18b - TO ΜΥΣΤΙΚΟ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΡΤΗΕΝΟΝΑ - EG

ΤΟ ΜΥΣΤΙΚΟ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΡΘΕΝΩΝΑ 1
ΠΑΝΑΓΙΩΤΗΣ ΛΙΑΠΗΣ
THE SECRETS OF
THE PARTHENON

When MARBLE speaks....
Сcopyright (с) 2010

ΜΥΘΙΣΤΟΡΗΜΑ ΑΠΥΘΜΕΝΗΣ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑΣ. ΔΕΝ ΠΩΛΕΙΤΑΙ. Η ΓΝΩΣΗ

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
1

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
2
Novel of NON DEEP REALITY – FANTASY PRODUCT
With lots of love dedicated, to my parents, to EL_lines in Natalia, Olga,

Onder, and of course to my colleagues
By Price
LIAPIS Panagiotis
With lots of love dedicated, to my parents, to EL_lines in Natalia, Olga,

Onder, and of course to my partners
By Price
LIAPIS Panagiotis
При большом количестве посвященный, любви мои родители

Греки, В Наталья, Οльга, и Ондер, к моим коллегам

По цене
LIAPIS Panagiotis
Συγγραφέας ΛΙΑΠΗΣ ΠΑΝΑΓΙΩΤΗΣ

Τίτλος
Δ/νση Κ.Βάρναλη 12, 15121 Πεύκη, Αθήνα
Τηλ. 210-6149149
Κιν. 6937097443
Ε-mail real_estate_liapis@yahoo.gr
ΔΙΑΘΕΣΗ 210.8065618 6937097443
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
3
Author LIAPIS Panagiotis
Title
Addr K. Varnali 12 15121 Pine Athens
Tel 210-6149149
Mob. 6937097443
E-mail real_estate_liapis@yahoo.gr
SUPPLY 210.8065618 6937097443
A few words from the author

My Friends in this textbook, take the
knowledge that until now store it in
dusty Greek manuscripts of Plato,
Aristotle and other ancient fotodoton
in damp basements monasteries and
private libraries disekatomyriouchon. We revealed through
masterfully blended events of economy, religion, Greek history
and mythology, the confirmations of Medicine and the
multidimensional social structures, the Greek discovery of
ether for which spoke Platonas and Aristotle, the mineral
krystalyka and electrical properties, their initiatory secret
caves, history, radiation and their effects on human health,
MIND CONTROL is the technical control of the mind legends
and myths, travel guides, the history of Russia and Mongolia,
Dynasty RURIC, the Greek supremacy, The Secret of the
Living Water, forecasts in recent days, the establishment of the
4th Reich, well read, and its organization, methods of
prevalence of the 4th Reich, Geostrategic, The Secrets of the
Parthenon, The stolen works of art, naturally leads business
survival in difficult times. There are missing from my literary
work of literature, prayer and research on photovoltaic
technology in whose threshold of energy is free. Also
presented a series of investigations on a series of error events
for the signs, and possible manipulation of cosmogony,
incidents involving the Nazis and the possible bases in space,
President Obama, and the new doctrine Panthriskeias
launched in conjunction with the Worship infernal beings are a
new mirror through which can be seen the current scene of the
enormous progress in the areas of MIND CONTROL, the chip
EMV of Bill Gates on bank credit cards, the emerging banking
system in relation to economic crashes of America The
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
4
SIONISMOS and the New World Order of the 4th Reich, and PEOPLE CLONES -
Men in Black, and the CIA in connection with the anti-government slogans and
reactive walls define a new reality, which leads to control police forces in Use of
Sound for centuries hidden weapons ancient Greeks developed from the Greek
National Nuclear epistimoina C. Gkiolva. The creations of the Plan "Arrow"
(sound rule) and the sound "Artemis", as are sources on the web are presented in
detail below in relation to biological warfare aircraft from the US-spray from
chemical and microbial air over cities. Trying to minimize the harmful effects that
using genetics Industry, extensive fires, building new towns in the concentration
camps of D Reich, apply geostrategic implementation plan new war in the
Balkans because of Kosovo, where the project "Blue Ray" at the upcoming
mayhem by the end of 01/2010 will chrisimopoiithoun new weapons bass Police
with physical effects of radiation on the human organism KARKINOUS
By Price
LIAPIS Panagiotis

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
5
CAUTION - SIGNIFICANT MARKINGS TO READER
1. This project is a bottomless MYTHISTORIMA Reality

2. Clarifies Developed Fiction
3. Any resemblance to actual persons, locations and events are
imaginary, purely accidental, not existing in the present reality and past it.
4. Copyrights on works protected by the current constitution, laws and

jurisprudence
5. Prohibited the reproduction and distribution of all or part of the
document without the prior written permission of the author and an award
identifying figures and in words of the author's remuneration, rights and
remuneration of the Greek state, the duration of the contract and the
parties.
6. The document bears a registered trademark
7. The project is only available for private use, prohibited the reading
public all or part of it.
8. The work donate to the library of the Greek state request and complied
with the legislation providing for the process.
9. For Greek citizens: To book not sold through bookstores and other
retail outlets. KNOWLEDGE donors.
10. The book takes seeker typing costs and expenses of this mission.
11. The Writer LIAPIS Panagiotis receive no remuneration (money)
making a work available
12. The book has no subversive of the system concept, but instead Net
conglomerate of all the Greeks of Planet Earth, 120,000,000 Greeks to
create well-governed society as defined by the democratic, elected
Parliamentary Antiptosopous People (primary form of power)
13. The GREECE Fri all the problems exist because of the scandalous
EVNNOIA OF MARY. The Greeks GYIOS DEFKALIONOS OF, THE
LIGHT, AS NO ONE GREEK even no hope, no justice. Amen.
Copyright by Panagioti Liapi
THE BOOK IS NOT FOR SALE
I GIVE THE KNOWLEDGE FREE – NO COST
AT THE BEGINNING ON EARTH FROM TITHIS WAS ONLY TWO
AUTHENTIC RACES, GREEKS and DRACONIANS.
GREEKS HAVE THE MARK OF SUNNY SOUL IN THE EYES
DRACONIANS HAVE THE MARK OF KNIFE IN THE BACK BUT
ONLY THE MEMBERS OF THE CIRCLE KNOWS THAT.

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
6
(From Dialogues of Diomidis with Alexander the Great )
1. Why Nature loves so much symmetry?

From the pyramids and the Parthenon to the cathedrals and
the Eiffel Tower, the famous architectural monuments of
mankind have, in general, some kind of symmetry. Recent
scientific studies suggest that people with more symmetrical
features are favored in sexual and that most tend to
unconsciously associate the symmetry not only the beauty
but also health.
Many times, the propensity of people to explain the symmetry
of narrow operational factors: it is easier for a potter to create
a rotation symmetrical container, only one asymmetric.
However, there seems to be something deeper, pushing
people over time to consider symmetry as an integral
component of the natural order. Like mentioned recent work
of A. Pelegkrini, Theophilus A. and M. Baron, Plato, in the
"Timaeus," develops the theory that the building blocks of the
universe is symmetrical solids, corresponding to the elements
of Empedocles: Tetrahedron on fire, Cube the earth,
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
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octahedron for air, dodecahedron and the icosahedron ether
to water.
The symmetry played a key role in the Pythagorean theory of
numbers and musical scales. For the Pythagoreans, all
numbers should be explicit, ie, whether integers or fractions,
since the latter can be written in the "symmetric" form of
magazines, decimal numbers (eg 2 / 3 write 0.6666 ... ). The
irony of fate was that the fallen themselves Pythagoreans
discover the ineffable numbers (ie, those that can not be
expressed in periodic numbers such as the square root of
two), which destroyed the symmetry of the numerical
universe. This obsession with symmetry is easily explained
as a mere reflection, in the imagination of people, the
symmetries that already exist in nature - from the leaves of
plants and pine trees, so the butterflies and starfish. Almost
all multicellular organisms, with notable exception of
sponges, have one or the other symmetry. But because he
loves both the symmetry of Nature? The answer is not
aftonoiti.To sure that every symmetry associated with an
unchanged physical properties. The metaphorical symmetry
associated with conservation of momentum (speed multiplied
by mass), the rotation while retaining a quantity of angular
momentum and the symmetry between past and future
energy conservation. In other words, the basic symmetries
are directly related to the more fundamental "ypernomous"
Nature.
Epeita is known that Nature prefers situations of least energy
and are directly linked to the symmetry of any physical
system. In biology, the symmetrical shapes may be the result
of natural selection, since it requires less information, thus
less genomic material, for the asymmetric replication. This
may explain in part the instinctive preference for symmetrical
Our people - simply, our brain facilitate the recording
tous.Prosfatos, scientists have successfully reproduced the
structure of these coils in the lab and found that responsibility
for this structure is an elastic layer which causes the
formation of gangs. This discovery could justify widespread
deployment of these spiral structures in plants. "Structures
that develop spontaneously in nature is generally a device
optimized components which are interacting," says Cao. The
structure consists of spirals around a curved surface,
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
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followed by both clockwise and counterclockwise orbit. The
number of spirals on a surface is two consecutive numbers in
the sequence of Fibonacci (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, etc). The Li, Ji,
Cao and produced a series of coils 3x5, 5x8, 8x13 and
13x21. But because the structures were very small, the next
series (21x34) would contain more than 700 'balls', causing
such a trend could lead to the destruction of domis.Oi
researchers used a technique usually applied to building
mass and small nanostructures. "The experiments were
applied to a small-scale dynamic process with customizable
conical structures in which only one element could alter the
symmetry." In this area, the science of simulation could give
satisfactory answers, "said Cao . The scientists experimented
with various structures and found that only the cones may
produce Fibonacci spirals of high symmetry. However, the
balls produced triangular structures
The bases of crystals gorgoneiou was hollow, crystalline
structure, ..... Let us not forget that if you extrapolated the
columns of the Parthenon pyramid shape if extrapolated.
What would be the Parthenon without the contribution of
Phidias?
Unfortunately until now has not seen the light of publicity is
no systematic recording of numerous ancient quarries that
"gave" the wonderful marble for the creation of important
monuments not only in Greece but throughout the ancient
world.
In a very interesting work entitled "The art in the marmarikin
useful rocks of Greece", Professor NTUA Mr. John
Papageorgakis has included historical research. Also in his
book "MARMOLOGIA", the Italian Mario Pieri, attempting a
brief recording of marbles all over the world, says several of
the marble extracted in Greece since ancient chronous.Me
Based on the above two sources, but data from others
dispersed, subsequently published some interesting
information on just some of the Greek marble extracted in
ancient times. These figures, "irrigated Heritage sector,
evidence of a tradition for centuries in the art of marble, can
be another powerful weapon in the export business in the
marble facing stiff competition in international market.
THE MARBLE PENTELI
VIANCO DI RENDELI
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
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In Bianco di Pendeli,, Bianco statuaire, Marmo greco fino is
well known in the world market, the famous white marble
Penteli, which began to be mined in ancient times on the
southwest side of the mountain, now called the Valley of the
cave. From Pentelic marble built the Parthenon, the
Erechtheion, the Acropolis Propylaea, Thissio, the temple of
Olympian Zeus and many other temples and monuments of
Athens and other ancient cities Elladas.Simera near the
ancient quarry at an altitude of 700 measures maintained in
good condition one of the ancient sites were. The latest
mining Penteli began in 1836, during the reign of Otto and
continued until 1976 in various positions on the south side of
Penteli conditions. In modern times, were built with marble
Penteliko Vallianeios the Library, the Academy and many
other important buildings. Since 1976 mining Pentelic marble
continues only on the north side of Pendeli area of Dionysus,
the unseen from the basin of Athens. The marbles are
Pentelic schistotita, a property that facilitates the extraction of
blocks and is particularly seen in the mechanical process of
rock. Must minutes yposakcharoeidi fabric and great
consistency, fysiol ogiki tensile strength and polished easily.
It is white, very pure, without tattooing and scattered veins.
When Pentelic marble exposed to atmospheric agents,
creating gold surface coating, which makes it particularly
impressive that the statues of marble kataskefazontai afto.To
Pentelic marble is particularly used in decoration and
architecture and is suitable for exterior use, and when it has
the appropriate tissue and color can be used in sculpture.
Two special types of Pentelic marble known since antiquity is
Pentelique Statuaire and marmo greco fino or marmor
pentelicum, as called by the Romans. Type Pentelique
Statuaire different from the white marble in the shade of white
that is impossible to describe. Only a specialist can
appreciate the difference. This type of Pentelic marble used
in architecture, but especially sii glyptiki. Indeed, over the
classical period, sculptors used the Pentelic marble for the
construction of the naked parts of statues.
The Pentelique Statuaire marble is of excellent quality and
unique. The only marbles with which they could be compared
are those of Carrara and Versillia, but has not identified a
specific way of distinguishing between glanced greco fino guy
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
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had the most applications in the architecture of Roman and
Greek sculpture. It is a white marble and leptokokkodes
(difference from mesokokkodes marble of Paros). This
marble has a built Hermes, head of the young Augustus,
located in the museum CHIAROMONTI Vatican in Rome.
2. MARBLE OF THASOY
The marble was discovered in Thassos from the
Phoenicians, who in 24 BC had turned the island into a major
shipping kentro.Ta numerous ancient quarries are found in
the island today show that there were systematic and
intensive use of marble. Data from existing surveys of the
French Archaeological School, the ancient quarries operated
in the ancient times, but mostly in the classical and Roman
times, but during Vyzantinous.To Thasos marble was
yellowish white, with compact texture and glowing, medium-
sized crystal material was considered as poor quality,
compared with other Greek marbles, but is widely used by
both the Greeks and the Romans. From this marble is
constructed Apsis Galerius in Thessaloniki.Sti Thassos white
marble, coarse came from the ancient peninsula of the Salt
Lake District of the island where one can view up to high
volumes of marble, cut multi-faceted. Also in Thassos white
marble quarried in Cape lighthouse, on the northeast coast,
which again shows the ancient quarrying and Cape Deep
above the shore where he saw the archaeologist W. Deonna
1990, covered with carved marble, columns, vertebrae,
members of stone sarcophagi toxoeidos worked. Traces of
stone carving siis see today Sia parts. It is well known and
Quarry Akiratos, one of Thasos in the late 6th century BC
built a tower at Cape Tower of Thassos. The tower was
grave, as we learn from the inscription in the ruins: "I am the
tomb Akiratos, son of Frasiiridi and look at the edge of
Karavostasi Saving ships sailing and sailors. But I am" (Inscr.
Graec. XII, 8, 683). Another quarry made for a two Kryoforon
Kouros - one of which is located in the museum of Thassos,
was probably the acropolis of the island, the Temple of
Pythian Apollo. The marble was exported Thassian
Samothrace, neighboring islands, the coast of Asia Minor,
southern Greece. In the center of the Sanctuary of the Great
Gods in Samothrace the mosque, a rectangular enclosure

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
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was built around 340 BC, probably dedication of Philip, had
Thassian entrance of marble. The superstructure of the
dome, a building that the Queen Arsinoe, legendary for the
machinations of, even against that of her husband, King of
Thrace Lysimachus, dedicated to the Sacred 288-281 BC,
was also Thassian marble. Rome later thaspiko marble was
imported in large quantities in imperial times, from the 1st
century BC as the 3rd century AD Pliny (Hist. Nat., XXXVI, 6,
64) writes that in Rome used to love the marble Thassos. For
Thassian marble there are numerous references in ancient
texts: the Vitruvius who wrote the 25-23 BC says (De Archit.
X, II, 15) that the shepherd Pixodaros with residents of
Ephesus decided to establish the holy city of Artemis. The
marble of the building will brought from Paros, Marmara
Island, Heraclea and Thasos. Plutarch the eleventh century
AD Parallel Lives in the (Cato, 11) writes that he made for
Cato's brother Thassian marble monument to Enos Thrace.
The Seneca, who visited the villa of Skipioya Africanus in
Rome, considering the morality of man and the simple home,
sarcastically (Epist.. 86, 6) the modern, the upstart in the 1st
century AD for wasteful without spirituality lives, who
consume on how to decorate with marble from their homes.
"But in our time who could not bear such an old-fashioned
bathroom as the Scipio? We consider ourselves poor and
miserable, if the pool is not lined with marble Thassian.
Soupionios The author of the 1st century BC, noted that the
family tomb of Dompion where Nero was buried, and was
built by Thassian marble. Pausanias also periigeito to
Greece, observes that before you reach the Temple of
Olympian Zeus in Athens, he met two statues of Hadrian
Thassos marble.
MARBLE OF NAXOS MARMO DI NACH0S
The marble are quarried in ancient times from the quarries of
Apollo, which still retained many traces of ancient works.
The marble quarries of Apollo is white with a slight tinge
anoiktatefri and darker areas and streaks, and often appears
dotted by individual ash grains. It is opaque and
chondrokokkodes. The Colossus of Rhodes statue
incomplete, length 10.5 meters, is built of this marble.
The LYCHNITIS of Paros MARMO GRECHETO DURO
This is the famous marble of Paros named Afchnitis "or" light
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
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marble ". Because the strength of rock large enough to
marble is also known in Italy as Marmo Greco but has the
concept of greater hardness than the others. Types of
marble. The ancient quarry Afchniti located 5.5 km from
Parikia, Paros and Ios was mined underground by the
extensive excavation of galleries. The layer of garnet that
was among the galleries and virus extracted underground
space almost entirely on seniority. ?
The traces of ancient works are still preserved. The garnet is
snowy with a slight bluish black color and is a stone with
mesokokkodes granovlastiko tissue. The calcite crystals,
generally irregular in shape, it is clear, as due to the high
visibility of samples up to 35 mm thick. Transparency brings
great prestige and briskness in statues made of garnet,
particularly in the sections represent the bare human body
parts. The garnet was used to create the most beautiful
statues of antiquity, such as the Venus de Milo and the
Hermes of Praxiteles. Also used in the construction of the
Temple in Jerusalem, said that while the floor of the palace of
King Xerxes of Persia, built of marble and garnet smeraldino.
Although in modern times was periodically extracting small
quantities of garnet fronts from underground, mining is
currently considered unprofitable.
MARBLE OF PAROS MARMO PARIO

Parian marble that was quarried from ancient times to the
island. It is rock solid sakcharoeidi chondrokokkodes with
tissue and no difficulty sttin polishing and general processing.
Large crystals in the rock provide more shine and color
purity, compared with its marble Penteli. Plates 35 mm thick
to be transparent. The margaritochroun marble, Paros is a
variety of the past and has taken the name from the thin
shade of pearly. It has no color and is suitable for making
statues for applications in architecture and decoration. It says
that in ancient Greece scribe quotations on blocks of marble,
Paros.
MARBLE OF Gardens
MARMO IMETTO ANTICO
Marble is known as "Hymettian marbles, and was used by the
ancient Greek times to build simple sites. Later the Romans
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
13
called marmor imettium, continued intensive mining and
moved to Rome in the form of large boulders. At that time,
mining was mainly in the north slope at the foot of the
Gardens. Today few traces of the ancient quarries are
maintained, because removed from the intensive exploitation
of younger years. The marble is compact Gardens
makrokrystalliko tissue. In places the rock mass consists of
both leptokokkodi the whole appearance gives the
impression styfrou asvestolithou.To ymitteio marble was first
introduced by the Romans from abroad. The marble was
imported in the form of columns, many of which ypostiri'zoun
the main narthex in the Church of S. Maria maggiore, in S.
Pietro in Vincali and the church of S. Paolo.To rock extracted
during the recent years mainly used for paving, but has few
applications ing foreign investment, one of which consisted of
building the Agricultural Bank of Thessaloniki.

MARBLE OF AGRILEZAS MARMO DI AGRILEZA
This is the marble of Lavrion. In the valley of AgrileZas, about
4 km north of Cape Sounion, there are ancient quarries from
which extracted the marble to build the temple of Poseidon
and Athena at Sounion. The marble AgrileZas is white but
has a bluish black color and high flying ash often ribbed. The
tissue is granovlastikos leptokokkodis.vSe and unlike the
monuments built by the Pentelic marble, the marble temple of
Sounion not have the typical brown patina, although they
have suffered severe corrosion. This is due to the absence of
ferrous dust from the marble Agrilezas. The dust is observed
macroscopically argilopyritikis recommendation and this is
the white marble. The gray shades due to the presence of
carbon dust and the clarity and transparency of calcite.
MARBLE OF SELENITE DI CORFU CORFU
This is a marble quarried in Corfu in antiquity. Views
yposakcharoeidi quite compact structure is mesokokkodes
with average values of hardness and parousiazei little
resistance. It lefkotefrou color. Note that the name given to
Corfu marble is wrong.
MARBLE OF LAKONIAS MARATION DE GRECE
The marble was quarried in the region of Laconia.
Yposakcharoeidi characterized by compact structure and
dense medium size. It shows moderate resistance. In the
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
14
polished surface shows a lefkogkrizo background is crossed
by several well-formed colored veins. Generally, this material
is of poor quality and is recommended more for internal use.
MARBLE OF CORINTH MARMO GIALLO TIGRATO
ANTICO
The ancient Romans gave the name of this marble marmor
corinthium +, because it was mined in the area of Corinth. In
the polished surface is observed a pale background, dark
color with circular veins, which in places are particularly
strong? So that the marble was to be very similar to the skin
of the panther or leopard. Provides highly polished surfaces,
but occurs occasionally pierced by holes, which makes it
unsuitable for certain uses.
MARBLE OF OLYMPIA MARMO GRECO DURO ANTICO
Because this marble was thinner and lighter structure, the
ancient Romans gave the name marmor porinum (resource,
opening), wanting to make a parallel with the porosity of the
graves. This observation, however, was not reliable, because
this marble was also quite compact, probably too hard and
was used in sculpture, although it was not the best quality
materials. Quarries which were mining, located near the
Peloponnese Olympian. This marble walls constructed the
temple of Olympian Zeus, the tomb of Darius at Persepolis
and the sculpture "Belvedere, which adorns the Vatican
Museum.
MARBLE OF LESVOY MARMO GRECO GIALLOGNOLO
The Romans called Marmo Lesbium because mining was in
Lesvos. This marble Venus built the Capitol and the Statue of
Giulia Pia located in the Vatican Museum in Rome. Also this
material much used in the construction of tombs and
monuments.
MARBLE OF WATER Tainaro MARMO ANTICO
The Romans called Marmor taenarium, because mining was
near Cape Tainaro the southern Peloponnese. Many ancient
writers call the "black marble", but to give information on the
quarries. Modern researchers have sought these quarries
throughout the region of Cape Tainaro unable to locate the
place where the black was quarried rock. The peninsula of
Cape Tainaro consists mainly of bluish black to mostly white
marble, which have no connection with Nero antico But the
rock is beautiful and in antiquity it was considered a luxury
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
15
marble. Was leptokokkodes compact tissue and 6athy black.
Sometimes the black background distinguish many small,
white, capillary lines. Samples of the marble was found in the
Capitoline Museum in Rome, two pillars in the Church of
Regina coeli, a splendid mansion in trapezi altemps.
THE BLACK OF CHIOS MARMO AFRICANO ANTICO
The Romans called Marmor chium it was mined in Chios.
Then it took the marble wrongly described Africano.
According to the report of Pliny (1st century AD) marble was
black with multicolored spots without intersected by veins.
Also had a solid structure and showed great toughness.
Those years were more systematic exploitation of this marble
and annual production was very high. With this material built
the walls of the city of Chios. Samples of the marble Africano
exist in Italy, namely Rome. The columns of the facade of the
Basilica of St. Peter built this marble and octagonal courtyard
of the Vatican Museum is a bit column, considered the finest
specimen of the museum. There were other varieties of
marble quarried in Chios in antiquity, as grigio africanato with
ash stains and verde africanato with green spots.
MARBLE OF RHODES MARMO GIALLO E NERO ANTICO
The Romans called this marble marmor rodium because
quarried from the ancient quarries of the island. This island
was head of the island province of the Roman Emperor
Diocletian at (297 BC). According to Pliny, the marble had
been solid, strong, straight, black background and crossed
numerous gold veins. The facade of the tomb of Paul 111
(Roman Pope, 1534-1549), the Royal Botanic, constructed in
such a marble, which is very similar to the Italian marble
"portoro", as mined in the region of La sSpezia. Excluded,
however, Italian marble was used for the construction of the
monument, because when mining began, the sculptor of the
mask, Goulielmo de la Porta (1500-1577) had already died.
From marble of Rhodes have also made decorations carved
doors, windows and columns at the Palace of the Knights of
Rhodes. Finally, states that the marble of Rhodes can be
seen portoro antico marble
THE PINK ROSE EPIRE of Epirus
The marble was quarried in ancient times to the continent.
This massive limestone converted to crystalline
transformation of marble. Charaktirizetai a yellowish
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
16
background color with a slight pink tinge, in which distinct
veins in shades of red, growing in the shape of zik-zak. In
addition there are scattered, various peculiar shapes gkri'zou
color, while in the solid residues maza enough fossils. So this
marble is a conglomerate rock with great toughness and
resistance to breakage. Epexergazetai with ease, robust,
compact and composed of dense granular maza. The color
characteristics of the veins of marble continent, due to any
concentration of hematite. It is very good quality material,
suitable for outdoor uses. From the pink limestone that
comprise the investment pools of the royal palaces Athens
Tattoo, the investments of the hall of the Archaeological
Museum of Athens, etc.
THE RED OF ERETRIA ROSSO DI ERETRIA
This is the famous marble of Eretria, which takes up of illegal
in the ancient town of Eretria, which at present there are only
ruins of the port and citadel. The presence of ancient
quarries, located 3 km north of Eretria, shows that the rock
are much used in ancient times and vyzantinous as
decorative materials of temples and buildings. The marble of
Eretria has leptokokkodi maza and granovlaspko tissue. It
also has high tensile strength, high hardness and polished
easily. Characterized by a variety of designs with mahogany,
reddish, pink, white and prasinotefra colors in various
shades. The white and ash-forming regions veins of varying
shapes and sizes. In addition there are scattered black veins
and spots. Responsible for the color hue of the dust content
aimatitiki and helps to stabilize manganese content over the
color and makes it less sensitive to the effects of atmospheric
factors. The marble of Eretria is an excellent material for
interior decoration and building, thanks to Vibrant colors,
comprising a wide variety of projects. For this reason, widely
used in decoration and architecture
3.
4. THE RED OF CHIOS BRECCFIATO ROSSO ANTICO

The ancient Romans named Lidium. It is estimated that the
marble was quarried rather a region of the island, from
whence it was mined and most of the conglomerates and
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
17
quality marble in antiquity. The Paolo Silenziario indicates
that the color of the marble that was a mixture of red and
white. The background red color, it had no white or black
streaks veins. The recognition of the conglomerate and its
distinction from the Rosso antico were made by numerous
small fragments of greyish white marble. The red background
was substantially adhesive. Samples are in Rome, the
Church S. Luigi dei Franzesi where two columns of this
marble, adorn a tomb in the courtyard.
THE MARBLES OF SKYROS SKYROS MARMOR
The name given to the conglomerate rock or conglomerate
marble, which in antiquity was quarried in the northern island
of Skyros in Greece. The marble bearing this name are:
- Skyros A Di Grecia
- Skyros Grec ciaro.
- Skyros rouge.
Skyros A Di Grecia:
It is a conglomerate marble homogeneous, compact with
sakcharoeidi tissue and moderate hardness. Prevailing white,
crossed by multicolored veins. Dilute the influence of H (X on
the marble dust, it is precipitated sediment, while remaining
unchanged in pink color of the solution. CaCO3 content
reaches 98%, and contained even 1% silicon, minimum
trivalent iron and traces of manganese .
Skyros Grec ciaro:
It is a conglomerate marble sakcharoeidi mass and normal
hardness and consistency. It has a white background, which
is crossed by a distinctive colored veins. The marble gives
white powder with a slightly gray tinge. Is content CaCO3
98%, while silicon, a minimum trivalent iron and traces of
manganese. It is white with no color. The color of the veins
due to the content of hematite, and magnetite in fragments,
which give the material a metallic appearance, similar to that
shown by the veins of the marble conglomerates Ceravezza
of Carrara and Versilia. Marble is suitable for internal use and
for making pillars, columns, arches and arch, which can be
mounted on the outside, not exposed to atmospheric agents,
signs of construction. This is a typical conglomerate marble,
with moderate hardness and tensile strength. It is compact,
homogeneous and contains calcium carbonate in the ratio of
96% silicon 2%, while trivalent iron and traces of manganese.
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
18
A red brown background crossed by yellow veins. The
powder is pink with a slight violet hue. The nuances of this
marble is very sharp and due to the hematite content in
manganese which gives the red color, and silicate
compounds of manganese, which caused the violet shades
of marble. The yellow color of the veins due to the content of
goethite. The quality of this marble, which is mined for 2000
years, it is excellent. In yl \-economic is recommended for
exterior use because the colors remain unchanged by the
action of atmospheric agents.
FROM THE cipolin KARYSTIA MARMO CIPOLLINO
ANTICO
These marble-Karystos Styra. This marble has been known
since antiquity with the name "Karystia stone" or "Karystio
marble. The Romans called Marmo caristium, because it was
quarried near Karystos southern Evia. The ancient quarries
maintained simera.To Cipollino antico marble was light green
with dark green veins, a feature which differentiates it from
Cipollini moderni. The word Cipollino due to the similarity of
the veins of marble such as those of the onion. Characterized
by white crystalline sakcharoeidi fabric containing colored
Mikes and talc. Often seen scattered white and red chroma.O
Stazio papinio, poet of the 1st century marble Cipollino
likened to the waves because "it seemed to them both in
color and in shape. There are several varieties of marble,
such as an Mandolato verde, with green stripes that intersect
in a white background, Mandolato rosso, red background and
red stripes and Cipollino marino, characterized by a white
solid mass with numerous thin veins bright green color.
Samples of the latter variety of marble found at Villa albani
near Rome. The Romans considered the Marmo cipollino
poor quality because of high charaktiri'zetai schistotita and
easy separation along the green particles, a property that
makes it unsuitable for statuary. But it is an excellent material
for building and decorating the ancients used it in the form of
rectangular blocks, sometimes of gigantic proportions, as
evidenced by the numerous columns on the ancient
abandoned quarries of Karystos. During the first decades of
the century, was an extensive excavation of the marble-
Karystou Styra and used, both in Greece and abroad. From
the marble columns that comprise the Public Library in New
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
19
York, various ornaments and architectural members of the
New sessions house, the Roman Catholic Westminster
Cathedral and halls of soft Waterloo Station in London, the
parastaseiw the Aula of the University of Thessaloniki, the
investment subways Omonia etc.
5. THE CAPE OF LARISSA VERDE ANTICO DI LARISSA

This is the green marble of Larissa, also known under the
name "green Thessalian stone or atragios. In antiquity,
marble was mined intensively in many places in the region.
Many of the quarries are still preserved intact. The green
marble of Larissa is in fact lstypopages serpentinpi - marble.
It consists of angular latypes various sizes and in the interim
mass. Some are green / latypes and consist schistofyi
serpentinpi and others are gray-white and composed of pure
marble. The intermediate mass that is greenish to greenish
and consists mainly of calcite leptokokkodi, paste the latypes
and makes the very rock solid. The mass was also found
veins and Fakiolas asbestos, the same or lighter color. The
green shades of this breccia marble due to divalent iron,
chlorite and serpentine. The "Verde antico" as called on the
international market was very good quality material and
widely used. From this marble decorations and comprise
several architectural Bank County Westminster, the Roman
Catholic Cathedral (Westminster) and the New Sessions
House in London, the pillars of the temples Saint Demetrios
of Thessaloniki by Hagia Sophia
2 PENTELIS MARBLE & SECULAR Channel
It is an issue and what has been dealt with fairly.

