[hide]
1 Coatofarms
2 History
Toledo
2.1 Antiquity
2.2 VisigothicToledo
2.3 ToledounderArabrule
2.4 MedievalToledoaftertheReconquest
2.5 ModernEra
3 Climate
4 Economy
LocationofToledowithintheCastileLaMancha
4.1 Unemployment
5 Politics
6 Culture
6.1 Toledosteel
6.2 Gastronomy
Toledo
6.3 Holidays
7 Mainsights
8 Infrastructure
8.1 Roads
8.2 Rail
9 Health
10 Sport
LocationofToledowithinSpain
Coordinates:
395124N4128W
11 Media
Country
12 Gallery
Autonomous
Community
Province
Comarca
Partidojudicial
Spain
CastileLa
Mancha
Toledo
Toledo
Toledo
Settled
PreRoman
13 Inpopularculture
14 Internationalrelations
14.1 TwintownsSistercities
15 Seealso
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Spain
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16 References
16.1 Notes
Government
Mayor
MilagrosToln(PSOE)
17 Furtherreading
Area
Land
232.1km2 (89.6sqmi)
Elevation
529m(1,736ft)
18 Externallinks
Coatofarms
Population(2012)INE
Total
84,019
[ edit ]
Mainarticle:CoatofarmsofToledo(Spain)
Thetownwasgrantedarmsinthe16thcentury,whichbyspecialroyal
Postcode
Areacode(s)
4500145009
+34
Website
http://www.ayto
toledo.org/
privilegewasbasedontheroyalofarmsofSpain.
History
[ edit ]
Antiquity
[ edit ]
Toledo(Latin:Toletum)ismentionedbytheRomanhistorianLivy(ca.59BCE17CE)
asurbsparva,sedlocomunita(asmallcity,butfortifiedbylocation).Roman
generalMarcusFulviusNobiliorfoughtabattlenearthecityin193BCEagainsta
confederationofCeltictribesincludingtheVaccaei,Vettones,andCeltiberi,defeating
themandcapturingakingcalledHilermus.[2][3]Atthattime,Toletumwasacityof
theCarpetanitribe,andpartoftheregionofCarpetania.[4]Itwasincorporatedintothe
RomanEmpireasacivitasstipendiaria,thatis,atributarycityofnoncitizens.Itlater
achievedthestatusofmunicipiumbyFlaviantimes.[5]Withthisstatus,cityofficials,
evenofCarpetaniorigin,obtainedRomancitizenshipforpublicservice,andtheforms
ofRomanlawandpoliticswereincreasinglyadopted.[6]Atapproximatelythistimewere
constructedinToletumaRomancircus,citywalls,publicbaths,andamunicipalwater
PuertadelSol,Collotype
1889
supplyandstoragesystem.[7]
TheRomancircusinToledowasoneofthelargestinHispania,at423metres(1,388feet)longand100metres(330
feet)wide,withatrackdimensionof408metres(1,339feet)longand86metres(282feet)wide.[7]Chariotraceswere
heldonspecialholidaysandwerealsocommissionedbyprivatecitizenstocelebratecareerachievements.A
fragmentarystoneinscriptionrecordscircusgamespaidforbyacitizenofunknownnametocelebratehisachieving
thesevirate,akindofpriesthoodconferringhighstatus.Archaeologistshavealsoidentifiedportionsofaspecialseatof
thesortusedbythecityelitestoattendcircusgames,calledasellacurulis.Thecircuscouldholdupto15000
spectators.[7]
DuringRomantimes,Toledowasneveraprovincialcapitalnoraconventus
iuridicus.[8]Itstartedtogainimportanceinlateantiquity.Thereareindications
thatlargeprivatehouses(domus)withinthecitywallswereenlarged,while
severallargevillaswerebuiltnorthofthecitythroughthethirdandfourth
centuries.[9]Gameswereheldinthecircusintothelatefourthandearlyfifth
centuriesC.E.,alsoanindicationofactivecitylifeandongoingpatronageby
wealthyelites.[10]AchurchcouncilwasheldinToledointheyear400todiscuss
RemainsofRomancircusatToledo.
theconflictwithPriscillianism.[11]AsecondcouncilofToledowasheldin527.
TheVisigothickingTheudiswasinToledoin546,wherehepromulgatedalaw.
ThisisstrongthoughnotcertainevidencethatToledowasthechiefresidence
forTheudis.[8]KingAthanagilddiedinToledo,probablyin568.AlthoughTheudisandAthangildbasedthemselvesin
Toledo,ToledowasnotyetthecapitalcityoftheIberianpeninsula,asTheudisandAthangild'spowerwaslimitedin
extent,theSuevirulingGaliciaandlocalelitesdominatingLusitania,Betica,andCantabria.[12][13]Thischanged
withLiuvigild(Leovigild),whobroughtthepeninsulaunderhiscontrol.TheVisigothsruledfromToledountil
theMoorsconqueredtheIberianpeninsulaintheearlyyearsof8thcentury(711719).
VisigothicToledo
[ edit ]
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AseriesofchurchcouncilswasheldinToledoundertheVisigoths.AsynodofArianbishopswasheldin580todiscuss
theologicalreconciliationwithNiceneChristianity.[14]Liuvigild'ssuccessor,Reccared,hostedthethirdcouncilofToledo,
atwhichtheVisigothickingsabandonedArianismandreconciledwiththeexistingHispanoRomanepiscopate.[15]A
synodheldin610transferredthemetropolitanateoftheoldprovinceofCarthaginensisfromCartagenatoToledo.[16]At
thattime,CartagenawasruledbytheByzantines,andthismoveensuredacloserrelationbetweenthebishopsof
SpainandtheVisigothickings.KingSisebutforcedJewsintheVisigothickingdomtoconverttoChristianitythisactwas
criticizedandeffortsweremadetoreverseitattheFourthCouncilofToledoin633.[17]TheFifthandSixthCouncilsof
ToledoplacedchurchsanctionsonanyonewhowouldchallengetheVisigothickings.[18]TheSeventhCouncilof
Toledoinstitutedarequirementthatallbishopsintheareaofaroyalcity,thatis,ofToledo,mustresideforonemonth
peryearinToledo.Thiswasastagein"theelevationofToledoastheprimatialseeofthewholechurchofthe
Visgothickingdom".[19]Inaddition,theseventhcouncildeclaredthatanyclergyfleeingthekingdom,assisting
conspiratorsagainsttheking,oraidingconspirators,wouldbeexcommunicatedandnooneshouldremovethis
sentence.ThebanonlifingthesesentencesofexcommunicationwasliftedattheEighthCouncilofToledoin653,at
which,forthefirsttime,decisionsweresignedbypalaceofficialsaswellasbishops.[20]
TheeighthcouncilofToledotookmeasuresthatenhancedToledo'ssignificanceasthecenterofroyalpowerinthe
Iberianpeninsula.Thecouncildeclaredthattheelectionofanewkingfollowingthedeathoftheoldoneshouldonly
takeplaceintheroyalcity,orwherevertheoldkingdied.[21]Inpracticethishandedthepowertochoosekingstoonly
suchpalaceofficialsandmilitarycommanderswhowereinregularattendanceontheking.Thedecisionalsotookking
makingpowerawayfromthebishops,whowouldbeintheirownseesandwouldnothavetimetocometogetherto
attendtheroyalelection.ThedecisiondidallowthebishopofToledo,aloneamongbishops,tobeinvolvedindecisions
concerningtheroyalVisigothicsuccession.Theninthandtenthcouncilswereheldinrapidsuccessionin655and
656.[21]
WhenReccesuinthdiedin672athisvillainGerticos,hissuccessorWambawaselectedonthespot,thenwentto
ToledotobeanointedkingbythebishopofToledo,accordingtotheprocedureslaidoutinpriorchurchcouncils.[22]In
673,WambadefeatedarebeldukenamedPaul,andheldhisvictoryparadeinToledo.Theparadeincludedritual
humiliationandscalpingofthedefeatedPaul.[23]WambacarriedoutrenovationworksinToledoin674675,marking
thesewithinscriptionsabovethecitygatesthatarenolongerextantbutwererecordedintheeighth
century.[24]TheEleventhCouncilofToledowasheldin675underkingWamba.Wambaweakenedthepowerofthe
bishopofToledobycreatinganewbishopricoutsideToledoatthechurchofSaintsPeterandPaul.Thiswasoneof
themainchurchesofToledoandwasthechurchwhereWambawasanointedking,andthechurchfromwhich
VisigothickingsdepartedforwarafterspecialceremoniesinwhichtheywerepresentedwitharelicoftheTrueCross.
