Analysis and Design For Stability-Slides PDF

Analysis and Design for Stability
Allen Adams, P.E., S.E.

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Allen Adams, P.E., S.E.
Chief Structural Engineer, RAM Group at Bentley Systems, Inc.
Senior Product Manager, RAM Structural System
AISC Committee on Specifications

AISC 360 Task Committee 10 Stability
AISC Committee on Manuals Seismic Design Manual
ASCE Committee on Design of Steel Building Structures
2 | WWW.BENTLEY.COM |
Strength
Stiffness
Stability
Stability
Stability
Stability
Stability
Stability
Stability
Stability
1st Order vs 2nd Order Analysis
1st Order Analysis

2nd Order Analysis
Stability and 2nd-Order Effects

P-D
P-d
Out-of-Plumbness
Member Out-of-Straightness
Residual Stresses

P-D
P-d
Out-of-Plumbness
Residual Stresses
P-D

P-D
P-d
Out-of-Plumbness
Residual Stresses

P-D
P-d
Out-of-Plumbness
Residual Stresses
P-d

P-D
P-d
Out-of-Plumbness
Residual Stresses
Out-of-Plumbness

P-D
P-d
Out-of-Plumbness
Residual Stresses

P-D
P-d
Out-of-Plumbness
Residual Stresses

P-D
P-d
Out-of-Plumbness
Residual Stresses

These effects can be handled by:
Amplify the member forces obtained from a 1st-order analysis
Reduce the available strength (the calculated allowable

capacity) of the member
Include the effects directly in the model used in the analysis
A combination of the above
P-D
Amplified 1st-Order Elastic Analysis
AISC B2 Factor
P-D
AISC B2 Factor
2nd-Order Analysis
Iterative
Geometric Stiffness Method
Iterative
Geometric Stiffness
P-d
AISC B1 Factor
P-d
AISC B1 Factor
2nd-Order Analysis
Iterative
P-d
AISC B1 Factor
2nd-Order Analysis
Iterative
Reduced Capacity
AISC 9th ASD (1989)
Out-of-Plumbness
Direct Modeling of the displaced nodes
Out-of-Plumbness
Requires four separate
models, one for each
axis direction.
Out-of-Plumbness
Notional Loads
Notional Loads
Notional Loads are a portion of the vertical gravity load applied
horizontally.
Notional Loads
Dead, Live and Roof
Applied in each of the four directions (+/- Xaxis, +/- Y-axis)
AISC 360-10 specifies notional loads of 0.002

or 0.003 times the gravity loads
Load Combinations with Notional Loads

In AISC 360, if B2 is greater than 1.5, the notional loads must be included with all
combinations, otherwise they need only be included with the gravity load combinations:
When B2 < 1.5:
1.4 D + 1.4 ND1
1.2 D + 1.2 ND1 + 1.6 L + 1.6 NL1
1.2 D + 1.6 W1
1.2 D + 0.5 Lp + 1.6 W1

.
.
.
When B2 > 1.5:

1.4 D + 1.4 ND1
1.2 D + 1.2 ND1 + 1.6 Lp + 1.6 NL1
1.2 D + 1.2 ND1 + 1.6 W1
1.2 D + 1.2 ND1 + 0.5 Lp + 1.2 NL1 + 1.6 W1
.
.
.
Out-of-Plumbness
Notional Loads
Reduce Capacity by using the Effective
Length (KL) in the strength equations
Reduced Capacity from Strength
equations that are calibrated to include
effects
effects
Used reduced stiffnesses in the analysis
Residual Stresses
Residual Stresses
effects
Residual Stresses
effects
AISC LRFD 3rd

(1999)
Residual Stresses
effects
Used reduced stiffnesses in the analysis

P-D
P-d
Out-of-Plumbness
Residual Stresses
Leaning Columns
Leaning Columns
Leaning Columns
Methods of 2nd Order Analysis

Amplified 1st Order Elastic Analysis
e.g., B1 and B2 Factors
Iterative
Geometric Stiffness Method (for P-D)

e.g, B1 and B2 Factors
Iterative

Limitations of the B2 method
It was developed based on planar frames. It does not
account for rotational effects of the 3-dimensional
structure.
May not be accurate for complex buildings.