Who that is I like the symbols when making them (are
invisible? There has seen him) and, above all, what do these
symbols. We've seen some of them are on the internet and
on some pages. Here I will show that some, in my opinion is
quite remarkable The first is a Phi identical with the famous
Phi placed above the concrete canopy of the cave before we
left. Where we now have put a gate metal (such in various
tools). The point is this symbol of hospitality 3 symbols but
the most impressive one key area approximately 60 cm.

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
20
From the same point an inscription carved in the rock
AND THEIR DIAFTHEIRANTAS undoing the earth
Probably related to Phi, the golden number is equal to
1.618 ... But playing-maybe more-I found the following the
letter phi, the occult is "immortal, light from within, illuminating
the spirit and hope" but maybe it is something unrelated in
style to define what is now here; us draw a strange symbol to
see it and wonder what it means. " The same applies to the
second, the "threat" ... but I do not think they have a special
meaning. Of course if you gather together something to say.
Our friend Davelis likely to know more! Although there are
many references to related GREECE megaliths I believe it is
simply ignorant. Splinter of information and reports exist in
our country but some things you might not have been
systematic research. This I have not akouseiektos from the
case for the meteorite of Naxos) is for cases such as
meteorites meteorite that is said.
AEROLITHOS platinum ;!!!! AMAZING is not heard? Indeed
platinum meteorite must have been impressive! There is the
case, and the meteorite was saying that Delphi would be a
platinum (my opinion) because they say he was white.
Megaliths enough in Greece. Basically all the Mycenaean
(walls, arches, etc.) is megalithic. Are the megalithic
pyramids and Greek drakospita. Now I searched for the
worship of meteorites in ancient Greece and found some
references. They say that some churches were built
specifically to house the meteorites that fell in the area. One
such temple is the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. The oldest
church say it was built around 800pCh in and there was a
sacred stone "which fell from Jupiter (the planet). Somewhere
I read that the first statue of the goddess (who does not know
the format but represents fertility with many breasts) were
made of black stone meteorite. Another church with a "holy
stone" was the temple of Aphrodite in Cyprus (Paphos). The
first church built by the Mycenaeans was destroyed by an
earthquake in 1200pCh.
The conical stone was the symbol of the goddess (whose cult
lasted until the end of the 4th century AD) and image (the
stone) is a stamp Hellenistic and Roman coins. Because the
cult of Aphrodite was very widespread and the opposite
coast, there was a mix of worship with the worship of Astarte
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
21
(Phoenician deity) so we have coins shows the cart of Astarte
and through the sacred stone.
A similar picture we have in other currencies representing the
Temple of Zeus cashew-Zeus Kasios of Pelusium-(probably
somewhere in Syria was the one) with another sacred stone
was worshiped there in Roman times.

Another goddess who was a symbol of the meteorite was
Ekati.I black stone was the magic of Cyprus symvolo.Stin
also said that there is another black meteorite in the Hala
Sultan Tekke Mosque in Larnaca, which is dedicated to the
aunt and stepmother Mohammed. This mosque is the third
largest Muslim holiest place after Mecca and Medina! Then
there is the temple of Athena at Troy. According to
mythology, Zeus sent her an idol of Palladium Pallas Athena
Dardanos the founder of Troy and told him that as idol Troy
stay there will be impregnable. The Palladium was inside the
temple built in honor of the Trojan Wars Athinas.Kata Greeks
stole so fell Troy. The legend does not say anything, but
because meteorite says Palladium fell from heaven, assume
that this meteorite. Gytheio worshiped Zeus in a sacred
stone, also said that the temple of Hera at Argos was another
sacred stone, and that the column next to the fatherland
Artemis many images, the same simasia.Afto me surprised at
what I found so far (which is not karatsekarismena) is that the
meteorites represent mostly female deities (like the one who
moved to Rome from Phrygia, and Sybil became a symbol of
renewing worship). I'm not sure, however, on double Epsilon
to say less rather seems so (most modern-keys are on the
bars above all arrive at that figure). A to Z is the number I
mentioned and shown in symbol has put you too whenever
referring to Christian symbols. As for the Hellenic will send
you a higher resolution to see that they look crystal clear that
this is what I told you not accidental formations. the key is not
¨ ¨ scenario as the other symbols I've put here has something
to say? a view? have written a lot about the power that exists
in Penteli.
Not to mention to them (are many) will simply show you my
knowledge. This action is not confined only to the cave or in
some other parts of Penteli. 5. THE CAPE OF LARISSA
VERDE ANTICO DI LARISSA
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
22
This is the green marble of Larissa, also known under the
name "green Thessalian stone or atragios. In antiquity,
marble was mined intensively in many places in the region.
Many of the quarries are still preserved intact. The green
marble of Larissa is in fact lstypopages serpentinpi - marble.
It consists of angular latypes various sizes and in the interim
mass. Some are green / latypes and consist schistofyi
serpentinpi and others are gray-white and composed of pure
marble. The intermediate mass that is greenish to greenish
and consists mainly of calcite leptokokkodi, paste the latypes
and makes the very rock solid. The mass was also found
veins and Fakiolas asbestos, the same or lighter color. The
green shades of this breccia marble due to divalent iron,
chlorite and serpentine. The "Verde antico" as called on the
international market was very good quality material and
widely used. From this marble decorations and comprise
several architectural Bank County Westminster, the Roman
Catholic Cathedral (Westminster) and the New Sessions
House in London, the pillars of the temples Saint Demetrios
of Thessaloniki by Hagia Sophia
2 PENTELIS MARBLE & SECULAR Channel
It is an issue and what has been dealt with fairly.

Who that is I like the symbols when making them (are
invisible? There has seen him) and, above all, what do these
symbols. We've seen some of them are on the internet and
on some pages. Here I will show that some, in my opinion is
quite remarkable The first is a Phi identical with the famous
Phi placed above the concrete canopy of the cave before we
left. Where we now have put a gate metal (such in various
tools). The point is this symbol of hospitality 3 symbols but
the most impressive one key area approximately 60 cm.
From the same point an inscription carved in the rock
AND THEIR DIAFTHEIRANTAS undoing the earth
Probably related to Phi, the golden number is equal to
1.618 ... But playing-maybe more-I found the following the
letter phi, the occult is "immortal, light from within, illuminating
the spirit and hope" but maybe it is something unrelated in
style to define what is now here; us draw a strange symbol to
see it and wonder what it means. " The same applies to the
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
23
second, the "threat" ... but I do not think they have a special
meaning. Of course if you gather together something to say.
Our friend Davelis likely to know more! Although there are
many references to related GREECE megaliths I believe it is
simply ignorant. Splinter of information and reports exist in
our country but some things you might not have been
systematic research. This I have not akouseiektos from the
case for the meteorite of Naxos) is for cases such as
meteorites meteorite that is said.
AEROLITHOS platinum ;!!!! AMAZING is not heard? Indeed
platinum meteorite must have been impressive! There is the
case, and the meteorite was saying that Delphi would be a
platinum (my opinion) because they say he was white.
Megaliths enough in Greece. Basically all the Mycenaean
(walls, arches, etc.) is megalithic. Are the megalithic
pyramids and Greek drakospita. Now I searched for the
worship of meteorites in ancient Greece and found some
references. They say that some churches were built
specifically to house the meteorites that fell in the area. One
such temple is the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. The oldest
church say it was built around 800pCh in and there was a
sacred stone "which fell from Jupiter (the planet). Somewhere
I read that the first statue of the goddess (who does not know
the format but represents fertility with many breasts) were
made of black stone meteorite. Another church with a "holy
stone" was the temple of Aphrodite in Cyprus (Paphos). The
first church built by the Mycenaeans was destroyed by an
earthquake in 1200pCh.
The conical stone was the symbol of the goddess (whose cult
lasted until the end of the 4th century AD) and image (the
stone) is a stamp Hellenistic and Roman coins. Because the
cult of Aphrodite was very widespread and the opposite
coast, there was a mix of worship with the worship of Astarte
(Phoenician deity) so we have coins shows the cart of Astarte
and through the sacred stone.
A similar picture we have in other currencies representing the
Temple of Zeus cashew-Zeus Kasios of Pelusium-(probably
somewhere in Syria was the one) with another sacred stone
was worshiped there in Roman times.

Another goddess who was a symbol of the meteorite was
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
24
Ekati.I black stone was the magic of Cyprus symvolo.Stin
also said that there is another black meteorite in the Hala
Sultan Tekke Mosque in Larnaca, which is dedicated to the
aunt and stepmother Mohammed. This mosque is the third
largest Muslim holiest place after Mecca and Medina! Then
there is the temple of Athena at Troy. According to
mythology, Zeus sent her an idol of Palladium Pallas Athena
Dardanos the founder of Troy and told him that as idol Troy
stay there will be impregnable. The Palladium was inside the
temple built in honor of the Trojan Wars Athinas.Kata Greeks
stole so fell Troy. The legend does not say anything, but
because meteorite says Palladium fell from heaven, assume
that this meteorite. Gytheio worshiped Zeus in a sacred
stone, also said that the temple of Hera at Argos was another
sacred stone, and that the column next to the fatherland
Artemis many images, the same simasia.Afto me surprised at
what I found so far (which is not karatsekarismena) is that the
meteorites represent mostly female deities (like the one who
moved to Rome from Phrygia, and Sybil became a symbol of
renewing worship). I'm not sure, however, on double Epsilon
to say less rather seems so (most modern-keys are on the
bars above all arrive at that figure). A to Z is the number I
mentioned and shown in symbol has put you too whenever
referring to Christian symbols. As for the Hellenic will send
you a higher resolution to see that they look crystal clear that
this is what I told you not accidental formations. the key is not
¨ ¨ scenario as the other symbols I've put here has something
to say? a view? have written a lot about the power that exists
in Penteli.
Not to mention to them (are many) will simply show you my
knowledge. This action is not confined only to the cave or in
some other parts of Penteli.
6. It is a huge energy channel starts quite far from the Temple of

Dionysus Dionysus, crosses Penteli pernontasapo the cave from Pikermi
and continuing reaches a little further away from the Temple of Artemis at
Vravrona. The channel topography is stable. The amount of energy
reaching the maximum fluctuates twice daily two hours each time.
This action is not caused (as written) made deep in the earth. It is energy
that removes the marble. If you look you will see that where there are

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
25
marble mountains to a large extent there is such Penteli energy, of
course, to varying degrees. Since then, that the Penteli composed
entirely of marble, it is understood that the energy is great.
The geological structure of the Penteli marble creates this component of
its energy from different regions of the channel what we said. Their action
is not MAGNETIC or electromagnetic, it looks like they einai.Poly but
most is a kind of mental energy. If one could see the action from high
enough, we saw a fairly large blue channel (with a change in thickness)
to cross the Penteli, and I assure you it is a wonderful spectacle. There
are even machines which show that enercheia and of course the count.
The change has to do with the stellar-cosmic influences (not just the
Moon), the dimmer working day and of course depending on the season
(but the seasonal that does not make much difference). now a researcher
friend went my first time in the cave. destruction is evident even though I
had not seen before erga.me compensation if superb outdoor space of
the cave, and now at least transmitting positive energeia.ostoso noticed
that the plants, who know very well because of my involvement with
gardens and plants, strongly tilted the flowering tops them away from the
cave OSA grow longer but grow naturally because this is not the case
throughout the vegetation I can not explain it also saw that the rock near
the cave is largely quartz and function with high humidity (lots of water)
justified the strange events on channels such as color and energy that I
have been lucky to observe elsewhere in Folegandros village but no
more mystery in our subject is the treatment carried out in cave and the
area is absurd! tunnels, from his knowledge on building under
construction is built to last show clearly that this is support is simple, like
metaleia - now what I was looking I would love to know even the
manipulation of the cave is totally inexplicable and senseless - that is
what made the final, got the "buzz" and left;;; and noticed that the roof of
the cave is molested, missing stalactites that should normally be there -
the remnants still visible on the bills and fountains tension in the same
context of absurdity - which rain water can collect and be promoted; I
hope I forgive ypefthynoi.ou mathein seen the mystics but suffer.
Symbols are not visible in space but below the cave. Tunnels in his
opinion is not built to last. But does seem so because they were in the
middle of the work, as long as any of the canceled projects? But if
abandoned many years ago, then what business have in church
restorations and projects bills? Expect tourists in face of the Olympic
Games? Plants trees that their tops "averse" to the cave. Charles on the
issue of sonap friend says he observed the opposite in a recent visit to
the cave. May apply to both but at different times?
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
26
Unfortunately I do not know what kind of action can cause this
phenomenon (either draw or repel, or alternately). It can be physical
energy? And if so, what is the source? For "processes that are deep
inside the Earth" and "systematic recording of measurement of
radioactivity and the intensity of the antigravity known piece of the road
leading to that whole area around the Penteli, there is an energy that has
swings and affecting in one way or another the people since ancient
times. And even that may be related to the phases of the moon in
particular, have culmination of a strange phenomenon on the filling of the
new moon. the phenomenon is attributed to the existence of marble in the
general area. This is an energy channel in blue-green color that is not
constant, but reaches its maximum intensity of two times a day, two
hours each time, this action is neither magnetic or electromagnetic or,
rather a kind of mental energy.
If the marble has some special properties we can find it (must be some
magnetic anomalies if I am wrong). Beyond that, how and why they
formed this energy and channel it causes the flow? Is a local channel or
part of the energy channels "to score" the earth and how do you know the
color emitted? We are talking about energy parts, but do not know
anything about them. Assume only that the ancients knew something
more and they built or even scar these areas either by temples or other
"signs". But all this is our own theories. The same goes for another theory
that the Penteli there is a "portal". If the phenomenon is true (ie if they do
occur several strange) I am inclined to this explanation, but have no
proof. Maybe just "I like the idea." Because we occasionally hear talk of
loss of sense of time (or for some confusion in general) in relation not
only to the cave and the surrounding area, give you a link of here, with
some experiments that are supposed to have been compared to "time
travel". Of course the only source of such news (on the gate at South
Pole, experiments in Russia or the islands Anjou) is pravda newspaper
that is not the most reliable in these matters.
In the Vadim Chernobrov searched and found some information on the
machine that has built with his experiments in general. Maybe worth a
little research in this area, lest they appear in Penteli (and the works?)
Have a connection?
Marble certainly encompassing broadcasting act. The cleaner is, the
more energy is greater. The ancient Greeks knew this course, and
highlight why we moved so painfully over this Pentelic marble to build the
Acropolis and Parthenon in particular, was just that. But not only was the
acropolis built by Pentelic marble and other churches, because just that
reason. Because they need this energy in their temples.
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
27
As you know the Penteli not in the form of a geometric shape, but like
shape is irregular and probably made up (roughly) of sets of shapes. The
volumes then the marble of a different distribution, installation and
configuration. Each volume has broadcast a certain amount of energy
that tends to unify the actions of all other tumors (as well as other blocks
are joined together or are close with one another). The full (or
component) then the energy OLIS ALL marble blocks is that the energy
channel.
Like I said, the signs on the whole, the part is passing through the
channel, is constant. The channel is shown up as a potamos.DEN is
straight.
Constant is the amount of energy generated by the marble, Penteli. What
creates the variations of energy with various phenomena are the effects
of stellar energy that exists. And this energy is both epirepis enough to
stellar influences.
As for the color and thickness of the channel, I do not think anyone could
say without having seen or at least have an authoritative source.
Topographical points of the channel I could point out to the whole map
Penteli. But this would not be at all wise for many reasons and many of
them obvious. Do not forget how bad they have done in the cave Davelis
(a known point). Sorry about that, but I will not.
"Processes are made deep inside the Earth" systematic recording of
measurement of radioactivity and the intensity of the antigravity known
piece of the road helps to understand them. " Since I knew that believes
in the whole area around the Penteli, there is some energy fluctuations
and affecting in one way or another the people since ancient times. And
even that may be related to the phases of the moon in particular, have a
strange culmination of events over the filling of the new moon> ples
cases I do, that marble playing primarily in the development of the
phenomenon might be and energy. . orgonikis color I almost certain that
this action is affected by the force of gravity and self milisa and the
phases of the moon (the ekfazei eninintapente cent of the gravitational
pull of the Earth dechete).
Those who agree are not all that it is a gateway to the divine paths of the
Soul. And when we come into conscious contact with our soul we have
direct contact with any point of space-time and immediate access to
understanding the unity of being. Even understand that we are dealing
with an entity that is more than the polarities can be male and female
simultaneously (animus, anima), good or bad at the same time (light
shade), etc. Other important components are the archetypes (ancestral
memory). Govern the divine archetype that but we offer unconditional
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
28
love (archetypes of light) and others that feed off the fear of our
(archetypal shadow). Unfortunately, too often find it difficult to verbal
transferred the experience of contact to the conscious mind and so we
forced to resort to the use of symbols (mandala)
The marble (crystalline sysommatomata people crystalline mineral
calcite).
"The marbles were born on stifron sedimentary limestone through
Transfiguration. Other cases are formed by contact with hot solutions and
resonate with mineral contacts (Vesuviano, granite) or other
circumstances of quartz, Hornblende, mica and other mineral additives."
"Marble is usually white in color with different shades. The marble is a
contact metamorphic show a bluish color. Anoichtofaies More often
appear dark and rarely versions. The brown color comes from
prosmeneigmena particles of coal and graphite." "Chemically question
presented is mostly very clean (calcium carbonate) and usually contains
other than calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate small amounts
of iron, manganese and silicic acid." "Dolomotiko marble called when it
contains a higher content
magnesium carbonate. "In the land form and cumulous lenticular
intercalations. The earliest belong to the archaic and the sum of azo
rocks and other geological formations in the younger. "Transparency is
big enough. Parnitha allows light to pass through thick 15chlstm. Paros
Carrara 35 and 25. (Lepsious 1893). The greater clarity to have the
marbles of Paros, which is why preferred by ancient sculptors (Phidias
and Praxiteles, etc.) for the construction of the statues. "" The best
marbles are in Italy (Carrara) the Alps (especially in Laas, that the Greek
means rock / stone) in Tyrol), Norway and Greece (Eastern Greece and
the Cyclades). "
• "The Pentelic marble snow in color with a slight yellow tint and often
embraces blade fibrillation. The Web is diabetes. To Pentelic marble
Dionysus is 98% calcite (calcite) and other contaminants.
• The Gardens is gray to kyanofaio.
The Parian white with slight tint yttokyano (statues of Phidias and
Praxiteles) because diafotistikotitas. "
• "The white marble of Attica:
The white marble Dionysus-Penteli, the semi-Penteli Dionysus and semi
Agia Marina. "
In the quarries of Penteli particular:
"Marble quarries in Attica had begun to operate mainly after the Persian
wars. In this white marble quarried Penteli, thought the best, bluish
marble Gardens was inferior, and spotted a brittle marble in Agrileza ,
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
29
near Sounion, used to build the temple of Poseidon. The ancient marble
quarries of Penteli located primarily in the southwest slope of Mount
Pendeli conditions in today's Valley of the cave. It is reported that there
were 25 quarries from which extracted more than 400,000 cubic action
volumes. Most traces of the ancient works have been eliminated with the
newer mining and only an ancient quarry remains today relatively well in
the valley the cave at an altitude of 700 meters approximately. Penteli
mining, but to a lesser extent, and was the upper parts of the valley of the
junta, and possibly in other locations. " Yet I found several studies
concerning the spread of seismic waves through the marble on the
properties of the Parthenon marbles, this energy river orgoniki energy
(bio in a nutshell, the study of Wilhelm Reich) for specific areas, specific
times and under special astronomical conditions, wonder if finally taking
into account all (let's assume that all apply) whether we could find
ourselves in the right place at the right time to witness some possible
effects, than to go on random days and hours expect something to
happen. Net speculative proposal is not an invitation to act as if I do not
know if such a visit; experiment could conceal scientific evidence. But I
give you some standard information for the marbles, such as found in
various dictionaries and other sites. "The marble is krystallokokkodeis
variants of limestone. More details
http://osme.8m.com/greekmarbles.htm
http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt00/papers/idn336/idn336.htm
www.copernicus.org/EGU/nhess/3/2003/3/nhs-3-243.pdf
http://www.greekmarble.com/area/sterea/attica/penteli/white/home.htm
I know I said a lot about "energy" properties of the marbles, but for now I
have found something scientifically (other than the study ...)
I would say and I a little about the P thorough marmaro.To Pentelic
marble because of the high homogeneity and fines to finish presenting
slick and accept the treatment much more easily than any other marble.
Use Penteli marble fell outside the monuments of Athens to Eleusis
(Telesterium) in Gortyn (ASKLIPIOU Temple) in DELPHI (THOLOS
MARMARIAS) Olympia (Temple of Zeus). Also the transparency showing
the Pentelic marble are great light penetrates 15 mm while in Paros so up
to 35 mm. Years ago a company started metaleftiki excavations in Africa
to a mountain of iron ore discovered with surprise that some had already
been dug in the mountain's inquiries reveal that thousands of years ago
by primitive people of the era of the rock digging to find red ocher, which
was used The rituals were found primitive tools, stone and kokkalina but
the other was amazing - after excavation (which was not only easy) these
people refill tunnels were opened with the materials pulled osta to bring
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
30
the mountain to form the protiteri
respect to flow from the land they considered sacred and alive (the WAN
called the blood of the earth) and wanted to heal the wounds of how
much difference to us as civilized as we think we are entitled to take
advantage of everything to gain our specific mountain no longer exists,
having consisted of a large proportion of iron ore and the company
literally disappear
My mathein seen the mystics, but suffer
eklisaki the old St. George in Vrana.
Since work began to build shelter for large tombs located near the
museum, we shouted to do (which necessarily precede) the
archaeological excavations. So from there we sent trucks with debris in
the monastery at the request of the Abbot, to an extent bazosoun,
Maloney for parking. Perhaps for this reason the gerontisa gave me the
key and we went with his family and unaccompanied in the old eklisaki.
The stupid thing was that I forgot to take photo while the camera ready
before I start. With my experience from the beginning. excavations
realized that the old eklisaki NOT been built with materials from ancient
buildings but is renovated ancient building (probably temple), converted
into a Christian church. The temple is now renovated the old church chr.
four meters extension to the West. The renovation was probably came
disaster for most of the old frescoed images if used with plaster and
stucco. This shows the old renovation and transformation of ancient
Greek in a Christian, is inside. There are six obvious and only the edges
shown (as two nearly invisible) capitals of ancient columns. These are
half and half left dexia.Ta capitals are right with the left arched arcades.
Both arches are connected again with the arched roof. Without a clearly
marked as may be plastered, I think that the pillars themselves are
ancient (and of course the walls between them). The opinion reinforces
the fact that outside the church, the points seem capitals within the
church, there are oblique support columns, slate, sandstone, designed to
support the style of the outer wall of the Acropolis of Athens. There are
other such columns in the monastery but the way of building is different,
and I think copied by the monks (some period of three hundred arrived in
the area) the ancient way of building and support.
So I think the only ancient building covered.
What impressed me (and I forgot to ask) was that while the numbers
monostiri many years of living with several monks cemetery numbers
only 6 graves and even less from the last century, all relatively recent
The marble now cost around 5000drch up 20000drch measure. There are
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
31
exceptional cases, granite etc. costing much more. So if you get the
Pentelic marble-a-conservative average price of around 15000drch and
assuming that the average thickness of plates is 2cm, then the volume of
Penteli can give 38 trillion a year for twenty years As for tourism .... After
a Parthenon. Will never be greater Barker ¨ ¨ for foreigners?
But when the war ended and Germany back on track then-again-
probably the Germans with the Greek state to be built this fence and put
the legend. Usually this is the case. Now why not put 1939-1945 and
1941-1944 do not think that should concern us much. Maybe because
they wanted to pay more attention to the fact of the 2nd World War as a
whole and not here in Greece. I'll help a lot if you have been looking at
other German cemeteries to see what state-date we do not know if there
are others here in Greece. And I think that the fact of existence in Greece
as a large cemetery should make you very impressed. I do not know what
the Germans had lost here, but 10000 seems to me many might therefore
be transferred from elsewhere. Why we do not know. If however there
something important about the date and number of entafiasthenton then
you are sure you will not write data. But impression on the Germans in
Greece, for me it gave me the appearance of the Acropolis and their
research on ancient arcades. <<And then below this ap'tis rays of the sun
- when suddenly, something flashed high on Penteli.To gaze Miltiades
turned instantly to the part from where it appeared the radiant. Ap'tin top
Penteli, a silver shield, made "important" in the Persian fleet.
-Infamous! .. Xefonise Miltiades.
Was apparent. Somebody traitor .. eidopoiouse the enemy that the Police
were afrourito and had to rush. This is what happened. While the fleet,
then sailing to the CRL, suddenly changed course and turned in the
Faliro. When the sunset the Persian fleet arrived off the coast of Faliro
saw the Cynosarges packed army. The shield shone in the rays of the
sun and the supper Datis fled ashamed Reporting the matter to the
German cemetery, all deaths are from different parts of Greece than the
dead of the Battle of Crete, where she is buried in a cemetery near the
corresponding Maleme, there is buried around 4500, although the dead
were many more around the cemeteries 6500.Ta Dionissos and Crete
and many other world built with the sponsorship of an ordinary German
citizens organization created for this very reason, to honor their dead and
not left their bones scattered here and there, just like the bones of our
grandfathers and fathers who died in the mountains of Epirus and
elsewhere, since the Duchess of Plaisance has been reported many
times in here 'mansion RODODAFNIS and the famous underground as
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
32
so many have heard at times "the Duchess had nothing to do with
Davelis finally on the battle of Marathon and mirrors found this passage
from the ancient texts of Herodotus, which states that the end was
betrayed and sent light signals the Persian ships from the top of
PENTELIS by a named family who had come to an agreement with the
Persians. The mirror was not FORCE shield which moreover could not do
this job, but buff bronze adequate size that had the transmission capacity
of such optical simaton.O Herodotus does not take a clear position, as he
says if this family were really traitors ONLY transports that he listened.
The family I can remember going to see it again but it was the
ALKMAIONIDES.
In this way the Persians taking this optical signal off to the ships Faliron
glanced Herodotus not mention use of mirrors in the battle against the
Persian stolo.An want more details (ancient text, etc.) at a later
minyma.Kai two photos from the open MUSEUM OF ART IN LATOMIKIS
DIONYSOto Penteli marble is one of the cleanest, and they are due to
the siliceous nature, is a type of semiconductor material similar to
tsip.aftos was the reason (by many) used for the construction of the
Parthenon from the Greeks - to enhance the action of the hill of the
Acropolis Akropolis.efoson considered sacred, not the marble mined to
be built villas naoi.min but consider it "useless" the mountain - the cave of
the host Davelis sacred to Pan. both the Marathon and the disaster that
the Olympic projects, some reaction, but unfortunately're a very few.
Cave of Davelis (Immaculate) is not a holy Pan no findings have been
found to indicate this also, though slightly above the cave was found the
sanctuary of Pan in a small cave which was devastated in 1952 by
quarrier era.
After a stripped from the findings that were intact on 2500 thousand years
the archaeologists, the job ended, Workers Precision now left little good
and well you can not understand that there was a cave there. How much
the marble taken from the sanctuary of Pan compared with the actual
cave? Who can recreate this intact until 1952, sacred cave?
DO Penteli as exists nowhere else but just that was and why the cave
went peripato.Otan bout fournela he puts very little interested to protect
the natural and ancient heritage.
This was not the only PENTELI and sad that it has given full weight only
in this mountain as if IMITTOS are some random hill without a history of
ancient temples and so much more interesting things.
KNOW WHAT FOURNELO has eaten the IMITTOS? Who can be argued
Severely ARGUMENTS THAT ARE LESS Sacred Mountain BY ANY
OTHER IF IT IS DYNATON.AFTA arbitrary conclusions.
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
33
It is the AIGALEO and VARIETY HOLY? Because ripping a logging?
Mountains now we say that history is lost in the mists of time the
sanctuary of Apollo random happened there? Parnitha what to say to be
less sacred than the other mountains but it is possible for them is
unthinkable. We worshiped GOD PAN Parnitha in Hymettus TO THE
MARATHON IN AIGALEO House and I did not even know who else
within the Attica in which only the superior PENTELI is the marble in
holiness and not the way that they became SOME nor natural beauty
ONLY a few points.
Regarding installations RADAR peak, and one that I am the man who,
unfortunately, brought the issue published last year I think it is useful to
indicate, if nothing else, at last: The chronology tale of the famous F / S
PENTELI installed in 1952. Contrast than does the general public, the
installation plays a reason unrelated to Radar System (radar). In fact it
was a telecommunications station by NATO, under the patronage of the
Greek authorities, with arrays of mirrors intended to similar centers in
Smyrna, Frankfurt and elsewhere. -So what does the abbreviation F / S in
the official name, which means not only Frequency Station, a station on
the Frequency Ellinikoteron. The rapid development of satellite
technology led to the gradual underactive, while the most definitive
closure and egataleipsi base is determined at around 98 '/ 99'. Thus, as
regards the futuristic setting that one sees in the huge "plates" to
dominate the skyline, not only for telecommunications mirrors obsolete,
rather than radar, which has ceased to function long ago, like all facilities.
-That, because at times, among others, have heard sayings like: Oh, now
stopped the radar Penteli underlying the anti-aircraft umbrella of Attica,
what?-Or even most deaf things ...
In this area, the only thing that works now except machinery and
within-subject! - Ekklisidiou of the Transfiguration of Christ
belonging to Telecom Army, and is independent of the rest day. is a
newer build a tower suspension with modern transceivers
(indeterminate authority) whose generators operating offices of the
abandoned Old Government House for staff stegazontai.Monimo
course you will not see anywhere, as for the operation of the above
is not required - just one visit per Good week to review the situation
and supply. But the space is not without some supervision after
tzipaki of police patrol in the mountains has included the
jurisdiction of ... Now, it will be any tours in your area, be made with
caution. As the high voltage transformers used by the aged