Bycreatinganewbishopricthere,WambaremovedpoweroverroyalsuccessionfromthebishopofToledoand
grantedittothenewbishop.[25]TheTwelfthCouncilofToledowasheldin681afterWamba'sremovalfromoffice.
Convincedthathewasdying,Wambahadacceptedastateofpenitencethataccordingtothedecisionofaprevious
churchcouncil,madehiminelegibletoremainking.TheTwelfthCouncil,ledbynewlyinstalledbishopJulianconfirmed
thevalidityofWamba'sremovalfromofficeandhissuccessionbyErvig.TheTwelfthCouncileliminatedthenew
bishopricthatWambahadcreatedandreturnedthepowersoversuccessiontothebishopofToledo.[26]
TheTwelfthCouncilofToledoapproved28lawsagainsttheJews.JulianofToledo,despiteaJewishorigin,was
stronglyantiSemiticasreflectedinhiswritingsandactivities.[27]TheleadingJewsofToledowereassembledinthe
churchofSaintMaryonJanuary27,681,wherethenewlawswerereadouttothem.
TheThirteenth,Fourteenth,andFifteenthCouncilsofToledowereheldin683,684,and688.TheThirteenthCouncil
restoredpropertyandlegalrightstothosewhohadrebelledagainstKingWambain673.[28]TheThirteenthCouncil
alsoapprovedlawsprotectingtheking'sfamilyaftertheking'sdeath.In687,Ervigtookthepenitentstatebeforedying,
andthekingshippassedtoEgica,whowasanointedkinginToledoonNovember24.[29]In688,theFifteenthCouncil
liftedthebanontakingpropertyfromthefamiliesofformerkings,whereuponEgicawasabletoplunderErvig'sfamily
properties.[30]
Inthelateseventhcentury,ToledobecameamaincenterofliteracyandwritingintheIberianpeninsula.Toledo's
developmentasacenteroflearningwasinfluencedbyIsidoreofSeville,anauthorandadvocateofliteracywho
attendedseveralchurchcouncilsinToledo.[31]KingChindasuinthhadaroyallibraryinToledo,andatleastonecount
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calledLaurentiushadaprivatelibrary.[32]Sometimebefore651,ChindasuinthsentthebishopofZaragoza,Taio,to
RometoobtainbooksthatwerenotavailableinToledo.Taioobtained,atleast,partsofpopeGregory'sMoralia.[33]The
libraryalsocontainedacopyofaHexameronbyDracontius,whichChindasuinthlikedsomuchthathe
commissionedEugeniusIItoreviseitbyaddinganewpartdealingwiththeseventhdayofcreation.[34]Chindasuinth
issuedlawsthatweregatheredtogetherinabookcalledLiberIudiciorumbyhissuccessorReccesuinthin654this
bookwasrevisedtwice,widelycopied,andwasanimportantinfluenceonmedievalSpanishlaw.[35]Threebishopsof
ToledowroteworksthatwerewidelycopiedanddisseminatedinwesternEuropeandpartsofwhichsurvivetothis
day:EugeniusII,Ildefonsus,andJulian.[36]"InintellectualtermstheleadingSpanishchurchmenoftheseventhcentury
hadnoequalsbeforetheappearanceofBede."[37]
In693,theSixteenthCouncilofToledocondemnedSisebert,Julian'ssuccessorasbishopofToledo,forhavingrebelled
againstKingEgicainalliancewithLiuvigoto,thewidowofkingErvig.[38]ArebelkingcalledSuniefredseizedpowerin
Toledobrieflyataboutthistime.WhetherornotSisebert'sandSuniefred'srebellionswerethesameorseparateis
unknown.SuniefredisknownonlyfromhavingmintedcoinsinToledoduringwhatshouldhavebeenEgica's
reign.[39]TheSeventeenthCouncilofToledowasheldin694.TheEighteenthCouncilofToledo,thelastone,took
placeshortlyafterEgica'sdeatharound702or703.[40]
BytheendoftheseventhcenturythebishopofToledowastheleaderoftheSpanishbishops,asituationunusualin
Europe:"ThemetropolitanbishopsofToledohadachievedbythelastquarteroftheseventhcenturyanauthorityanda
primacythatwasuniqueinWesternEurope.Noteventhepopecouldcountonsuchsupportfromneighbouring
metropolitans."[37]Toledo"hadbeenmatchedbynoothercityinwesternEuropeoutsideItalyasthegovernmentaland
symboliccenterofapowerfulmonarchy."[41]Toledohad"emergedfromrelativeobscuritytobecomethepermanent
governmentalcentreoftheVisigothicmonarchyatruecapital,whoseonlyequivalentinwesternEuropewastobe
LombardPavia."[42]
WhenWittizadiedaround710,RudericbecameVisigothickinginToledo,butthekingdomwassplit,asarival
kingAchilaruledTarraconensisandNarbonensis.[43]Meanwhile,ArabicandBerbertroopsunderMusaibnNusayrhad
conqueredTangiersandCeutabetween705and710,andcommencedraidsintotheVisigothickingdomin
711.[44]Rudericledanarmytoconfronttheraiders.Hewasdefeatedandkilledinbattle,apparentlyafterbeing
betrayedbyVisigothicnobleswhowishedtoreplacehimaskinganddidnotconsidertheArabsandBerbersaserious
threat.ThecommanderoftheinvadingforceswasTariqbinZiyad,aLuwataBerberfreedmanintheserviceof
governorMusa.[45]ItispossiblethatakingcalledOpparuledinToledobetweenRuderic'sdeathandthefallof
Toledo.[46]Tariq,seizingtheopportunitypresentedbythedeathofRudericandtheinternaldivisionsoftheVisigothic
nobles,capturedToledo,in711or712.[47]GovernorMusadisembarkedinCdizandproceededtoToledo,wherehe
executednumerousVisigothicnobles,thusdestroyingmuchoftheVisigothicpowerstructure.[48][49]Collinssuggests
thattheVisigothicemphasisonToledoasthecenterofroyalceremonybecameaweakness.Sincethekingwas
choseninoraroundToledo,bynoblesbasedinToledo,andhadtobeanointedkingbythebishopofToledoina
churchinToledo,whenTariqcapturedToledoandexecutedtheVisigothicnobles,havingalreadykilledtheking,there
wasnowayfortheVisigothstoselectalegitimateking.[50][51]
ToledounderArabrule
[ edit ]
Soonaftertheconquest,MusaandTariqreturnedtoDamascus.TheArabcenterofadministrationwasplacedfirstin
Seville,thenmovedtoCordoba.WithmostoftherestoftheIberianpeninsula,ToledowasruledfromCordobaby
thegovernorofAlAndalus,undertheultimatenotionalcommandoftheOmeyyadCaliphinDamascus.Arab
conquerorshadoftenreplacedformercapitalcitieswithnewonestomarkthechangeinpoliticalpower,andtheydid
sohere:"ToledosufferedaperiodofprofounddeclinethroughoutmuchoftheearliercenturiesofArabdominancein
thepeninsula."[52]Theinvaderswereethnicallydiverse,andavailableevidencesuggeststhatintheareaofToledo,
BerbersettlementpredominatedoverArab.[53]
In742theBerbersinAlAndalusrebelledagainsttheArabOmeyyadgovernors.Theytookcontrolofthenorthand
marchedsouth,layingsiegetoToledo.AfterasiegeofonemonththeBerbertroopsweredefeatedoutsideToledoby
troopssentfromCordobabythegovernorAbdalMalikibnKatanandcommandedbythegovernor'sson.[54]However,
whileIbnKatan'stroopswereengagedwiththeBerbers,hisAraballiesbetrayedandkilledhimandtookoverCordoba.
