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CHAPTER 1

ENGINEERING PROFESSION

MEC 400- INTRODUCTION TO


ENGINEERING & PROBLEM SOLVING
1

CONTENT

Career in engineering
Engineering as a Profession
Engineering Disciplines and Functions
Professionalism and Ethics in Engineering
Professional Regulations and Registrations
Future Challenges, Prospective and Expectations

MEC 400- INTRODUCTION TO


ENGINEERING & PROBLEM SOLVING

Chapter Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
Understand the role of engineering in the world
Understand how to prepare for a meaningful
engineering career
Understand the role of an engineer in the engineering
workplace
Understand the importance of the engineering design
process in development of engineering solutions to
society's needs
Realize the importance of the engineering profession
MEC 400- INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING & PROBLEM SOLVING

ENGINEERING CAREER

Technical specialist may be called engineer, scientist,


technologist or technician, depending on education, industrial
affiliation, and specific work.
Engineering program accredited by Engineering
Accreditation Counsel (BEM/Washington Accord)
Engineering programs include, mechanical, aerospace, marine,
manufacturing, materials, civil, electrical, chemical and
construction

The study of engineering requires a strong background in


mathematics and the physical sciences

MEC 400- INTRODUCTION TO


ENGINEERING & PROBLEM SOLVING

ENGINEERING CAREER
When considering a career in engineering or any closely related
fields, you should explore the answers to several questions:
What is engineering?
What are the career opportunities for engineers?
What are the engineering disciplines?
Where does the engineer fit into the technical spectrum?
How are engineers educated?
What is meant by professionalism and engineering ethics?
What have engineers done in the past?
What are engineers doing now? What will engineers do in the
future?
What types of workplace are needed to be a successful
engineer?
MEC 400- INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING & PROBLEM SOLVING

Scientist

Scientists have as their


prime objective increased
knowledge of nature;
conducts research in a
systematic manner.

The research steps,


referred to as the scientific
method, are often
summarized as follows:

1. Formulate a hypothesis
2. Conceive and execute

experiments to test the


hypothesis.
3. Analyze test results and
state conclusions.
4. Generalize the hypothesis
into the form of a law or
theory if experimental
results are in harmony with
the hypothesis.
5. Publish the new knowledge

MEC 400- INTRODUCTION TO


ENGINEERING & PROBLEM SOLVING

Engineers
The profession of engineering
takes the knowledge of

gained through

study,
experience,
and practice

and applies this knowledge with judgment

mathematics and
natural sciences

to develop ways
to utilize the materials and forces of nature

for the benefit of all humans.

MEC 400- INTRODUCTION TO


ENGINEERING & PROBLEM SOLVING

Scientist Vs Engineers

Both engineer and scientist are thoroughly educated


in the mathematical and physical sciences,
scientist primarily uses this knowledge to acquire new
knowledge,
engineer applies the knowledge to design and develops
usable devices, structures, and processes.
In other words, the scientist seeks to know, the
engineer aims to do.

MEC 400- INTRODUCTION TO


ENGINEERING & PROBLEM SOLVING

1.1 ENGINEERING AS PROFESSION

Engineers are professional problem- solvers.


They use math and science along with skills in communications,
critical thinking and management to produce practical solutions
that will benefit people or society.
They : design, create, build, improve, invent -- everything from
heart valves and microchips to skyscrapers and space vehicles.

MEC 400- INTRODUCTION TO


ENGINEERING & PROBLEM SOLVING

ENGINEERING AS PROFESSION

Engineers don't just sit in a cubicle and solve mathematical


equations;
they work in teams to solve challenging engineering problems to
make life safer, easier, and more efficient for the world we live
in.
Engineers must demonstrate competence in initiative,
professionalism,
engineering knowledge,
teamwork,
innovation,
communication,
cultural adaptability,
safety awareness, customer focus, general knowledge,
continuous learning, planning, analysis and judgment, quality
orientation, and integrity.
Engineers help to shape government policies, international
development, and education at all levels.
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How much do engineers make?