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
34
equipment technology base, are suspected of leaking fluid into the
environment, ground-old construction considering it is the
maximum chlophen (the reason for my "liquid battery"). However,
this never exakrivothike.Kapoia attention and wants to visit the
central premises housing the remains of the machinery of the
decommissioned e exoplismou.Se room at the site, last September
they had found boxes that they brought over the big warning labels
Army with the characteristic emblem of uptake.
According to an official report indicating the material was found as
hanging over them, their content consisted of tubes Klystron UHF
1kw. These floor lamps, which have no relation to those contained
in the first ever televisions and radios to remember the older, used
in broadcast applications high frequency pulses extremely high
power-use that makes them radioactive.
But do not treleneste are not the ... NATO bombs (in that old motto
of the road). , And who risks (and N. Katsaros Democritus) should
be limited to the prolonged duration of stay in the room floor or
direct contact with them. But if there are still Unused at our store-
clothes not falling hair ... Ha! ha! - However, last September and
then the noise created in the territory of publications in print and
electronic form, the Air Force team to its supervision under which
the foundation, visited the site. From people who were later part (not
wc) could not be identified if the radioactive materials are removed,
however, found sweeping and stacking of useless items in piles.
But - obviously ta'choun get. Well now - who had attended the issue,
then, know that what hysterically reported on contamination of the
aquifer olakeris Attica From the ... chlophen transformer base and
other jocular sort, which surprised to see that continue until today,
despite belonging to the realm of reality peculiar viscous media to
"correct" reportage and practiced in a mass science for themselves
koptoraptikis data and statements. -Even fellow! (Was missing)
And do not make the wrong one to ask ... Why?
As part of the vromokopousas Function (yes, even this "valid"
VIMATOS - let alone the skatokanalon, or revelatory "cappuccino")
figures as a mere media move into the realm of absurdity! In brief
the ... tingling to your eyes from radiation (!) transmitting the spy (!)
equipment of the Americans, makes "Gelly" and poulisterotero ...
Gege;; Expected course!
You see the asshole by nature do not respect anything ...
! I will recommend you to be very careful to publish photos from
places like the church ...
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
35
You can see it "belongs" to the monastery Pantelis but also is
potentially a military area. -With all that this entails. If he has as an
excuse and even some journalists and writers as you fall a couple
efthynofovo asshole looking for praise from the identities superiors
- will run for espionage and military intelligence report, and let
unravel after (not difficult at all to find) . We state or province of
America??? Handed to all Americans. E traitors who govern us. But
do not blame them .... Our fault that go like animals and voting. We
spit on. We have become the worst koprolaos the world. Such
masochism I have not seen before. Four years to the curse and
when the elections come and go vote as late. These people are
worthy of getting that. Well done to pensioners and S. smashed me I
had to throw them and after going to another like cattle and voting.
And farmers well and made them blow out the tires of them, the PAS
has not lost either vote, contrary to what everyone expected, and
even the WAC. After complaining because they have prices on their
products. Sickle their needs. They work two months a year while the
rest of the loaf in the cafes and chaskogelane like rushes. After they
go and raise prices on popular pretext heavy winter - as if other
years we had no winter, the cur antenna. So these two social
classes are predominantly adjacent classes in the two major parties.
Are sheep ... but after the insult to spin pens. They are mainly
responsible for this katantima of our country. (In the province are
living longer, the elderly and farmers bipolarity was more than large
urban centers) kologeroi Today was not what separate us from the
'50s still right and left? They do not create the civil war? When all
the European countries after started the war rebuilt, we continue
and destroyed. We as a state with the best conditions for
development (minerals, petroleum, agriculture, etc.) but stayed
behind at the start and today we are the laughing stock of Europe.
Shame and disgrace.
The other bad Greece is the Cretan And do not forget that in Crete
was the only society in ancient Greece was henpecked. Both men
were. A ha ha ha ha. For the rest just come over here in Athens and
cunning figure is. What is NATO Telecommunications Station -
Station frequencies. In communications to military aviation
(aircraft), or spying on Earth ¨ ¨ communications as suggested by
the show? And if the latter then mirrors her role as from 1952 till
1990, around the wired communications were only ? Unless of
course the known radios used by police-use but do not know what
would such an observation by NATO? If the first then why do Penteli
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
36
and not for example in Crete? That shooting set say in their
respective centers of Izmir and Frankfurt that was meaningful. And
how was the shooting in Frankfurt in '52. There were then satellites?
And if it was later because it was the direct communication via
satellite, as it is today? The facilities at the chapel is the Greek army
and are independent of NATO, is not it? I would like to ask, what
kind of telecommunications the military value of these machines.
From what I saw was electronics without mirrors around there, just
something small dish, the chapel there. They were making facilities
marks (?) ... What brands and 'where? The other for the later
construction of the tower? Transceivers indeterminate authority??
What? Wonder they need all these facilities? We are willing to use it
ever? Camps in Macedonia to dissolve all we surrender to the
Americans, the Turks do whatever they want in the Aegean ... so
why all this? The position chosen NATO for premises connected
with the electromagnetic fields of Penteli. There were fields ... have
been identified formally by scientific teams
What happened at the top of PENTELIS has done in at least three
other ATTIKA mountains, paroplistikan the bases because we
overcame the technology because they no longer exist. This one
that abolished the base of Penteli speaks. If there were any strange
magnetic tunnel and something strange, but the merger on top of
Penteli MAGNETIC channels and that sort of thing which said one
who spoke in telephone transmission, it would be the last base of
telecommunications would be closed. It has proven anything
measurable basically all started from a book a KARAMESINI who
spoke on electromagnetic channels there and use it to broadcast
information from this report and then became the Isomata doom.
only the sound of the word PENTELI MYSTERY strange or secret is
enough to attract the interest of the world and the reasons are
known. The projected audience, important one, that's nothing new
There was just anamasithikan again the same things. Also I read
somewhere on this topic that KLystron tubes used on TV !!!!!!
Please sparing little in so-called especially when this is not true.
Also on the warning symbols on radioactive material containers,
etc. I would say that the parts which are widely used in electronics
because of the chemical impurities present are considered too
dangerous to ygeia.Posos more military equipment to ensure
quality constructed with the ypsiloteres prodiagrafon.Episis you say
this trend when trained more than 25.000 volts we exacerbation or
release of radioactive particles. (Notice the word in English is a label
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
37
affixed to the back screen Sufficient X-Ray protection). So all the
devices operate yperypsilitasi have the ability to produce
radioactive somatidion.Ta RADARS operate with voltages of this
magnitude and then some megalyteres.Etsi Klystron tube which
was obligatory that you change to be stored for recall in a box
marked "Radioactive material "..... and many many others which do
not show anything unusual especially for a military installation.
CAUTION silicon as an element of Penteli marble electric
idiotites.Prokeimenou NOT show the silicon used as construction
material transistors and integrated, in general, there is a great
component chemical-mechanical epexergasiaTo amorphous silicon
either as formulated or as material occurs in quartz rocks
Even the sand of the sea is of silicon oxide is quartz. Because the
whole issue to which silicon is of great importance, considered in
quantum mechanics as well as the manufacture of electronic
components on silicon are issues specific tests can not be
described and analyzed through the pages here would simply like, if
I may.
The destruction of the Parthenon tangible Romaiochristianous
The order of the Christian Byzantine Empire was explicit: 's territory
ferein "and since then (d century AD.) And for many centuries, men of
the cloth raging crowds bashing anything reminiscent of the most
beautiful civilization were never part of the Earth.
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
38
The main aim was Greece and the temples of. Demolished and razed
those Greek temples allow the little medieval technical skills and
instead built a Christian. Whole towns have lost their Greek character
and acquired form vyzantinotropi.
A typical example is inhabited for thousands of Thessaloniki, where
there is not a relic of a sample of ancient Greek temple, but instead,
there are numerous Christian churches. For those churches had the
potential to destroy, the partially-destroyed but may-and converted to
Christian. Neither the Parthenon fled their hatred, which turned into ...
Mary Athiniotissa.
... The ancient city of Athens had developed around the Acropolis,
especially in the area, located north of the hill. The glory of the city
maintained by the Roman centuries, when seen in the last period of
glory. In the 2nd century m.n.ch. Athens not only had regained its
ancient splendor, but led to a new boom with the operations of
Herodes Atticus and Hadrian, and the 4th century it had become
again a great training center and perpetuating young people from
throughout the empire flocked to hear the teachings of famous
philosophers.
In the south central area of the Agora, where there was
Odeon of Agrippa, built in high school, university complex, which
included classrooms, library, arena and bathrooms. Many private
schools were built farther south, below the Supreme Court, like
another high school south of the Odeon of Herodes Atticus. Also
repaired the Library of Hadrian, the scene of the theater of Dionysus,
the Dome and the Register. Throughout this period was dominated by
the Greek character and survive the institutions of the Classical Era.
Following the decrees of Theodosius began the destruction and
demolition of Greek statues, artefacts and sacred, which lasted
several centuries. In place of the ancient Christian churches sprang
up while erected and new Christian churches in other places, but
ancient-in-rule stock. The city of Athens - a symbol of classical
antiquity became a regional city of the Byzantine Empire.
In the Acropolis, which was renamed Castle, converted to Christian
churches, the Parthenon (a temple of the Holy Wisdom of God and
Mary's first Athiniotissas later) and the Erechtheion (as the Savior).
Among them was built the temple of the Holy Trinity and the
Propylaea formed a church of the Archangels. When converting to a
Christian church, the Parthenon suffered its greatest disaster in its
history, and much more by Morosini, used as an excuse by the
Orthodox propaganda to hide the company earlier Christian extensive
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
39
damage.
The main temple has an ancient temple of the Christian basilica, while
the western part was the stent. The east door is removed and there
was the sanctuary. To become a Christian church opened side
entrance, built a staircase in the southwest corner of the nave, apse
on the eastern side, while the sculptural decoration of the metopes of
the two façades and the north side suffered extensive apolaxefsi. The
same happened in the largest statues of the eastern pediment, which
was deposed. The frieze opened windows, destroyed several of the
sculptures.
In the 6th century m.n.ch. Justinian ordered the removal of best

marbles of the Parthenon and other great ancient temples such as
Delphi, Miletus, of Ephesus, etc. and transported to Istanbul for the
construction of Hagia Sophia, whose return to Rome today nobody
dianoithike request. In the 11th century and was added at the
residence of the orthodox bishops.
In place of Christian worship were transformed into the caves of the

Acropolis, the cave of Pan (St. Athanasius), the hourglass (Apostles
Marmara) and the cave in sponsorship monument Thrasyllos (Virgin
Spiliotissa). Established by the Royal Theater of Dionysus and the
royal position of Asklepios in honor of St. Anargyroi and the ancient
sacred fountain turned into holy water. Above the Odeon of Herod
Atticus built the Basilica of San Andreas.
Within the central area of Athens, which enclosed the ysterorromaiko
wall, converted into a basilica called Agoranomion Baptistery and the
clock of Kyrristou. In the area of the Library of Hadrian was built the
Great Temple of the Virgin Mary, who was the cathedral in Athens,
which became smaller basilica in the early 6th century. In Hill
Agoraios Agora temple of Hephaestus became St. George drone (!)
And remained as such even by the mid 17th century. Under the
Supreme Court established the church of St. Dionysios the Areopagite
and the hill of Nymphs demolished the ancient temple of Zeus in
Athens and built the church of Agia Marina.
East of the Acropolis were built five churches: the position of the later
church of St. Catherine in the temple of the Soteiras Lykodimou the
Basilica of the National Garden, the basilica on the north side of
Olympic (dedicated to St Nicholas) and the temple was south of
Olympic. In Ilissos, the Ionic temple of Artemis became Agrotera
basilica and the temple of Demeter and Kore near the south bank of a
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
40
church of the Virgin Mary with the name of Petra, which became a
cemetery. Cemeteries were created in and around the Acropolis at the
church of St Andrew and at the Royal Theatre of Dionysus.
Shortly before, the mid-8th century, Athens was promoted by
ecclesiastical diocese in the metropolis, so from then until the 12th
century there was a new activity in the temples. New churches were
built with the same attitude and technique, as Saint John the Baptist in
Magkouti on the north slopes of the Acropolis, the Apostles of Solaki
Ancient Agora, the Kerameikos Asomatos Saints, The Saints
Theodore, the Kapnikarea, St. Catherine in plate and others, such as
Virgin Gorgoepikoos (known as "Little Metropolis" or Agios
Eleftherios). Many monasteries were built also in the outskirts of town
in places demolished Greek temples such as Kessariani (replacing
shrines of Demeter and Eileithya) of daphnia (in place of sanctuary
Dafnaiou Apollo), etc. At the top of Lycabettus demolished the temple
of Zeus Anchesmiou and box was built by the Prophet Elijah, who
later became St. George.
Despite the implementation of the new urban plan of the city s
century. the Bavarians to the Greeks respected the loan Byzantine
castle, and instead chose to remove the save by making changes and
measures of the project. Typical is the case of the Virgin Mary
(Kapnikareas), which remained in the middle of the road and split in
two, the current route of Ermou. (In modern Greece tour guide
explaining to foreigners that the temple of Kapnikareas is very well
built using excellent materials, especially carried away, even from the
Acropolis!)
In only a handful of very challenging circumstances and after the
intense pressures of foreign archaeological schools expelled only
some Christian churches, to conduct archaeological excavations and
the earlier emergence of ancient buildings.
Epi centuries Christians destroyed and they built the Parthenon
Marbles to the many Christian churches that are around the Sacred
Rock. A simple walk to the sites around the Acropolis, is sufficient to
distinguish his own eyes and every non-expert visitor ancient marbles,
which are incorporated into many Christian churches, located within
the archaeological site just below Acropolis (Theater of Dionysus,
Agora, etc.), but throughout the Plaka.
The future can not always be mortgaged in favor of this. The power
can not be treated as another opportunity for enrichment.
It's time to give renewed emphasis to the responsibility and not the
glory of government. It's time to build the best. This will increase
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
41
competition and raise the epipedo.Irthe time to publish all the internet
to control all the time. It's time to stop the partisan identification is a
passport for success.
George Papandreou is in a very difficult time. Let us not try to
compare with the outgoing government, but hopes he created. It
seems to have the political will for this agona.O role will be crucial.
Why is promiscuity that leads to corruption is beginning: if the prime
minister does not control the ministers, ministers do not control the
general secretaries, the secretary-general not control their
subordinates and starts the "party". The "party" but this has brought
us one step before bankruptcy. Only one prime minister with a strong
desire for lacerations and incisions can put a brake on this
irresponsibility.
Only then will re-structured society of the games and not the maxillary
kai CIAgonon!
A WORLD MAP OF BOTTOM
H Marie Tharp (Marie Tharp), British geologist and mathematician,
was the one who drew the maps of ocean bottom who confirmed the
theory of plate tectonics. Was co-creator of the first world map of
ocean bottom and played a leading role in the discovery of the central
valley tectonic ditch that crosses the Intermediate-Atlantic Ridge
(mesookeania back of the Atlantic). Marie Tharp, born 1920, was the
daughter of a surveyor that made maps of soil classification for the
USDA. The Tharp graduated from Ohio University in 1943 with a
degree in English and music and then got a Masters in Geology at the
University of Michigan and a BA in mathematics from the University of
Tulsa (and last worked as a geologist in oil company in Tulsa's
Oklahoma). Nevertheless, Tharp was a man of research and in 1948
he found a place in the Lamont Geological Observatory (now Lamont-
Doherty Earth Observatory) of Columbia University in New York as
assistant Egouingk Maurice (Maurice Ewing). He worked with the
team including Bruce Chizen marine geologist who supplied them with
the data from synellege missions to plot the ship Vema (Vema). The
first 18 years of cooperation, namely by 1965, Tharp could not follow
the Chizen missions and were not allowed women on board, in which
case get the data of soundings which supplied the Chizen and
planning maps which would be the first systematic effort to map the
ocean vythou.Kathe part chartografouse Tharp covered the 1 degree
longitude by 1 degree latitude. When it began to unite the sections of
seabed mapped noticed a huge crack in length, as the valley along
the center of mid-ocean ridge of the Atlantic. The Tharp thought it was
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
42
a tectonic ditch valley (loopholes) but the Chizen paid no attention to
the idea of believing that all this was "girl talk". It took around a year to
convince him of the allegations. The unlikely but soon proved
possible. The data soon confirmed the instincts of Tharp. This
discovery was an important geophysical feature: this valley tectonic
trench signaled a strong vein on the outer crust of the earth, the place
from where new pieces of oceanic crust (ie, molten material)
emerging from the mantle of the Earth's surface, cool and then
pushed across the mid-ocean ridge as new songs come out again
from the bottom .. Tharp's name is unfortunately not included in the
studies published by Egouingk Chizen and although she has said she
was happy just to be part of the group and considered herself lucky to
be involved in such discoveries. The theory of moving continents was
not at all popular at the time and Maurice Egouingk, the brilliant but
imperious director of Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia,
remained unpersuaded to increasing evidence of twin-Chizen Tharp.
Started even in conflict with Chizen, making it able to prevent the
mapping project. The Egouingk basically trying to ruin his career
Chizen, according to Tharp. In the mid-'60s as this academic feud had
begun to endanger the project of mapping the ocean Lamont, Tharp
moved the whole business at home in New York (South Nyack, NY)
and lack of space in Lamont but because of problems going on. As
noted later, Tharp, the Egouingk failed to dismiss the Chizen but
managed to dismiss it. one of the most beautiful maps in the history of
cartography, the so-called "World Ocean Floor" (To zoom in on map:
http://www.platetectonics.com/oceanfloors/index.asp). The global map
of the ocean bottom was in 1977 (later that same year Chizen died of
a heart attack on a research vessel off the coast of Iceland). The map
looked like someone had drained all the water from the oceans
revealing hidden features of the earth's surface.
After the death of the Chizen Tharp, widow entirely apart from his
name, continued to remain at home in South Nyack until her death in
August 2006, at age 86 years. In 1998, Tharp was honored during the
100th anniversary of the Library of Congress' Geography and Map
Division and in 1999 was recognized by the Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution.
Movements of the plates and genesis MAGMATOS
The tectonic plates are pieces of the lithosphere (so called and
lithospheric). Having a thickness of about 100 km lithosphere is the
upper part of the cortex (~ 7 km beneath the oceans and ~ 35 km
beneath the continents) and the lower part of which is denser than the
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
43
upper part of the upper mantle. Beneath the lithosphere and upper
mantle into the asthenosphere is the one who is warm, cell layer
consisting of partially molten rock. Rigid lithospheric plates move
because of the transport (convection) plastic material in the
asthenosphere. Warm blanket rises in areas under the Spreading
ridges and cold, denser mantle descends on dive sites. These circular
convection currents require the lithospheric plates move over with,
such as objects moving on a conveyor (see Figure). The volcanic
eruptions over the lithospheric plates and caused the magma (molten
rock) rises from deeper parts the surface of the Earth. Magma varies
as to its composition from basic, intermediate to the more acidic silica
SiO2 (silica) content. The basic (basaltic) magma generated directly
from the mantle or the asthenosphere or in the overlying mantle
lithosphere. Many basic to intermediate (basaltic andesite to) it
appears that magma generated by melting of hydrated lithospheric
mantle. On the other hand, more differentiated intermediate and acid
magma generated by partial melting of continental crust due to hot-
key or magma rising from the mantle and stagnant in the mantle-crust
than either penetrate the supernatant continental crust, where magma
chambers remain in various levels in the cortex. The volcanic activity
is distributed mainly on plate boundaries. Although volcanism within
plates are not so frequent in these areas endoplakikes can find large
areas of volcanic products
Volcanism at the boundary of tectonic plates
The margins of the plates is where two neighboring plates either leave
(depart), or closer (converge), or run parallel.
• Diverging margins (divergent plate boundaries)
The plates are diverging in the areas of mesookeanion rachides.
Here, the oceanic crust is created.
• Convergent margin (convergent plate boundaries)
The plates are converging with each other in areas of deep ocean
trenches. Here, destroy the ocean floor. Margins transformation
(transform plate boundaries) plates slide one over the other.

The volcanic activity is concentrated in the divergent and convergent

margins and the margins are rare transformation. The volcanism
endoplakiki describes volcanic discharges within tectonic plates. The
theory of plate tectonics and the movement is just - well known to all
geosciences. A general overview of the tectonic plates in the earth's
surface is shown in Figure (1).
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
44

Fig (1). Lithospheric plates in the earth's surface.
The main lithospheric plates are subdivided into smaller ones. In the
case of the Greek area of a local tectonic model has been presented
by McKenzie (1972, 1978). The model shown in Figure (2).

Fig (2) tectonic model of McKenzie (1972, 1978) on Greek territory.
As these plates are in constant motion because of forces exerted by
the surrounding major lithospheric plates, the generated tensile
compressive fracture zones. The Papazachos et al. (1996) studied the
kinematics of these plates of the Greek area and presented it to the
next figure (3). It is understood that large seismic events are expected
to occur in areas where there is a strong tectonic activity. On this
ground the next map gives an overview of the spatial distribution of
future seismic activity in the Greek area.

Fig (3). The kinematics of the tectonic plates of the Greek area
(Papazachos et al. 1996)
Mapping of the major fracture zones - faults with geological /
seismological methods.
In seismological studies, very large role played by the mapping of
fracture zones and faults. These are the places where future large
earthquakes will occur. Consequently, the mapping is a priority task in
the studies of a seismic hazard area. The problem that arises
immediately is: What faults and fracture zones should be mapped and
it was always possible to do?
The classical surface geological mapping can not identify all existing
cracks and fracture zones. This is especially problematic when it is
created from the surface trace of speaking any deep tectonic activity.
It is also difficult to define the significance of a seismological fault
detected on the surface, without any information about the deep
tectonic structure of the area studied. The previous problem has been
partially addressed by the study of spatial distribution of earthquakes
in a seismogenic area disguised. An example of this process is shown
in Figure (4). The seismic activity of the window (dotted line) has been
mapped for the period of June 2001. The emergence of seismically
activated fault is obvious. As a result of seismic activity and the
existence of the corresponding fault (Thanasoulas, 1998) at
Fisherman (lower left corner of the window) held a large seismic event
an earthquake on the island of Psara.

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
45
Fig. (4). Highlighting the deep fracture zone - fault from seismic
mapping of the activity in a disguised period.
IEinai very interesting to see the coincidence of this seismically
mapped fracture zone, along with a map that has the gravitational
method is shown in Figure (10). This fracture zone is given in the past
two (2) large earthquakes with magnitude greater than 6R. Mapping of
seismic faults in the study of the gravitational field of the earth.
The theoretical model.
The major tectonic features (faults - fracture zones) of land are
reflected in the morphology of the gravitational field. The wavelength,
of the morphology of the gravitational field depends on the size of the
respective faults - fracture zones. Consequently, the study of
gravitational field is determined only by the large wavelengths can
provide structural information about the deep rifts - fracture zones.
Moreover, the precise position of a fracture - fracture zone can be too
easily to the study of horizontal change (gradxG) of the corresponding

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
46
gravitational field. The next figure (5), (a) represents a typical fault
model of the earth, (b) corresponds to the amended version of the
fault, gravity field, while (c) corresponds to the horizontal change in
the gravitational field. Details of these transformations can be found in
any book gravimeters taught in universities.
Fig (5). (A) = fault model, (b) = gravitational field, (c) = horizontal
change in gravitational field
Application of the methodology in the Greek.
On 13 May 1995, a devastating earthquake (M = 6.1R, 400.18,
210.71) was in the region of Grevena in northern Greece, which
caused major damage to the nearest towns and villages and a small
number of reported victims. This is very interesting from a scientific
point of view in this earthquake is the fact the lack of (a) any statistical
indication that a seismic event of this magnitude could happen in this
area, which was classified on a scale of seismic hazard area as Zone
1 (in the range 1 to 4), ie as a space with less in an notions, seismic
hazard and (b) lack any pliroforisis for major tectonic activity that
could justify an event of this magnitude seismic event. The following
study was prompted as a fact of occurrence of the earthquake of
Grevena, the lack of statistics - tectonic / geological data that could
reveal the dangerous nature of the seismic area of Grevena, and
provided detailed scientific tectonic event that would justify the event
of this earthquake. The same scenario epanelifthike on September 7,
1999 in Athens, capital of Greece. Although the city of Athens is
located in an area designated as "Area 2" in terms of seismic risk,
lack of information about the deeper structure of the wider area was
build upon the culture that the capital of Greece is built upon 'Safe'
territory. Unfortunately for the victims (several hundred), but also for
large and ektetammenes damage to buildings were in Athens during
this earthquake, it has proved totally wrong.
So the question arises: Who really large earthquakes occur; The
study that follows may be the answer to that.
It is known that an earthquake occurs when the fracture zone - fault
releases the accumulated strain energy in the short time during the
collapse division. The greater the portion collapses the larger the size
of the actual instances earthquake. The problem then arises: is it
possible to chart the deep tectonic fracture zones - faults occur where
major earthquakes; The statistical study of large earthquakes in the
Greek little helps (Grevena earthquake, Athens) in the diagnosis of
deep large structures whose existence is a prerequisite for the
occurrence of large earthquakes. The same problem, namely the
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
47
detection of large and deep tectonic structures, it is very simple if you
deal with methods of applied geophysics, as will be shown below. The
point of "key" of this study is that large earthquakes must agree to the
position with the major tectonic fractures - fractures of the lithosphere.
Consequently, the positioning of these tectonic structures, which can
not be traced to other geological processes, is disguised aim of this
study. To get a clear picture of this topic in relation to major seismic
events in the Greek territory, has built the next map. The map was
presented by all earthquakes larger than 6R (Ms> = 6R) of the Greek
area and for the period 1900 to 1997. The location of each earthquake
is defined by a black dot and the circle at each site provides position
error (+ / - 25 Km) value is very conservative compared to previous
reports in the seismological literature. It should be noted that the
position of the focus of each earthquake can be anywhere in the circle
of error without reducing the reliability of the map.
Fig (6). Earthquakes magnitude Ms> = 6R in Greek territory for the
period 1900-1997.
Unit scale = 10 Km.
The method of transformation of gravitational field in a field of
horizontal scale can be done in two dimensions in the gravitational
field of Greece. A simplified form of the gravitational field of the Greek
area (Bouguer anomaly) is presented in the following figure (7).
Observations on mineralogical - geochemical studies on
metallogeneseis areas Brskovo / Yugoslavia Laconia / Ellada.Tou
Andrew C. Vgenopoulos with 6 illustrations, 2 tables The main ores of
Laconia (Peloponnese) and Brskovo (Bosnia) are associated with the
porphyry Triasiou period, and two sites associated with the phase of
the intensity of the earth's crust during the early Mesozoic period.
There are striking chemical and structural similarities in the volcanic
rocks, especially where there is uptake of outdoor asvestolithou.I
geology of the two regions studied
The Brskovo / Yugoslavia and the Laconia / Greece are two areas
that are very similar on and surrounding volcanic rocks and may have
a similar metallogenesi.
The Brskovo is in the range of carbonate rocks in the Dinarides,
Montenegro (cf. PAMIC, JJ, 1982, and STRUCL., I., 1981). Includes
mesotriasiki geosygklini-porfyritiki-volcanic region, and from this
derived Pb-Zn deposits are a series of porphyry and Keratofyres
included among triasika shale sediments. In stratified volcanic rocks
occur mineral soak in different ways and degrees, which also extend
to local sedimentary rocks. Near the volcanic rocks is also the
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
48
volcanic-sedimentary series of brecciated limestone and volcanic
toffites, dolomites and dolomitic lime. Main components of the mixture
of the mineral body is silicon and the galena ˙ Sphalerite occurs only
in minor quantities. Laconia is located in the southern Peloponnese
region indeed in geosygklini series of coal rocks and mountains
Parnonos Taygetos. The ifaistites start in the middle of Gythion
Peloponnese peninsula from the sea and extended gaps in the
Northeast. Mineral zones include areas of Molaon and Apidia,
showing deposits of Pb-Zn-Cu (cf. Geol.charti, Molai Table 1: 50.000
IGME 1984).
National Technical University Department of Mineralogy and
Petrology, Geology, 28 Οκτωβρίου 42, Athens, Greece
Table 1.
Table 2.
The volcanic complex bordered on the north as the middle and

upper lime, dolomitic lime on and dolomite in the south and to
carbonate permiano slate and marble and sediments of the Pliocene
period. Covering the Coal-alternately permiano slate or marble. Too
often consists of blocks of lava, which are mainly main character or
mixed series consisting of breccia rocks and limestone toffites into
alternating deposition dolomite lime and dolomite. The metallogenesi
found or shared only in vague ifaistiti or between ifaistiti and
carbonates by the permiana marbles.
The volcanic complex and neighboring rocks are several fragments,
whose direction is parallel to the direction of the mountains. Besides,
they pass along a large part of Greek masonry ditch that runs south of
Crete and extends to the southwestern tip of the Peloponnese (cf.
International Symposium on the Greek and Greek arc moat, April
1981, Athens. The Greek ditch, According to the latest geological
evidence, is the border between afroaraviki Eurasian plate and then
the great tectonic line, which extends to the Far East and surrounding
the Indian plate.
Fragments, which extend parallel to the direction of layers of
mountain rocks, formed at the front edge of orogene, mainly through
the forces that caused an elevation. These deformations with the
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
49
corresponding elevation probably caused the explosion of all the
volcanoes located in the Peloponnese. The layers of volcanic rock are
almost all at the same age as those of Laconia, is the Middle Trinity,
and this age is the same as the age of volcanic rocks in Bosnia
Brskovo.
Methodology In order to study the mineralogy, the geochemistry, the

metallogenesi and create deposits in both regions, we collected a
series of samples from the two regions, which were analyzed at the
Laboratory of Mineralogy and Petrography of the Athens Polytechnic.
Received information on the chemical activity and mineral
composition in Table I, the semiquantitative analysis of trace elements
in Table II Evaluation of two tables and the findings of the thin
sections will be discussed in next section. Discussion of results The
merger results (naval analysis and mineralogical analysis) of samples
from two areas (see Tables I and II) and comparison of chemical
activity, concentration and mineralogical structure of samples from the
same region mainly from Laconia, may find that a similar volcanic
complexes are different types of rocks. The reason for this
assumption is the different chemical and mineralogical nature of the
samples, and in many cases different structure. Similarity in chemical
activity, such as mineralogy and structure mainly occurs in samples,
which retain their original volcanic nature, ie rocks, which were not
influenced by collateral or postnatal influences. Examples on this are
the images 1 and 2. In both areas seem thin sections through the
character of typical volcanic rocks. These are mainly albite inclusions,
which are operating in a core of microcrystals and glass phases.
Some rocks are poor in nutrients, are of no disturbance or alteration of
mineral grains and are almost always the same mineralogical and
chemical concentration.
Fig 1 Andesitikos ifaistitis Laconia / Greece. Photo mikroleiasmenis
surface. Larger 8x10 + N.