Advantages of the B2 method
Straightforward. The P-D affects are quantified (B2 is
the ratio of the drift including P-D effects over the
drift excluding P-D effects) so you can readily see
the impact on design forces.
Considers the effects of Leaning Columns if done
correctly.
Principle of Superposition applies. This allows Load
Cases to be analyzed and then the results
combined in combinations.
Principle of Superposition
Principle of Superposition says:
(A)results + (B)results + (C)results = (A + B + C)results
For example:
(Dead)results + (Live)results + (Seismic)results = (Dead + Live + Seismic)results
However, the 2nd order effects are nonlinear, so without accounting for those:
(Dead)results + (Live)results + (Seismic)results (Dead + Live + Seismic)results
It is possible, however, to modify the analysis results such that superposition can
be used:
B2(Dead)results + B2(Live)results + B2(Seismic)results (Dead + Live + Seismic)results
Principle of Superposition applies when using the B2 method

The B2 method is a way of approximating a 2nd Order
analysis by amplifying the results of a 1st Order
analysis.
The B2 factors are calculated for each combination, based
on the load case analysis results. This allows the
analysis program to quickly analyze a small number of
load cases (D, L, Rf, Wind, EQ, usually about 20 or so
cases) and then comprehensively combine those
results in the required load combinations (usually more
than 160).
This is much more convenient for the user, it is quicker
and it produces less analysis results to have to review.

Iterative

Advantages of the Iterative P-delta method
Theoretically most accurate of the three methods.

Can be used for non-building structures.

Limitations of the Iterative P-delta method
Live Load Reduction can not be easily applied (correctly).
This can result in up to 60% error in Live Loads.
Does not consider the effects of Leaning Columns unless
they are included in the lateral analysis model. If not done
properly the p-delta analysis could be off significantly.
Requires that the Analysis be done on Load Combinations,
not Load Cases. This can be very time-consuming and can
produce an overwhelming amount of analysis data due to the
large number of load combinations now required by Code.
Impossible to do with Response Spectra?

Iterative

Advantages of the Geometric Stiffness method (used by RAM Frame
as an option)
Live Load Reduction can be easily applied (correctly).
Considers the effects of Leaning Columns.

Principle of Superposition applies. This allows Load Cases to be
analyzed and then the results combined in combinations.
Valid with Response Spectra.
Principle of Superposition
Principle of Superposition says:
(A)results + (B)results + (C)results = (A + B + C)results
For example:
(Dead)results + (Live)results + (Seismic)results = (Dead + Live + Seismic)results
However, the 2nd order effects are nonlinear, so without accounting for that:
It is possible, however, to modify the analysis such that superposition can be

used:
Principle of Superposition applies when using the Geometric

Stiffness method
The Geometric Stiffness method is a way of modifying the
analysis such that the 2nd Order analysis results can be
obtained directly by performing a 1st Order analysis.
Theoretically the Geometric Stiffness method gives the

same results as an iterative approach.
This allows RAM Frame to quickly analyze a small
number of load cases (D, L, Rf, Wind, EQ, usually
about 20 or so cases) and then comprehensively
combine those results in the required load
combinations (usually more than 160).
This is much more convenient for the user, it is quicker
and it produces less analysis results to have to review.
Specification Requirements Related to

Stability and 2nd-Order Analysis
AISC 360-10 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete
Eurocode 3 EN 1993-1-1:2005+A1:2014 Design of Steel
Structures
Australia AS 4100-1998 Steel Structures
AISC 360-10
C1. GENERAL STABILITY REQUIREMENTS
Stability shall be provided for the structure as a whole and for each of its elements
Any rational method of design for stability that considers all of the listed effects is
permitted; this includes the methods identified in Sections C1.1 and C1.2.
1. Direct Analysis Method of Design
The direct analysis method of design, which consists of the calculation of required
strengths in accordance with Section C2 and the calculation of available strengths in
accordance with Section C3, is permitted for all structures.
2. Alternative Methods of Design
The effective length method and the first-order analysis method, defined in Appendix
7, are permitted as alternatives to the direct analysis method for structures that satisfy
the constraints specified in that appendix.
AISC 360 Direct Analysis Method

Purpose: to address the stability and 2nd-order effects
Direct Analysis Method is not an analysis method!
Finite Element Analysis, Response Spectra Analysis, Virtual Work,
Moment Distribution, etc., are analysis methods
It is a methodology consisting of several possible techniques

for addressing the various stability effects, most notably
directly modeling those effects for inclusion in the analysis

AISC 360-10 Chapter C
P-D: Any valid method, including iterative, geometric stiffness,
or B2
P-d: Any valid method, including iterative or B1
Out-of-Plumbness: Direct modeling of leaning structure or
Notional Loads (0.002)
Member Out-of-Straightness: Stiffness reduction (0.8, tb)
Residual Stresses: Stiffness reduction (0.8, tb)