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AftertheArabs'firstleader,TalamaibnSalama,died,YusufalFihribecamerulerofAlAndalus.TheOmeyyaddynasty
inDamascuscollapsedandYusufruledindependentlywiththesupportofhisSyrianArabforces.TheQaysArab
commanderAsSumaylwasmadegovernorofToledounderYusufaround753.[55]
ThereisevidencethatToledoretaineditsimportanceasaliteraryandecclesiasticalcenterintothemiddle700s,in
theChronicleof754,thelifeofSaintIldefonsusbyCixila,andecclesiasticalletterssentfromToledo.[56]Theeighth
centurybishopofToledo,Cixila,wrotealifeofSaintIldefonsusofToledo,probablybefore737.[57]Thislifeof
IldefonsusemphasizedtwoepisodesinthelifeofthebishopofToledo.Inthefirstepisodethecoveringofthetomb
ofSaintLeocadialevitatedwhileIldefonsuswassayingmass,withkingReccesuinthpresent.Inthesecond
episodeMaryappearstoIldefonsusandReccesuinth.TheseepisodesaresaidtohaveresultedfromIldefonsus'
devotiontoSaintLeocadia,patronesssaintofToledo.[58]CollinssuggeststhatCixila'slifeofIldefonsushelpedmaintain
Ildefonsus'appealandhelpedthechurchinToledotoretainsomeofitsauthorityamongChristianchurchesinthe
Iberianpeninsula.[59]
AnarchdeaconinToledocalledEvantius,whowasactivearound720anddiedin737,wrotealettertoaddressthe
existenceofjudaizingtendenciesamongtheChristiansofZaragoza,specificallythebeliefthatthereareuncleanforms
ofmeatandtheliteralinterpretationofDeuteronomiclaw.[60]AdeaconandcantorfromToledocalledPeterwrotea
secondletter,toSeville,inabouttheyear750,toexplainthattheywerecelebratingEasterandaSeptemberliturgical
fastincorrectly,againconfusingthemwithJewishfeastscelebratedatthesametime.[61]Theselettersshowthatsome
oftheprimacyofthechurchofToledowithintheIberianpeninsulastillexistedinthe700s:"Notonlywereitsclericsstill
wellenoughequippedinintellectualtermstoprovideauthoritativeguidanceonawiderangeofecclesiasticaldiscipline
anddoctrine,butthiswasalsoactivelysought."[62]
ThereisastrongpossibilitythattheChronicleof754waswritteninToledo(thoughscholarshavealsoproposed
CordobaandGuadix)basedontheinformationavailabletothechronicler.[63]Thechroniclershowedawarenessof
theHistoriaGothorum,theEtymologiae,andthechronicleofIsidoreofSeville,theworkofBraulioofZaragoza,theacts
ofthecouncilsofToledo,DePerpetuaVirginitatebyIldefonsus,andDeComprobationeSextaeAetatisandHistoria
WambaebyJulianofToledo,allworksthatwouldhaveexistedintheVisigothiclibrariesofseventhcenturyToledoand
whoseexistencetogether"makesmoresenseinaToledancontextthaninanyother."[64]
In756AbdarRahman,adescendantofthefallenOmeyyadcaliphs,cameto
AlAndalusandinitiatedarevoltagainstYusuf.HedefeatedYusufandforced
himtoresideinCordoba,butYusufbroketheagreementandraisedaBerber
armytofightAbdarRahman.Inthisconflict,ToledowasheldagainstAbdar
RahmanbyYusuf'scousinHishamibnUrwa.Yusufattemptedtomarchon
Seville,butwasdefeatedandinsteadattemptedtoreachhiscousininToledo.
HewaseitherkilledonhiswaytoToledo,orhereachedToledoandheldout
thereforasmanyastwoorthreeyearsbeforebeingbetrayedandkilledbyhis
MosqueofCristodelaLuz
ownpeople.WhetherornotYusufhimselfheldoutinToledo,HishamibnUrwa
didholdpowerinToledoforseveralyears,resistingtheauthorityofAbdar
Rahman.In761HishamisreportedasagainbeinginrebellioninToledoagainstAbdarRahman.AbdarRahman
failedtotakeToledobyforceandinsteadsignedatreatyallowingHishamtoremainincontrolofToledo,butgivingone
ofhissonsashostagetoAbdarRahman.HishamcontinuedtodefyAbdarRahman,whohadHisham'ssonexecuted
andtheheadcatapultedoverthecitywallsintoToledo.AbdarRahmanattackedToledoin764,winningonlywhen
someofHisham'sownpeoplebetrayedhimandturnedhimovertoAbdarRahmanandhisfreedmanBadr.[65]Ibnal
AthirstatesthattowardstheendofAbdarRahman'sreign,agovernorofToledoraidedinforceintotheKingdomof
AsturiasduringthereignofMauregatus,[66]thoughtheAsturianchroniclesdonotrecordtheevent.[67]
UndertheUmayyadEmirateofCordoba,Toledowasthecentreofnumerousinsurrectionsdatingfrom761to
857.[68]TwentyyearsaftertherebellionofHishamibnUrwa,thelastofYusuf'ssons,AbualAswadibnYusuf,rebelled
inToledoin785.[69][70]AfterthesuppressionofibnYusuf'srevolt,AbdarRahman'soldestsonSulaymanwasmade
governorofToledo.However,AbdarRahmandesignatedashissuccessorayoungerson,Hisham.OnHisham's
accessiontotheEmiratein788,Sulaymanrefusedtomaketheoathofallegianceatthemosque,assuccession
customwouldhavedictated,andthusdeclaredhimselfinrebellion.HewasjoinedinToledobyhisbrotherAbdallah.
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HishamlaidsiegetoToledo.WhileAbdallahheldToledoagainstHisham,Sulaymanescapedandattemptedtofind
supportelsewhere,butwasunsuccessful.In789,AbdallahsubmittedandHishamtookcontrolofToledo.Thefollowing
year,Sulaymangaveupthefightandwentintoexile.[71]Hisham'ssonAlHakamwasgovernorofToledofrom792to
796whenhesucceededhisfatherasemirinCordoba.AfterAlHakam'saccessionanddeparture,apoetresidentin
ToledonamedGirbibibnAbdallahwroteversesagainsttheOmeyyads,helpingtoinspirearevoltinToledoagainstthe
newemirin797.Chroniclersdisagreeastotheleaderofthisrevolt.AlHakamsentAmrusibnYusuftofightthe
rebellion.AmrustookcontroloftheBerbertroopsinTalavera,fromwherehewasabletoconvincesomerebelstoturn
ontheirleader,andthustakecontrolofToledo.AmruswasgovernorofToledountil802.[72]
"In785,BishopElipandusofToledowrotealettercondemningtheteachingofacertainMigetius."[73]Inhis
letter,ElipandusassertedthatChristhadadoptedhishumanity,apositionthatcametobeknown
asAdoptionism.[74]TwoAsturianbishops,BeatusandEterius,bishopofOsma,wroteatreatisecondemningElipandus'
views.[75]PopeHadrianwrotealetterbetween785and791inwhichhecondemnedMigetius,butalsotheterminology
usedbyElipandus.[76]TheFrankishcourtofCharlemagnealsocondemnedAdoptionismattheSynodofFrankfurtin
794.[77]AlthoughRamonAbadalsydeVinyalsarguedthatthiscontroversyrepresentedanideologicalassertionof
independencebytheAsturianchurchagainsttheMoslemruledchurchofToledo,[78]Collinsbelievesthisargument
applieseleventhcenturyideologytotheeighthcenturyandisanachronistic.[79]However,Collinsnotesthatthe
controversyandthealliancesformedduringitbetweenAsturiasandtheFranksbroketheoldunityoftheSpanish
church.[80]TheinfluenceofthebishopsofToledowouldbemuchmorelimiteduntiltheeleventhcentury.[81]
TheBanuQasigainednominalcontrolofthecityuntil920andin932Abdar
RahmanIIIcapturedthecityfollowinganextensivesiege.[82]Toledo
experiencedaperiodknownasLaConvivencia,i.e.thecoexistence
ofJews,Christians,andMuslims.UnderIslamicArabrule,Toledowas
calledulayulah.Afterthefallofthecaliphate,Toledowasthecapitalcityof
oneoftherichestTaifasofAlAndalus.Itspopulationwas
overwhelminglyMuladi,and,becauseofitscentrallocationintheIberian
Peninsula,ToledotookacentralpositioninthestrugglesbetweentheMuslim
andChristianrulersofnorthernSpain.TheconquestofToledobyAlfonsoVIof
ConquestofToledoin1085
Castilein1085markedthefirsttimeamajorcityinAlAndaluswascapturedby
ChristianforcesitservedtosharpenthereligiousaspectoftheChristian
reconquest.