Fig 2-Spilitis Keratofyris the Brskovo / Yugoslavia. Megethynsi8x10 +
N

Fig.3 Calcium waste rock is not absorbed by the volcanic lava. Photo
mikroleiasmenis surface. Larger 8x10 + N

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
50
Fig 4. Gelatinous form wormlike growth subsidize Chalcedony just
passing through the vein of ore. (Laconia)
In place of the partial absorption of calcium in the lava, seen together
with the changing structure of a lifting of the ore, particularly copper
(Fig. 3). (See VGENOPOULOS, 1980). (See Sample s / 5, 6, 7, 12,
13, 14 and 15 of Table I). It also samples from Laconia. In the first
group of samples, especially in samples 5 and 6, it is clear that there
has been a change in the chemical and mineralogical collection. The
sample 5, for example, is richer in silica, calcium and trace elements,
particularly strontium, unlike the sample 6 poorer in silica and calcium,
so more rich in sodium, copper and surface components, which are
listed in Table I as a net water. The sample 7 is close to chemical
activity, mineral concentration and structure of the typical ifaistiti as
shown in images 1 and 2.
The distance from one sample to another is not more than 40 million,
but we can see the above significant differences, particularly as
regards the structure of sample 5. Figure 4 shows a gel formation of
wormlike subsidize and development of an ore deposit and the new
crystal quartz. Figure 5 shows the evolution of silica gel-forming acid
form Chalcedonian, which surrounds the crystals subsidized ˙ beyond
old also see quartz crystals. Samples 12, 13, 14 and 15 of the second
group did not differ so markedly in chemical activity and mineral
concentration of similar structure, but it is also significantly reduced
the calcium content increases as the copper content.
If we look now compared to the strong positions in metallogeneis
Brskovo, we find there a rich occurrence of trace elements and a
significant increase of silica acid, with a commensurate reduction of
aluminum and an almost complete disappearance of calcium. There,
showing high elevations ore (eik.6), one can clearly see one complex,
parallel flow or sometimes rodomorfi development of Quartz crystals
from the microcrystalline lattice.
From the comments certainly imply that metallogenesi was initially
with much lower temperatures than melting of volcanic and secondly,
that had a specific chemical environment. Found metaifaisteiaki
activation and mineralogical changes in ifaistiti and metallogenesi
where fulfilled the conditions for mineralization, namely, where a
change in pH around the acid created metalliferous lumps. The
change in pH was sequentially, because in most cases followed a
primarily a repulsion of calcium and, secondarily, a revival of the ore.
The fact that temperatures during the metallogenesis decreased, it
becomes obvious in Figure 2, which presents a rather complete
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
51
assimilation of calcium plus a topochimiki change in pH due to partial
solubility

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
52
Fig 5 Chalcedon surrounding crystal subsidize recently formed Left,
Right soft quartz crystals in the middle vein. Photo mikroleiasmenis
surface. Larger 8x8 + N (Laconia)

Fig 6 complex structure, parallel flow to develop a rodomorfi
development of quartz crystal in a large mineral collection. Photo
mikroleiasmenis surface. Larger 8x8 + N (Brskovo ).... calcium. The
eruption of a volcanic lava takes a particular geological period.
During this period there are frequent movements, transformations
and action. During these phases now separated the ore from the
magma, as the rift has promoted the release of surface components.
Bibliography
PAMIC, J.J. (1982): Triassic Magmatism of the Dinarides. Zagreb.
PIPER, G. (1983): The Triassic Volcanic Rocks of Tyros, Zarouhla,
Kalamai and Epidavros, Peloponnese, Greece. Schweiz. Mineral.
Petrogr. Mitt. Bd.63.
STRUCL. I. (1961): Die schichtgebundenen Blei-Zink-Lagerstätten
Jugoslawiens. Mitt. Oesterr.Geol.Ges.Wien.
VGENOPOULOS, A. (1975): On the Boards Mineral Muscovite-
Pigmatiti the region of Western Thrace, Greece.
- (1980): About the Genesis of Copper Mineralisation in Andesitic
Basalt of Apidia Lakonias.
UNESCO Intern. Symposium on Metallogeny of Mafic and Ultramafic
Complexes: The Eastern Mediterranean-Western Asia Area and its
Comparison with similar Metallogenic Environment in the World.
Vol. 2, Athens 1980.
Fig (7). Simplified Gravitational (Bouguer anomaly) map of Greece.
The following procedure has been applied to calculate the
horizontal field gradient: Gradx, y (G) = G (x, y) * TL (x, y) where: G
(x, y) is the intensity of the gravitational field at point x , y. TL (x, y)
is the Operational converter Gradx, y (G) is the resulting field
horizontal scale. The operator TL is calculated analytically for any
point in the gravitational field of the application surface to a 2nd
degree gravity data window slides up from the original gravity map.
To reject the shallow and surface tectonic features and targeting the
underlying tectonic structures of the earth, used "window" 20 Km in
all transformations. The result of these transformations we propose
to map chiaroscuro (Fig. 8) illuminated by BA thesi.Oi deep tectonic
structures emerge thus defined as the boundary between dark and
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
53
light periochon.Sch ammesos neighbors. (8). Map chiaroscuro (BA)
gravity field horizontal scale of the Greek area. The red circle
indicates the location of the Athens earthquake (Ms = 5.9R,
September 7, 1999) It is interesting to note that the earthquake
occurred in Athens in the fracture zone which crosses the Attic in
the NW - SE direction and which is positioned Athens. This
indicates the hazards of space. The detailed analytical fracture
zones - faults (thick black lines) found in the Greek market with the
previous methodology presented in the next figure (9).
Map comparing positions of large earthquakes (1900 - 1997) of the
Greek area and fracture zones / faults calculated from the
gravitational field.
Had previously reported that large earthquakes occur at deep
tectonic structures, fracture zones - faults in the lithosphere. The
next figure (9) is a comparative presentation, ie the position of each
major earthquake, as estimated by seismological methods, and the
location of the deep fracture zones - faults derived from the
conversion of gravity field in a field of horizontal change. Therefore
expected at least a deep fracture zone - rift passes through each
cycle of error for each position mapped earthquake. Obviously this
fracture zone - the fault would be that triggered seismic and
indicated the corresponding earthquake. Thus the most "probable
right place" for the corresponding earthquake is not suggested by
seismological methods, but that resulting from the projection of the
nearest seismic Spotlight fracture zone - fault. In this way, the new
center is consistent both with the seismological observations (still
within the limits of the earthquake fault) and the requirements for
the geotectonic inception. Of 97 large earthquakes used in this
study only 6 differ materially from expected results. This could
apodothei the following reasons: possible conversion of the
gravitational field of the used window is not able to identify existing
areas of fracture - fractures, or even the position of the focus has
turned in the wrong application of seismological method. In each
case the degree of correlation, statistically evaluated, it is extremely
high.

Fig (10). Diorthomenes locations of major earthquakes in the
calculated fracture zones - faults by converting the gravitational
field.
Verification of the fracture zones - faults of great earthquakes of
the period 1998 - 2002 (after the presentation of the study in 1998
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
54
IGME, A.3810)
In the next drawing (11) are the major earthquakes (red circles)
of the Greek area occurred after the completion of this work (late
1997) and during the period of 1998-2002, compared to the position
of the identified fracture zones - fracturing of the lithosphere. It is
obvious that all earthquakes of this period coincides (within the
limits of error of + / - 25 Km) with the positions of tectonic zones
have already been budgeted. Especially the cases of earthquakes of
Karpathos, Skyros, Skopelos, region Konitsa island of Psara, but
particularly in Athens shows the importance in this map for the
classification, first, the degree of seismic hazard in each region. Fig
(11). Relate the location of the most recent major seismic events
(red circles) of the Greek area with the location of fracture zones -
faults that were calculated by converting the gravitational field.
In conclusion, taking into consideration the recently increased
seismicity in the Greek, it is reasonable to expect that large
earthquakes will occur in the future will occur along this fracture
zone network covering the Greek territory. Therefore the seismic
risk is too high along these zones. One last tectonic point remains
to be noted are the various stages through a geological formation
during the seismic cycle and before its final collapse. This is
illustrated in the following figure (12). x. (12). Change in average
speed of rock deformation during the seismic cycle (Mjachkin et al.
1975). The main interest of Figure (12) that describes the different
stages of rock deformation during which the physical parameters of
change and thus activates mechanisms diaforiys Genesis
precursory phenomena. Moreover, in themselves now, they have
identified the precursors of these phenomena, provides the time
window to a size where they no longer use the term "short-term
prognosis" is perfectly justified.
KRHTH Earthquakes, tsunamis, climate change, landslides, forest
fires ... are some of the threats that can make life difficult for us in
the not too distant future, according to the nightmarish scenarios
drawn up by scientists from the European Spatial Planning
Observation Network-European Spatial Planning Observation
Network (ESPON). The report of ESPON, completed the first days of
2006, a record of all those potential causes that could change our
lives and mapping the risk in almost all its forms. The result is a
series of individual maps on which the risk of acquiring the means
of analysis "identity", and possibly numerical likely to hit us soon
the door. This valuable tool for the fortification of Europe against
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
55
potential threats in 15 categories covering natural disasters, of
which Crete threatened significantly at rates ranging from 10 to 25%
in Lassithi and reach the 25 to 75 % for the other prefectures of the
island. The seismic hazard zones Crete from all sides and scenarios
scientists ESPON seismogenesis chances for in congruence with
predictive models and statistical records of historical and modern
earthquakes, while largely following the final seismic hazard map of
the EPPO . The risk mapping while following the boundaries of
tectonic plates to the greatest extent responsible for this
phenomenon. The map of Crete ESPON record on the 4th level of
risk (high) across Europe, just behind the Ionian islands which
belong to the highest risk zone. The fact that the program considers
a high rate the chances of developing a powerful earthquake in the
same time determines the likelihood of causing significant damage,
which also constitutes one of the main objectives of the program at
prevention. This risk is not allocated to the same level in all
prefectures of Crete. According to the relevant map, the prefectures
of Heraklion and Rethymnon are in the 4th zone, identified in purple,
the most formidable destructive consequences of a possible strong
earthquake prefectures of Chania and Lassithi, who recorded on the
relevant map in dark blue color. Note that the lines of risk defined
and largely from the "definition" of tectonic plates, which account
for the intense seismicity of the region. A careful look at the map of
Europe reveals that its preparation was considered a major
parameter data, both historical and geological, economic, social,
etc., which enabled the mapping of risk by region with great rigor
and accuracy may at least in statistical and predictive models.
Designers of the ESPON note that the main goal of mapping
expressions of an assessment and evaluation of earthquake
disasters that could cause it to become such a valuable study guide
for the European Union and individual governments to devise an
effective strategy for minimize this risk with the obvious action.
These include better construction, selected land use and geological
studies under all relevant laws of EU institutions and instructions
issued. KRITITV
Crude oil samples from five different reservoirs of the river

Before-... relation to the origin and level of thermal maturity,
... The relationship of intense tectonic movements and
combinatorial ... active twin
faults with NW-SE wing, which evolved in the southern part of the
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
56
tech-
(Through fault zones or rogmatomenon) until caught ... Another
type
trap (trap by a combination of tectonic and stratigraphic .... less
density of oil compared with water
the type of tectonic margin (passive or active continental
margin). ... oil and gas on the continental shelf. North Sea
. BGS, ..... Remember the presence of terraces (the listrikon faults)
4. The MACHINE FRAUD

& DYSTYCHIAS
Companies having their hands on maps of tectonic plates and traps

oil the bottom, proceed to establish a legal framework in each
country for the exploitation of oil reserves, even if this requires us
burn all the forests. All you need is to have "infrastructure", roads,
ports, etc. adjacent to areas that would make drilling for the
transportation of precious cargo. As well as first burn forests in
order to buy cheap land and the burnt At undisturbed to make a drill
undisturbed by smallholders. Just as it is today in the Peloponnese.
NOT THEIR birds did a square GREEK LAND. The pretext is to
install the burnt earth wind and photovoltaic systems for green
growth. All these help a political parties to openly and smferonton
Jewish television channel to have the same shaped emblem. They
have not liars nice structured thinking about Green development,
we quote the following parts ONLY ENMEROSI DO NOT
PISTTEPSETE Not a single word
[The deterioration of climatic conditions from the excessive use of
energy, coupled with the increase in primary energy demand is not
accompanied by efficient use of energy produced, created the need
for better energy planning by making energy management an
integral part of overall management.
Power management is a key method for improving the energy
efficiency of the system with technical and organizational measures
aimed directly at reducing the share of energy in total production
costs. Based on continuous monitoring of energy consumption in a
systematic and organized manner, human resources, priorities and
financial means.
Power management is a disciplined activity, organized and
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
57
structured in the most efficient use of energy without reducing
production levels without sacrificing the quality of the product,
safety or environmental standards. The fundamental principle of
power management are economic efficiency. Energy management
should be applied to the extent justified by the standard business
and economic conditions, as each investment. Therefore, the
energy management requires both technical and economic
considerations.
The need for energy management, in contrast with other
administrative fads that came and went, would be permanent in our
society for the following reasons:
• In most cases lead to direct economic return. Many actions have
improved the energy payback time of less than two years. Some of
them even called the house keeping operations or zero cost and are
more often associated with changes in user behavior have a zero-
time payment.
• Most enterprises in manufacturing seeking a competitive
advantage. A reduction in energy costs of production can be
immediately and permanently. Furthermore, products that consume
energy, such as machinery powered engines evaluated to be less
intensive and therefore more attractive to the buyer.
• The technology for the action moving so quickly that the individual
techniques have lifetime maximum of twenty years. So someone in
the company must be able to continuously evaluate and update the
technology used.
• Energy security is a bit of energy management. The company must
be ready to face shortages of fuel and without a well thought out
plan of action, it risks not have immediate solutions to this
important problem.
• Future shocks in fuel prices will occur immediately. Happened
before, in 1973, 79, 90, 2008 and will continue to happen in the
future.
People involved in energy management needs to understand this
constant need and endeavor to gain the necessary knowledge and
skills in this emerging and dynamic profession.
Energy management requires an adequate and well-designed
management procedure (management). While many business units
around the world have successfully saved energy, examples in
developed and developing countries show that only when the
savings part of an overall management plan, the savings are really
significant and lasting.
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
58
For this reason it is necessary to create a new section on modern
business units which has as its purpose the management of energy
and plays an important role in overall management. This division is
active in the production process, and generally the whole operation
of the business unit to improve energy behavior and to reap
significant benefits as it reduces the total cost of operating the
business unit.]
How to setup who rape BUSINESS NATURE
Incentives for energy management

The company is encouraged by the wider environment in adopting
proper energy management, particularly from the state that
provides incentives and information and itself derives significant
benefits from the rational use of energy. These benefits relate to
security of energy supply, competitive energy sector and of course
the environmental benefits of reducing carbon dioxide emissions,
which translate directly and economically, because the Kyoto
Protocol and the theory of emission rights, but also indirectly as a
cleaner environment means better public health and therefore lower
costs on the part of state for health care, increased productivity etc.
Obstacles to the integration of energy management

The most significant obstacles to the integration of energy
management at an operational unit is
• Lack of information on how to improve the energy efficiency of a
business unit through the processes of energy management.
• Lack of expertise.
Energy Manager or Servant of the New Order;

the person behind this process must have the necessary skills to be able
to meet its mission. As shown in the figure below, the energy manager is
somehow the link between the business unit manager, financial manager
and production engineer.
Figure 2.7: The energy manager as a link between the other
administrators.
Below are the qualifications of the "ideal" energy manager:
• Extensive experience in management and energy technologies.
• Familiarity with production processes and quality requirements.
• Ability to gather and analyze data and interpret them in a

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
59
comprehensive report to the administration.
• Knowledge of equipment and energy-efficiency.
• Capacities dimensioning and selection of equipment, installation of
surveillance equipment, etc.
• communication skills with both business unit director and the production
managers and conservators.
• Critical capacity as to when the company must rely on outside experts
to solve a specific problem.
• Correct understanding of the role that energy plays in this company, if it
is costly, if very important or if it's just marginally interesting.
• Knowledge of terminology related to energy and metric units. Different
forms of energy are measured in different units which makes it necessary
to convert from one unit to another in order to make valid comparisons.
• Ability to create a group dealing with the issue of energy management
and coordination of its members.
It is noteworthy that the majority of energy managers from existing strains
of the operational units which change post. In the United States of
America more than 80% of energy managers appointed to new duties to
companies in which they worked. Consequently, the practical knowledge
of business unit seems to be a key asset for energy managers.
The responsibilities of energy manager is as follows:
• To devise an energy management program
• To create energy records
• To recognize the need for external assistance
• Assess future energy needs
• To propose measures to improve energy
• To implement the above actions
• To design the communication strategy of the company in relation to
energy policy
• Evaluate the effectiveness of the program
Steering Group
This group is the core of the program. The main criterion for inclusion of a
worker there, is show interest. The ideal is to have a representative from
the senior manager, someone from the premises and / or maintenance
and a representative from each major group tmima.I coordinators should
be appointed for a specific period such as one year. The rotation can be
applied to bring these positions new people with fresh ideas while
providing a mechanism for discretionary removal of persons not
apodidoun.Oi coordinators will be selected to complement the skills does
not have the energy manager of a and it is impossible to find a person
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
60
that has all the features described above.
Staff Hours
The staff seems to be running specialized personnel, hired by the owners
to make the necessary measurements and other procedures. The aim of
the operation staff is to perform various checks system efficiency, which
is trying to raise as much as possible.
Users
Users contribute to the implementation of energy improvement measures.
From their behavior depends largely the success of any energy-saving
programs. If properly implement the proposals made, is sure to be better
energy behavior of the operational unit. It is therefore very important that
proper training and awareness of users in energy management
processes.
Many times employees a company can contribute greatly to developing
an energy management plan is sufficient for the energy manager to
devote some time to listen to their ideas. Especially workers in
manufacturing plants are those that have more knowledge about the
plant's equipment and operation of why are they using it. They know how
to use it more efficiently and therefore, if there is a mechanism where
they can listen to their suggestions, their ideas remain unexploited.
Observations on the role of human resources
From the above it is evident that to properly implement energy
management activities in an organization need to work all the manpower
employed by him. Then only the energy management program will be
completed both by the design and planning and its part of the
implementation and practical application, which includes compliance by
staff in some new "rules".
The term energy audit is generally used to describe a systematic process
aimed at acquiring sufficient knowledge about the energy profile of a
building or plant. It also aims to identify and evaluate cost-effective
opportunities for energy savings in that unit. Thus, energy audits are
crucial to implement energy saving measures, and ensure the objectives
of energy management.
In an energy audit:
• The main objective is to save energy.
• The point of interest is the use of energy and their ability to save.
• There may be other aspects to a visa (status of equipment,
environment) but it focuses mainly on energy profits.
• Produced reports on possible energy saving measures.
• The work performed may cover all energy uses of a particular facility or
limited parts (systems, equipment) of many plants (horizontal inspection)
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61
Stressed that the energy audit is a continuous action but repeated
periodically.
Depending on the completeness of data collected, energy inspections are
divided into two types, summary and extensive.
The summary energy audits valued energy consumption and associated
costs based on their energy bills, invoices and a brief Autopsy space. Out
some initial steps tidying and / or least-cost measures with short-term
repayment, and also proposed a list of other energy saving features,
which often require significant capital investment on the basis of cost -
benefit analysis.
Extensive diagnostic energy audits require detailed inventory and
analysis of energy consumption data and other related elements of
Inspected Unit. The energy consumption is analyzed in various end uses
(eg heating, cooling, various processes, lighting, etc.) are presented and
analyzed various factors that affect these end-uses (eg, capacity or ability
services, climatic conditions, characteristics of raw materials, etc.).
In this way, defined as the total benefits and the related costs of possible
interventions in energy savings that meet the criteria and requirements of
plant management. In parallel, drawn up a list of possible energy saving
interventions that require substantial capital investment to be made, and
better collection and processing of data, along with a detailed cost-benefit
assessment for them.
Description of the overall process of energy audit

The energy audit is based on the distinct possibility of examining
individual energy facilities, systems, and the building shell. The complete
process includes the following three stages of recording and diagnosis
(the gold, Energy Audit Guide, Part 1: Methodology and Techniques,
2000):
1st Stage: Design energy audit - collection of primary data and
preliminary analysis of energy data
At this stage we must first collect information and data on current and
past energy picture, the construction and use of each business unit.
These data can be collected using a structured questionnaire, summary
form, filled in after the first contact person responsible for carrying out
energy audit in the administration of the business unit to implement the
delegation of inspection. Basis for this form is the information from the
technical and administrative managers of business units, and existing
relevant data (bills and invoices fuel projects, studies and directories,
records of measurements and indices, etc.) . Preliminary analysis of the
data should lead to the identification of temporal trends and monthly
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
62
variations of total consumption and energy costs in the analysis business
unit, which initially suggest the energy profile. The first such energy data
collected should also lead to the first approach of distributing the energy
consumption in each region and business unit subsystem. Thus,
ultimately, is expressed first in overall energy balance of monadas.Sto
end of this stage, the person responsible for carrying out energy audit
may draw a first list of the potential for the building-unit energy savings
opportunities, based and requirements of property-management classes
for any operation or energy saving equipment to be exempted.
2nd Stage: On-site Energy Audit Summary
This stage is to spot quality, particularly of the shell and control of
electromechanical plant building and the inventory of parts and functional
characteristics of construction and equipment installation in a special
form. This recording, along with indicative instantaneous measurements,
helps to better allocation of energy use and hence the energy balance of
the building.
This process, combined with the proposals of the previous stage, leads to
the final determination of potential energy saving measures tidying, and
low-cost interventions and direct, requiring no special economic
assessment by the relevant energy studies. Also involves the
identification of potential savings in specific areas and systems to further
explore these at a later stage by expert consultants or by the same
managers of the unit, if possible. These potential savings will be divided
into three groups according to their energy resources for the building
(high, medium, low).
3rd Stage: Detailed Energy Audit Field
It consists of the collection (through detailed field measurements) and
analysis of necessary data and a thorough examination of sections of the
energy systems of the building, plant, which will allow the drafting of the
final total energy balance. This process will also allow proper techno-
economic evaluation of one or more potential savings by investing in
medium and high initial costs in a given subsystem energy by the
relevant special study.
The process of energy audit completed with the presentation of all
proposals for savings in the building or facility in the form of a summary
report technoeconomic from the controller to execution to management,
administration building, assembly or unit. 3.1.4 Design of energy audit
The performance of a sound and comprehensive energy audit requires
proper planning and preparation process. Indeed, prior to the start of
measurements must be preceded by the following steps:
• Define the purpose, objectives and criteria of the inspection.
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63
• Establishment of units, installations and buildings for inspection system.
• Description of tasks and stages of inspection.
• Scheduling of inspection to the exploitation of seasonal factors and
other planned activities.
• Ensure access to facilities with advance information security staff.
• Identify those units or parts of the body are considered higher priority.
• Identify the standards and methods used in the survey. It should be a
clear reference to both these standards and the various regulations.
• Define the parts of the body people will cooperate with the inspector for
inspection.
• Identification of studies and data sources for collecting reference data.
• Analysis of runtime tasks of inspection.
• Identify team members for the inspector.
• Satisfaction of any confidentiality requirements.
3.1.5 Preliminary energy audit

The data on energy consumption and the capacity of a plant, where
available, are essential for all inspections until the simplest. For this
reason, the collection and verification of data consumption and
production should begin from the moment decided to inspection. For the
greater time available, the better for the inspection process.
Even where the availability of complete records, for example when there
monthly electricity bills, the analysis of energy use, losses and / or profits
may be very helpful and some weekly or daily measurements taken
independently. Moreover, when writing an energy balance, detailed
information on individual consumptions help quantify the energy flow,
thereby increasing the accuracy of this balance.
With regard specifically to the first stage of building an energy audit, the
unit is necessary to collect preliminary data related to energy behavior. It
is desirable to complete a questionnaire form, the following elements:
• General information about the building (building type, year of
manufacture, use and type of service, ownership, senior representative,
possible additions, renovations in housing and facilities, volumes and
surface areas, many people associated products and equipment support
services operating system, sketch typical floor).
• Data consumption and energy costs over the last five (5) years (annual
changes in fuel consumption and electricity consumption monthly
variation control year).
• energy management scheme and any existing energy saving measures.
It should also be harvested the following supporting files:
• Accounts and invoices for the purchase of energy (electricity, fuel) for
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
64
the control period and for a period of 3-4 years earlier.
• Plans and studies for the building and the electromagnetic facilities.
• Construction and operating characteristics of the basic equipment.
• Climatic data periods of energy analysis for the region.
• Any existing document file returns from existing meters and theoretical
estimates of energy consumption in the building.
Filling out the form and collecting supporting data are the appropriate
charge-unit building in partnership with the person responsible for the
implementation of the Energy Audit. Also, all the data for the building-unit
can be inserted into a database for future processing, where energy
analysis of a sample of similar buildings or facilities.
3.1.6 The Activities Involved

Power management of an organization is quite a complicated process
involving a large number of activities. Initial stage is to measure the
energy and comparison of energy consumption or indices with reference
values to determine which parts of the business unit is more gas
guzzlers, and be open to projects to improve energy efficiency. Then out
of energy improvement projects, which may be work-free, low or high
cost. Depending on what is required to work if there is an economic
assessment and decisions on how funding. These activities taken
together constitute the concept of management as shown in the figure
below

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
65
Έκφραση
ενεργειακής κατανάλωσης
Μέτρησης Χρονολογικά
ενέργειας διαγράμματα ενέργειας
Τεχνικές
μέτρησης ενέργειας
Ισοζύγια
ενέργειας
Διαχείριση Ενέργειας
Επεξεργασία Συσχέτιση κατανάλωσης

ενεργειακών δεδομένων και βαθμοημερών
Ειδικές καταναλώσεις
Ενεργειακοί δείκτες
Κτιριακό Κέλυφος
Εγκαταστάσεις Θέρμανσης
Μέτρα και ψύξης
Ενεργειακής βελτίωσης
Ηλεκτρολογικός Εξοπλισμός
Οικονομική αξιολόγηση Εναλλακτικές δράσεις

(ΑΠΕ, Συμπαραγωγή)
Χρηματοδότηση έργων
Σχήμα 3.1: Δραστηριότητες Διαχείρισης Ενέργειας

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
66
Then this chapter will analyze the first stages of an energy management
plan relating to the measurement and processing of energy data.
3.1.6.1 Energy Measurement Energy Data
The units of energy consumed in an industrial or business unit expressed
in terms of physical units of measurement (kg, ton, lit, m3, kWh, etc.).
Also, different forms of energy consumption can be expressed in a single
unit of energy per tonne of oil equivalent (TOE or toe), based on
conversion rates. These rates reflect the calorific value of each type of
fuel.
The expression of energy consumption on a monthly basis use the
existing measurement systems. In the absence of such systems, it must
be time-sharing of the energies, listed in the invoices of supplies. Such
sharing can be done either by a simple method (linear interpolation or
extrapolation), or by chronological correlation functions of the energy
consumed by other series such as the size of production and the outside
temperature. The energy manager must choose the method of time
allocation to be used after proper justification.
Chronologically Energy Charts
The development of appropriate data collected in the power management
methodology in an operational unit, allowing a preliminary analysis of the
energy behavior. Thus, in situ mapping of the specific characteristics of
installed energy systems, has already formed a first impression of the
temporal and seasonal behavior in relation to energy use. While a clear
evidence of energy consumption, it is possible to determine the
chronological charts of energy.
The chronological chart energy consumption of a task force is plotted on
a form of energy as a function of time for a given period. Constructed
based on data recorded in the flow meters (electricity, oil, fuel gas, etc.).
It provides instant information and allows some initial estimates on how
and key sectors of energy use, on an hourly, daily, monthly and seasonal
basis.
On the basis of supervisory observation chronological profile of energy
consumption can be identified in principle with the various parts of
consumption, and hence the base and peak loads, ie:
• Independent of climatic conditions (constant in time parts), as cargo lifts,
fixed-volume pumps, office equipment, hot water and cooking.
• Dependent on the weather parts, such as heating and air cargo space.
• Dependent on time and specific parts, such as charges related to
opening of windows, the response of the heating / air conditioning in the
changing conditions of occupation and programming operation of energy
systems.
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67
May therefore be an initial distribution of energy consumption per use,
based on a one time data, and thus to determine the initial energy
balance of electricity and fuel.
Energy Measurement Techniques
For assessment and measurement of the required parameters requires
accurate and complete data for a long time. In practice there are rarely
available in such data. Also, sometimes the available measuring
instruments have not undergone the prescribed maintenance procedures,
calibration, leading to a low degree of reliability / The energy manager is
investigating the status of operation and maintenance of established
institutions and makes estimates of the potential of measuring error.
The measurements made using different portable instruments for
measuring each class. These instruments depending on the type of
measurement are classified in the following table.
Table 3.1: Metering Equipment
Measurand Equipment
Electrical Ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeter, synf Meter, Multimeter,
Electrical Power Analyzer
Temperature Resistance Temperature Detectors, Thermocouples,
Temperature Sensors Semiconductors, Radiation pyrometers,
thermographic camera
Provide Differential Pressure Gauges, sandwich counters, not interfering
Meters, Gauges Mass
Humidity psychrometers, blister Lithium Chloride, hygrometer probe
Resin Ion Rotation, digital hygrometer, Thermo-Thermo-hygrograph
Flue gas exhaust gas analyzer
Time Counters hours, Recorders
Other measures luminance meter, total dissolved solids meters, counters
Conditions spray trap, heat permeability coefficient Meters, Counters
ventilation losses, Anemologikoi Meters, Counters total solar irradiance
The most common measurements made are:
• Benefits of liquid or gaseous fuels
• Electrical measurements (voltage, amperage, power and power factor).
• Temperatures of liquid and solid surfaces.
• Pressure fluids in pipes, furnaces, or containers (including vacuum
measurements).
• Recommendations and exhaust emissions (CO2, CO, O2, smoke).
• Relative humidity.
• light intensity.
2.1.6.2 Energy Data Processing

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68
Energy Balances
The flow of energy in a unit from this distribution to final consumption per
useful energy use and system understood directly through an overview of
the energy balance of each system with a diagram Sankey. In the
diagrams depicted quantitatively and proportionately, than the total input
energy, the energy loss-output, profit and energy inputs and the
remaining useful energy use in each unit's energy system, based on data
from existing accounts invoices, computational considerations and field
measurements.
The local presentation of energy flows through diagrams Sankey, helps in
finding the most critical areas of consumption in a plant, while the size of
the different energy losses in it. This observation leads to a proper
assessment of the behavior of each considered system, and better
prioritization of proposed energy-saving interventions.
In devising a balance of energy requires expression of all forms of energy
equivalent unit (TOE). This conversion is accomplished by the factors
shown in the table below.
Table 3.2: Factors for conversion of primary energy to Toe

An energy conversion factor (in TOE)
Coal (1 ton) 0.700
Dry Lignite (1 ton) 0.380
Lignite (1 ton) 0.140
LPG (1 ton) 1195
Heating oil (1 ton) 1095
Fuel (1 ton) 1055
Petrol (1 ton) 1128
Kerosene (1 ton) 1133
Electricity (1 MWh) 0,086
1 kcal 10-7
Correlation between energy consumption and degree days

The correlation of the monthly energy consumption with the
corresponding parameters change, such as heating degree days in the
area where the plant is built, allows the theoretical prediction of the
consumption data with climate information and use of the unit and then
comparing these predictions the recorded values of future consumption in
order to evaluate the model and change if projections show significant
error. Statistics show a direct correlation is the basis of graph-analytical
method of cumulative differences (CUSUM), which can be used for
continuous monitoring of the benefit arising from the implementation of
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
69
mitigation measures of consumption.
Specific Energy consumption-Index
Determine the specific consumption of fuel and electricity-energy indices,
in the form kWh/m2 (or m3) ofelimou area, kWh per unit, service unit or
equipment to support it. Comparing these energy indicators of energy
targets, indicators like unit standards for construction and / or rational use
of energy, such as those resulting from measurements or financial
calculations for sample buildings of various categories, leading to a better
understanding of rational and non-use of energy the studied building.
Table 3.3: Example of Building Standards Performance Indicators

Type of Building Operation (Monastery shifts, days / week) Hours
Indicator (GJ/m2)
Good Satisfactory Medium Low Very Low
Office 5 <0.7 0.7 to 0.8 0.8 to 1.0 1.0 to 1.2> 1.2
Factory 5-6 <0.8 0.8 to 1.0 1.0 to 1.2 1.2 to 1.5> 1.5
Store 5-6 <0.7 0.7 to 0.8 0.8 to 0.9 0.9 to 1.2> 1.2
School 5 <0.7 0.7 to 0.8 0.8 to 1.0 1.0 to 1.2> 1.2
Shopping shop 6 <0.7 0.7 to 0.8 0.8 to 1.0 1.0 to 1.2> 1.2
Hotel 7 <1.3 1.3 to 1.5 1.5 to 1.8 1.8 to 2.2> 2.2
Listed in the table above indicative prices of energy efficiency indicators

obtained based on results of study on a wide range of typical buildings in
Great Britain.
Measures to improve energy
In Figure 3.2 below outlines the key types of actions to which energy
improvements.
Figure 3.2: Energy Improvement Projects

The energy improvements are possible interventions in the housing and
an electromechanical plant building, whose implementation can
significantly reduce the energy consumption. Depending on the energy
measurements are calculated possible savings amounts, which can be
achieved with three actions to improve energy (tidying, low cost,
reconstruction). From the above activities only the first category does not
require any kind of techno-economic study, as it requires financial capital
(the gold, Energy Audit Guide-Part 2: Potential Energy Savings, 2000).
Production Processes
The first key strand is for energy improvement in processes designed to
bring savings in the production process of a business unit.
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70
The principle of saving energy is characterized by efforts to rationalize
energy use by adopting innovative technologies. He has developed a
variety of strategies to achieve energy benefits, such as recovery of
waste heat, keeping away the heat, the development of machinery and
equipment, low energy consumption.
When a unit decides to monitor and reduce energy consumption in the
process of implementing measures to improve energy should check first
the following:
• Generated and / or obtaining supplies power.
• Distribution and use of energy.
• Loss of energy.
In this framework, standard procedures in the energy audit process is
(the gold, Energy Audit Guide, Part 1: Methodology and Techniques,
2000):
• Description of Process / Participation in the total consumption. Details of
energy equipment, production processes equipment and auxiliary
machinery involved in the process. Recording rated power of equipment
and operating time. Bringing the percentage participation in total energy
consumption.
• Data production / specific energy consumption. Record production data
and approach of specific energy consumption (energy / unit)
• Compressed air. Loss control compressed air from the system, inlet air
temperature, compressor operation, potential for heat recovery.
Conventional energy improvement measures in an industrial business
unit are as follows (the gold, Energy Audit Guide-Part 2: Potential Energy
Savings, 2000):
• Use oven to warm up the stage material, design, wall ovens to reduce
the cooking area.
• Design of network flow to reduce the distance the mass transfer,
reducing resistance network.
• Design products with lower energy requirements.
• Periodic calibration of sensors and instrumentation.
• Set fan.
• Maintenance of filters.
• Cleaning equipment.
• Maintain solid fuel dry.
• Check equipment (reduction of use, automation).
3.2.2 Building Shell