RAM Frame:

RAM Frame:

RAM Frame:

RAM Frame:

RAM Frame:

RAM Frame:

RAM Frame:
K = 1.0
AISC 360-10 Stability Requirements

C1. GENERAL STABILITY REQUIREMENTS
Stability shall be provided for the structure as a whole and for each of its elements
Any rational method of design for stability that considers all of the listed effects is
permitted; this includes the methods identified in Sections C1.1 and C1.2.
1. Direct Analysis Method of Design
The direct analysis method of design, which consists of the calculation of required
strengths in accordance with Section C2 and the calculation of available strengths in
accordance with Section C3, is permitted for all structures.
2. Alternative Methods of Design
The effective length method and the first-order analysis method, defined in Appendix
7, are permitted as alternatives to the direct analysis method for structures that satisfy
the constraints specified in that appendix.
Recommendation:
Use Direct Analysis Method for Steel Moment Frames (can use K=1)
Use Effective Length Method for Steel Braced Frames (K=1 for Braced Frames)
AISC 360-10 Stability Requirements

AISC Design Guide 28: Stability Design of Steel Buildings
Bentley Communities wiki:

ASCE 7, AISC 360, and the Direct Analysis Method in the RAM Structural System
Go to: http://communities.bentley.com, and search for ASCE 7
ACI 318-14 Structural Concrete
Eurocode EN 1993-1-1:2005+A1:2014 Steel
If acr 10, 1st-order analysis may be used.


5.2.2 Structural Stability of Frames
This is a Notional Load
This is a
Notional Load
Drift
Purpose of Drift Limits
Occupant Comfort
Protect Nonstructural
Elements
Structural Stability
Bentley Systems, Inc. On-Demand Video:
Building Drift: Understanding and Satisfying Code Requirements
Go to: http://pages.info.bentley.com/videos/
or Google the title
ASCE 7 Stability Coefficient

Section 12.8.7 P-Delta Effects:

=

(12.8-16)
The stability coefficient (q) shall not exceed qmax determined as follows:
0.5
=
0.25
(12.8-17)
where b is the ratio of shear demand to shear capacity. This ratio is

permitted to be conservatively taken as 1.0.
Where q is greater than qmax, the structure is potentially unstable and shall be
redesigned.

Section 12.8.7 P-Delta Effects:

=

(12.8-16)
The stability coefficient (q) shall not exceed qmax determined as follows:
0.5
=
0.25
(12.8-17)
Where the P-delta effect is included in an automated analysis, Eq. 12.8-17

shall still be satisfied, however, the value of q computed from Eq. 12.8-16
using the results of the P-delta analysis is permitted to be divided by (1+ q)
before checking 12.8-17.
That is, compare qmax to q/(1+q).

=

(12.8-16)
1 + when P-delta included in analysis
0.5
=
0.25
(12.8-17)

=

(12.8-16)
1 + when P-delta included in analysis
0.5
=
0.25
(12.8-17)
For example, assuming b=1.0 and with Cd = 5:

qmax = (0.5)/[(1.0)(5.5)] = 0.091.
Since P-delta included in analysis compare q/(1+q):
0.126 > 0.091 No Good
Stability Coefficient
ASCE 7-10:
AISC 360-10:
ACI 318-14:
AS 4100:
EN 1993:
Stability Coefficient
ASCE 7-10:
AISC 360-10:
ACI 318-14:
AS 4100:
EN 1994:
Thanks!
Questions?
allen.adams@bentley.com

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Analysis and Design for Stability

Allen Adams, P.E., S.E.

Analysis and Design for Stability

AISC Committee on Specifications

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

1st Order vs 2nd Order Analysis

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

1st Order vs 2nd Order Analysis

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

1st Order vs 2nd Order Analysis

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

1st Order vs 2nd Order Analysis

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

1st Order vs 2nd Order Analysis

1st Order Analysis

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2nd Order Analysis

Stability and 2nd-Order Effects

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Stability and 2nd-Order Effects

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Stability and 2nd-Order Effects

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Stability and 2nd-Order Effects

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Stability and 2nd-Order Effects

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Stability and 2nd-Order Effects

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Stability and 2nd-Order Effects

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Stability and 2nd-Order Effects

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Stability and 2nd-Order Effects

Reduce the available strength (the calculated allowable

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

2015 Bentley Systems, Incorporated