Salaries for engineers depend on what type of engineers they


are, what kind of company they work for, how many years of
experience they have.
The starting salary for many engineers with bachelors degrees
is RM 30,000 a year
Some engineers just starting out earn more than RM 300,000 a
year! (oil and gas company)

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Where do engineers work?

Engineers work in in many different places. Some work in large


corporations, while others own their own small firms.
Engineers are employed at manufacturing plants, hospitals,
research labs, construction sites, and "regular business offices.
Some engineers work for government agencies and while others
work in foreign countries.

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Engineers attire

Engineers who work in offices may wear business suits every


day, others may dress more casually - even blue jeans
occasionally!
Engineers who work in manufacturing plants or on construction
sites may wear hard hats and steel-toed boots.
Some engineers wear special clothes to protect them from dirt
or hazardous chemicals

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How long is your work day?

An engineer can work a regular 8 am-to-5 pm


hours or much longer depending on what kind of
company they work for and what kind of project they
are involved with at the time.

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Can an engineer still have a family,


friends, a life?

Engineers are people, too! They work hard, but have


families and friends just like everyone else.
Successful men and women have families as well as
hobbies ranging from music and gardening to sports
and world travel

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What if some day an engineer


decides to do something else?
An engineering degree is good preparation for
many different careers - especially ones that
require problem-solving skills.
There are occasions where engineers chose to
become doctors, lawyers, or business
managers as well as traditional engineers

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Life Skills for Engineers


Teamwork
Communications
Competency in the discipline
Critical thinking
Capacity for life long learning

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What can you expect from an


engineering career?

Varied opportunities
Challenging work
Brain exercise
Making a social impact or improving our way of life
Prestige - engineering is a well respected profession
Lifelong education - always new things to learn about
How do they do that - curiosity?
Creative thinking - dreaming

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1.2 ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES


AND FUNCTIONS
MAJOR DISCIPLINES
Mechanical Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Civil Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Industrial Engineering

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ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES
Engineering Disciplines
Mechanical/Aerospace
Electrical/Computer

16%

23%

5%
10%

Civil/Environment
Chemical/Petroleum

16%

30%
Industrial/Manufacturin
g/Management
Other

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Others Engineering Disciplines

Automotive Engineering
Environmental
Aerospace Engineering
Agricultural Engineering
Biomedical Engineering
Computer Engineering
Materials Engineering
Nuclear Engineering
Robotics Engineering
Safety Engineering

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Aeronautical

Aerospace

Agricultural

Automotive

Biochemical

Biomedical

Biotechnology

CAD/CAM

Chemical

Civil

Communication

Computer

Computer
Systems
Electronic

Computer and
Communication
Electromechanical

Electrical
Energy

Environmental

Food and
process
Information
System

Geotechnical

Highway

Industrial

Information Technology

Instrumentation Manufacturing
and Control

Materials

Mechanical

Mechatronic

Mining

Naval Architecture

Polymer

Structural

Telecommunication

Water
Resources

MEC 400- INTRODUCTION TO


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Mineral
resources
Petroleum

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1.3 Mechanical Engineering


profession, domain and discipline

Mechanical Engineering encompasses the design, analysis, testing


and manufacture of products that are used in every facet of
modern society. The mechanical engineer may design a
component, a machine, a system or a process. They will analyze
their design using, for examples, the principles of motion, energy,
and force or other related principles to insure the product
functions safely, efficiently, reliably, and can be manufactured at
a competitive cost.
Mechanical engineers work in the automotive, aerospace,
chemical, computer, communication, paper, and power
generation industries. Mechanical engineers will be found in
virtually any manufacturing industry. Increasingly, mechanical
engineers are needed in the environmental and bio-medical fields.
Indeed virtually every product or service in modern life has
probably been touched in some way by a mechanical engineer.

Mechanical Engineering

Basic mechanical system: use levers, ropes and pulleys to


multiply strength.
Today: mechanical engineers involved with energy utilization and
conversion, machines, manufacturing materials and process and
engines
Refrigeration system, air condition, heating and ventilating
system, machines and mechanism in manufacturing and
transportation, generation of electricity

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Mechanical Engineering

A Profession
Combines physics, math, & engineering.
Solves problems pragmatically
Focuses on the design and production of energyproducing systems and mechanical devices or
mechanisms.