Tidying the principal measures in this category include the repair of
damage to the building and the efficient use of shading devices.
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71
Specifically, a check and repair the cracks presented in the context of
openings and the walls, seal the joints, closing the channels of heat flow
in wells and stairwells, with regard to the provisions of shading, they are
dictated by age and orientation to the sun influence of exposure to which
they apply.
Low-cost measures include:
• The removal of unnecessary exposure to heat while protecting the
surfaces they cover.
• The replacement of cracked or broken glass.
• The mechanisms of automatic doors restored.
• The addition of insulating layer in parts of the exterior walls behind
radiators heating layers.
• The implementation of internal shading devices (curtains, blinds) in
openings with high unwanted summer heat gain.
The above measures, although they have low or no cost application does
not yield significant energy savings. To achieve significant energy
savings in building envelope is essential to implement measures for
energy reconstruction, as follows (the gold, Energy Audit Guide-Part 2:
Potential Energy Savings, 2000):
• Thermal insulation of external walls.
• Reduce the volume of heated-air-conditioned premises with an
excessive amount of such integration ceilings.
• Add a passive solar heating and lighting.
• Implementation of mobile or fixed external shading devices such as
awnings, shutters, etc.
3.2.3 Heating-Cooling - Ventilation

One of the plants, which have high energy losses, is the boiler burner
assembly of the building. The activities mainly include tidying the periodic
maintenance of the burner and secondary cleaning surface heat
transaction deposits. For better functioning of the system requires low-
cost interventions, such as the repair or upgrade the insulation of the
surfaces of the boiler. Finally, in case of severe energy losses is
imperative that the reconstruction measures, such as replacing old
boilers and boilers.
A large percentage of loss also occurs in hot water. One of the traditional
activities of tidying to optimize the energy efficiency of the plant is the
reduction of storage temperature and hot water is fed to the limits of
sufficient use for cleanliness and safety from bacteria and viruses.
Standard low-cost measure is the installation flange for pipelines and
high-cost interventions is to change the size of the storage tank to meet
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the real needs of the system and the installation of solar panels.
Maintaining adequate ventilation and air condition is an important
parameter for energy consumption in modern business units. There are
three general types of air conditioning systems, with many variations
available for everyone.
concentrated (or central) air system in which all heating and cooling loads
generated at a central plant room and transferred to the rooms through a
pipeline.
• Partially assembled systems for air / water, in which the head cold or
warm air is cooled or heated further when entering the rooms.
• Local systems on which all operations are performed locally at the sites
need to air conditioners.
As cooling and ventilation systems consist of many mechanical
components, maintenance is complex and should be done according to
strict planning for each of the system. We always followed closely the
maintenance schedules of equipment, which is proposed by the
manufacturer, although there are some simple checks that can be made
easier by the same administrator, such as verification of proper operation
of pumps, «fan coils» and compressor of the list are filters, etc.
Improving and maintaining high efficiency, a cooling system and
ventilation is a continuous process. As mentioned mean that it can save
10 to 30% of energy when used in these systems, if faithfully followed the
practice of maintenance.
The main interventions in freezer for an optimal performance and savings
include (the gold, Energy Audit Guide-Part 2: Potential Energy Savings,
2000):
• Installation of recording and measurement systems and controls for
monitoring and recording of energy quantities and also check all the
parameters affecting the efficiency of refrigeration plants.
• Use heat coolant - water.
• Correct choice of insulation, which seeks the establishment of better
and more efficient insulation material in the freezer and in the piping. It
has been estimated that by strengthening and optimization of a
refrigeration chamber insulation and to reduce losses from the opening
and closing the doors is achieved average savings of electricity 10 to
20%.
3.2.4 Electrical Equipment

Significant electricity savings can be achieved through proper
management of electrical systems for buildings of the residential sector.
The reduction in wastage can be achieved using the following actions
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73
tidying:
• Clear light bulbs in rooms not used.
• Check the temperature and the mode of air conditioning.
• Stop the engine when operating in a vacuum.
• decoupling of aftometaschimatiston, when operating in a vacuum.
The maintenance of electrical appliances and basic electrical equipment
to ensure the smooth functioning of the system may be emergency or
planned. The maintenance of equipment owned by the actions of low cost
(the gold, Energy Audit Guide-Part 2: Potential Energy Savings, 2000).
The modernization of the electrical system, a remodeling activity,
undertaken only when they have exhausted the possibilities of
rationalization and taken all necessary measures tidying. Key measures
to modernize the electrical installations are (Liveris P., 1996):
• Power Factor Correction mainly through compensation, while coupling
capacitors. Other ways to power factor correction is to upgrade and
regulate the supply voltage, the operation of the engine at full load (in
proper application), change the wiring of the engine from the triangle to
the star at the start and replacing existing engines with engines of high
speed for optimum load distribution.
• Modifications to the power distribution network to eliminate the losses
are mainly in the old power distribution networks of plant and include:
o Upgrading ypodiastasiologimenon pipelines.
o Topographic better circuits.
o Upgrading of transformers or aftometaschimatiston.
o Reducing the fortunes of high resistance of the secondary equipment.
o Compensation for low cosf at strategic points in the network.
3.2.5 Alternative Measures

Alternative actions that can implement a business unit are mostly
reconstruction activities and may include:
• Connection to the gas network.
• Install photovoltaic.
• Installation of solar systems.
• Shift load using pagodexamenon.
• Combined heat and power.
3.3 Energy Conservation

In addition to actions to improve energy that can contribute to increasing
the energy efficiency of a building and which are the responsibility of
energy transmission, the electrical engineer should take into account the
general principles and energy saving construction phase of the building.
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3.3.1 Energy
Conservation in
Buildings
3.3.1.1 Bioclimatic
Design
Bioclimatic design is a
building design which
given the climate of
each region, aimed at
ensuring the necessary
indoor climate (thermal
and visual comfort, air
quality) with minimal
energy consumption,
using the available
environmental
resources (sun, wind -
wind, water, soil). The
bioclimatic design
contributes to energy
savings for heating,
cooling and lighting.
Bioclimatic design
techniques are thermal
protection shell, passive solar systems, techniques and systems of
natural cooling and natural lighting and other technical rational use of
energy (thermal zones store heat in the components of the building).
In Greece bioclimatic buildings, as shown by measurements, energy
surveys and simulations show energy savings of 30% compared with
standard conventional buildings, and compared with previous amonota
buildings the savings of energy at a rate of 80% .
The bioclimatic design depends on the local climate and is based on the
following principles:
• Thermal protection of buildings both winter and summer using
appropriate techniques applied in the outer shells of buildings, particularly
in proper insulation and aerosteganosi the building and its openings.
• Utilization of solar energy for heating buildings in winter and natural light
throughout the year. This is achieved by the orientation of countries,
particularly the exposure (the southern direction is the most appropriate)
and the layout of the interior where the heat needs and passive solar
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systems collect solar radiation and are 'natural' heating systems and
lighting.
• Protection of buildings from the sun, mainly through shading, and the
proper construction of the shell.
• Removal of the summer heat builds up inside the building in a natural
way to the external environment with systems and passive cooling
techniques, such as natural ventilation at night.
• Ensure adequate natural light and control light radiation so that there is
adequate and even distribution of light in the rooms.
• Improve the climate outside and around buildings, with bioclimatic
design of outdoor spaces and, in general, the built environment, following
all the above principles.
The bioclimatic design including passive solar, which are integral parts -
components of a building, which operate without mechanical parts or
additional power supply and naturally warm, and cool buildings.
The passive system is divided into three categories:
• Passive solar heating.
• passive and natural cooling techniques.
• Systems and Techniques of Natural Light.
The bioclimatic design a building involves the coexistence and combined
operation of all systems, so as to obtain thermal and optical benefits
throughout the year.
3.3.1.2 Thermal building envelope

The thermal protection shell is essential for proper thermal performance
of any building. The insulation is a basic principle of thermal protection,
reducing the heat exchange between the building and the environment.
The insulation consists of a whole-building components (hardware and
systems) and directly related to the cost of construction and operation of
buildings
Typical insulating materials prevent the application of heat from the
building to the outside environment (or vice versa in the summer)
because they contain trapped air or property to fibers (eg wool) or in
closed cells (eg, polystyrene).
The thermal resistance and therefore the insulation ability of each
component depends on the thermal conductivity of the material and
increases with thickness.
In general, recommended that the insulating material to be placed outside
or in between the walls, ceilings and floors, so that disabled the thermal
mass (heat capacity) of the shell. Their position, however depends on
techno-economic factors but also by use (hours of operation) of space.
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A carefully insulated building is required by the applicable building
regulations, generally cover the needs of a well-designed energy-efficient
building, sufficient attention to the insulation of all components to avoid
thermal bridges (amonota or limited insulating capacity of the shell
elements) which can create 'sensitive' items in the building, even
condensation.
Apart from the opaque parts of the shell (walls, ceilings, floors) should
ensure the thermal protection of openings, using double (or triple for very
cold regions, are generally not recommended for Greek climatic
conditions), either straight or improved glass, vacuum frames, and in
many cases, using a mobile night insulation (eg, insulated shutters or
blinds, Energy Saving, etc.).
The insulation of the building contributes positively to the thermal
protection of the building during the summer months, especially if
combined with the required ventilation, especially in the night. When
there is adequate ventilation of the building, the increased insulation of
envelope beyond the stipulated by the regulations, to complicate the
operation of the heat in summer and prevent "unloading" of the building
from the accumulated heat.
3.3.1.3 insolation
Significant contribution to energy savings for heating a building is to use
solar energy.
All buildings receiving solar radiation that passes through openings
(windows) indoors and warm.
For the effective utilization of solar energy, ie there is significant energy
savings should be satisfied the following conditions:
• to have sufficient surface openings (windows), to "see" the direct sun for
several hours a day in winter. For these reasons, the south orientation,
which is the only one who "sees" several hours in the sun in winter.
• To be the building well insulated, to prevent 'lost' heat from the exterior
surfaces (walls, windows, ceilings, floors).
• Be there inside the building, the materials to "store" part of the heat from
solar energy and so we have enough space (not too) warm at all times of
day during which they serve. These materials must be massive (as
ceramic tiles on the floor, concrete, solid brick or stone interior walls) to
have the required thermal capacity.
• To be the building properly equipped, that the areas that require more
heat to receive more solar radiation.
The pio important element in the exploitation of solar energy for heating
buildings in winter (and to avoid overheating in summer) is the correct
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77
orientation of the openings.
Southern exposures receive the most sunlight in winter and with the
appropriate horizontal shade, little summer.
Openings in the north to help improve quality of lighting in the area
because they accept only a diffuse rather than direct light, are
recommended for summer, but should be limited because they have
large surface losses and lower profits in winter
Figure 3.5: Combination of land for proper orientation

Source: www.cres.gr
East and west exposures have the worst attitude the whole time, so this
is recommended only where necessary for reasons of light or view.
Especially the western exposures are very difficult summer, and receive
direct sunlight at noon. Generally east and west openings should be
provided shade, preferably foreign and upright.
The insolation of the buildings and even the position of the desired
orientation, it is often difficult to impossible, especially in dense areas. But
there are many solutions for improving energy behavior of buildings in the
negative direction and with little access to sunlight, just require more
architectural flexibility and imagination (such as skylights or suitable
openings in the roof).
There are many examples of successful solar buildings within the densely
built fabric of cities.
Besides, the objective of energy planning is to cover all energy shipments
from the sun, but simply to provide the best conditions with the most
economical way to locally relevant data.
3.3.1.4 Passive Solar Heating Systems

Generally known as passive solar heating systems or components of the
building, which, using the principles of physics (the laws of heat transfer)
to collect solar energy, stored as heat and distributed in space. The
collection of solar energy based on the greenhouse effect and especially
the entrance of sunlight through glass or other transparent material and
the entrapment of the resulting heat within the area covered by the glass.
The most common passive solar system (a system of direct profit) based
on the use of proper window orientation.
There are also indirect passive solar gain (solar walls, solar rooms,
greenhouses, sun terraces) and passive solar gain isolated (solar panels,
panel outside the building envelope).
Passive solar systems are attached to sides of the building facing south
(within a range of up to 30 ˚ east or west of the south net), which should
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78
not be shaded during the winter.
Moreover combined with the required thermal protection (insulation) and
the required thermal mass of the building, which stores and delivers heat
at a time lag, thereby normalizing the distribution of temperature in the
day.
Passive solar systems should be combined in the summer with sun
protection (eg use of deciduous trees, horizontal shading, awnings,
blinds) and often with the possibility of ventilation.
3.3.1.5 Natural cooling

The natural cooling is a practical alternative to ensure the thermal comfort
in buildings in summer, at a time when the increasing deployment and
use of air conditioning units and systems are rapidly and generate
significant energy, environmental and economic problems and air
conditioning systems consume very large amounts of electricity,
significantly increase the electrical peak load of the country, and heat to
their function, the external environment.
Technical gas and hybrid cooling techniques can be applied both in
residences and other buildings. For certain types of buildings (eg homes
and schools) the application involves removing the need for air
conditioning system installation, and other categories of significantly
reducing the cooling load, and uptime of these systems.
Basic bioclimatic techniques and systems of natural and hybrid cooling is
the sun protection / shadowing the building and appropriate physical (or a
hybrid, using a fan) ventilation.
With natural cooling, save energy savings, significantly improve the
comfort conditions in the rooms, even at relatively high temperatures.
From measurements drosizomenes bioclimatic houses in Greece shows
that the temperature inside the buildings are significantly lower than the
outdoor temperature (up to 10 ° C), while there are the well-being much
higher temperatures (up to 31,5 ° C), and because of the cool
components and air currents within the area to remain tenants is
enjoyable.
Unlike air conditioners, which operate with relatively low temperature
thermostat (eg 26 ° C) heat and harm the surrounding environment, their
natural cooling systems, have gentle heat exchange with the external
environment.
3.4.1.6 Air conditioning system variable air volume (Variable Air Volume -
VAV)
In central air conditioning installations, where fans of air conditioning units
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79
operate at constant speed and thus steady air flow and constant power
consumption, reducing air flow is achieved by stifling the flow dampers
(dampers), the following effects:
• increased energy consumption
• Increasing pressure
• Noise in the network of pipelines
• high mechanical burden
• effects on installed instrumentation
Significantly better operating conditions and significant energy savings
occur when the regulation of air flow is achieved with a corresponding
change in speed fan motor using technology INVERTER. The electric
power absorbed by the fan is proportional to the third power of the
number of speed operation.
The variable speed fans can be used in conventional plants (without
VAV), primarily for regulating the amount of fresh air in large rooms with
puffy numbers during the day.
3.3.1.7 Lighting
3.3.1.7.1 Natural Lighting Concepts, Systems and Techniques of Natural
Light
The use of natural lighting aims to achieve visual comfort inside buildings
and in electricity savings, and to generally improve living conditions in the
rooms, combining light, views and possible ventilation, use and regulation
of the incoming solar energy.
Of particular importance in the design of daylighting systems is also the
greatest possible coverage requirements in lighting from natural light,
depending on the use of the building and the work done in the rooms.
To exploit the natural light for the benefit of the building to achieve visual
comfort should, through appropriate systems and techniques to ensure
the internal functional areas sufficient quantity (illumination level), and
evenly to avoid sharp variations of levels which cause the phenomenon
of 'glare'. Both the adequacy and distribution of light depends on the
geometric elements of space and exposure, and the photometric
characteristics of opaque surfaces (color / texture) and glass (light
transmission / reflectivity).
Daylighting system means all:
• windows or other translucent element
• Background
• shading device (either a component or otherwise)
Daylighting systems are divided into four major categories: openings in
vertical walls, roof openings, atriums and skylights.
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80
Similarly, the various techniques applied to the system or in the interior
increase system performance and improve visual comfort conditions.
The most natural lighting techniques are:
• Vertical openings (windows, skylights) appropriate geometric
dimensions
• sunroof
• Patios
• wells
• Special glazing
• Prismatic fotodiaperata materials
• Transparent insulation materials
• Shelves, lighting reflectors, louvers
• Shades
The architectural design of both sites, and the lighting (exposure) should
ensure the desired levels of illumination required to view the external
environment (and highlight the architectural features, as appropriate),
again in conjunction with other requirements of energy planning for
thermal comfort and air quality.
3.3.1.7.2 Artificial lighting

Lighting is one of the most important factors for ensuring organic indoor
comfort in buildings.
------
The aim of the design of lighting systems is to provide visual comfort by:
• providing the required quantity of lighting, set by international standards,
based on the use and operational requirements of each site,
• the quality of lighting, secured with good distribution and preventing the
glare, appropriate color performance and light color, elevation data
space, lighting direction and create appropriate contrast etc.
In the setting of international standards, incorporating energy parameter,
and the need for energy conservation.
However, in modern buildings Often the oversizing of systems of artificial
lighting, so as to prevent problems resulting from insufficient trials (or
complete lack of study).
o This phenomenon, coupled with the use of finite or

conventional technology in lighting installations,
leading to high electricity consumption for operation
of systems of artificial lighting with a 'disappointing'

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81
results in terms of quality and visual comfort.
This consumption can be a significant percentage of
the total energy consumption of the building.
Investigations carried out in different use categories

shows that energy consumption for lighting is:
Table 3.4: Energy consumption for lighting by using
a rate per 100
Using consumption for lighting
(% Of total energy consumption)
Office Buildings 30-50
Shops 25-50
Hospitals 10-20
Hotels 10-25
But it has found a large number of installations

possible energy savings at a rate of 30-50% by
adopting appropriate measures and techniques.
Such measures are:
• the appropriate design of artificial lighting
• the use of natural lighting
• using high efficiency bulbs and low energy
consumption
• selection of appropriate lighting fixtures,
• the use of electronic ballasts provisions
• the installation of control
• Proper maintenance of lighting fixtures
3.3.1.8 Electrical
In electrical devices consume large amounts of
electricity because of the large crowd and their
frequent use in each dwelling.
Improved energy efficiency of electrical appliances
included in the energy policy measures to reduce
electricity demand, which will contribute to:
• Reduce emissions of CO2.
• Technological development and growth of industry
production of more efficient appliances
The programs and policies adopted aim to fully
exploit the potential of energy efficiency
improvement offered by available technology.

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3.3.1.9 Interference with existing buildings
Energy savings in existing buildings can first be
achieved through operational streamlining
operations, including:
• optimize the startup and shutdown of equipment
• The shutdown of equipment during periods of low
demand and, consequently, low efficiency
• the phased startup of the equipment so as to avoid
sharp edges
• setting the operating point in accordance with
other data (schedule, time, external temperature)
• reduce peak consumption by selectively shutting
down systems at times exceeding the maximum
level.
Moreover, there are various possibilities for
intervention in the housing and an
electromechanical plant building, whose application
can lead to savings in energy consumption.
These fall into the following categories:
• tidying Actions: Measures without special financing
or capital investment. These measures, applied on a
regular basis and are part of the routine operation
and maintenance of the building and often relate to
changing behavior of users of the building)
• Low Cost Interventions (Single interventions can
be funded from the existing annual budget for the
management of the building. The cost of surgery is
often repaid within the same administrative year,
usually in less than two years)
• Reconstruction Operations (Single capital-
intensive operations because of the high initial cost
and implementation of medium-or long the
repayment period. Such interventions often require
special economical design review).
3.3.2 Energy saving in industry

3.3.2.1 Cooling
Cooling systems used in industry to maintain low
temperatures in certain places, each time under the
requirements of the production process and the
maintenance of finished products in cold storage,
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83
but in larger areas.
The main interventions for energy in industrial
cooling systems are:
• Maintaining low temperatures at specific locations
during the manufacturing process and maintenance
of finished products in cold storage is required
primarily in food industries (allantoviomichania,
dairy, etc.).
• Replacing old cooling assemblies with modern,
which have significantly higher performance (COP).
This means that to achieve the same cooling effect
consumed significantly less electricity.
• Good thermal insulation of cold storage and
cooling loss reduction from the opening-closing
them with appropriate information for staff planning
and proper use.
• Good insulation in air conditioned spaces, whether
production sites or stores the finished products.
• Good thermal insulation of pipes of the coolant
system to minimize losses to the environment.
• Recover heat from the cooling system
3.3.2.2 Productive Equipment

An important factor for the consumption of electricity
in an industry is the situation of the productive
equipment. Significant energy savings can be
achieved by replacing and / or modernization of old
equipment, or because the wear and tear caused
the consumption of energy, either because of
technological progress leads to new devices with
significantly improved energy performance.
Thus, the management of an industrial unit should
first be clear and full picture of the situation lies in
the productive equipment and to be constantly
updated on technological developments and new
products in terms of the production equipment used
in the industry, so that the technical and economic
criteria to decide each time for its modernization.
3.3.2.3 Premises Industry

The buildings in the industrial sector are, like all
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84
buildings, major consumers of energy. To reduce
their energy consumption required energy saving
measures implemented or the shell or at the
electromechanical installations concerning the
function (heating, cooling, lighting, ventilation, etc.).
It is obvious that a comprehensive approach to
saving energy on both an industry and any
manufacturing process and operation of buildings.
The buildings or premises used primarily as offices
all of the technical energy savings apply to any
building in the tertiary sector.
The buildings housing the production processes,
energy planning, although the same principles,
differentiated by the use of each space, the
operation of production equipment and the presence
and type of business people.
The wide variety of internal conditions, whether
resulting from the use of equipment or required
depending on the product, but the amount of energy
and the type of fuel required for the production
process in relation to energy requirements for
operation of buildings leading to a general
requirement of a specific energy study that will
include all systems that produce or consume energy
and lead to an optimal overall design.
3.3.2.4 Electricity generation

In industry, electricity is produced by burning
conventional fuels, used either as a replacement for
securing vital functions of the industry from possible
interruptions to the electricity network, either on a
regular basis.
Significant energy savings can be achieved in an
industry with the installation of CHP. For the
economic viability of such an investment is
necessary to have a significant thermal needs while
the needs for electricity.
4 Financial Decisions
4.1 Economic Evaluation of Investment

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
85
4.1.1 General
The aim of economic evaluation of energy
improvement projects is examining the economic
viability of an investment from existing technical and
factual determination to ensure that optimum benefit
with the least investment risk.
The steps in the evaluation of alternative
investments is (Weston JF, 1986):
• Identify alternatives
• Identify the study period
• Identify cash per case
• Determination of rate reduction
• Comparison of alternative investments
• Sensitivity Analysis
• Risk Assessment
• Select the best proposal
The definition of cash in each case and the rate
reduction is essentially the indicators describe the
economic viability of an energy management
project, and related conditions that develop, and
analyzed subsequently.
4.1.2 Criteria
The Net Present Value (NPV) is the total net benefit
of investment resulting from the difference between
operating profit and total expenditure during the life
cycle of an investment. All amounts are expressed
in present value, usually reduced to the top of the
first year of investment. The net present value is
determined by the equation:
4.1
where:
• K: initial investment
• Ft: annual net benefit
• N: economic life of the investment
• d: discount rate discounted
• SVn: residual value of the investment at end of life
For the project to be financially viable should the Net
Present Value is positive or at worst, zero (NPV ≥
0). Obviously, the higher the NPV, is both efficient
work. Often this method is called net present value
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
86
method of saving because the income from
operational savings due to its project.
The internal rate of return (IRR) is the value of
market rate, which nullifies the present value of a
series of payments and receipts. Defined as the
solution of the equation:
4.2
When the ROE is higher than the discount rate, the
investment is acceptable, but when the opposite is
true, the investment is rejected.
The cost-benefit ratio is the ratio of the total benefit
to the total cost of investment over the life cycle of
all the figures opened in present value. This ratio is
defined by the relationship
4.3
where:
• Bt: the benefit in year t
• Ct: costs in year t (C0 value corresponds to the
initial investment)
An investment is economically viable if the benefit-
cost ratio is greater than or equal to the unit.
The Treasury Repayment Period is the time
required to repay the initial investment and interest
could be obtained from an alternative placement of
the principal. Determined as a solution to the
equation:
4.4
A business unit is considered economically viable if
the price of the repayment period remunerated meet
the expectations of investors as to the time of
repayment.
When comparing alternative investment projects by
using the above criteria for economic evaluation,
selected according to the criterion, those with the
highest NPV or for any one lifetime investment,
whether those systems, most DAC or what have a
higher benefit-cost grounds, and finally, what are the
lowest CPC.
Of course, it should be noted that there is enough to
compare alternative savings only in purely financial
terms. Suitable for this process is the method of life
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87
cycle analysis (LCA), which allows the quantification
of environmental damage caused by products,
processes and services. Used to compare the
environmental impacts for two or a few different
products, product groups, systems, processes and
behaviors, and helps to uncover weaknesses in
product improvement, environmental properties, the
comparison of alternative models of behavior for
reasons Recommendation of actions (German
Federal Environmental Agency, 1992).
The structure and requirements of the LCA is
defined in Regulation standards DIN / ISO 140/40-
14043. According to these standards, the LCA is
divided into four parts:
• Define the purpose and scope
• Census analysis
• Impact Assessment
• Interpretation
Potential Finance Classic Finance Forms
The importance of energy management and its
contribution to increasing energy efficiency is crucial
for the competitiveness of a business unit. This is
the most important reasons why an investor turns to
an energy management project. In order to finance
an energy management project, the investor has
two options. To turn to the traditional forms of
financing or the modern financial mechanisms.
Classical form of financing is primarily self-financing,
ie the use of capital to finance the project. There is a
widespread method of financing, even if the
company has the necessary funds if there is
available for the project to exclude other more
attractive investment, which can not be made with
other funding mechanisms.
Second case of traditional forms of financing is
borrowing. The loan taken out to balance the
operational unit. The downside is that this way the
business unit's profits are reduced, which is
particularly interested in companies that are in
stock, while there is always the case in a financial
difficulty exposed to seize the business unit or any
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88
guarantees.
The third form of classical funding is state aid,
particularly through the Community Support
Frameworks in the EU average rates of public
grants usually range from 30-50% depending on the
type of investment.
Modern Financial Mechanisms

Abandoning traditional forms of funding and
considering the case of modern financial
instruments held that the Third Party Financing (TPF
and TPF) energy-efficiency projects is an
opportunity for the investor to overcome the
obstacle of the necessary capital investment and the
risk entailed and successfully installed energy
management projects.
The mechanism of TPF-based model of "project
finance", ie the fundamental elements in themselves
investment (technical & financial) to make the
project able to finance itself on the basis of strict
criteria for banks in the financial system. The
"production" is also one such project, a project that
is guaranteed by the self is a primary responsibility
and main contribution of the investment firm at an
early stage of development and promotion of the
project. In short, the TPF, the user, either because
they want or because they can not actually grant the
role of donor conditions to any third party who is
investing in renewing equipment at user site and
earned from savings brought about by the
Agreement has done with him.
Users may be buildings such as schools,
universities, hospitals, sports facilities etc. or
industries and related interventions is the upgrading
of equipment in heating, lighting, etc. or creation of
units combined heat and power, improving the
efficiency of the production facility, etc.
TPF is possible vectors or the supplier of
equipment, either the state or the specialized energy
service companies (ESCO), but the preferred
solution is IF, as have all the features you can
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create goodwill and benefit to the user. An
investment firm can provide the following services:
Training energy proposal, feasibility study, technical
studies, securing financing, supply and installation
of equipment, guarantees performers, control,
measurement and certification of work performance,
operation and maintenance. These companies
finance energy saving investments and receive as a
reward for some years, part of the benefits resulting
from reduced energy consumption due to the
realization of these investments.
4.3 Energy Service Companies

As shown in the previous section, the players party
financing is usually the energy service companies.
The concept of energy service companies (ESCO)
is attracting particular interest in the past two
decades, but their development has been limited to
a few countries due to a number of weaknesses that
impede the smooth functioning and further
development of their market.
According to information from groups of companies
(such as the NAESCO (Jancovici, 2003)) relating to
projects already established that the companies
actually convince themselves their clients to
implement projects in industrial hex facilities, and
emphasis is mainly on the replacement of major
equipment of air conditioning systems.
The typical services usually offered by companies
include (Goldman, January 2005):
• energy audit (energy auditing), which includes the
examination of the present energy situation of the
customer / user and proposals for action to improve
energy.
• Investigate possible funding of projects for energy
saving.
• Service design, development and project
management. Services to measure energy savings
and cost, verification and control of the project.
• Training of operators of facilities and personnel of
the company.
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Some specific areas of focus are specific companies
are: high efficiency heaters and air conditioning,
central energy management systems, replacing or
repairing boilers, refrigerators and refrigerating
machines, high efficiency insulation, replacing water
heaters, pipes, steam traps, pumps, motion sensors,
refrigeration systems and water saving. In some
cases it may be included in the activities of
companies and other innovative applications of
efficiency, such as cogeneration or renewable
energy technologies.
The IF according to the historical origins can be
divided into three main categories:
• "Classic IF-paid": The IFs were obtained by
transforming engineering consultancy, specializing
in energy projects and public savings. Initially, the
engineers are remunerated by the standard fees.
Then, responding to the needs of the times -
customers not willing to take risks and shortage of
funds - to widen the circle of work and became a
"project developers. For the design, ie the work
done, while made to ensure efficiency and to ensure
the financing of the project, with a gradual
repayment of capital and profits from guaranteed to
generate interest savings.
• "Manufacturers of automatic control": control
systems manufacturers had a similar development.
Along with the supply of control systems specifically
designed to reduce energy costs to their customers,
expanded their business activity by providing
comprehensive services package savings. Indicative
of the pressure that competition in the free market
and of the evolution of IF is that in order to expand
its market share to invest in energy projects, control
the orientation of their clients, although they may
come from competitors their own parents.
• "IF created by electricity companies" The market
demand for energy demand management programs,
IF created as subsidiaries of major electricity
companies to objectively possessed the experience
and expertise to meet these market needs. These
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companies set up subsidiaries in IF in the mid 90s to
over 100, many of them offer many services and
products, in addition to traditional energy services
(telecommunications, etc.).
Size and organization of the market

Accurate figures on the size of the market IF there
since most are either private companies or
industries are major public bodies and do not
publish separate accounts. A study of the U.S.
Department of Energy, the total energy investment
in the sector in 1992 was estimated at 500 million
dollars. In the same study, the cost of all the
invested energy projects undertaken by investment
firms in the U.S. until 1995, was approximately 2.3
billion dollars. Hundreds of companies compete in
the marketplace, "pie" but they share about 30 IFs.
Note also that the growing market for investment
firms have historically beneficial impact on the labor
market. It is estimated that 2.3 billion dollars in the
U.S., 1 / 3 (ie 700 million) was absorbed directly for
employment of staff.
A similar development was the acquisition of
investment firm in Canada and Great Britain.
According to data CAEPEF (Canadian Association
of Energy Services Companies), more than 50
investment firms operating in Canada, with growth
rate per year in excess of 30% and a turnover in
1995 on the US $ 278 million in the UK working on
the 30 investment firms, with annual growth rates in
excess of 20% and a coverage of around 20%, the
turnover in 1995 ranged US $ 300-500 million in the
interesting market of Great Britain is the tendency to
rely a lot IF by major energy suppliers, a trend that
is spreading gradually to other countries. On a
smaller scale, IF activity found in Spain (3), led by
"Government Directorate Energy efficiency" is a
public company in Belgium (5), France (2), Germany
(2), Portugal (2) , Luxembourg (1) and Netherlands
(1).
In countries with developed market investment
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firms, the U.S., Canada and Great Britain are the
respective institutional / professional bodies
(Chambers) for collective representation and action
of their members. In the U.S., is the "National
Chamber IF" in Canada "Canadian Chamber of IF
'and in Britain the" Chamber to restrain the
consumption of energy.
The main concern of these bodies is the constant
assurance of the completeness and conformity of
energy service members through the system of
certification and continuous monitoring of
compliance with the Code of Conduct.
Certification NAESCO
In the U.S., for example, to obtain a IFs concerned
NAESCO certification from the application to be
submitted with the documents considered by
Committee of Independent Experts in the industry
with predetermined criteria which includes the
following: the exact scope of work, scope of services
and measures for customers, adopting attitudes
energy efficiency investments, maintain professional
standards, design (basic and detailed) project,
capital adequacy, project management, procedures,
technical capacity maintenance, and capable of
measuring, monitoring and certification of energy
saving items . The certification process is extremely
difficult and take suggestions from players.
The IF certified judged to have the following skills
and abilities, technical and administrative capability
to develop complex projects energy efficiency,
efficient engines and axles, heating, ventilation and
air conditioning, ability and administrative skill to
provide the full range of energy services and carry
out audits and energy measurement, project design,
supply and project financing arrangements, service
operation and maintenance, certification of energy
savings in accordance with accepted industry
practices and finally settled regular business
promotion and development of energy efficiency
projects, which benefit the contractor is contingent
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upon the achievement and certified energy saving
items.
The Energy Problem