MedievalToledoaftertheReconquest
[ edit ]
OnMay25,1085,AlfonsoVIofCastiletookToledoandestablisheddirect
personalcontrolovertheMoorishcityfromwhichhehadbeenexacting
tribute,endingthemedievalTaifa'sKingdomofToledo.Thiswasthefirst
concretesteptakenbythecombinedkingdomofLeonCastilein
theReconquistabyChristianforces.AfterCastilianconquest,Toledo
continuedtobeamajorculturalcentreitsArablibrarieswerenotpillaged,
Toledointhe16thcentury
andatagteamtranslationcentrewasestablishedinwhichbooksinArabic
orHebrewwouldbetranslatedintoCastilianbyMuslimandJewishscholars,andfromCastilianintoLatinbyCastilian
scholars,thuslettinglonglostknowledgespreadthroughChristianEuropeagain.Forsometimeduringthe16th
century,ToledoservedasthecapitalcityofCastile,andthecityflourished.However,soonenoughtheSpanishcourt
wasmoved,firsttoValladolidandthentoMadrid,thuslettingthecity'simportancedwindleuntilthelate20thcentury,
whenitbecamethecapitaloftheautonomouscommunityofCastileLaMancha.Nevertheless,theeconomicdeclineof
thecityhelpedtopreserveitsculturalandarchitecturalheritage.Today,becauseofthisrichheritage,Toledoisoneof
Spain'sforemostcities,receivingthousandsofvisitorsyearly.UndertheRomanCatholicArchdioceseof
Toledomultiplepersecutions(633,653,693)andstakeburningsofJews(638CE)occurredtheKingdomof
Toledofolloweduponthistradition(1368,1391,1449,14861490CE)includingforcedconversionsandmassmurder
andtheriotingandbloodbathagainsttheJewsofToledo(1212CE).[83][84]
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DuringthepersecutionoftheJewsinthelate15thandearly16thcenturies,membersoftheJewishcommunityof
ToledoproducedtextsontheirlonghistoryinToledo.ItwasatthistimethatDonIsaacAbrabanel,aprominentJewish
figureinSpaininthe15thcenturyandoneoftheking'strustedcourtierswhowitnessedtheexpulsionofJewsfrom
Spainin1492,wrotethatToledowasnamedulayulahbyitsfirstJewishinhabitantswho,hestated,settledthereinthe
5thcenturyBCE,andwhichnamebywayofconjecturemayhavebeenrelatedtoitsHebrewcognate(=
wandering),onaccountoftheirwanderingfromJerusalem.Hesays,furthermore,thattheoriginalnameofthecitywas
Pirisvalle,socalledbyitsearlypaganinhabitants.[85]However,thereisnoarchaeologicalorhistoricalevidencefor
JewishpresenceinthisregionpriortothetimeoftheRomanEmpirewhentheRomansfirstwroteaboutToledoitwas
aCelticcity.[86][87]
ModernEra
Historicalpopulation
[ edit ]
Toledo'sAlczar(ArabicizedLatinwordforpalacecastle)becamerenownedinthe
19thand20thcenturiesasamilitaryacademy.AttheoutbreakoftheSpanishCivil
Warin1936,itsgarrisonwasfamouslybesiegedbyRepublicanforces.
Climate
Year
Pop.
1991
1996
2001
2004
2006
59,000
66,006
68,382
73,485
77,601
+11.9%
+3.6%
+7.5%
+5.6%
[ edit ]
Toledohasacoldsemiaridclimate(Kppen:BSk)borderingonaMediterraneanclimate(Csa)asfoundacrossmost
ofsouthcentralSpain.Wintersaremildwhilesummersarehotanddry.Precipitationislowandmainlyconcentratedin
theperiodmidautumnthroughtomidspring.ThehighesttemperatureeverrecordedinToledowas43.1C
(109.58F)on10August2012thelowestwas9.1C(15.6F)on27January2005.
Month
Jan
ClimatedataforToledo,Spain515m(19812010)
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
RecordhighC(F)
22.0
23.8
27.6
31.6
37.7
42.0
(71.6) (74.8) (81.7) (88.9) (99.9) (107.6)
42.8
(109)
43.1
40.3
33.2
25.6
(109.6) (104.5) (91.8) (78.1)
AveragehighC(F)
11.5
14.0
18.1
19.9
24.2
(52.7) (57.2) (64.6) (67.8) (75.6)
30.5
(86.9)
34.6
(94.3)
34.0
(93.2)
29.0
(84.2)
DailymeanC(F)
6.4
8.3
11.6
13.5
17.6
(43.5) (46.9) (52.9) (56.3) (63.7)
23.2
(73.8)
26.8
(80.2)
26.3
(79.3)
22.0
(71.6)
AveragelowC(F)
1.3
2.6
(34.3) (36.7)
11.0
(51.8)
15.9
(60.6)
18.9
(66)
18.6
(65.5)
14.9
(58.8)
RecordlowC(F)
9.6
9.0
5.8
2.6
0.3
(14.7) (15.8) (21.6) (27.3) (31.5)
4.3
(39.7)
10.0
(50)
10.0
(50)
5.4
(41.7)
Averageprecipitationmm
26
25
23
39
44
(inches)
(1.02) (0.98) (0.91) (1.54) (1.73)
24
(0.94)
7
(0.28)
9
(0.35)
18
(0.71)
5.0
(41)
7.2
(45)
Dec
Year
22.2
(72)
43.1
(109.6)
22.1
15.6
11.6
(71.8) (60.1) (52.9)
16.1
(61)
22.1
(71.8)
10.5
7.1
(50.9) (44.8)
15.8
(60.4)
10.2
5.3
2.5
(50.4) (41.5) (36.5)
9.5
(49.1)
0.0
(32)
5.6
8.0
(21.9) (17.6)
9.6
(14.7)
48
39
41
(1.89) (1.54) (1.61)
342
(13.46)
Averageprecipitation
days(1.0mm)
54
Averagerelative
humidity(%)
76
69
59
58
54
45
39
41
51
66
74
79
59
Meanmonthlysunshine
hours
151
172
228
249
286
337
382
351
260
210
157
126
2,922
Source:AgenciaEstataldeMeteorologia[88]
Economy
[ edit ]
ThemetalworkingindustryhashistoricallybeenToledo'seconomicbase,with
agreattraditioninthemanufacturingofswordsandknivesandasignificant
productionofrazorblades,medicaldevicesandelectricalproducts.Soapand
toothpasteindustries,flourmilling,glassandceramicshavealsobeen
important.[89](TheToledoBlade,theAmericannewspaperin
Toledo'sOhionamesakecity,isnamedinhonoroftheswordmakingtradition.)
AccordingtotheStatisticalInstituteofCastillaLaMancha,in2007the
ZocodoversquareaftertheCorpus
Christifestivities.
distributionofemploymentbysectorsofoccupationwasasfollows:86.5%of
thepopulationengagedintheservices,6.6%inconstruction,5.4%inindustry
and1.5%inagricultureandlivestock.[90]
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ThemanufactureofswordsinthecityofToledo
goesbacktoRomantimes,butitwas
underMoorishruleandduring
theReconquistathatToledoanditsguild
ofswordmakersplayedakeyrole.Betweenthe
15thand17thcenturiestheToledosword
makingindustryenjoyedagreatboom,tothe
pointwhereitsproductscametoberegarded
PuertadeBisagra.
asthebestinEurope.Swordsanddaggers
weremadebyindividualcraftsmen,although
theswordmakersguildoversawtheirquality.Inthelate17thandearly18thcentury
productionbegantodecline,promptingthecreationoftheRoyalArmsFactoryin1761
byorderofKingCarlosIII.TheRoyalFactorybroughttogetheralltheswordmakers
TheMuseumSantaCruz.
guildsofthecityanditwaslocatedintheformermint.In1777,recognizingtheneedto
expandthespace,CarlosIIIcommissionedthearchitectSabatinitoconstructanew
buildingontheoutskirtsofthecity.Thiswasthebeginningofseveralphasesofexpansion.Itsimportancewassuch
thatiteventuallydevelopedintoacitywithinthecityofToledo.