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Where do Mechanical Engineers


Work?

IN ALL INDUSTRIES !
Air conditioning and refrigeration
Fluids related field- CFF, pipelines, etc.
Manufacturing
Fracture mechanics
Software design
Medicine
Transportation
Robotics
Mechanical Engineering is one of the broadest
branches of the engineering profession.
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Fields of involvements

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What is Chemical Engineering?


A Profession
Combines chemistry, math, & engineering.
Solves problems pragmatically.
Focuses on control of mass, energy, and
materials properties to produce new products
and processes.

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Where do Chemical Engineers


Work?

IN ALL INDUSTRIES !
Chemicals
Food/Consumer Goods
Electronics/Computers
Power Plants
Pulp & Paper
Advanced Materials
Petrochemicals (Oil and Gas)
Biotechnology
Pharmaceuticals
Medicine
Government & Military
Chemical Engineering is recognized as the most versatile of the
engineering fields

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What is Civil Engineering?


A Profession
Combines physic, math, & engineering.
Design solutions to cope with many of our
planets most serious problems
foul air
decaying cities, roadways and bridges
clogged airports and highways
polluted stream, rivers and lakes

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Where do Civil Engineers Work?


IN ALL INDUSTRIES !
Structural - buildings
Transportation - roads, railroads, canals,
seaway
Environmental - water / waste treatment,
recycling, toxic waste
Water resources - rivers, harbours, flood
control and hydroelectric power

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What is Electrical Engineering?

A Profession
Combines physic, math, & engineering.
Electrical engineers apply specialized skill to the
design, manufacture, application, installation, and
operation of electrical products and systems.
Electrical engineers play a role in almost
EVERYTHING we interact with on a daily basis. They
design smaller, cheaper, and better.

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Where do Electrical Engineers


Work?

IN ALL INDUSTRIES ! 36 technical societies with


broad areas
Electronics - circuits, microelectronics, chips
Communications - cell phones, lasers, video, antennae,
phone, telegraph, networks Lasers and Electro-optics
Power - transmission and distribution of power,
electric motors, and generators - cruise ship
Controls - automated control systems and processes,
aerospace systems, aircraft controls, instruments, fly
by wire
Instrumentation
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Agriculture
Agricultural engineer
Chemical engineer
Environmental engineer
Mechanical engineer

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Communications
Computer

engineer
Electrical engineer
Industrial engineer

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Computers
Aeronautical/Aerospace engineer
Chemical engineer
Computer engineer
Electrical engineer
Industrial engineer
Materials engineer
Mechanical engineer

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Construction
Agricultural engineer
Civil engineer
Environmental engineer
Industrial engineer
Materials engineer
Mechanical engineer

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Energy
Chemical engineer
Civil engineer
Electrical engineer
Environmental engineer
Industrial engineer
Mechanical engineer
Nuclear engineer

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Environment
Agricultural engineer
Chemical engineer
Civil engineer
Environmental engineer
Materials engineer
Mechanical engineer
Nuclear engineer

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Machines
Aeronautical/Aerospace engineer
Agricultural engineer
Biomedical engineer
Computer engineer
Electrical engineer
Industrial engineer
Materials engineer
Mechanical engineer

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Materials
Biomedical engineer
Chemical engineer
Materials engineer

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Medical
Biomedical engineer
Chemical engineer
Materials engineer
Mechanical engineer

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Space and Transportations


Aeronautical/Aerospace engineer
Civil engineer
Environmental engineer
Industrial engineer
Mechanical engineer

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1.4 TRAINING AND ACADEMIC


REQUIREMENTS IN ENGINEERING
SPM, STPM, Certificate, Diploma
Good understanding in the following:

Physics
Mathematics

Good understanding and fluency in English

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TRAINING AND ACADEMIC


REQUIREMENTS IN ENGINEERING

Engineering Education. Engineering education is based on the


following engineering curricula: (as per UiTM requirement,
and Engineering Accreditation Council, EAC requirement)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.