Immediately after the energy crisis of the 1970s
were few countries that initiated the selection of
energy management activities, and later almost all
European countries began to adopt similar
measures in energy policy. In recent years
increasingly pursued actions to expand energy
management in all areas of energy use in European
countries.
The energy consumption has been increasing, as
shown by the development of energy indicators in
the European Union (EU) and Greece.
• From the study of the energy data of the EU-25
shows the following:
o Primary energy production, gross domestic
consumption and final consumption are based
mainly on conventional fuels such as illustrated by
the following Figures 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3

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94
Σχήμα 5.1: Η Εξέλιξη της Πρωτογενούς Παραγωγής Ενέργειας στην ΕΕ-27
Σχήμα 5.2: Η Εξέλιξη της Ακαθάριστης Κατανάλωσης Ενέργειας στην

ΕΕ-27

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Figure 5.3: The Evolution of Final Energy Consumption in the EU-27
Source: Eurostat, 2008
o The energy dependence of the EU reached 53% in 2007 from 47.4% in
2001 and expected increase in prices of about 67% by 2030 if not taken
timely action.
o Energy consumption in the EU in 2006 amounted to around 1.825
billion TOE and is responsible for 80% of total greenhouse gas emissions
in the EU
o In 2006 the final energy demand in industrial and building sector came
to 806 million TOE, constituted 68.5% of total final energy consumption
and is responsible for 34.7% of total greenhouse gas emissions in the EU
o From 1995 to 2004, energy consumption in the residential sector

increased by 18%.
o From 1970 to 2002, energy consumption in the EU increased by 1%
annually, while GDP grew by 2.4% annually. Moreover, the improvement
of energy efficiency in the 1990s was 1.4% per year, but has since been
reduced to 0.5%, suggesting that current efforts are inadequate.
Figure 5.4: Index of greenhouse gas emissions compared to base year to

adopt the Kyoto Protocol (1990).
The Greek Energy Situation

In recent years, Greece has updated its energy system in order to
improve the sustainability, safety and competitiveness, responding to the
main objectives of European Directives. Important steps in the energy
supply are the addition of natural gas in energy mix launched in 1998 and
attempts to exploit the large solar and wind potential in Greece. The
construction of trans-and intercontinental networks helps in the
transformation of Greece into a key energy link between the EU and the
major energy markets of Eastern Europe and Asia.
Gross Domestic Consumption
The Greek energy system is characterized by continuous growth,
proportionately high energy intensities and clinging to conventional fuels.
While energy intensity is still higher than most EU countries, per capita
energy consumption is relatively low. This is the result of differences in
the structure of the economy, living standards and climate conditions.
Primary energy consumption is dominated by oil and solid fuels, mainly
brown coal, which together meet 95% of domestic consumption. The
entrance of the gas in the Greek energy system in 1998, diversified
energy mix. The use of spread so rapidly in 2007 the gas used to
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produce energy at a rate of 10.86%.
Electricity sector
The intensive exploitation of lignite deposits in Greece was a strategic
choice for Greece after the energy crisis of the '70s in order to maintain
the. lowest possible energy dependence. Second most widely used fuel
for thermal power plants are natural gas. During the '90s, a major change
was to reduce dependence on oil and coal. The availability of natural gas
combined with reduced water availability enabled to use less fuel and
lignite by 94% in 99 to 84% in 2007. Nevertheless, the continued
dependence on lignite and low efficiency of thermal power plants show
that needs to be done and other steps to preserve the environment, since
the power sector is responsible for 50% of carbon dioxide coal in Greece.
The energy network in Greece consists of a grid on the mainland

(including some islands) with a capacity of around 11 GW, with several
islands in the autonomous systems that operate oil and the air supply
system with 1 , 8 GW approx. Existing or planned links between small
islands and / or the mainland aimed at reducing the cost of small
autonomous units to balance the load demand and improve the capacity
of the islands to exploit renewable energy sources are not available
continuously, but periodically . There is also an undersea link to Italy, the
transport capacity 500 MW. Moreover, the energy trade with our
neighboring states reach 5% of final energy consumption, especially with
Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Italy.
The domestic electricity market was officially released in 1999. Since
then created an independent body, the RAE (Regulatory Authority for
Energy), entrusted with the task to monitor and control the operation and
expansion of all energy markets and a second panel, the Hellenic
Transmission System Operator (Admin Greek Transmission System
Operator) (for the transmission system). The market opened in July 2004
for all non-domestic consumers in the interconnected system and state-
owned Public Power Corporation gradually reduced. A major technical
issue is the rapidly growing peak load due to the widespread use of air
conditioners in the summer creates a need to expand the links and / or
increased domestic production.
Final energy demand
The lion's share of final energy consumption in 2007 have transportation
by 38.7%, followed by residential and commercial sector by 37.6% and
industry 23.7%. Technological advances, increased penetration of energy
efficient equipment and increased use of power management techniques
have reduced the energy intensity in recent years, particularly in the
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industrial sector.
Renewable Energy
Despite the fact that Greece is blessed with abundant wind and solar
resources, the degree exploitation of renewable energy remains limited in
most of some commercially mature technologies: large hydropower in
electricity generation, solar water heaters to produce hot water and
traditional biomass (wood mostly) for heating stoves and fireplaces.
The target set by the European directive on renewable energies is 20.1%.
The challenge of meeting the target in conjunction with efforts to adapt to
the Kyoto commitments, have accelerated the penetration of renewables,
particularly wind and last, the Law 3468/06 established a high enough
price for the kWh from photovoltaic, and solar power.
It has also introduced legislation (N.3175/03) to facilitate the exploitation
of the geothermal potential of Greece, describing it in legal terms as a
renewable energy source rather than a mineral resource. The geothermal
potential of Greece was estimated at 500 MWe.
Greece is the second largest market for solar thermal in Europe, with
more than 3 million square meters of solar panels installed by the end of
2005. After Cyprus, Greece and Austria claim the second place for the
largest per capita use of solar thermal systems in the EU solar market
development, targeted to households for heating water began in 1975
amid an energy crisis and continued rapidly in the 80s as a result of
issuing tax exemptions and a large advertising campaign. The withdrawal
of financial incentive has led to a gradual increase in exports, which now
represent 40% of total production, with its position in Greece's largest
exporter of solar thermal systems in Europe.
Forecasts to 2030 for EU-27
Having presented the energy situation in Europe and Greece until
recently, special interest is the study of the trends that exist for future
development. The following are some findings of research conducted by
the laboratory of telecommunications and computer systems of NTUA
(Prof. P. Capros, 2007).
5.3.1 Overall Results The overall energy requirements of the EU-27 are
expected to increase by 2030. In 2030 primary energy consumption is
increased by 11% compared with 2005.

Figure 5.5: Primary energy requirements by fuel this increase of 11% is
significantly lower than GDP growth over the same period, an increase
which reaches 71%. Therefore, the energy intensity (the ratio of primary
energy consumption to GDP) improved by 1.7% per year until 2030, after
increasing 1.4% per year between 1990-2005, including a period marked
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improvement during the decade 90s (1.8% per year).
Figure 5.6: The development of indicators of energy intensity and carbon

intensity for the EU-27
The increase in primary energy consumption of 200 MTIP between 2005
and 2030 will be met largely by renewable energy sources and natural
gas, which are the only sources of energy are increasing their share of
the energy market. The oil remains the most important fuel, but its
consumption in 2030 would exceed 2005 levels by only 6%.
RES increased more than all other energy sources penetration rates,
knowing growth of 90% by 2030. In absolute numbers increased by 115
MTIP from 2005 to 2030, thereby satisfying the increasing almost 60%
(actually 57.5%) increased demand for energy. The increased use of
renewables in electricity generation, especially, followed by transport,
heating and cooling.
Demand for natural gas is expected to increase by 71 MTIP 2030, after a
significant increase already experienced.
The solid fuel is expected to exceed the current level of 5% in 2030 due
to high oil prices and gas and reduce the use of nuclear energy in
particular member states.
The use of nuclear energy will decrease by 20% in 2030 compared to
2005 levels as a result of political decisions to dismantle some of the
member states of the EU-15 and the closure of nuclear power plants for
safety reasons in some Member States of the EU-27. The carbon
intensity (the ratio of CO2 emissions to energy consumption) will continue
to improve in 2010. But this increase stopped in 2010 as a result of
phasing out nuclear power stations and replacement of coal plants
without the renewable energy to making great progress.
The share of fossil fuels in total energy consumption fell only marginally
up to2030, reaching 78% (compared with 79% in 2005). Solid fuel and oil
are reduced by almost 1% each, while natural gas increased by 1%.
The share of renewables in the projection period is expected to grow by
less than 7% in 2007: 8% 2010 10% 2020 and 12% in 2030. Therefore,
the EU target of increasing the share of renewables to 20% in 2020 is not
expected to be achieved unless additional measures are picked from
what has already been picked up in 2006 and based on which it was

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predicted.
Σχήμα 5.7: Μερίδιο ενεργειακών πηγών στη συνολική πρωτογενή

ενέργεια
1400 Στερεά Πετρέλαιο
Φυσικό Αέριο Ηλεκτρισμός
Θερμότητα Άλλα
1200
1000
800
ΜΤΙΠ
600
400
200
0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Σχήμα 5.8: Η Αναμενόμενη Εξέλιξη της Ενεργειακής Κατανάλωσης στην

ΕΕ-25

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Source: EC. European Energy and Transport Trends to 2030; 2004
The energy dependence of the EU continues to grow until it reaches 67%
in 2030, representing an increase of 14 percentage points compared with
2005 levels. The dependence on oil will still be higher, reaching 95% in
2030. The dependence on natural gas also increases significantly from
58% in 2007 to 84% in 2030. Similarly, disposal of solid fuels is
increasingly reliant on imports, reaching 63% in 2030 from 40% in 2007.

Figure 5.9: Percentage of EU dependency by fuel type and total and
estimate future state
CO2 emissions related to energy (including international aviation), which
fell significantly in the 90s, the decade began to grow again. CO2
emissions related to energy are expected to remain below 1990 levels by
2010, but medium-term CO2 emissions are expected to grow significantly
beyond the 1990 level by 5.1% in 2020 to 5.4% 2030. Long-term (from
'20 until '30) the relatively small increase reflects the slight increase in the
consumption of energy and not inconsiderable contribution of RES.

5.3.2 Final Energy Demand
Transportation
Services-Agriculture
Households
Other industries
Intensive industries
Figure 5.10: Final energy demand by sector

The final energy consumption increases by 20.5% from 2005 to 2030.
That is, the 10 percentage points higher growth in final consumption of
primary energy demand is to reduce energy losses due to significant
improvements in the energy system (generation, transmission and
distribution) is expected to be made during the period under
consideration, the main one replacing old power plants with new, more
efficient.
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In 2030 the energy demand for transport is expected to be 28% higher
than in 2005. Energy demand is growing less than the activity of
transport, reflecting improvements in fuel efficiency and motor vehicles.
Energy demand in the industry expected to grow by 20% in the 25 years
examined. Heavy industry is less developed than the light. Energy
intensity in industry (energy consumption to value added) to follow rate of
improvement 1.4% per year until 2030. The above change in industry
structure brought about an increase in the use of electricity in industry
(37%). With the dynamic penetration of electricity in industry is expected
a much smaller increase in emissions of CO2 (6%) compared with the
increase of energy consumption (20%).
The demand for energy services will increase by 26% in 2030, reflecting
the increasingly important role in the service sector in modern
economies.
The demand for energy in agriculture will experience the smallest
increase, only 8%.
In households energy demand expected to increase by 12% from 2005 to
2030. The growing number of households, due to demographic changes
and lifestyle changes are key factors for this increase.
5.3.3 Energy Production

Following the increase in energy demand, energy production is expected
to increase significantly (35%) and given the limited capacity to import
electricity from outside the EU combined heat and power will increase by
8 percentage points, reaching 21% 2030.
The structure of power will change significantly in favor of renewable, gas
and solid fuels and nuclear energy and oil will lose market share.
The share of renewables in electricity net generation (total / gross output,
energy consumption of auxiliary devices in the industry) increased 17.9%
in 2010, but slightly below the indicative target resulting from the Directive
on energy production RES.
In 2030, energy from wind turbines is expected to be 15plasia compared
with 2000 and equal to the production of electricity from hydroelectric
stations.
The use of biomass for power generation also increased significantly.
The use of nuclear energy is reduced due to political decisions. The
share of nuclear power dropped from 30% in 2007 to 20% in 2020
despite considerable investment in new nuclear plants in countries
without restrictions on nuclear energy. Overall the share of renewable
and nuclear energy is reduced slightly from 45% in 2007 to 43% in 2030.
Solid fuels increase their market share as a result of high gas prices and
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because of their use as replacement of nuclear power. Nevertheless, the
gas continues to gain ground due to its advantages as a clean, efficient
and low CO2 fuel. Overall, the share of fossil fuels is strengthened
slightly, reaching 57% in 2030 from 55% in 2005.
As a result of a shift to fuels with zero or low carbon content (renewable
and gas) CO2 emissions from power generation (6% in 2030) increase
significantly less than the actual power (35%). Therefore, the carbon
intensity in electricity generation is reduced.
The Legislative Framework of the EU - energy policy goals
The promotion of energy efficiency at all levels of society today is one of
the three main pillars of EU policy on climate change and sustainable
development as outlined in the Green Paper on Energy. The main
priorities of this axis are presented in depth in the Green Paper on
Energy Efficiency and are as follows:
• Security of Supply: According to current trends by 2030 the EU will
cover 90% and 80% of the requirements of oil and gas, respectively, from
imports. The predictability of the evolution of international prices of
conventional fuels in conjunction with the phenomena limiting the supply
of mainland Europe with natural gas in late 2005, show clearly the need
for stabilization and then reduction of energy demand.
• Increasing Competitiveness: Competitiveness and employment in the
EU are key EU objectives and these objectives will be an important
effective energy efficiency policies. The EU has a leading position
worldwide in the field of technologies and energy efficiency services,
estimated that the technically and economically exploitable potential
savings for 20% of energy consumption in 2004, equivalent to 60 billion
€. The investment initiative for achieving this objective would entail the
creation of up to one million jobs in Europe as well as increased
competitiveness and improved living standards.
• Environmental Protection: Energy saving is the most effective way to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, thus simultaneously contribute to the
fulfillment of the EU under the Kyoto Protocol and in the long term EU
policy to combat climate change.
As shown in Figure 5.11, the efforts being made to optimize energy
efficiency through energy policies implemented, demonstrating the
important role of energy management systems, particularly prominent
role in both national and enterprise levels.

Figure 5.11: Energy Management Objectives
The legislation at a glance

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The rules that have been promoted by EU institutions and on improving
energy efficiency reported in Table 5.1.
In the last column of the table and the settings (such as Ministerial
Decisions - HP, and Presidential Decrees - PD), which took place in
Greece until the end of 2008 to harmonize national legislation with
Community law.
1. Table 5.1: Legislative Arrangements EU

2. A. Department Title 3. Act harmonizing Greek legislation
4. Energy efficiency in end use efficiency and energy services a. Directive
on energy end-use efficiency and energy services (COM (2003) 739 final,
10.12.2003) 5. There has been an act of harmonization
6. Performance products for energy a. 2005/32/EE Directive establishing
a framework for setting ecodesign requirements for energy-using
products and amending Council Directive 92/42/EEC 7. RM D6/V/14826
Cogeneration Directive 2004/8/EC of 11 February 2004 on the promotion
of cogeneration based on useful heat demand in the internal energy
market and amending Directive 92/42/EEC has not been practical
alignment
Taxation Directive 2003/96/EC of 27 October 2003 restructuring the
Community framework for taxation of energy products and electricity
N.3336/05
Buildings Directive 2002/91/EC of 16 December 2002, the Energy
Performance of Buildings N. 3661/08
Directive 93/76/EEC of 13 September 1993 to limit carbon dioxide
emissions by improving energy efficiency (SAVE) YA 21475/4707/98
Directive 92/42/EEC of 21 May 1992 on efficiency requirements for new
hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fuels DPR 335/93
Ya 10315/93
Directive 89/106/EEC of 21 December 1988 on the approximation of
laws, regulations and administrative provisions of Member States relating
to products of the construction
Home Appliances - Marking Directive 2003/66/EC of 3 July 2003
amending Directive 94/2/EC of 21 January 1994 implementing Council
Directive 92/75/EEC on the indication of energy consumption for
household refrigerators and freezers and their combinations
Directive 2002/40/EC of 8 May 2002 implementing Council Directive
92/75/EEC on the indication of energy consumption of household electric
ovens RM D6/V/267
Directive 2002/31/EC of 22 March 2002 implementing Council Directive
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92/75/EEC on the indication of energy consumption of household air-RM
D6/FEK 266V/2003
Directive 98/11/EC of 27 January 1998 implementing Council Directive
92/75/EEC with regard to energy labeling of household lamps RM
D6/V/1792
Directive 97/17/EC of 16 April 1997 implementing Council Directive
92/75/EEC on the indication of energy consumption of household
dishwashers RM D6/V/591
Directive 96/60/EC of 19 September 1996 implementing Council Directive
92/75/EEC with regard to energy labeling of household combined
washer-driers
92/75/EEC on the energy labeling of household electric tumble driers RM
D6/V/247
92/75/EEC on the indication of energy consumption of household laundry
RM D6/V/234
Directive 94/2/EC of 21 January 1994 implementing Council Directive
92/75/EEC on the indication of energy consumption for household electric
refrigerators and freezers and their combinations
Directive 92/75/EEC of 22 September 1992 show the energy and other
resources of household appliances labeling and standard product
information of products
Home Appliances - Minimum energy performance requirements Directive
2000/55/EC of 18 September 2000 on energy efficiency requirements for
ballasts for fluorescent lighting RM D6/V/17682/FEK 1407V/2001
Directive 96/57/EC of 3 September 1996 on the requirements for energy
efficiency of household electric refrigerators, freezers and their
combinations
Directive 92/42/EEC of 21 May 1992 on efficiency requirements for new
hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fuels DPR 335/93
Ya 10315/93
2001/469/EE Decision of 14.05.2001 on the ratification of the U.S.
government and the European Community on the coordination of
programs marking the energy efficiency of office equipment is not
required alignment
Office equipment - Energy Star Regulation (EC) No 106/2008 of 15
January 2008
about the labeling program for energy efficient office equipment
2003/168/EC: Decision of March 11, 2003, establishing the Office of the
European Community Energy Star does not require alignment
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The most important of these legislative arrangements are shown below.
Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 16

December 2002 on energy efficiency in buildings
Target
The purpose of this directive is to improve the energy efficiency of
buildings within the Community, taking into account outdoor climatic and
local conditions and climate requirements of indoor and cost-
effectiveness.
This Directive establishes requirements for:
a) the general framework for a methodology for calculating the integrated
energy performance of buildings •
b) the application of minimum standards for energy efficiency in new
buildings •
c) the application of minimum requirements for energy performance of
large existing buildings that are major renovations •
d) energy certification of buildings
e) regular inspection of boilers and air conditioning in buildings and in
addition an assessment of heating boilers which are more than 15 years.
The method of calculating the energy performance of buildings should
include at least the following factors:
a) thermal properties of the building (shell and internal partitions, etc.).
These features may include air-tightness •
b) heating installation and hot water supply, including their insulation
characteristics •
c) air conditioning •
d) aeration •
e) built-in lighting installation (mainly in the non-residential) •
f) location and orientation of buildings, including outdoor climate •
g) passive solar systems and solar protection •
h) natural ventilation •
i) indoor climatic conditions, including the designed indoor climate.
The calculation takes account, where the positive influence of the
following factors:
a) active solar systems and other heating and electricity systems based
on renewable energy •
b) electricity produced by CHP •
c) district heating and cooling district or block •
d) natural lighting.
For the purpose of this calculation buildings are classified into categories
such as:
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a) family houses of different types •
b) apartment blocks •
c) offices •
d) education buildings •
e) Hospitals •
f) hotels and restaurants •
g) sports •
h) Buildings Wholesale and retail •
i) other types of buildings that consume energy.
Definition of efficiency
Distinguish between the demands of new and existing buildings and
different categories of buildings. These requirements shall take account
of general indoor climate conditions in order to avoid possible negative
effects such as inadequate ventilation, as well as local conditions and
intended use and age of the building. These requirements shall be
reviewed at regular intervals not exceeding five years and, if necessary,
updated to reflect technical progress in the building.
New buildings
Member States shall ensure that new buildings meet minimum energy
performance requirements listed above.
For new buildings with total useful floor area over 1000 m2, Member
States shall ensure that the technical, environmental and economic
feasibility of alternative systems such as:
• decentralized energy supply systems based on renewable energy
• CHP
• heating or cooling area / block, if
• heat pumps, under certain circumstances
considered and taken into account before construction starts.
Existing buildings
Member States shall ensure that when buildings with a total useful floor
area over 1000 m2 undergo major renovation, their energy performance
is upgraded to meet minimum requirements as far as is technically,
functionally and economically feasible.
Regarding the power consumption of the lamps is not easy to register for
this and the energy inspector resorting to lists of manufacturers to collect
these data. The data collected should provide the ability to calculate the
total installed power for lighting (in kW) and annual electricity
consumption for lighting (in kWh / yr) in the building.
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After the site inspection, the Inspector identifies areas for improvement,
shall report to the Energy Review inspection results and
recommendations for improving energy efficiency.
The report consists of the completed registration data, including
recommendations for improving the energy efficiency of the system. As
mentioned above, the 3661 Act provides for a qualified and accredited
energy inspectors. To that end up the draft presidential decree is
expected to be adopted and setting out: Qualifications building surveyors
and inspectors of boilers and air conditioning systems of buildings, the
rules and principles governing the execution of their work, the process of
accreditation and obtaining a corresponding license, the properties that
are incompatible with their work, issues relating to entry in the
corresponding registers, their remuneration and for fixing it.
Energy Management Activities
As expected, countries that take advantage of the benefits of energy
management processes are mostly developed countries with high per
capita energy consumption. These countries have the necessary
technology, expertise and the necessary funds have been able to be
characterized by reasonable indicators of energy intensity. But given the
high energy consumption, and the almost exclusive dependence on
imported energy from countries, especially the OPEC and the former
Soviet Union have shifted the focus of policies towards energy
conservation.
Since 2005, the program Intelligent Energy Europe (IEE), supports and
funds numerous projects to promote energy efficiency and renewable
energy. The project aims at accelerating action in relation to the agreed
European strategy with emphasis on sustainable energy, by increasing
the share of renewables and the reduction of final energy consumption.
So far the program has included 398 projects of which 192 have been
completed and are negotiating to join 21 still works. For 2009, the
program will be available approximately 65 million funding so up to 75%
of the cost of the projects it supports.
Below indicatively significant energy management activities in different
EU countries:
• France: Programme promotes decision support to the widespread use
of suitable software to all energy users and energy program identification
of buildings in force since 1996 and provides for a compulsory provision
of data and energy consumption in each transaction (selling and buying
or rental) of a building.
• Germany: The multiplicity of operational units make voluntary energy
audits, and promotes federal grants to those who implement energy
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audits and implement their findings.
• Denmark: There are energy audit programs for small and large building
complexes, respectively.
• Spain: autonomous actions have been implemented small-scale,
tailored to local requirements. Characteristic points of these programs are
free taking energy inspections and grants to replace obsolete equipment
with appropriate modern technology.
• Italy: It has made many energy inspections in both the private and
public sectors. Also apply administrative programs of demand
management in both the electricity and gas in this.
• Finland: Situated in place a comprehensive program for energy surveys
organized by MOTIVA (state authority for energy). This is one of the
oldest grant programs for energy efficiency in which they are developed
and implemented various programs in each of the areas of energy
consumption. Also in Finland there are voluntary agreements aimed at
reducing energy consumption through the integration of more efficient
technologies in all energy uses.
In contrast are the some less "developed EU countries, the majority of
which are new Member States, and may indeed be characterized by
much lower per capita consumption, but of much higher energy intensity.
This is largely due to aging infrastructure and lack of funds for investment
in energy efficiency measures. Some such actions are indicative
described below:
• Bulgaria: There is a program to increase energy efficiency in both the
domestic sector and in all other areas of energy consumption.
• Estonia: The SAVE program has developed and introduced a standard
methodology for carrying out energy surveys in industry and buildings
using the experience of implementing similar programs in Denmark.
• Latvia: promoted a program to support energy management activities
and also implement a program to implement energy efficiency measures
in homes.
• Lithuania: Has implemented many energy efficiency measures such as
the program for the buildings, the project municipalities to develop
municipal infrastructure to improve quality and efficiency of service
delivery, the establishment of the advisory body for the residential sector
k . s.
In general the majority of EU countries making significant efforts to meet
EU directives and agreements involving (eg Kyoto Protocol) by
developing a methodology for conducting energy audits and promotion of
information and public education in the concept of energy efficiency. To
date there have been twenty stand-alone energy inspections,
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implemented in ten EU countries, while in all European countries are in
effect eighty to four broad measures of energy management where
energy audits are the most important part.
Further separation of activities may take place depending on the scope of
these measures. More specifically:
• Industrial sector: In this action apply noon energy inspections in eight
EU countries and forty-one general energy management activities in all
European countries. Actions energy management in industry aim to
capture the energy behavior of the processes of plant. This way they can
identify, evaluate and then implement a series of energy assistance to
increase the energy efficiency and energy savings. Alongside the
implementation of actions contribute to better environmental
management and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. In this context, many
countries have long-term projects with industrial units aimed at reducing
greenhouse gas emissions in a given period and pre-agreed percentage.
• Public and domestic sector: here, a set of thirteen actions energy
surveys in ten EU countries, while in force around thirty general energy
management activities. This area is known as consumes an average 40%
of total energy consumption in European countries. This, combined with
great energy saving potential by applying a relatively small investment
costs, necessitating the implementation of energy management activities.
• Commercial sector: The sector indicated a total of eight measures for

energy audits in seven European countries, and applying energy
management measures twenty-eight to eighteen countries in all.
• Department of Transportation: here is a program of energy audits from
France and eight other European countries are in force nine other
mandatory actions to increase energy efficiency in vehicles and reducing
emission of pollutants.
In the above categorization distinguished the mandatory and voluntary
actions, and the subsidized activities.
• The mandatory measures are in most cases the application of legal
provisions under the EU directives relating primarily to public buildings
and transport. In large buildings and private residences mandatory
measures are implemented energy identification, while the industry and
the tertiary sector, mandatory measures focused on reducing emission of
pollutants.
• Voluntary actions are actions that are addressed to all energy users and
aimed at supporting investment in increasing energy efficiency and
energy savings. On a voluntary basis apply to most programs energy
inspections, while in most cases the implementation of actions
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accompanied by direct or indirect subsidies (tax breaks).
• Subsidised actions apply to all countries in Europe and across all
sectors of energy use. Indeed, in all EU countries are in effect subsidized
programs for industrial and building sector and the public sector apply
similar programs in nine of them. Grants are direct (direct financing),
indirect (tax exemptions), or low interest loans and aim to fund energy
audits and follow-up investments to increase energy efficiency, saving
energy and using renewable energies. The necessary funds for the
purposes of investment from the state budget or covered by a European
or international funds.
EU Projects Program GreenVuilding (GBP) and GLOBAL FRAUD

O building sector is a sector with considerable potential for improving
energy efficiency. That's why the European Commission introduced the
program GreenBuilding Green Paper on Energy Efficiency. According to
the Green Paper, the building sector represents more than 40% of final
energy demand in Europe.
At the same time, improving the heating and cooling buildings is one of
the most dynamic areas for savings. The savings will contribute to
security of energy supply and competitiveness of the EU, while creating
jobs and improving the quality of life in buildings.
The program GreenBuilding (GBP) is a voluntary program launched in
2005 aims to improve the energy efficiency of buildings in the tertiary
sector in Europe.
It focuses on the implementation of energy cost-effective interventions
and provide information support and public recognition and visibility to
organizations / companies interested in participating and are willing to
commit to adopting energy efficiency measures.
Program Objectives
The main objective of the program is GreenBuilding investments to
improve the energy efficiency of buildings in the tertiary sector. The
objective is achieved in existing facilities with energy saving measures or
renewable energy on a voluntary basis.
The program GreenBuilding expected to help open markets - particularly
through support with informational material - the skills and mode of
action, offered access to financial and energy services and investment to
achieve significant economic benefits and acceptable payback.
The program aims to increase investments in energy efficiency in
buildings of the tertiary sector. Investments which are economically
acceptable to the users of buildings based on mature technologies.
The GreenBuilding complements and exceeds the standards set by the
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Directive Energy Performance of Buildings and applicable national codes
for buildings.
Encouraging additional measures to increase energy efficiency and
renewable energy program actively contributes to improving the status
quo for the rational use of energy in the tertiary sector.
The GreenBuilding aims to provide information and support, and public
recognition of companies that are ready to commit to improving the
energy efficiency of buildings in the tertiary sector.
Program Description
Participation in the GBP starts with planning and presenting an action
plan setting out the scope and nature of the operations bound to perform
the operation. Based on an original recording of energy, the action plan
should define the building / s on which to apply interventions to improve
energy efficiency, energy systems (heating, air conditioning, lighting,
solar systems for heating and hot water, office equipment etc.) which will
take place interventions, as well as specific measures (eg changing
lighting, heat recovery, etc.) which will be implemented.
If the action plan accepted by the GreenBuilding, the company is a
member of the program. Members of the program remain active for three
years from the implementation of interventions.
The GBP provides a range of technical manuals that describe appropriate
measures for improving energy efficiency for each energy system
included in the program.
The manuals also contain instructions on various aspects of the program
as "funding", the "energy inventory" and "energy management".
The GBP encourages its members to undertake profitable investments
without the need for specific financial incentives from the European
Commission. Investments GBP regarding the use of mature technologies
and market products and services, including energy efficiency is
established.
Participation in the program is a smart business move bodies. Members
of the GBP have immediate benefits, because the saving money by
reducing their operating costs and improved working conditions. Achieve
the highest technically possible and economically feasible energy savings
while increasing their competitiveness and value of their buildings.
Participation in the program says environmental awareness. The ability of
members to operate successfully in the environment enhances their
credibility in the market and can be used to promote their business both
to consumers and to investors.
The support of the program to Members of GreenBuilding is a technical
and information and promotion and public recognition, such as
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presentations to the website of the program in newspapers and
magazines, presentations at exhibitions and conferences throughout
Europe and regularly Press brochures and lists of successful
applications. The official board Member of GBP given by the EU allows
members to view the Entrepreneurship responsible to their customers.
Alternatives MOLYNSEOS
This chapter presents the alternatives as a prerequisite for the issuing of
protection, environmental permits needed to implement a project or
activity in our legislation provides for the selection of the best
environmental solution among possible alternative solutions are the
application of technical and criteria.
The options considered and the evaluation and justification of the final
selection are presented in detail while MAP EIA summary and annex the
analytical information obtained during the preparation of the EFP. Such
information should include:
• Description of alternatives considered.
• Recording the current state of the environment for each alternative and
the development of this trend by environmental medium (as always with
the current needs).
• Assessment and evaluation of environmental impacts for each
alternative and justification of the main reasons for their rejection.
In the EIA also projected to be presented and any new information which
emerged during the study and not included in the EFP. All alternatives
should provide about the same result and the design and operation of
joint planning should be based on common standards of environmental
protection ????. These differences must relate to the location, and small
variations in their characteristics (size or method of construction and
operation).
A summary of the alternatives must allow a comparative evaluation. For
this reason, the description of the various alternatives should include
comparable figures for the different locations, type, size, manufacturing
processes and how they operate, the factors causing changes in the
environment size to occupy space The average annual and maximum
daily consumption of surface and groundwater, the production of solid
and liquid waste, pollutant concentrations, noise levels, vibration,
radiation, etc., but the benefits (financial data, employment, etc.)
expected from each alternative . Is needed before drawing EFP have
prepared technical studies for all the alternatives, which corresponds to