Inthe20thcentury,theproductionofknivesandswordsforthearmywas
reducedtocavalryweaponsonly,andaftertheSpanishCivilWar,tothesupply
ofswordstotheofficersandNCOsofthevariousmilitaryunits.Followingthe
closureofthefactoryinthe1980s,thebuildingwasrenovatedtohousethe
campusoftheTechnologicalUniversityofCastillaLaManchainToledo.[91]
Unemployment
[ edit ]
Inthelastdecade,unemploymentinabsolutetermshasremainedfairlystable
inthecityofToledo,butin2009thisfigureincreasedsignificantly:nearly62%
comparedto2008,withthenumberofunemployedrisingfrom2,515to4,074
Historicalswordsandsouvenirsof
Toledo.
(figuresat31Marcheachyear),accordingtotheJuntadeComunidadesde
CastillaLaMancha.[92]Ofthis62%,onethirdoftheincreasetookplaceinthefirstquarter.
Accordingtootherstatisticsfromthesamesource,almosthalftheunemployedinthecityofToledo(1,970persons)
areamongthosewhoseeducationdoesnotgobeyondthecompulsorysecondarylevel.However,therearegroups
whoselevelofstudiesissuchthattheyhavenotbeenregisteredasunemployed,suchasthosewhohavecompleted
class1professionaltraining,orthosewithvirtuallynonexistentunemploymentrates(lessthan0.1%),whichisthecase
ofunemployedwithhighschooldegreesorprofessionalexpertise.
Thelargestgroupamongtheunemployedisthosewhohavenoqualifications(27.27%).
Politics
[ edit ]
Mainarticle:PoliticsofToledo(Spain)
Toledohasa25memberCityCouncil,electedbyclosedlistseveryfouryears.
The2011electionsawapactmadebetweenthe11membersoftheSpanish
SocialistWorkers'Party(PSOE)andthe2membersoftheUnitedLeft,toretain
thepositionofthePSOE'sEmilianoGarcaPageSnchezasmayor,whichhe
hasbeensince2007.
Culture
[ edit ]
Theoldcityislocatedonamountaintopwitha150degreeview,surroundedon
threesidesbyabendintheTagusRiver,andcontainsmanyhistoricalsites,
ToledoCityHall.
includingtheAlczar,thecathedral(theprimatechurchofSpain),andthe
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Zocodover,acentralmarketplace.
Fromthe4thcenturytothe16thcenturyaboutthirtysynodswereheldat
Toledo.Theearliest,directedagainstPriscillian,assembledin400.Atthesynod
of589theVisigothicKingReccareddeclaredhisconversion
fromArianismtoCatholicismthesynodof633decreeduniformityofcatholic
liturgythroughouttheVisigothickingdomandtookstringentmeasuresagainst
baptizedJewswhohadrelapsedintotheirformerfaith.Othercouncilsforbade
circumcision,JewishritesandobservanceoftheSabbathandfestivals.
Throughouttheseventhcentury,Jewswereflogged,executed,hadtheir
AvistadeToledo:thecityofToledo
asdepictedintheCodexVigilanusin
976.
propertyconfiscated,weresubjectedtoruinoustaxes,forbiddentotradeand,
attimes,draggedtothebaptismalfont.[93]Thecouncilof681assuredto
thearchbishopofToledotheprimacyofSpain.AtGuadamur,veryclosetoToledo,wasdugin1858theTreasureof
Guarrazar,thebestexampleofVisigothicartinSpain.
AsnearlyonehundredearlycanonsofToledofoundaplaceintheDecretum
Gratiani,theyexertedanimportantinfluenceonthedevelopment
ofecclesiasticallaw.Thesynodof15651566concerneditselfwiththe
executionofthedecreesoftheCouncilofTrentandthelastcouncilheldat
Toledo,15821583,wasguidedindetailbyPhilipII.
ToledowasfamedforreligioustoleranceandhadlargecommunitiesofMuslims
andJewsuntiltheywereexpelledfromSpainin1492(Jews)and1502
(Mudejars).Today'scitycontainsthereligiousmonumentstheSynagogueof
VistadeToledo:theViewof
ToledobyresidentElGrecoc.1608.
SantaMaralaBlanca,theSynagogueofElTransito,MosqueofCristodela
LuzandthechurchofSanSebastindatingfrombeforetheexpulsion,stillmaintainedingoodcondition.
AmongLadinospeakingSephardiJews,intheirvariousdiasporas,thefamilynameToledanoisstillprevalent
indicatinganancestrytracedbacktothiscity(thenameisalsoattestedamongnonJewsinvariousSpanishspeaking
countries).
Inthe13thcentury,ToledowasamajorculturalcentreundertheguidanceofAlfonsoX,called"ElSabio"("theWise")
forhisloveoflearning.TheToledoSchoolofTranslators,thathadcommencedunderArchbishopRaymondofToledo,
continuedtobringvaststoresofknowledgetoEuropebyrenderinggreatacademicandphilosophicalworksinArabic
intoLatin.ThePalaciodeGaliana,builtintheMudjarstyle,isoneofthemonumentsthatremainfromthatperiod.
TheCathedralofToledo(CatedraldeToledo)wasbuiltbetween12261493andmodeledaftertheBourgesCathedral,
thoughitalsocombinessomecharacteristicsoftheMudjarstyle.Itisremarkableforitsincorporationoflightand
featurestheBaroquealtarcalledElTransparente,severalstorieshigh,withfantasticfiguresofstucco,paintings,bronze
castings,andmultiplecolorsofmarble,amasterpieceofmedievalmixedmediabyNarcisoTomtoppedbythedaily
effectforjustafewminutesofashaftoflightfromwhichthisfeatureofthecathedralderivesitsname.Twonotable
bridgessecuredaccesstoToledoacrosstheTajo,theAlcntarabridgeandthelaterbuiltSanMartnbridge.
TheMonasteriodeSanJuandelosReyesisaFranciscanmonastery,built14771504,inaremarkablecombinationof
GothicSpanishFlemishstylewithMudjarornamentation.
ToledowashometoElGrecoforthelatterpartofhislife,andisthesubjectofsomeofhismostfamouspaintings,
includingTheBurialoftheCountofOrgaz,exhibitedintheChurchofSantoTom.
WhenPhilipIImovedtheroyalcourtfromToledotoMadridin1561,theoldcitywentintoaslowdeclinefromwhichit
neverrecovered.
Toledosteel
[ edit ]
Toledohasbeenatraditionalswordmaking,steelworkingcentresinceabout500BC,andcametotheattentionof
RomewhenusedbyHannibalinthePunicWars.Soon,itbecameastandardsourceofweaponryforRoman
Legions.[94]
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Toledosteelwasfamedforitsveryhighqualityalloy,[95]whereasDamascenesteel,acompetitorfromtheMiddleAges
on,wasfamedforaspecificmetalworkingtechnique.[96]
Todaythereisasignificanttrade,andmanyshopsofferallkindsofswordstotheircustomers,whetherhistoricalor
modernfilmsswords,aswellasmedievalarmorsandfromothertimes ,whicharealsoexportedtoothercountries.
Gastronomy
[ edit ]
Toledo'scuisineisgroupedwiththatofCastileLaMancha,wellsetinitstraditionsand
closelylinkedtohuntingandgrazing.Agoodnumberofrecipesaretheresultofa
combinationofMoorishandChristianinfluences.
Someofitsspecialtiesincludelambroastorstew,cochifrito,alubiasconperdiz(beans
withpartridge)andperdizestofoda(partridgestew),carcamusa,migas,gachas
manchegas,andtortillaalamagra.Twoofthecity'smostfamousfoodproductionsare
Manchegocheeseandmarzipan,whichhasaProtectedGeographical
Indication(mazapndeToledo).[97][98]
Holidays
[ edit ]
VirgendelValle:ThispilgrimageiscelebratedonMay1attheErmitadelaVirgen
delValle,withaconcentrationpopularholidayinthatplace.
InsideIglesiadeSan
Ildelfonso,aJesuitchurch.