Introductory engineering (6%): graphics, computer graphics,


computer science, engineering orientations.
Mathematics (15%): calculus, vector analysis, differential
equations, statistics, and numerical analysis.
Physical sciences (16%): chemistry, physics, biology, and geology.
Engineering sciences (16%): electrical circuits, material science,
mechanics, and thermodynamics.
Engineering specialties (26%); major or concentration subjects.
Socio-humanistic courses (10%): art, economy, psychology,
sociology, Islamic studies, and philosophy.
Oral and written proficiency (8%): English, Bahasa Melayu,
technical writing and communication.
General (3%): business, accounting, law, and entrepreneurship
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TRAINING AND ACADEMIC


REQUIREMENTS IN ENGINEERING

Engineering Education. Engineering education is based on the


following engineering curricula: (as per UiTM requirement, and
Engineering Accreditation Council, EAC requirement)

Oral and written


proficiency ; 8%
Socio-humanistic
courses ; 13%

General; 3%

Introductory
engineering; 6%
Mathematics; 15%

Physical sciences
; 13%
Engineering
specialties ; 26%

Engineering
sciences ; 16%

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TRAINING AND ACADEMIC


REQUIREMENTS IN ENGINEERING

1.

Requirements and desirable characteristics


There are several desirable characteristics of a person
before he / she embarks on engineering study.
Have a strong interest in and an ability to work with
mathematics and physical sciences since the knowledge is
applied vigorously in design and development of devices,

structures, and processes.


2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

Appreciate the THINKING process involved to obtain the


solution of a problem and able to think in a logical manner.
Have a keen mind and unusual curiosity of how and why things
work.
Willing to take on any challenges and difficulties.
Able to adapt to changes quickly and be proactive.
Other desirable qualities.
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TRAINING AND ACADEMIC


REQUIREMENTS IN ENGINEERING

Students pursuing the study in engineering must


demonstrate sufficient analytical ability during their
first year of study especially in the subjects such as
mathematics, physics, chemistry, and introductory
engineering courses.
A grade of C or better in these subjects, to a certain
extent, would indicate the person's eligibility to
enroll in any of the engineering programs.

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The Engineering Functions

Engineering Functions are the scope of work that the


engineers are expected to involve.
Regardless of their engineering disciplines and
irrespective of their working places, engineers may
engage in one or more of the following functions:

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The Functions of Engineer


Research
Development

Teaching

Design

Consulting

Engineers
Production
&
Testing

Management

Construction

Sales
Operations

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Function : Researchers

Research engineers seeks new findings, as does the scientist but


research engineer seeks ways to used the discovery.
Key qualities of successful research engineer are
perceptiveness, patience, and self confidence.
Research often involves test, failures, retests, and so on...
Research engineers might expected to work in many diverse,
seemingly unrelated areas.

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Function : Development

Development engineer attempts to produce a functional device,


structure, or process.
A major portion of development work requires use of well-known
devices and processes in conjunction with established theories;
to build models/prototypes.
To determine the methods
To evaluate and compare various alternatives
Successful development engineers are ingenious and creative.
Development engineers are asked to demonstrate that an idea
will work through testing, modeling and simulation.
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Function : Design

The designer relies on education and experience to


evaluate
Applies the results of research & development to
convert the concept/model into real devices,
structures, processes and systems
Select and specify;
Shapes
Availability/cost of materials
the cost of manufacturing
easy of production
performance requirements

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Function : Design

The designer is restricted by:


The state of art in engineering materials
Production facilities
Economic consideration
The designer must have a fundamental knowledge of
many engineering specialty subjects as well as an
understanding of economics, management and people.

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Function : Production and Testing

Production engineer is responsible for such tasks as;


Organizing plant facilities
Specifying production schedules
Determining availability of raw materials
Set up assembly line for mass production
Handling and shipping finish product
Knowledge of design, economics and psychology is of
particular importance for production engineers.

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Function production and testing

Test engineer perform test on products in order to;


Certify the new parts/materials
Ensure the products meet the standard (reliability and safety)
A fundamental knowledge of statistics is beneficial to the test
engineer.

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Function : Construction
In building industry
Construction engineer begin the process by
estimating material, labour and overhead
costs.
Supervise the individual segments of
constructions
Need on-the-job experience and an
understanding of labour relations.