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complete the preliminary level or equivalent study.
The designer of FRP and the ICM is required to describe the differences
in environmental factors for which each option, evaluate the details of
alternatives (dispersion of pollutants etc.) and assess their impact on the
environment.
The comparison of alternatives based on benefit-harm balance, which
must be documented by the student of the FRP and the ICM solution that
ensures less damage to the environment and the comparatively greater
social, economic, etc. benefit.
Are not acceptable alternatives which do not provide the desired level of
environmental protection and the desired output.
The competent authorities to seek to modify the design or changing the
position of the concerned project or activity provided the alternative
chosen to consider as the best alternative to the one chosen by
researcher or, finally, to reject the implementation of concerned project or
activity.
Ambient condition
After considering the alternatives described in detail the environmental
situation. For this description requires specific information as listed below.
The size of area to be examined in detail in MAP and ICM, namely the
study area, conventionally defined as an area of this range (1-2 km) from
the edge of space for the exercise of options.
Because the effects are not usually restricted to contractual limits, subject
meletiteo the set of spatial units, which may be affected because of the
disorder, which may lead to the possible alternatives.
The scope of the study area is calculated separately for each factor of
disturbance. The area defined by the distance between the emitter and /
or the operative cause of any disturbance factor and the point at which
the characteristic size of the disturbance demoted because of dilution,
degradation, depletion or destruction by environmental factors.
Eliminating the effect of the disorder is considered to occur at the lower
price limit, which is not to create more impact.
To determine the area affected by disorders are not caused by emissions
of pollutants or contaminants (eg changes in landscape, the vulnerability
of the soil, indicators of social welfare, humidity, salinity, artificial lighting
etc.) to determine the starting area affected is the operative cause and
point apotermatismou limit beyond which no longer impact.
Practical reasons for imposing the closure of the effect to be deemed to
occur when the prices of characteristics sizes equate to average
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yperetisies prices prevailing in the area affected.
The study area should be marked on topographical maps and
summarized (morphology, attachment, place names of settlements, major
infrastructure projects such as roads, railways, ports, airports, biological
cleaning, etc.). We must also mention the arrangements of land use
(development plan, Areas of Special Settings in Areas of Environmental
Protection Scheme, archaeological sites, monuments, etc.)
These data are derived from surveying backgrounds and relevant
regulations. Particularly mentioned that the boundaries of settlements
(villages, towns) derived from the town plans and the population from
yearbooks of the National Statistical Office.
Non-biotic characteristics
In non-biotic features include climatic conditions, the bioclimatic
characteristics and morphology, topiologika features, geology, the
tectonic and soil characteristics of the region.
Climatic characteristics
The description of the climatic characteristics of the study area requires
the juxtaposition of meteorological data and assessing interim data for
the classification of the change in levels of classification systems
The meteorological data must be from the closest stations that record
these data. Specifically required:
• air temperature data: variation of the average monthly temperature per
year, average monthly minimum and monthly average maximum
temperature, mean minimum temperature of coldest month and mean
maximum temperature in the warmest months.
• Details about the speed, intensity and direction of winds that usually
blow in the region, the incidence of these annually-calm rate, incidence of
other weather phenomena such as temperature inversion, moisture, fog,
high winds, sea breezes, etc.
• Details on the state of atmospheric stability (if any)
• Data on average annual and monthly rainfall and monthly average
humidity in tabular form.
The lack of meteorological stations in the study area often requires the
simulation of climate using appropriate computational methods, which
should indicate the assumptions used and the reliability of results. Useful
information is obtained from the National Bank of Hydrological and
Meteorological Information (Ydroskopio).
Eco features
It is bioclimate biological expression change through the natural

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vegetation, which reflects the key factors affecting the biology of plants,
namely heat and water (especially the lack of it).
Bioclimatic characteristics expected to be out at least the floors of
bioclimatic Mediterranean climate with the relevant classifications listed
by UNESCO-FAO.
Other bioclimatic features to mention are: the ratio of rainfall during
Emberger, the ipeirotikotita, and dryness.
Morphological Characteristics
In MAP and ICM for the description of the topography of the region,
namely the geological data.
Basic information describing the terrain is the elevation change (contours
or contour curves) and slope of pranon.Alla morphological data reported
are watersheds and the hydrographic network (brooks, streams, rivers),
lakes, lagoons, waterfalls and marshes.
Topiologika Features
Basics landscape analysis is the degree of intervention, the visual
sensitivity, diversity, the level of sensitivity and the absorption capacity.
The degree of response is related to the nature and magnitude of the
change has been the natural environment in the region. The changes in
the environment by human activities shape urban landscapes
(settlements with dense or sparse layout, production facilities and
technical infrastructure) and rural landscapes.
The optical sensitivity is the degree of tolerance or the ability to absorb
the landscape interventions. This sensitivity depends on the type of
landscape, the existence of sensitive parts to it and the action of internal
and external factors that shape it.
The diversity of the landscape consists of landscaping a small area of the
great variety of individual parts.
The degree of intervention, the visual sensitivity and diversity of the
landscape in general resulting from the topographic base of the region
and further from color photographs, aerial and ortho.
These levels reflect the sensitivity of human interest in the visual quality
of views.
The absorption capacity is defined as the possibility exists of a landscape
interventions and activities while maintaining the visual characteristics
and quality of sight. This will depend essentially on the shape of the
terrain of landscape reference (slope class). The relief then correlated
with the vulnerability of soil erosion, regeneration capacity of the
vegetation of the region, the contrast of colors that create the landscape
and the diversity of the landscape. With these correlations the absorptive
capacity is characterized as very low, low, middle, high and very high.
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In the analysis, identify and indicate the sensitivity factors of landscape
changes and tolerated (type and size) that can be sustained. Evaluated
and is also the aesthetic, cultural, ecological, social, economic, etc. value
of the landscape.
Geology and tectonic features

In MAP and ICM provides a brief description of the basic geological,
tectonic and ydrolithologikon characteristics of the study area.
This description should refer to the general geological structure of the
study area, the characters of engineering geological formations, the
tectonics and seismicity of the study area and particularly the rates of
seismicity and ground security and the erosion and instability of the soil.
These lyrics are required to verify the safety of construction and to
identify impacts to the built, cultural and natural environment of changes
in geological, geomorphological processes, tectonic upheaval, the
seismicity of the study area and the soil structure.
The knowledge of the seismicity of the study area is the important
elements to assess the impact of the concerned project or activity mainly
due to the risks that may arise for the environment in the event of failure
of structures. There are also cases in which projects and activities can
cause seismic events (eg deep reservoirs).
Soil characteristics
The soil structure is determined by the proportions of solid, liquid and gas
phase of soil and the allocation of resources. The size and shape of
solids (particle size or texture), which form the solid mineral phase of soil,
determine the porosity and content of the soil air and water. Based on the
diameter of inorganic solids containing soils are classified into categories,
referred to as mechanical grades, regardless of chemical and
mineralogical composition.
Mechanical fractions of fine earth is:
Table 6.1: Mechanical fractions of fine earth
MECHANIC EARTH CLASSICS LEPTIS
Relative particle diameter (mm) Fraction
D> 2 gravelly material
0,2 <D <2 coarse sand
0,02 <D <0,2 Fine sand
0,002 <D <0,02 sludge
D <0,002 Clay
Source: Richard's BN, Introduction to the Soil Ecosystem, 1978.

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In each vertical cut from the surface to bedrock (soil profile or profiles)
are divided more or less distinct layers, which differ from each other in
physical and chemical characteristics. The layers are called soil horizons
and be represented by points A, B and C.
To point A is denoted with the upper surface of the soil horizon which
contains humic components while the component C is the lower, which is
by no or very little disintegrated bedrock.
The horizon B is between A and C, are poor in humic material and it
tipped material transferred to the washing of the upper horizon.
Horizons in turn divided into ypoorizontes.
In relation to the pH value of soils classified:
Table 6.2: Characterization of soil acidity
ACIDITY CHARACTERIZATION OF SOILS
Acidity characterization
4,0 ≤ pH <5,0 Very strong acid
5,0 ≤ pH <5,8 Strong acid
5,8 ≤ pH <6,5 Moderately acidic
6,5 ≤ pH <7,5 Neutral
7,5 ≤ pH <8,5 Slightly alkaline
pH> 8,5 Alkaline
Source: Mitsios etc, soil survey and soil map, 2000
Combinations of classification criteria are derived gaioikanotites, namely

the suitability of the soil.
In our country, the Institute of Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems and
Forest Products (formerly Forest Research Institute) of the Ministry of
Agriculture has drafted a land classification imileptomereis maps (scale
1:50,000) with a cartographic unit module gaiomorfon (Nakos 1991).
Each cartographic unit evaluated five classes of suitability for forestry,
agriculture and Range Science. Forest lands classified by criteria for
classification of forest soils (FAO 1976 - FAO-UNESCO 1974). The
classification resulting five classes gaioikanotitas for forestry, which are:
Table 6.3: Classes gaioikanotitas by UNESCO-FAO
CLASSES IN GAIOIKANOTITAS UNESCO-FAO
Class Gaioikanotita (to increase economic forests)
1 Unbound
2 With slight restrictions
3 With moderate restrictions
4 bold restrictions
With 5 strong restrictions

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Source: C. Nakos Classification, mapping and land evaluation, 1991.
After what has been reported in the FRP and the EIA should, depending
on the type and size of the concerned project or activity, include at least
the following:
• Classes gaioikanotitas
• The characteristics of representative soil horizons in the area affected
by compressions, shifts, divisions or soil deposits as well as changes in
diet or physical and chemical characteristics of water or disposal of
substances in soil.
Natural Environment
Flora and fauna
The natural environment of the study area, the new technical
development EFP and the juxtaposition EIS provide information on the
flora and fauna, namely the types of plants (flora) and the species and
populations of species of animals (fauna) to spatial reference to the types
of natural habitats. Provide that the quote data on the biological diversity
of the study area.
Biological diversity and biological resources, expressed as the amount of
genetic diversity and biomass that can operate autonomously and
reproduce in a natural environment. Biological diversity is reflected in the
number and abundance of species (ie the number of people) of a specific
module (Harris Ms, 1996).
As satisfactory indicators of biological diversity are the dominant
(dominant species) and regulatory species (keystone species) of flora
and fauna and the species to protection. The predominant species
identified by their numerical superiority or the size of the biomass. The
buffer species are those which any significant reduction or elimination
would have a significant impact on ecological coherence and function as
habitat.
Protected species are endangered, the vulnerable and rare plant and
animal species involved in national or European and other international
directories.
Detailed measurements of biological diversity by samplings and capture
of animals are not censuses provided for under the EFP and ICM, unless
the importance of the environment or the type of work or activity
necessary make such determinations when performed as a separate,
additional work.
Sources on Biological Diversity, other than field work, the relevant
literature. In any case to use the bibliographic information must be
verifiable by the Scholar, who assumes the responsibility for its use.
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Condition of natural environment
The evaluation of the natural environment in the study area based on the
determination of fluctuations in prices of non-biotic environmental factors
(eg field pH, amount of soil horizon ranges xirothermikis period,
temperature variations, etc.). Here the evaluation of situations or
phenomena that generally affect the flora and fauna (eg grazing, logging,
reforestation, land reclamation, flood, fire, etc.) and specific species of
plants and animals that dominate and those that regulate the ecological
balance. In these species include those classified by the laws of Greece,
the European Union or by international agreements and conventions
ratified by our country as rare or endangered. For types of forest
vegetation, technical specifications and development of FRP ICM provide
additional reporting status of protection resulting from the forestry
legislation, indicating the breadth and phytosanitary situation.
The determination of the natural environment in the study area based
coprocessor elements relating to:
• The identification of factors and created and maintain their specific
habitats, ie restrictions and regulatory factors and population indicators of
fauna.
• The number, scope and importance of habitats for plants and the
relationships and interactions between types and the geographical area
surrounding the study area.
For the sovereign and regulatory species of fauna are particularly
important indicators are the minimum viable population, or alternatively to
Genetic Effective Population them.
The minimum viable population (Minimum Viable Population = MVP) is
defined as the smallest isolated population, which has 99% chance to
survive for a thousand years without any intervention, despite the
foreseeable effects of demographic, environmental and genetic variations
and natural disasters. Unfortunately, no data on the size of minimum
viable populations of most vertebrates in the Mediterranean area. The
difficulties outlined above require the use of genetically effective
Population (Effective Population Size = Ne). This is the average number
of people an isolated population, each person whose contribution to the
same genetic potential for future generations by ensuring the genetic
diversity of the members of this population. The genetically effective
population of vertebrates considered to be more than 500 people. This
population requires a minimum living space, which depends on the
density of individuals of species in unit area. Data on rates of population
indicators resulting literature. The use of the above items require special
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care because there are cases where any loss of individuals increases
proportionally the chances of extinction of this population.
6.3.8.2 Status environmental sensitive areas

In areas of natural environment with particular interest as sites proposed
for inclusion in the network Natura 2000, provides for the display and
evaluation of the natural environment in accordance with the
specifications set out in Decision 97/266/EC of 18 December 1996 on
Form information on proposed sites Natura 2000.
Still required to describe the general nature of the place by reference to
the habitat types and other site characteristics, namely the quality and
importance and vulnerability and to evaluate the sites to their natural
habitat types and species of flora and fauna .
Human environment
Built Environment
Protecting the urban environment has a very important role in new
technical development of the EFP and ICM, which is expected to be
reported and attributed to maps at least:
• The city estimates the project or other residential receptors for statutory
land within the settlements.
• The conditions and restrictions for building.
• Other more specific restrictions (eg morphological features of buildings).
• The existence of traditional settlements or parts of settlements, which

are protected because a particular town, aesthetic, historical, folkloric and
architectural character.
• The foreshore and beach areas.
• The data for the built environment resulting from the maps and
regulations, which describes and limits the uses (eg, town plans, planning
approvals etc. studies).
Historical and cultural environment

The protection of the cultural environment is a specific field of EFP and
ICM. The cultural environment of Greece is particularly rich and varied
and is a valuable and sensitive resource.
The stock has our cultural diversity. Much of the building has character,
while a spatial spread throughout the Greek area with higher
concentrations in Attica, Central Macedonia, South Aegean (Cyclades,
Greece), Peloponnese (Mani, Arcadia), the Ionian Islands Epirus
(Metsovo, Zagoria) and Magnesia (Pelion, seeds).
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For the purposes of the EFP and EIA is required to record and display the
limits of whether declared archaeological sites and historical monuments
and places of historical and cultural interest located within the study area
and the institutional framework for their protection. The archaeological
sites and historical monuments, the maps generated by the Ministry of
Culture (commities Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Underwater
Antiquities, Byzantine and Modern Monuments) and bibliographical
references. Other places of cultural interest require additional
investigations at the local level. For intangible cultural environment where
there are no official records of information can be gleaned from local
histories, cultural associations and foundations, etc.).
Socioeconomic environment
The new technical development of EFP and the juxtaposition ICM provide
data to evaluate and assess the state of socio-economic environment to
enable them to assess the impact of the concerned project or activity and
society.
Specifically, it provides the least quote the following data with reference
level of the lower administrative levels, which covered the area of study:
• Demographics.
• Data on the education level of the population.
• Information on the social physiognomy of the region as isolation, racial
backgrounds, etc.
• Data on trends in production and employment of the population, living
standards of the population and the significant administrative and social
infrastructure.
Technical Infrastructure
In the EFP and the ICM is expected to examine the state of technical
infrastructure in the study area to assess the impact of the concerned
project or activity. For the examination is required to describe the
technical infrastructure in the study area (rail, ports, airports, roads, water
supply and drainage, sewerage, sewage treatment and disposal,
electricity and telecommunication networks of public transport, parking
cars). The data are derived from existing studies or field surveys and
required marking on a map.
The infrastructure networks and stations, railways, ports and airports in
our country is real. Besides the description of the road linking the region
to study the structures above is required to determine the burden. These
figures are derived from statistical yearbooks or special studies.
The characterizations of the road network resulting from regulatory
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actions. The handling characteristics of the road network resulting from
the geometrical characteristics, stated in the project design.
The water supply and sanitation are derived from data issued by the
agencies that manage them. If in a particular project or activity for water
consumption, new technical standards provide the relevant information
about the facilities to ensure the water supply networks in performing
uses (size stocks, per capita water consumption, supply fluctuations,
quality of drinking water etc).
In cases where the concerned project or activity provided a drainage
system for indicating the quality of the effluent, which according to the
rules accepted in sewer networks, the existence of treatment facilities
and capabilities in hydraulic and pollutant loads.
Other technical infrastructure resulting from information agencies or
companies to manage. For infrastructure such as for the use of their
services, indicate the ability of networks to provide. This ability must be
supported by relevant certificates.
Atmospheric Environment
The determination of air quality in the study area depends on the type
and quantities of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere and the pollution
carried by the movement of air masses from surrounding areas.
To calculate the air quality in the study area, although no official data
measuring, as a rule requires an inventory of sources and calculation of
emission sources create. To calculate the emission standard can be used
as reference values to associate productively sizes emissions. They even
used data from the EIA of the sources from which pollutants. Then need
to determine the effects of dispersion and diffusion of pollutants in the
atmosphere.
The sources of pollutants in cities such as urban traffic areas and emit a
level where they live and people work. Become so disproportionately
important for concentrations, although total emissions may now be
significantly less than industrial emissions.
The weather can cause the greatest variation in concentration values.
Since the weather has the greatest impact on the horizontal speed and
wind direction. Large wind speed creates generally good dispersion,
hence lower concentrations, but affect a wider area because they carry
pollution to a greater distance.
The concentrations of pollutants in the area obtained by appropriate
calculation methods, which combine the state of the atmosphere, the
meteorological conditions that determine the behavior of pollutants and
their sources (surface, linear or point) emissions.
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Emissions and concentrations of pollutants must be reported in relation to
the statutory emission limits or compared with the level of emissions in a
region which forms the present project or activity (eg at county level) or
another test method and must be presented in a format equivalent curves
(curves isorrypantikes)
Acoustic environment
For noise, the MAP and ICM for the assessment of the existing noise
level without the project, using data from existing records or through
calculations based on traffic volumes in the region or from other sources
and reporting burden on existing noise limits and criteria in study.
Please note that registration is not required noise levels, where the
closest of the protected use (residential or other sensitive area) is located
more than 200m from the perimeter of the site is to build the present
project or activity. The noise level without the project or activity is
required to assess and longitudinal (potential state).
Vibration (vibration)
For vibrations in the EFP and ICM for the identification of existing sources
in the area on either side of the project and measurement of existing
levels of vibration where this occurred during the preparation of FRP or
applied in the evaluation phase of the charge control principles.
Radiation
For the radiation for the assessment and evaluation of the
electromagnetic background of the study area. Provision is also making a
series of characteristics of the electromagnetic background where this
occurred during the preparation of the EFP or requested by the
inspection services.
Data on noise, vibration and radiation should be given to comment and
evaluated. If identified areas affected by these factors, the zones should
be mapped and cartographic.
Surface and Groundwater

In the EFP and ICM for the description of the surface water network
(natural or artificial) river basin, the rate of infiltration of the sources, uses
existing, statutory and actual surface water resources (irrigation, water,
energy, industry, conservation natural habitats, etc.) and possible future
uses. Still required, the description of the status of water quantity,
chemical and ecological criteria of the Directive 2000/60/EC.
If the proposed project may affect areas that are in balance or marginal
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areas that have surpassed the limits of negative maintenance and
replacement of water and exhibit prolonged extremes of drought and
frequent floods, apparently humiliated or spillage of ground water, and
penetration phenomena salt water (brackish) in coastal aquifers or within
streams (rivers, Chimarros etc.), at least in the flat bottoms of estuaries
requires determination of changes that may adversely alter the balance of
them, according to the type and tectonic structure of rocks.
Where should a substantial burden on the type or activity, new technical
specifications provided to assess its water allocation to different uses,
which should be quantitative and to cover any seasonal variations. Also
an assessment of existing water quantity in the medium affected the
catchment area of the project, based on measurement data and provide
available information on activities that may affect the diet of the test
instrument and by visual observations.
For groundwater provides a description of the hydrological characteristics
of the area (number of catchments in the study area for each basin,
infiltration rate, total volume of stocks, ground water level, discharge
points of reference to the existence of cracks or discontinuities in the
surface soil or near that affect the infiltration rate).
Also planned to describe the existing, statutory and actual use of
underground water resources (irrigation, water supply, conservation of
natural habitats, etc.) and resources available groundwater.
The evaluation of the outcome measures should be the methodology

used for assessing environmental impacts, and the presentation should
be in table form.
Also in the EIS must describe the programs and actions necessary to
monitor the most significant environmental impacts caused by
construction and operation of the concerned project or activity. These
programs must be reported on the one hand the environmental quality of
the region (air, water, noise, etc.) and secondly on performance
measures for the protection of the environment and quality of waste
generated.
To monitor the effects should be prescribed a special program of
sampling and measuring the type and frequency of which is necessary to
satisfy both show the evolution of the environment and the requirements
under regulations of national or Community law (eg Directive
2000/60/EC).
The technical preparation of the MAP and ICM require description as

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clear and comprehensive measures, conditions and restrictions to be
applied to address the impacts. It is understood that for environmental
reasons may be remedies or measures to address impacts to propose
amendment to:
• The design in the same position.
• The applied process or functional characteristics or manufacturing
process.
• The location in space.
The implications of measures or activities, or planning regulations
requiring the occupation of land in conservation status, which prohibits
the seizure shall be treated with the non-implementation. Under the new
trends of European and Greek jurisprudence (of the precautionary
principle to the precautionary principle or precautionary) and even the
probability of harm to human health is therefore prohibitive for the project
or activity in this area.
To address the impact of land which legitimately can be done under
consideration a project or activity is required to refer to offsets to be
provided to residents, social groups or governments in the area of study
by the Agency or Owner project and the directions of measures,
conditions and restrictions to be undertaken by the state or government,
especially at the institutional level.
It should be noted that the designer of the EFP and EIA does not replace
the student of engineering. It identifies the additional requirements to
projects, measures and facilities for environmental protection and the
desired performances. These requirements must meet the designer of
the engineering and technical studies, preliminary design level or
equivalent, prepared after the approval of EFP.
The design above is checked at the stage of preparation of EIA and if
further requirements arise measures and projects for environmental
protection prescribed by the student of the ICM and implemented in
subsequent studies (case studies etc).
Depending apply to the satisfaction of service control MAP and ICM.
Environmental conditions
In the FRP should be described in terms of general guidelines and
detailed EIA proposed environmental conditions.
Environmental conditions are summarized and coded measures which
are proposed to be the contents of the regulatory act of the competent
authorities, which imposed the conditions governing the construction and
operation of the concerned project or activity.
Illustration, coded and outlined measures to reduce air pollution,
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protecting water quality, antithoryvikis protection, protection of natural
environment, etc., both during the construction phase and during the
operational phase of the project or activity.
Example of Preliminary Environmental Impact
In this chapter we present a case study premeditated environmental

impact and implementation of a photovoltaic project. The case study
based on actual premeditation environmental impacts produced by the
company Sitralona Fotoenergeiaki LP (Papanicolaou, 2007).
This Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment was prepared in the
process of licensing the establishment and operation of a new solar
power station total power in section 500 KWp Nerokratima-Koufalion, the
City of Thermo, of the area of Western Greece Region.
The task of building and operating a new solar power plant 500 kWp total
power position Nerokratima-nests or hollows classified according to the
JMD EFPE plot No. 129,079 in Class B, 3rd sub-list of 10 Group Special
Projects "JMD's 15393/2332/2002.
Also mentioned the company has undertaken the implementation and
operation of the project (name, company type, location, phone) as well as
the legal representative of the company and the group project design and
/ or limits the author-MAP (name, specification, No registration G.E.M,
AFM, contact details)
Project Description
Geographic Location of Project
The photovoltaic plant will be created in the county Aitoloakarnania within
the administrative boundaries of the Municipal District of the City
Sitaralona Thermo Box "Nerokratima-nests or hollows. The location of the
project is located in the lake area in the south-southeast side of Lake
Trichonis. The distance from the nearest edge of the land to the lake is
about 75 meters. Southeast at a distance of 1300 meters is the
settlement Sitaralona. South of the land at a distance, also 1300 meters
is the settlement Pamfio and east at a distance of 3 km is the settlement
Kapsorrachi. Finally, west and at 2100 m is the settlement Morosklavo.
The stadium will be built in the PV plant has a total area of 35,906 acres.
The purpose, importance and necessity of the Project

The objective of creating solar power is the production and sale of energy
by converting solar energy into electricity.
Given the growing demand for electricity in the Greek area, the large
dependence of power in Greece from conventional energy sources
(lignite, oil), high costs charged by the obligation to purchase CO2
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allowances in the near future, since it exceeded the amount of emissions
entitled to Greece, the high economic cost of using oil for power
generation because of the dramatic rise in recent years, the creation and
operation of power plants which utilize the so-called Renewable Energy is
very important to the economy but also natural and human environment
of Greece. Particularly in Greece that the potential of renewable energy
particularly wind and solar energy are significant and largely exploited for
energy production.
All this, combined with commitments of Greece as an EU member in the
production of 20.1% of electricity from renewables by 2010 to justify it, if
not require, the creation of solar power in the 'nests or hollows
Nerokratima- »City of Thermo.
Historical development of the Project
The project will follow the following procedure until it becomes inoperable.
• Submit an application for a production

• Adoption of environmental conditions by the Prefect Aitoloakarnania
• Approval of establishment by the Secretary General of Western Greece
• Integration in Development Law
• authorization and signature of contract by the Hellenic Transmission
System
• Start construction of solar power
• Commencement of commercial operation of the station
Financial details of the project

The total budget for my project is estimated at around 2.5 million €.
For the implementation for the inclusion of a subsidy scheme through the
Operational Programme of the Ministry of Energy Development and the
Development Act 3299 of the Ministry of Economy. The subsidy rate for
this region of the country considered by the Development Law 3299/2004
as amended to 40% of the total budget for this area. On this basis the
capital structure is as follows:
Table 7.1: Capital structure of investment
CAPITAL STRUCTURE OF INVESTMENT OF PV park will be located at
"NEROKRATIMA-KOUFALES" the Municipality of Thermi
AITOLOAKARNANIAS
EQUITY 25% 625.000 €
Borrowed Funds 35% 875.000 €
SUBSIDY 40% 1.000.000 €

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The lifetime of the investment is estimated at least 25 years duration and
the contract (and the renewal of) the network operator
Associating the project with other projects or activities

The project does not require regional projects.
Detailed Description of project

The project involves the construction of a solar power plant and its
regional projects aimed at producing electricity using solar radiation using
the technology of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells.
For the installation of photovoltaic modules will be of the terrain, to
normalize any small abnormalities.
The station will be linked to the average voltage of PPC by lifting voltage
substation 0,4 kV/20 kV. I used transformer lifting that will be air-cooled
three-phase oil, rated 125 kVA. We take care that suitable openings for
the passage of power cables and CH.T MT, to and from the hutch.
The PV modules will be the German company Sheuten Solar cells made
from polycrystalline silicon peak power 230 W, nominal voltage 48,5 V,
voltage of a power supply 47,5 V and maximum power 4.84 A total of
2174 will be installed photovoltaic framework to ensure annual energy
production of 836 MWh.
The mounting will be removable in order to monitor the position of the sun
to optimize the incident radiation. The angle of the panels to the
horizontal set equal to 30 ˚ implying a maximization of the energy
produced on an annual basis for a system of tracking 1-axis.
We used 120 of inverter outdoor German Matrix power systems. The
placement of converters to minimize the losses will be a specially
designed base site under the PV modules. In each converter will be
connected iliogennitries 18 (2 groups of 9 in series of related
iliogennitrion connected in parallel).
The building will be installed electromechanical equipment is an area of
60 square meters divided into three separate areas. The first space will
be used for office and there will be computers and recorders (daily
energy production, operation of the converters, rotating boxes, state of
the M / T elevation and the environmental conditions (temperature,
radiation, wind)) of the station. The second area we collected all the
wiring coming from the outputs of digital network and tables LV The third
site will be hosted by M / S voltage and rise from there begin the cables
to connect to the electricity network.
The electrification of the building will be from 15 PV panels to be installed

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on the roof of the building connected to 12 batteries. The charge will be
made by regulators load of 60 A. The voltage will be converted into an
AC inverter maximum power 5 kW, which feed into the main switchboard
of the building load.
Finally, two cameras will monitor the area of photovoltaics. All data
gathered by the cameras and recorders will be collected from a host
computer and stored. The computer is connected to the internet to be
able to send information.
Description Alternative
The main options available are:
• failure to build the photovoltaic power plant (baseline or no solution)
• the construction of solar power
The alternative of not building the plant, given the importance, necessity
and usefulness of the project, as discussed in section 7.2.2, may not be
the final solution. Therefore qualifies for the construction of the station.
On the alternative chosen, paragraphs are the following:
1. The construction of the station to the position offered.
2. The construction of the station in a different position.
3. The construction of the power station proposed.
4. The construction of the station with a different force than the one
suggested.
The proposed location provides:
• sufficient area for the installation of solar installation.
• appropriate direction (south) for better utilization of solar radiation.
• Easy access from existing roads.
• technically and economically possible link to the electricity network.
On this basis, the choice of location is satisfactory.
The power station resulted from a combination of topographical,
morphological and climatological data in the area of technology will be
used for financial reporting on investment (cost, performance, etc.).
Possible reduction in output power would jeopardize the viability of the
investment, since the reduction of construction costs are not directly
comparable. Where possible increase in power would require a larger
area which in turn would likely lead to the need for additional engineering
(taking into account the topography, the technical infrastructure, etc.) and
an increase in investment costs and potential negative environmental
impacts area without proper return. Therefore, the proposed power is
sufficient to satisfy all these criteria and therefore may be the final
solution.
All of these alternatives will be evaluated and then mainly to the effects
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on natural and human environment in order to establish the proposed
final solution to the environmental dimension.
Environment Status
Study area
The project will be built in the county Aitoloakarnania within the
administrative boundaries of the MD Sitaralona D. Thermo Box
Nerokratima-nests or hollows.
In the present study to examine the environmental dimension of the
project, the wider region and the area of direct influence of the project.
Specifically, the region includes the areas enclosed in a range of 8-10
km. surrounding the project, while the area of direct influence on an area
around the project within a radius of 1 km.
Often, however, reference will be made and all Aitoloakarnania and / or
the City of Thermo, and a lot of data to the physical and socio-economic
realities are reference levels for the administrative boundaries of the
county and municipality.
7.5.2 Non-biotic characteristics