Easter:DeclaredofNationalTouristInterest,isheldinspringwithvarious
processions,highlightingthosethattakeplaceonGoodFriday,andreligiousand
culturalevents.SincetheCivilWar,mostofthestepswereburnedordestroyed,so
ithadtocreatenewstepsorusingimagesfromotherchurchesandconventsToledo.BeingacityToledoCastile,
HolyWeekischaracterizedasaustereandintrospective,aswellasbeauty,dueinparttothebeautifulframeworkin
whichittakesplace:Toledo.ManypeopletakeadvantageoftheEasterbreaktovisitthemonasterychurchesthat
areonlyopentothegeneralpublicatthistimeofyear.[42]
CorpusChristi:FeastdeclaredInternationalTouristInterest.Itsoriginslieinthethirteenthcenturyandisprobably
themostbeautifulCorpusChristithere.Theprocessionalcortegetravelsaroundtwokilometres(1.2miles)of
streetsandrichlydecoratedawnings.Inrecentyears,followingthetransferofthetraditionalholidayThursday
presentSunday,waschosentoconducttwoprocessions,oneeachofthesedays,withcertaindifferencesin
membersandprotocolbetweenthem.[43]
VirgendelSagrario:OnAugust15theycelebratethefestivalinhonoroftheVirgendelSagrario.Processionisheld
insidetheCathedralanddrinkingwateroftheVirgininjars.
ApartfromthesefestivalsshouldbenotedthatpatternsofToledoare:
SanIldefonso,ToledoVisigothbishopwhosefeastdayisJanuary23.
SantaLeocadia,virginandmartyrofRomanHispania,whichfallsonDecember9.
Mainsights
[ edit ]
ThecityofToledowasdeclaredaHistoricArtisticSitein1940,UNESCO
UNESCOWorldHeritageSite
latergiventhetitleofWorldHeritagein1987.Sightsinclude:
TombofSaintBeatriceofSilva,founderoftheOrderofthe
HistoricCityofToledo
NameasinscribedontheWorldHeritageList
ImmaculateConception,attheConceptionistMonasteryofToledo.
CastillodeSanServando,medievalcastlenearthebanksoftheTagus
riverandtheInfantryAcademy.
TheGothicCathedral,datingfromthethirteenthcentury.Insidethere
OldcityofToledo
istheClearfromNarcisoTome,inBaroque.
MonasteriodeSanJuandelosReyes,inElizabethanGothicstyle
Type
Cultural
(15thcentury).
Criteria
i,ii,iii,iv
TheRenaissanceMuseoHospitaldeSantaCruz(16thcentury).
Reference
379
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ElGrecoMuseum,ahousemuseumdesignedasarecreationofthe
UNESCOregion
Inscriptionhistory
artist'shome,whichwaslostcenturiesago.Ithousesseveralimportant
paintings.
Europe
Inscription
1986(10thSession)
SantaMaralaBlanca,theoldestsynagoguebuildinginEuropestill
standing,nowownedbytheCatholicChurch.
SynagogueofElTransito,intheJewishQuarter.ItishometotheSephardic
Museum.
HospitaldeTaveraMuseumDuquedeLerma.Renaissancestyle,dates
fromthesixteenthcentury.InfluencedthelayoutofElEscorial.
ChurchofSantiagodelArrabal,inMudjarstyle.
IglesiadeSantoTome.Mudejarstyle,thefourteenthcentury,housesthe
famousBurialofCountOrgaz,byElGreco.
AlcantaraBridge,Collotype1889.
ElCristodelaLuz,asmallmosqueoratorybuiltin999,laterextendedwith
Mudejarapseforconversionintoachurch.
GalianaPalace(13thcentury),inMudejarstyle.
TornerasMosque(11thcentury).
Alcazarfortress(16thcentury),locatedinthehighestpartoftown,overlookingthecity.From2009ithousesthe
collectionoftheArmyMuseum.
PuertadeBisagraNueva,themainentranceandfaceofToledo.
PuertadeBisagra,themainentrancetothecityinAndalusiantimes.
PuertadelSol.MudejarstyleandbuiltbytheKnightsHospitallersinthefourteenthcentury.
PuertaBabalMardum,theoldestcitygateofToledo.
NewGateofHinge,byAlonsodeCovarrubias(16thcentury,basedonArabicstructures).
OlddoorhingeorPuertadeAlfonsoVI.
Cambrngate,ofMuslim16thcenturyorigin.
SanRomn(MuseumoftheCouncilsandVisigothculture).
ErmitadelCristodelaVega,inMudjarstyle(11thcentury).
Alcntarabridge,RomanbridgeacrosstheTagus.
PuentedeSanMartin,medievalbridgeacrosstheTagus.
TomarkthefourthcentenaryofthepublicationofthefirstpartofDonQuixote,theCouncilofCommunitiesofCastile
LaManchadesignedaseriesofroutesthroughtheregioncrossingthevariouspointscitedinthenovel.Knownasthe
RouteofDonQuixote,twoofthepathwaysdesignated,sections1and8,arebasedinToledothoselinkingthecity
withLaManchaCastileandMontesdeToledoexploitthenaturalroutewhichpassesthroughtheCigarralesandheads
toCobisa,NambrocaBurguillosofToledo,whereittakestheCaminoRealfromSevillatosuddenlyturntowards
MascaraqueAlmonaciddeToledo,deepintotheirsurroundings,nearMora,inLaMancha.
Thisstretch,MascaraqueToledo,oftheRouteofDonQuixotehasrecentlybeenincludedinanofficialwayonthe
CaminodeSantiagoinLevantinebranchwithoriginsinCartagena,AlicanteandValencia,asbothroutesaredeclared
aEuropeanCulturalRouteonthisstretch.
Infrastructure
[ edit ]
Toledohaslongbeenanobligatorystopinthecentreofthepeninsula.TheroadsleadingtohistoricToledoarestill
usedandinmanycaseshaveprovidedthebasistoexistingroadsleadingintothecity.
Roads
[ edit ]
FromToledopartofN400,whichlinksthiscitywithCuencabyOcaaandTarancn.Itiscurrentlyintheprocessof
transformationinthefutureA40motorwayCastillaLaMancha,whichwilllinkMaqueda(whereitjoinsthemotorway
Extremadura),Toledo,Ocaa(whereitattachestotheMotorwayofAndalusia),Tarancn(whereconnectswiththe
motorwayLevante),CuencaandTeruel.
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TheoldNationalRoad401MadridToledoCiudadRealwastransformedinthelate
1980sinthecurrentA42asaresultofsplittinganddeletingthepaththatthevarious
crossingscounted(Illescas,Yuncos,etc..).
Thesplitpathcantake7kilometres(4miles)southofToledo,ineffectCiudadReal,
whereitcontinuesasconventionalroad.Atthispoint,theA42connectswiththe
HighwayoftheVineyardthatreachesTomelloso.ItisplannedtoextendtheA42,bya
tollroad,toCiudadRealandJan.
Intheearlytwentyfirstcenturywasbuilt,inordertodecongesttheaccessofMadrid,
thetollmotorwayAP41.
AnotherwayofStateHighwayNetworkthatToledoispartoftheN403,Toledo
CambrnGate.
MaquedavilaAdanero.Partoftherouteofthisroadwillbereplacedbythatofthe
aforementionedHighwayofCastillaLaMancha.
Inadditiontotheseroads,fromToledodepartseveralregionalandprovinciallevellinkingthecapitalwiththeregionsof
MontesdeToledo,LaJaraandLaMancha.
Rail
[ edit ]
InthemidnineteenthcenturyToledowasoneofthefirstSpanishcitiestoreceiverail
service,beingattachedtotheMadridAranjuezlinewhichwasinauguratedbyIsabella
IIonJune12of1858.ThecurrentstationisinNeoMudjarstyle,andwasinaugurated
onApril24of1919.Itisaremarkablybeautifulbuilding,especiallythepanelinginthe
mainhallofthesame.
Withseveralupsanddownsintermsoftechnicalequipmentandservicesthisistheline
thatservedthecityuntiltheearlytwentyfirstcentury:onJuly2of2003thelast
conventionaltrainservicebetweenthetwocapitalsendedandworkbeganonthehigh
speedlink,MadridToledo,whichenteredserviceonNovember16of2005,thanksto
whichtraveltimetoMadridhasbeenreducedtojustunder30minutes.
Health
[ edit ]
ToledoRailwayStation.
Intheearly1960sbegantheconstructionofthe
ResidenceHealthSocialSecurity"VirgendelaSalud".Theoriginalbuildingstill
remainsinuse,althoughsuccessiveextensionswereadded(maternity,
outpatientclinics,operatingrooms,etc.)intotheexistingcomplex.Thecomplex
wasalsoextendedtomovetheclinictoanewnearbybuilding,nowconverted
intoSpecialtyCentreSanIldefonso.