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Function : Operations and Maintenance


Sometimes call plant/facilities engineers
In charge in facilities/maintenance
Knowledge in basic engineering, industrial
engineering principles, economics and law.

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Function : Sales and Marketing

Sales engineering finding or creating a market for new


product.
The liaison between the company and the consumer (a very
important part of influencing a company's reputation).
Uses technical background to recognize customers needs and
recommends suitable products/system
An engineering background plus a sincere interest in people and
a desire to be helpful are the primary attributes of a sales
engineer.
The sales engineer usually spends a great deal of time in the
plant learning about the product to be sold.
After a customer purchases a product, the sales engineer is
responsible for coordinating service and maintaining customer
satisfaction

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Function : Management

Managing and ensuring the profit making of the company


Plan and coordinate the activities of technology team by
creating a climate for critical thinking analysis, innovative
thinking and efficient performance

A balanced education of engineering or science and business


seems to produce the best managerial potential

In FKM UiTM, Master in Engineering Management, EM774.

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Function :Consulting

A specialized person who involves in providing highly technical


supports and guides
Consulting engineers operate alone or in partner-ship furnishing
specialized help to clients who request it
Necessities in consulting: a sense of integrity and a knack for
correct engineering judgment.
A consulting engineer must possess a professional engineer's
license before beginning practice.
Consultants usually spend many years in the private, cor-porate
or government world gaining experience in a specific area before
going on their own
Staff: engineers of diverse backgrounds so that a wide range of
engineering problems can be contracted.
In Malaysia, a consulting engineer should be a registered
engineer with BEM, and should have a Professional Engineer title
(Ir).
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Function : Teaching

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Function : Teaching

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Function : Teaching

Helps others to become engineers

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Function : Teaching

The engineering teacher must possess an ability to


communicate abstract principles and engineering
experiences in a manner that students can understand
and appreciate.
Involves transferring of knowledge, experience and
skills, shaping and helping others to become
engineers.
In various university, the academic qualifications
mostly are Masters, and PhDs. While a bachelor
degree only teaches Diploma level and Certificate
level.
Income-wise, according of level of experience and
qualifications a teaching engineer can make between
RM30k to RM240k annually.
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1.5 Professionalism & Ethics In


Engineering

The professional engineer can be said to have the


following qualities:
Specialized knowledge and skills used for the benefit
of humanity
Honesty and impartiality in engineering service
Constant interest in improving the profession
Support of professional and technical societies that
represent the professional engineer

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Profesionalism
A way of life
Profesional person is one who engage in activity that requires specialized
and comprehensive education and is motivated by a strong desire to serve
humanity
Profesional engineer can be said to have the following:
Specialized knowledge and skills used for benefit of humanity
Honesty and impartiality in engineering service
Constant interest in improving the profession
Support of professional and technical societies that represent
professional engineer

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Professionalism & Ethics In


Engineering
Wearing Terompah/wooden slipper to
campus

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Professionalism & Ethics In


Engineering
Wearing

high heels to campus

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Professionalism & Ethics In


Engineering
Wearing other fashionable shoes to
campus

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Professionalism & Ethics In


Engineering

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Professionalism & Ethics In


Engineering

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Professionalism & Ethics In


Engineering
Dress according to profession

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Professionalism & Ethics In


Engineering
Dress

according to situation

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Professionalism & Ethics In


Engineering

Mechanical Engineering Student

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Professionalism & Ethics In


Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Student

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Professionalism & Ethics In


Engineering
A professional engineer is a person who possesses the
following qualities:
Specialized knowledge and skills applied for the benefit
of mankind.
Honesty and impartiality in rendering engineering
service.
Continuing interest in the improvement of the
profession.
Support of the professional and technical bodies that
represent the professional engineer.

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Professionalism & Ethics In


Engineering

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

We may represent the general code of ethics for the


professional engineers as follows:Engineers shall use their knowledge and skill for the
enhancement of human welfare.
Engineers shall be honest and impartial, and serve with
fidelity the public, their employers and clients.
Engineers shall strive to increase the competence and
prestige of the engineering profession.
Engineers shall support the professional and technical
societies of their disciplines locally and internationally.
Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and
welfare of the public in the performance of their
professional duties.
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Professionalism & Ethics In


Engineering
7. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their
competence. No engineers shall try to interfere with other area
of expertise.
8. Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merit
of their services and shall not compete unfairly with others.
9. Engineers shall act in a manner as to uphold and enhance the
honor, integrity and dignity of the profession.
10. Engineers shall continue their professional development
throughout their careers and shall provide the opportunities for
the development of those engineers under their supervision.

A code adapted from and endorsed by the

Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, USA.


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Ethical

Responsible

Competent
Professional
Engineer

Mature

Intellectual

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PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
Guide to personal conduct of a profesional
engineer
Ref: IEM/BEM

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Ethics
In engineering profession, code of ethics provides a high standard of
integrity, honor and dignity for the professional engineers.
It specifies the obligations, responsibilities and accountabilities of the
engineers in their engineering practices.
Generally, each of the professional bodies has its own set of ethics.
Some variations may exist though not that significant.
Some Guidelines for Code of Professional Conduct (BEM)

1.6 PROFESSIONAL REGULATIONS


& REGISTRATION

In Malaysia registration of engineers is by Board of Engineers Malaysia


(MEM)/Lembaga Jurutera Malaysia (LJM). Graduates with recognized
qualification in relevant disciplines can apply as graduate members.
Recognition of degrees is through EAC (refer www.bem.org.my)
Registration As A Professional Engineer registered Graduate Engineer
with BEM
Corporate Member of IEM
- Obtained prescribed practical experience
a) two years general training and minimum one year
professional training under qualified supervision
b) satisfactory attendance in professional development courses
- Passed professional assessment examination or a corporate
member of IEM
- Complied with all requirements of BEM
- At least six month residency in Malaysia

OTHER PROFESSIONAL
REGISTRATION
IEM (student/Graduate)
ASHRAE (Student/Graduate)
IMeche (Student/Graduate)
BEM (Professional Bodies

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BEM (Board of Engineers Malaysia)

Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM)/Lembaga


Jurutera Malaysia (LJM).
A government body which ensure all practising
engineer in compliance to MALAYSIA's LAW in
engineering related

Graduates with recoginised qualification in relevant


disciplines can apply as graduate members.
Recognition of degrees is through EAC

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IEM (Institute of Engineers Malaysia)


A professional body which promote
professionalism and encourage continuous
learning.
Provide professional opinion to BEM
whenever required.
Graduates with recoginised qualification in
relevant disciplines can apply as Corporate
members.

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Registration As A Professional
Engineer

registered Graduate Engineer with BEM


Corporate Member of IEM
*obtained prescribed practical experience
a) two years general training and minimum one year
professional training under qualified supervision
b) satisfactory attendance in professional
development courses
* passed professional assessment examination
or a corporate member of IEM
* complied with all requirements of BEM
* at least six month residency in Malaysia

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Route to Professional Engineer


Registered Graduate
Engineers

Corporate Member of
IEM

Professional
Assessment
Examination
aInterview
bEssay on Practice
cEssay on Code of Ethics

aCompetency
Examination

Professional
Engineer

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1.7 FUTURE CHALLENGE

Modern challenges are so great that a


fundamental change in our engineering practice
is now required.
Issues on water pollution, air pollution,
greenhouse effects, and many other potentially
hazardous effects have become our main
concerns nowadays and also in the future.

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FUTURE CHALLENGE
Energy
Environmental
Infrastructure

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FUTURE CHALLENGE

Sustainable development is a recent economic

philosophy introduced with the aims at achieving


sustainability in all economic activities.
Technologies that enable resource conservation and
nonpolluting such as in recycling, conservation of
water, reusable energy, energy-efficient processes,
and etc will be our main challenges in the future.

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Prospective

Energy - need to develop alternative source (solar, wind,ocean etc)


- improve efficiency of existing energy consumption device
Water - water supply, pollution,
Competitiveness in world market-producing what the world wants
Infrastructure-transportation, waste disposal, water supply
Environment- Insatiable demand for energy, water and other resources

END

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