OnOctober6,1974inauguratedtheNationalHospitalofParaplegicswho
HospitalofTavera(builtbetween
15411603).
becomesthecentreofreference,bothnationallyandinternationally,inthe
treatmentoftheselesions.Alsocarriesoutamajorworkofsocialintegrationof
theirpatients.
ThetransferofpowersfromthestatehealthattheJuntadeComunidadesdeCastillaLaManchawillgivenewimpetus
tothehealthinfrastructure,manifestedin2007withthecommencementofconstructionofthenewGeneralHospitalof
ToledointheSantaMaryBenquerencia.Alsohavebeenprovidedtothedifferentpartsoftherelevanthealthcentres.
IntheToledoHospitalComplex[36]isalsointegratedGeriatricHospitalVirgendelValle,aresultofreformand
modernizationofoldtuberculosishospitalbuiltinthemidtwentiethcentury.Thecentreislocatedoutsidethecity,near
theParadorNacionaldeTurismoCondedeOrgaz.
Withregardtoprivatehealth,atpresentthecityofToledohasseveralcentres:HospitaldelasTresCulturas,Clnica
NuestraSeoradelRosario,andsoon.
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Sport
[ edit ]
Toledosufferedfromashortageofsportsfacilities.[citationneeded]MuchofthisproblemwasresolvedwhentheCentral
SchoolofPhysicalEducationoftheArmymoveditsheadquarterstothepremisesoftheAcademyofInfantry.Inthe
1990s,thecitycounciltookovertheoldfacilitiesofthemilitarycentre,whichnowincludeanathleticstrack,Olympic
swimmingpoolandanindoorsportshall,fromtheformermilitaryinstallations,andnumerousoutdoorcourtsbuiltinthe
areaoftheformerrunwayofapplication,havingbeendemolishedandtheoldgymcomplexpools(indoorandoutdoor).
Besidesthesefacilities,thecityofToledohascoveredsportspavilionsinthedistrictsofSantaMariadeBenquerencia,
SantaBarbara,SanAnton(ComplejoDeportivo"LeapingHorse"),outdoorpoolsinsugar,Palomarejos,SantaMariade
Benquerencia,SantaBarbara,SantaTeresaandindoorswimmingpoolsinthegardensoftheAlcazar(oldtown),
SantaMariadeBenquerenciaandSanAntonio.[citationneeded]
Toledohasafootballteam,ClubDeportivoToledo,whichiscurrently[when?]playinginthethirdtierSegundaDivisin
B.[citationneeded]TheclubplaysitsmatchesinthemunicipalfieldLeapingHorse,openedin1973.Theteamplayedfor7
seasonsintheSegundaDivisin,duringwhichitreachedtheplayofffinalforpromotiontoLaLigaattheendofthe
199394season,losing41onaggregatetoRealValladolid.ToledoplayershaveincludedAbelResino,LuisGarcia,
RufeteandCasquero.
Toledoalsohasteamsofhandball.[citationneeded]TheToledoHandball,afterfiveyearsintheDivisiondeHonorB,start
the20092010seasonasASOBALnewclubforthefirsttimeinitshistory.Arefurbishedtownhall"JavierLozanoCid',
withcapacityforaround1,500spectators,isitsnewheadquarters.Moreover,thecityhastwootherDivisionIIteamin
theNational,theToledoHandballLbaroBandClubDeportivoAmibal.
Toledohastwobasketballteams:theCISToledo,withalonghistorythathasgonethroughupsanddownsinboth
regionalandinnationalleagues(EBA)andhasjust[when?]promotedto1stAutonomic,andCBPolgono,currentlythe
mostrepresentative,whoseteamhaspromotedmale,sevenyearsafterleaving,toEBALeaguetostartthe2009/10
season.[citationneeded]ThisclubbasedintheSantaMariadeBenquerenciadistrictandhasoneofthelargestquarriesof
CastillaLaMancha.
Toledohasbeenrepresentedinathleticssince2April1979bytheToledoAthleticClub,thatischaracterisedbyits
actions,mainlyincrosscountry,wherehemanagedalargenumberofmedalsinthechampionshipsteamSpain's
specialty,inadditiontotheircombinedmaleandfemalemilitaryinthelate1990sinthe1stdivisionleaguenational
track.AmongtheathleteswhohavepassedthroughitslanesaregreatathletesasJulioRey,RobertoParra,Chema
MartinezandJuliaLobato.
Cycling,meanwhile,afterthevictoryintheTourdeFrancein1959byFedericoBahamontes,'TheEagleofToledo',
hasbeenoneofthesportswithmorefollowersinthecity,although,atpresent,[when?]noschooldespitehavinga
velodromeinSantaMaradeBenquerencia.[citationneeded]Otherleadingprofessionalcyclistsfromthecityhavebeen
NemesioJimnez(MexicoOlympics1968)andngeldelasHeras.
TheFSandVolleyballToledoToledoAssociationToledocompleterepresentationintheNationalLeagueofFirstand
SecondDivision,afterabriefjourneyinFantasy,respectively,whiletheToledoRugbyClub,withmanyfans,is
immersedintheLeagueMadrid'sPrimeraLiga.[citationneeded]
Attheindividuallevel,theswimmerJavierNoriegaandJulioReymarathonathletesaremorerepresentativeofthecity,
bothinAthensOlympics2004andBeijingOlympics2008,inrecentyears.Rey,Spanishcurrentmarathonrecord
holder,with2h.06:52,announcedhisretirementinOctober2009.[citationneeded]
Media
[ edit ]
Variouslocalandprovincialnewspapersarepublishedinthecity.Inaddition,nationalnewspaperssuchasthedaily
ABCpublishuniquelocaleditions.[citationneeded]AmongthelocalnewspapersarethesubscriptionbasedLaTribunade
Toledo,andToledoDay,aswellasthefreeGlobalCastillalaManchaandToledoNews.Thegeneralinformation
weeklymagazinesEchoesandHerearealsopublished.
Thereisalsolocalmediaintelevision,radioandInternet.Theregionalpublictelevisionheadquarters,CMT,arein
Toledo.[citationneeded]Inaddition,thereareseverallocaltelevisionstations,aswellaslocalfare:thediocesanPopular
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TV,Teletoledo,CanalRegionaldeNoticiaandLaTribunaTV.
Forradiostations,thereisthedeanofradioRadioToledo(OndaCero),aswellasCOPE,CadenaSER,RNE,RCM
andRadioAqu,andthelocalfareOndaPolgonoandthediocesanstationRadioSantaMaria.Withinthedigitaland
socialmedia,OndaToledo,ToledoMagic,ToledoDigital,andLaCerca.[citationneeded]
Gallery
[ edit ]
ToledoPanoramafrom
Toledofromacross
Anaerialshotofthecity
Anaerialshotfrom
acrosstheTagusriver
theTagusriver(June
anditssurroundingriver
abovetheSanMartin
(June2014)
2014)
bridge
AlczarofToledo
CastleofSanServando
SantaMarialaBlanca
ElTransitoSynagogue
Synagogue
TombofSaintBeatrice
daSilvaatthe
Conceptionists
Monastery
Inpopularculture
[ edit ]
SegundodeChomnfilmedashortdocumentaryaboutthiscityin1912,L'antiqueTolde(TheOldToledo).Thisis
probablythefirstfilmaboutToledo.
Internationalrelations
[ edit ]
TwintownsSistercities
[ edit ]
Thissectionneeds
additionalcitations
forverification.Please
helpimprovethis
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14/3/2016
articlebyaddingcitationsto
reliablesources.
Unsourcedmaterialmay
bechallengedand
removed.(February2015)
Seealso:ListoftwintownsandsistercitiesinSpain
Toledoistwinnedwith:
Toledo,UnitedStates,since1931
Nara,Japan,sinceSeptember11,1972
Agen,France,sinceJune22,1973[99]
Guanajuato,Mexico,sinceOctober20,1978
Safed,Israel,sinceSeptember8,1981
VelikoTarnovo,Bulgaria,March25,1983
Aachen,Germany,sinceOctober13,1984
CorpusChristi,UnitedStates,sinceSeptember5,1989
Damascus,Syria,sinceApril19,1994
Havana,Cuba,since2006
Heraklion,Greece,sinceJune10,2014
Seealso
[ edit ]
GoldenageofJewishcultureinSpain
Spainportal
PalaciodeGaliana
NuevaToledo
References
[ edit ]
Thisarticleincorporatestextfromapublicationnowinthepublicdomain:Smith,William,ed.(18541857)."article
nameneeded".DictionaryofGreekandRomanGeography.London:JohnMurray.
Notes
[ edit ]
1.^"Tabla2902" .www.ine.es.Retrieved20160301.
2.^JohnS.Richardson(1996).TheRomansinSpain.Blackwell.p.54.
3.^Livy."HistoryofRome" .ProjectGutenbergEbookHistoryofRome.Retrieved25October2015.
4.^RubioRivera,Rebeca."Continuidadycambioenelprocesoderomanizacindelmbitoceltibricomeridionaly
carpetano" .academia.edu.Retrieved7November2015.
5.^Tsiolis,Vassilis."ElprimerrecintoamuralladodeToledo" .academia.edu.Retrieved7November2015.
6.^Kulikowski,Michael(2004).LateRomanSpainandItsCities.Baltimore:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress.
7.^ a b c RubioRivera,Rebeca."ElcircoromanodeToledoylaVegaBajaenpocaromana" .scribd.com.
Retrieved24November2015.
8.^ a bKulikowski,Michael(2004).LateRomanSpainandItsCities.JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress.p.265.
9.^RubioRivera,Rebeca(2001).ElCircoRomanodeToledoylaVegaBajaenpocaRomana
.p.51.
10.^RubioRivera,Rebeca(2001).ElCircoRomanodeToledoylaVegaBajaenpocaRomana
.pp.3839.
11.^Richardson,John(1996).TheRomansinSpain.Blackwell.
12.^Kulikowski,Michael(2004).LateRomanSpainandItsCities.Baltimore:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress.pp.282284.
13.^Collins,Roger(2004).VisigothicSpain,409711.Blackwell.p.54.
15.^Kulikowsi,Michael(2004).LateRomanSpainandItsCities.Baltimore:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress.p.285.
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14/3/2016
21.^ a bCollins,Roger(2004).VisigothicSpain,409711.Blackwell.p.89.
24.^Collins,Roger(2004).VisigothicSpain,409711.Blackwell.pp.197198.
28.^Collins,Roger(2004).VisigothicSpain,409711.Blackwell.pp.95,104.
31.^Collins,Roger(2004).VisigothicSpain,409711.Blackwell.
37.^ a bCollins,Roger(1989).ArabConquestofSpain.Blackwell.p.9.
41.^Collins,Roger(1989).ArabConquestofSpain.Blackwell.p.43.
42.^Collins,Roger(1989).ArabConquestofSpain,710797(Paperback1994ed.).Blackwell.p.78.
44.^Collins,Roger(2004).VisigothicSpain,409711.Blackwell.pp.129,133,138.
52.^Collins,Roger(1989).ArabConquestofSpain,710797.Blackwell.p.44.
53.^Collins,Roger(1989).ArabConquestofSpain,710797.Blackwell.p.195.
54.^Collins,Roger(1989).ArabConquestofSpain,710797(Paperback1994ed.).Blackwell.pp.108110.
68.^RogerCollins,EarlyMedievalSpain:UnityinDiversity,4001000,(St.Martin'sPress,1995),187.
16/18
14/3/2016
78.ÂbadalydeVinyals,Ramn(1949).LabatalladelAdopcionismoenladesintegracindelaiglesiavisigoda
(PDF) .
Barcelona.
82.ÂnnChristys,ChristiansinAlAndalus7111000,(CurzonPress,2002),20.
83.^Grosser,P.E.andE.G.Halperin."JewishPersecutionHistoryofAntiSemitismLesserKnownHighlightsofJewish
InternationalRelationsInTheCommonEra" .simpletoremember.com.SimpleToRemember.comJudaismOnline.
Retrieved6February2015.
84.^Grosser,PaulE.Halperin,EdwinG.forewordbySt.John,RobertprefacebyLittell,FranklinH.(1979).AntiSemitism:
thecausesandeffectosofaprejudice
.Secaucus,N.J.:CitadelPress.ISBN0806507039.Retrieved6February2015.
85.Âbrabanel'sCommentaryontheFirstProphets(PirushAlNevi'imRishonim),endofIIKings,p.680,Jerusalem1955
(Hebrew).SeealsoShelomibnVergainShevetYehudah,pp.6b7a,Lemberg1846(Hebrew)
86.^MaraCruzFernndezCastro(1995).LaPrehistoriadelaPennsulaIbrica.Crtica.
87.^JohnS.Richardson(1996).TheRomansinSpain.Blackwell.
88.^"GuaresumidadelclimaenEspaa(19812010)" (inSpanish).AgenciaEstataldeMeteorologia.
RetrievedMay15,2013.
89.^"EconomadeToledo" .Retrieved9July2008.
90.^"InstitutodeEstadsticadeCastillaLaManchaFichamunicipal"
(PDF) .Retrieved21July2008.
91.^"lacerca.comLasespadasforjadasenToledoseremontanalapocaromana" .Retrieved15July2008.
92.^"InstitutodeEstadsticadelaJuntadeComunidadesdeCastillaLaManchaDatosestadsticosdeToledo(Todoslos
Informes>InformesporTemas>EstadsticasMunicipales>MercadodeTrabajo)" .Retrieved5April2009.
93.^S.Katz,TheJewsintheVisigothicKingdomsofSpainandGaul,(Cambridge1937).CitedinPaulJohnson(writer),A
HistoryoftheJews,p.177
94.^"HistoryofSwordsfromToledo" .SwordsfromToledo.Retrieved20130731.
95.^"DamasceneTechniqueinMetalWorking" .Retrieved20130731.
96.^"HistoryoftheToledoSwords" .AcerosdeHispania.Retrieved20130731.
97.^"red2000.comToledo:Gastronoma" .Retrieved11January2012.
98.^"toledoturismo.comPlatosTpicos" .Retrieved11January2012.
99.^"NationalCommissionforDecentralisedcooperation" .DlgationpourlActionExtrieuredesCollectivitsTerritoriales
(MinistredesAffairestrangres)(inFrench).Retrieved20131226.
Furtherreading
[ edit ]
"Spain:Toledo" ,CitiesandPrincipalTownsoftheWorld,CabinetCyclopaedia,London:Longman,Rees,Orme,
Brown,&Green,1830,OCLC2665202
HannahLynch(1898),Toledo ,MediaevalTowns,London:J.M.Dent&Co.,OCLC150311124
"Toledo".SpainandPortugal (3rded.).Leipsic:KarlBaedeker.1908.OCLC1581249 .
FrancisWhitingHalsey,ed.(1914)."Toledo".SpainandPortugal .SeeingEuropewithFamousAuthors9.Funk&
WagnallsCompanyviaHathiTrust.
TrudyRing,ed.(1995)."Toledo" .SouthernEurope.InternationalDictionaryofHistoricPlaces3.Fitzroy
Dearborn.ISBN1884964028.
DavidGilmour(2012)."Toledo" .CitiesofSpain.RandomHouse.ISBN9781448138333.
Externallinks
[ edit ]
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Municipality
WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoToledo,
Spain.
ExhibitonToledo,OhioSisterCityAgreement
PhotographyofToledobyAntonyMarsh
"LaHistoriadeFermosa" .AbrahamS.Marrache,HebraicaEdiciones
Wikivoyagehasatravel
guideforToledo,Spain.
2009,ahistoricalnovelinSpanishabouttheloveaffairin1179between
KingAlfonsoVIIIofCastileandtheyoungToledanJewess,Fermosa.
SunsetinToledo ,EretzAcheret Magazine
LegendsofToledo
FreeAudioGuideofToledoES/EN
Spain'sofficialwebsiteInfoaboutToledo
ElArtedeToledoTraditionalcraftsshop
[show]
VTE
WorldHeritageSitesinSpain
VTE
Municipalitiesin
theprovinceofToledo
[show]
VTE
Capitals
ofprovincesofSpain
[show]
VTE
[show]
Capitals
ofautonomouscommunitiesofSpain
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