7.5.2.1 climatic and bioclimatic features
The studied area belongs to the municipality Thermos in the eastern part
of the county, specifically Panaitoliko Mountain, is mountainous, with
enough rain, winds and sunshine.
Below is a detailed description of the climatic characteristics of the study
area, according to data from the meteorological station of Agrinio
National Meteorological Service (NA), which is suitable for the study area.
The data refer to 2005.
• Wind: The prevailing winds in the region are mostly in the Northeast
winter and southeast during the summer months. The intensity of the
winds is analyzed at 43% between 1 and 3 B, 8% between 4 and 5 B and
1% more than 6b, and 48% of the time there is calm. In the area because
of the winds are rare occurrences of extreme weather events like storms
and tornadoes. This seems to apply in the area of direct influence of the
project and the topography does not change significantly.
• Temperature: In the annual maximum temperatures observed during the

summer months, with July and August are the warmest and the lowest in
the months January, February and December. More specifically, the
records show that the NA during the winter months and especially in
January the average minimum monthly temperatures observed are
relatively low (3,5 ˚ C), resulting from the large volume of snow in winter.
Similarly, during the summer months there are very high temperatures
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with the maximum in August (33,5 ˚ C) result of strong sunlight and the
absence of strong winds.
• Relative humidity: During the winter months there is a relatively high

humidity, the maximum mean value is equal to approximately 78% per
month in December, where we have more rain and the minimum average
is about 55% in July. There are also elevated humidity levels during
February and November. Particularly important is the reference to the
high humidity levels during the early morning hours especially, where
there apparently increased frost. Moisture levels during the summer
months is very high and in combination with increased temperatures for
the period June-August, increasing the feeling of discomfort.
• Rainfall: The rainfall in the region is relatively high. The period from
October to May has the most rainfall. The month of November was higher
rainfall intensity and the month of December was higher quantities of rain.
Unlike the period from July to August is a very dry period with little rain, a
short duration. The snow is particularly pronounced during the winter
months especially in the mountainous region, and become more intense
in the south to the north and from east to west; in areas with lower
altitude are more rare. Most snowfalls were observed during the months
of December, January and February.
• Special Weather: According to the facts and circumstances of the EMY

hailstorms are common during December to April and traffic conditions in
the layers of the atmosphere favors the formation of hail.
The frost in the region are also frequent and occur between November
and April. The days of thunderstorms is relatively evenly distributed
during the year
7.5.2.2 Morphology and characteristics topiologika

The mountain element dominates the county. The west coast are
characterized from the presence of lagoons, with those of known
Mesologgi Etoliko. The longest and main river is the Achelous, which
leads to the delta to the southwest, while the largest lake Trichonida,
which is the largest lake in Greece (97 t.chm). In the county there are the
lakes: Amvrakia, Lysimachia, Ozeros and ponds Kastraki, Kremasta and
army.
Outside the Achelous, county leaking and rivers: Evinos, and Inachus

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Mornos. The mountains include Aitoloakarnania Panaitoliko in the
northeast, the Akarnanika Mountains west of Valtos Mountains in the
northwest, Mount Arakynthos the south, Nafpaktos Mountains to the
southeast and finally, between the mountains and Lepanto Panaitoliko
Mountain and without interrupting the mountain are the Lidoriki.
7.5.2.3 Pedological, geological and tectonic features

Western Greece is occupied mainly by the Greeks Ranges which consist
of a number epothimenon between major tectonic zones of these
formations Mesozoic limestones, flysch and molassas. Along the
boundaries of these zones rigmatogenon, leaning west, at Trinity
evaporites.
The tectonics of the region marked by the Alpine folds and any related
metaorogenetika cracks, and a younger phase palaiotetartogenon
fractures and precipitation. In the first phase (Alpine orogenesis)-
dominated V.VD N.NA addresses, while the second phase
(metaorogenetiki) addresses are A-D.
The main morphological features of the site is very roughly two mountain
peaks and four tafroeidi wells.
To the east is found the mountain Panaetolikos flare-Libra, which is the
southern tip of pindikis range. To the west lies the much smaller rise of
Akarnania. Between these two peaks is inserted tafroeides draft lakes
and Ambrakia Ozeros. All three morphological features characterized by
V.VD-N.NA development. Cross was developed at the ditch of Trichonis.
The geomorphological factors are primarily the tectonic structure of the
folds, fractures and pitches and second erosion combined with rotations
upward and downward movements. In the latter category also includes
the morphogenic activity of Achelous.
This combination of the process of Achelous with alternating phases of
upward and downward movements, and caused the formation of some
peculiar morphological features of the region, such as ponds Trichonida,
Lysimachia and Ozeros, lagoons and Messologi Aitolikou and swamps of
south-west coast. By similar processes, but much smaller scale, is the
creation of low-lying areas to escape the rivers and Evinos Mornos small
coastal plains of Mytika Valtos and the Gulf of VOURKARI lake in the
northwestern tip of Mytikas.
Geological survey of project area
The stadium is located in an area that includes silty ash viomikrites
pelagic microfauna Senoniou mikrolatypopageis limestone and gray color
Maiastriichia shelf microfauna and calcareous algae fragments. West of
the site are red clastic shales of the Upper Jurassic-mortar.
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The seismicity of the project area determined by the modified Gazette
(No. Sheet 1154/12-8-2003) on "New Greek Seismic Regulations, under
which the study area classified as zone seismic hazard seismic I. rate for
this zone is 0.24.
Hydrogeology of the area
The plain Agrinio covered by irregular alternations of coarse coarse to
fine-grained deposits. The alternating layers of these create favorable
conditions to develop ground water.
Evidence-based drilling, deposits at the plain of Agrinio is of broad in the
area of the river Achelous and become more detailed as far away from
him. The benefits of reduced drilling in the same way.
The plains Agrinio-Lysimachia closed downstream in South-Southeast of
impervious formations. Therefore, the silting of the aquifer is required to
return to the surface either as sources or by diffuse flow and reunification
with the drainage of Achelous.
The main drainage of underground aquifers alluvium of the western part
of the valley Agrinio is, indeed, mainly through large alluvial sources from
land in the river and the longitudinal course of Acheloos section Kalyvia-
Paliomanina.
Under piezometric data section of the valley south of the essay-Agrinion
and east to the lakes Lysimachia and Trichonis the underground aquifers
where to drain the lakes. In north-west, is likely to move underground
water percolating from the height of Achelous Ochthias, Ozeros the lake
at the southeast end.
The gauge is developed in the western lowland part of Agrinio shows a
movement of groundwater to the southwest, where they are and the
sources from land. It grows underground is a watershed west of Agrinio in
NE-SW direction, which separates the groundwater alluvium aquifer
making it very difficult to communicate the rich underground aquifer in the
western region of the lake west of Agrinio.
Natural Environment
In county divided Aitoloakarnania following ecosystems:
Forest ecosystems (coniferous and broadleaf): The county found in the
mountainous fir Nafpaktia, Valtos mountains, mountain-forest Mitseliou
Milia and mountainous region Trichonis. The broadleaf species occurring
mainly the following: oak, beech, chestnut, aria, tree, psefdoplatanos,
ash, hazel, strawberry and yew. Oak forests are found in the mountain
forest Roupakilas-T. Longos, in the mountainous and mountainous
Nafpaktia cluster region Arakynthos Messolongi. The beech is found only
in mountainous Nafpaktos representative species of beech forest, and
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also apntatai Chestnut Mountain Nafpaktia.
Makia vegetation ecosystems: Ecosystems makia occupy a large part of
the county and are scattered throughout its area. They mainly prinones,
scrub and broadleaf evergreen tree formations.
Ecosystems formations toast and low broadleaf evergreen maquis: the
ecosystems they cover an area of mainly mountainous. The dominant
species of plants involved in synthesis of these formations are: rush,
bush, Asfaka, wild oats, chamomile, oregano, mallow, thyme, etc.
In all these ecosystems are the main factors that act is damaging
vegetation fires, illegal logging and intensive grazing of sheep.
Wetlands ecosystems
The prefecture is a remarkable number of important wetlands, the total
extent is about 196 thousand ha and can be classified as follows:
• Coastal waters: The total coastline of the county is about 460 km.
Developed along these bays and inlets 8 most important of which is
Amvrakikos bay, bay Amfilochia, Lobster Bay and the Bay of Lepanto.
• Lagoons: The county has three lagoons: Aitolikou Mesologgi Kleisova
developed at the southern end of the county and form a unity.
• Coastal States: They grow mainly in the west end of the county on the
shores of the Gulf Amvrakikos.
• Lakes: There are 5 lakes and 2 made a total area of 252,2 Km2.
• Running water: In the district 2 major rivers crossing the Achelous and
Evinos. Also there are many streams and currents.
Agroecosystems
The cultivated land is approximately 1,107 Km2 from which half is
irrigated and the other half not. Most areas are cultivated crop tobacco at
75%. There are also important cereal crops and cotton. Significant area
of farmland and olive groves cover.
The area of land under vegetation map of Athens saw belongs to sub-
Mediterranean conformation. Paredafia The vegetation consists of
grasses. The vegetation in the region is very small and amounts to 15-
20%. Regarding the fauna, both the area and the land, not a residence of
endemic species. The stadium is located within an area characterized by
complex farming systems, and bordered to the south and east grove.
7.5.2.2 Special Natural Areas

The stadium is located within an area which is in network NATURA 2000.
Specifically located in the south-southeast boundary «GR 2310009
Trichonida-Lakes Lysimachia.
7.5.4 Anthropogenic Environment

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
135
7.5.4.1 Spatial Planning, Land
• Macro zone (0-2 km): There are settlements Sitaralona southeast and
southwest Pamfio. Both are located at the rear of the station, so the
station is not directly visible.
• Middle zone (2-5 km): There are settlements Marathias, Down and
Away Palaiochori southwest Kapsorahi west Kaloudion south Poor
Vineyards east Prionaiika, Petrohori and fennel north. The unit is not
visible to these settlements.
• Remote zone (> 5 km): The unit is not visible.
Specifically, the study area covered by natural habitats of low forest
vegetation. South and east of the site at a distance of about 1,000 is
sklirofylliki vegetation. North-northeast at a distance of 600m are complex
farming systems, while the west and southwest are natural habitats.
7.5.4.2 Built environment

The Municipality of Thermo shown a steady decline in population from
1971 to 2001 as shown by the census conducted every ten years. In
these 30 years the population decreased by 14.5% from 10,641 residents
in 9097. In particular the two nearest villages, and Sitaralona Pamfio is
stationary and the people involved in intensive farming, without any
concern for craft and commercial jobs.
7.5.4.3 Historical and Cultural Environment

Under direct influence seems to have historical or cultural monuments. In
Kapsorahi but at 750m is the ancient city of Mytapa. Also graves near
Paliochori and part of the old fortress in the hills Castri and St. Theodore.
In addition to the gorge Mourtias found a tomb Hellenistic period.
Inhabited by the geometric to the Hellenistic era. Thermo also has a great
story. The ancient city was the largest across Aetolia administrative and
religious center of the Common of Aetolia. Witness the history of the city
is the archaeological site with the large crowd that was inhabited from the
prehistoric to the Roman era.
7.5.4.4 Socio-economic environment and technical infrastructure

The evolution of the number of employees in the county Aitoloakarnania
shown in Table 7.2. Observed that the increase in unemployment in the
decade 1981-1991 is approximately 160%, more particularly large.
Table 7.2: Employment
Inventory Year 1971 1981 1991
Working population 95.204 88.688 85.693
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
136
Employees 91.588 85.327 77.468
Unemployed 3.616 3.361 8.225
The distribution of employment by sector of production is as follows:

• Primary: 61.8%
• Secondary: 15.8%
• Tertiary: 22.4%
Agricultural activities (primary sector) is the main occupation of the
inhabitants of the county and contribute greatly to the economy. The main
areas of agricultural land located in the plains of Agrinio Messolongi-
Aitolikou Lobster. Dominated by arable crops and a significant proportion
occupied by tree crops. Generally there is no abandonment of agricultural
land, while about 50% of all irrigated land. Predominant species of crops
are cotton and tobacco. Cotton is grown from July to November and
tobacco from March to July.
Livestock production is the primary industry secondary industry is room
for growth. They define the three county organized livestock development
zones: the northern province Valtos Amfilochia the area and the
mountainous hinterland Xiromeriou.
Regarding industry, handicrafts, there is a tendency to concentrate on the
main road of the county (Ethn. Street Antirio-Ioannina), with volume on
the section from Kleisoremmata up Acheloos especially Agrinion. No
industrial zone in the Agrinio naval industrial area in Platygiali Lobster.
The tourism resources of the county is generally regarded as poor quality
if national level. Interesting tourist areas Mytika-Lobster, Lepanto. At
county level, points of tourist interest are the beaches of Amvrakikos.
Across the county there are approximately 3,000 beds.
Important fishing areas covering the overwhelming proportion of the
coastline of the prefecture. Basically go (with alternating high seas, bays,
lagoons enclosed) from the mouth of Evinos the limit of the county in
Amvrakikos bay. The inland fisheries (aquaculture areas) cover all the
lakes in the county.
Forest land covers 66% of the total area. The dense forests reach 22%
and the average country. Although the forest land of the county covers a
large proportion of its total area, today's forestry production is much lower
than the potential of the region.
The energy infrastructure including the MV line passing through the area
and local substations.
Pressures on the environment from other anthropogenic activities

The pressures on the natural environment Aitoloakarnania are largely
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
137
agricultural and industrial activities, livestock activities and illegal hunting.
In the study area the main pressure on the environment (biotic and
abiotic) are mainly from the widespread use of fertilizers and pesticides.
Sources of pollution of surface water
The main sources of surface water pollution are:
• Wastewater city Agrinio (the treatment plant is under construction)
incurred by the Achelous Lake Lysimachia, the city of Nafpaktos going
untreated in the sea area of Lepanto, treated urban sewage Mesolonghi
leading to the lagoon Messolongi of the water treatment plant near
Skado, treated waste water from the village of Aitloliko going Lagoon
Etoliko through the treatment plant but does not work satisfactorily and
the final outfall pipe prevents the dissolution of sewage and wastewater
from other villages of the county is also leading to surface waters.
• Wastewater from pig farms, oil mills, dairies and farms and
slaughterhouses that are scattered throughout the county.
• A soft drink producer that may have the effluent in the Evinos.
• dyes, a hose, a unit of food standards, a vyrsodepsio (licensed waste
disposal) and 4 rice mills.
Note that most industrial and farming units of the county is not licensed
waste disposal as a result, their willingness to be uncontrollable in
surface waters.
Sources of air pollution
The main sources of air pollution in Mesologi are: two gypsum plants, a
cable industry, traffic, central heating and an asphalt plant mixes. In the
region of Agrinio main sources are: keramourgeia-touvlopoieia, steam
boilers, industrial units, central heating and circulation. In the region of
Nafpaktos and Antirio the main sources of air pollution is traffic.
Sources of pollution from the disposal of solid waste
The disposal of solid waste in the county Aitoloakarnania done by
controlling the local government. Industrial waste including special waste
disposed of in the same places available and the city.
Waste management practices applied in the region so far do not follow
the strict rules of the proposed EU directive on waste disposal. The
landfills do not have a seal and does not function as waste storage areas.
Atmospheric Environment

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
138
Surface and Groundwater
Guidelines for the Treatment of Environmental Impact

Under the previous chapter the impact of the construction and operation
of PV power are classified as small and largely irreversible. Both the
construction phase and operation phase, however, should be taken and
follow certain steps.
Construction Phase
The major steps in the construction and installation phase of the project
on:
• The organization of the site to prevent and avoid impacts.
• investigating planting shrubs or poon photosensitive surface shading in
the panels to reduce the visual intrusion.
• Protection of the morphology during the phase of excavations.
• The protection of surface water and the natural environment of the area
which can significantly reduce the risks of temporary or permanent
degradation.
As mentioned above the dust due to excavation works during
construction and installation of solar power is not expected to have
significant impact on the surrounding area because of small size.
Nevertheless indicative measures proposed to tackle emissions and dust
transport:
• Adopt speed of vehicles to and from the station.
• Avoid work on days when high-intensity winds.
• Wetting the earth road network.
• Avoid overfilling of trucks and bulk materials.
Operation Phase
The most important projects during the operational phase of the station
on:
• Early removal of any on waste from the process of maintenance and

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
139
general maintenance of cleanliness. All kinds of junk, old junk parts and
materials, machinery, oil, etc. should be removed from the site of the
plant; and the disposal will be in accordance with applicable regulations.
Any form of combustion of materials (paper, rubber, oil, etc.) in the
project area.
• Make regular checks for the proper functioning of the facility.
• Particular attention during maintenance to prevent leakage of chemicals
into the soil.
• In case of breakdown of the project requires the recycling of devices, or
disposed of according to regulations, management and treatment of
hazardous and conventional waste.
Power management is a disciplined activity, organized and structured in
the most efficient use of energy without reducing production levels
without sacrificing the quality of the product, safety or environmental
standards.
The main incentives for the integration of sound energy management
policy of a company or organization but beyond the environmental
benefits of this are the cash inflows generated avoidable costs and
operational benefits (improved levels of comfort, security and efficiency
employees). power management can operate profitably on many levels,
both in reducing economic output to meet energy needs and reducing the
environmental burden and increase comfort levels in different areas. For
these reasons in recent years many companies have begun to examine
ways of reducing their energy costs. Nevertheless, the lack of interest by
the administration, the inability of technicians to agree on the economic
attractiveness of the various energy saving measures and the lack of
awareness about energy saving techniques, contributing to the inability to
limit excessive energy consumption.
Modern methods of financing energy improvement measures always met
America in the 80s and a decade later in Europe.
Greece has only recently been shown to be active in this field. CRES
supports the development of market energy services companies and so
far has included lists 25 companies interested to operate in the provision
of energy services with an emphasis on large installations of solar
thermal systems.
So to speak PYRAMIDES SYSOREFTES SOLAR - ASTRIKIS ENERGY

ARCHAIOELLKOI CHURCHES and gorgonion WEAPON, CERN and
HAARP
In other development companies of its kind in Greece is close to zero

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
140
mainly because of the lack of specific legal status to consolidate IF the
lack of knowledge and experience of the candidate IF.
NA KOPTONTAI WHY ALL FOR GREEN ECONOMY AND

ADMINISTRATION
WHY BE is designed GREEN SUN OF PASOK
That is why we designed the MARK OF MEGA CHANNEL SAN SUN
BUT TO SAY CF;;;
The promotion of energy efficiency at all levels is one of the three main
pillars of EU policy on climate change and sustainable development. The
main reasons for the EU to adopt measures to improve energy efficiency
are: the reduction of dependence on third countries for energy supplies,
increasing competitiveness and environmental protection.
In this context the EU has issued a set of guidelines for member states
which have to adapt their national legislation to harmonize with
koinotiki.Ektos the guidelines are mandatory for member states there are
several programs voluntary nature which include those companies
interested in improving their energy efficiency. These programs usually
provide information and technical support as well as public recognition of
companies that are ready to commit to improving the energy efficiency of
buildings in the tertiary tomea.Sto under the actions of energy
management and environmental protection has become mandatory study
and environmental impact assessments for all projects and activities,
both private and public sectors. Environmental impact studies examine all
aspects of natural and man-made environment and identify the changes
that will produce the project under consideration in a broader social
context that includes not only the state of the environment and the socio-
economic conditions prevailing in the region such as increasing
employment, preserving the character of the area (eg historical setting),
etc.
As regards the RES projects, their development has positive benefits for
the environment because they produce green energy by substituting
other sources and thereby avoiding release of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases. What it has to be in their design but is the right
location for them to minimize any negative effects (interference with the
landscape and ecosystem of the area, increase noise levels etc.). Then,
the selection of this position is documented in the EIA conducted for the
project to get building permit.
Bibliography
Comission of the European Communities. (2000). Action Plan to Improve
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
141
Energy Efficiency in the European Community. Brussels.
Goldman, C. N. (January 2005). Review of U.S. ESCO Industry Market
Trends: An Empirical Analysis of Project Data.
Jancovici, J. M. (2003). How do Greenhouse emissinos presently evolve.
Manicore.
P.J Montana, B. C. (2000). Management, 3rd Edition. Barrons
Educational Series.
Prof. P. Capros, D. L. (2007). European Energy and Transport Trends to
2030-Update 2007. European Commission Directorate-General for
Energy and Transport.
The Chartered Institution Building Services Engineers. (1991). Energy
Audits and Surveys. London.
Weston J.F, B. E. (1986). Principles of Financial Management and Policy.
Papazisis.
Vavizos G., MA (2003). Environment-Environmental Impact Assessment.
Athens: Papasotiriou.
Vourdoumpas, G. (2007). Innovative methods of financing energy
investment in Buildings-The International Experience. Chania.Ensomatosi
Technologies Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation in the
residential sector. CRES.
REGULATION (EC) No 106/2008 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
AND OF THE COUNCIL of 15 January 2008 on the labeling program for
energy-efficient office equipment.
Liveris, P., A. D. (1996). Guide to Saving Energy in Public Buildings.
Thessaloniki: Project SAVE.
The gold, C. (2000). Energy Audit Guide, Part 1: Methodology and
Techniques. Greece: CRES.
The gold, C. (2000). Energy Audit Guide-Part 2: Potential Energy
Savings. Greece: CRES.
Bourandas, D. (2002). Management: Theoretical background, current
practices. Athens: Ben.
DIRECTIVE 2002/91/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF
THE COUNCIL of 16 December 2002 on energy efficiency in buildings.
DIRECTIVE 2006/32/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF
THE COUNCIL of 5 April 2006 on energy end-use efficiency and energy
services and repealing Council Directive 93/76/EEC.
Smith, A. (2008). Buildings and Energy: Opportunities for green
entrepreneurship. Athens.
Papalexandris D. M.-N. (1998). Introduction to Business Administration.
Athens: Ben.
Papanikolaou, N. (2007). Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
142
for the creation of solar power plant in the "Nerokratima-nests or hollows
of the municipality Thermo Etolokarnania.
Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of the Special Framework
for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development for Renewable
Energy.
Draft Presidential Decree on the establishment of the Forum of Energy
Inspectors. CRES.
The European Programme Greenbuilding: Guidance for Members.
(2005). Ispra.
T Tsitsanis, D. C. (2009). Energy Service Companies: The European
Practices and the Greek reality. Afternoon Sunday, the 26th.
Psarras, J. K. (1996). Notes: Energy Management and Environmental
Policy. Athens: NTUA
1. Oilfields IN GREECE
AREA - MAPS
Movements of the plates and genesis MAGMATOS
The tectonic plates are pieces of the lithosphere (so called and
lithospheric). Having a thickness of about 100 km lithosphere is the upper
part of the cortex (~ 7 km beneath the oceans and ~ 35 km beneath the
continents) and the lower part of which is denser than the upper part of
the upper mantle. Beneath the lithosphere and upper mantle into the
asthenosphere is the one who is warm, cell layer consisting of partially
molten rock. Rigid lithospheric plates move because of the transport
(convection) plastic material in the asthenosphere. Warm blanket rises in
areas under the Spreading ridges and cold, denser mantle descends on
dive sites. These circular convection currents require the lithospheric
plates move over with, such as objects moving on a conveyor (see
Figure). The volcanic eruptions over the lithospheric plates and caused
the magma (molten rock) rises from deeper parts the surface of the
Earth. Magma varies as to its composition from basic, intermediate to the
more acidic silica SiO2 (silica) content. The basic (basaltic) magma
generated directly from the mantle or the asthenosphere or in the
overlying mantle lithosphere. Many basic to intermediate (basaltic
andesite to) it appears that magma generated by melting of hydrated
lithospheric mantle. On the other hand, more differentiated intermediate
and acid magma generated by partial melting of continental crust due to
hot-key or magma rising from the mantle and stagnant in the mantle-crust
than either penetrate the supernatant continental crust, where magma
chambers remain in various levels in the cortex. The volcanic activity is
distributed mainly on plate boundaries. Although volcanism within plates
are not so frequent in these areas endoplakikes can find large areas of
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
143
volcanic products
Volcanism at the boundary of tectonic plates
The margins of the plates is where two neighboring plates either leave
(depart), or closer (converge), or run parallel.
• Diverging margins (divergent plate boundaries)
The plates are diverging in the areas of mesookeanion rachides. Here,
the oceanic crust is created.
• Convergent margin (convergent plate boundaries)
The plates are converging with each other in areas of deep ocean
trenches. Here, destroy the ocean floor. Margins transformation
(transform plate boundaries) plates slide one over the other.

The volcanic activity is concentrated in the divergent and convergent

margins and the margins are rare transformation. The volcanism
endoplakiki describes volcanic discharges within tectonic plates. The
theory of plate tectonics and the movement is just - well known to all
geosciences. A general overview of the tectonic plates in the earth's
surface is shown in Figure (1).

Fig (1). Lithospheric plates in the earth's surface.
The main lithospheric plates are subdivided into smaller ones. In the case
of the Greek area of a local tectonic model has been presented by
McKenzie (1972, 1978). The model shown in Figure (2).

Fig (2) tectonic model of McKenzie (1972, 1978) on Greek territory.

As these plates are in constant motion because of forces exerted by the
surrounding major lithospheric plates, the generated tensile compressive
fracture zones. The Papazachos et al. (1996) studied the kinematics of
these plates of the Greek area and presented it to the next figure (3). It is
understood that large seismic events are expected to occur in areas
where there is a strong tectonic activity. On this ground the next map
gives an overview of the spatial distribution of future seismic activity in
the Greek area.

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
144
PETRAILEO IN GREEK SITE
Fig (3). The kinematics of the tectonic plates of the Greek area
(Papazachos et al. 1996)
Mapping of the major fracture zones - faults with geological /

seismological methods.
In seismological studies, very large role played by the mapping of fracture
zones and faults. These are the places where future large earthquakes
will occur. Consequently, the mapping is a priority task in the studies of a
seismic hazard area. The problem that arises immediately is: What faults
and fracture zones should be mapped and it was always possible to do?
The classical surface geological mapping can not identify all existing
cracks and fracture zones. This is especially problematic when it is
created from the surface trace of speaking any deep tectonic activity. It is
also difficult to define the significance of a seismological fault detected on
the surface, without any information about the deep tectonic structure of
the area studied. The previous problem has been partially addressed by
the study of spatial distribution of earthquakes in a seismogenic area
disguised. An example of this process is shown in Figure (4). The seismic
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
145
activity of the window (dotted line) has been mapped for the period of
June 2001. The emergence of seismically activated fault is obvious. As a
result of seismic activity and the existence of the corresponding fault
(Thanasoulas, 1998) at Fisherman (lower left corner of the window) held
a large seismic event an earthquake on the island of Psara.

Fig. (4). Highlighting the deep fracture zone - fault from seismic mapping
of the activity in a disguised period.
IEinai very interesting to see the coincidence of this seismically mapped
fracture zone, along with a map that has the gravitational method is
shown in Figure (10). This fracture zone is given in the past two (2) large
earthquakes with magnitude greater than 6R.
Mapping of seismic faults in the study of the gravitational field of the
earth.
The theoretical model.
The major tectonic features (faults - fracture zones) of land are reflected
in the morphology of the gravitational field. The wavelength, of the
morphology of the gravitational field depends on the size of the
respective faults - fracture zones. Consequently, the study of gravitational
field is determined only by the large wavelengths can provide structural
information about the deep rifts - fracture zones.
Moreover, the precise position of a fracture - fracture zone can be too
easily to the study of horizontal change (gradxG) of the corresponding
gravitational field. The next figure (5), (a) represents a typical fault model
of the earth, (b) corresponds to the amended version of the fault, gravity
field, while (c) corresponds to the horizontal change in the gravitational
field. Details of these transformations can be found in any book
gravimeters taught in universities.

Fig (5). (A) = fault model, (b) = gravitational field, (c) = horizontal change
in gravitational field
Application of the methodology in the Greek.
On 13 May 1995, a devastating earthquake (M = 6.1R, 400.18, 210.71)
was in the region of Grevena in northern Greece, which caused major
damage to the nearest towns and villages and a small number of
reported victims. This is very interesting from a scientific point of view in
this earthquake is the fact the lack of (a) any statistical indication that a
seismic event of this magnitude could happen in this area, which was
classified on a scale of seismic hazard area as Zone 1 (in the range 1 to
4), ie as a space with less in an notions, seismic hazard and (b) lack any
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
146
pliroforisis for major tectonic activity that could justify an event of this
magnitude seismic event. The following study was prompted as a fact of
occurrence of the earthquake of Grevena, the lack of statistics - tectonic /
geological data that could reveal the dangerous nature of the seismic
area of Grevena, and provided detailed scientific tectonic event that
would justify the event of this earthquake. The same scenario
epanelifthike on September 7, 1999 in Athens, capital of Greece.
Although the city of Athens is located in an area designated as "Area 2"
in terms of seismic risk, lack of information about the deeper structure of
the wider area was build upon the culture that the capital of Greece is
built on the 'safe' ground. Unfortunately for the victims (several hundred),
but also for large and ektetammenes damage to buildings were in Athens
during this earthquake, it has proved totally wrong.
So the question arises: Who really large earthquakes occur; The study
that follows may be the answer to that.
It is known that an earthquake occurs when the fracture zone - fault
releases the accumulated strain energy in the short time during the
collapse division. The greater the portion collapses the larger the size of
the actual instances earthquake. The problem then arises: is it possible to
chart the deep tectonic fracture zones - faults occur where major
earthquakes; The statistical study of large earthquakes in the Greek little
helps (Grevena earthquake, Athens) in the diagnosis of deep large
structures whose existence is a prerequisite for the occurrence of large
earthquakes. The same problem, namely the detection of large and deep
tectonic structures, it is very simple if you deal with methods of applied
geophysics, as will be shown below. The point of "key" of this study is
that large earthquakes must agree to the position with the major tectonic
fractures - fractures of the lithosphere. Consequently, the positioning of
these tectonic structures, which can not be traced to other geological
processes, is disguised aim of this study. To get a clear picture of this
topic in relation to major seismic events in the Greek territory, has built
the next map. The map was presented by all earthquakes larger than 6R
(Ms> = 6R) of the Greek area and for the period 1900 to 1997. The
location of each earthquake is defined by a black dot and the circle at
each site provides position error (+ / - 25 Km) value is very conservative
compared to previous reports in the seismological literature. It should be
noted that the position of the focus of each earthquake can be anywhere
in the circle of error without reducing the reliability of the map.


ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
147
Fig (6). Earthquakes magnitude Ms> = 6R in Greek territory for the period
1900-1997.
Unit scale = 10 Km.
The method of transformation of gravitational field in a field of horizontal
scale can be done in two dimensions in the gravitational field of Greece.
A simplified form of the gravitational field of the Greek area (Bouguer
anomaly) is presented in the following figure (7).
Observations on mineralogical - geochemical studies on metallogeneseis
areas Brskovo / Laconia Yugoslavia / Greece.
By Andrew C. Vgenopoulos
With 6 illustrations, 2 tables
The main sources of metals in Laconia (Peloponnese) and Brskovo
(Bosnia) are associated with the porphyry Triasiou period, and two sites
associated with the phase of the intensity of the earth's crust during the
early Mesozoic period. There are striking chemical and structural
similarities in the volcanic rocks, especially where there is uptake of
outdoor asvestolithou.I geology of the two regions studied
That is why Kosovo was built
The Brskovo / Yugoslavia and the Laconia / Greece are two areas that
are very similar on and surrounding volcanic rocks and may have a
similar metallogenesi. The Brskovo is in the range of carbonate rocks in
the Dinarides, Montenegro (cf. PAMIC, JJ, 1982, and STRUCL., I., 1981).
Includes mesotriasiki geosygklini-porfyritiki-volcanic region, and from this
derived Pb-Zn deposits are a series of porphyry and Keratofyres included
among triasika shale sediments. In stratified volcanic rocks occur mineral
soak in different ways and degrees, which also extend to local
sedimentary rocks. Near the volcanic rocks is also the volcanic-
sedimentary series of brecciated limestone and volcanic toffites,
dolomites and dolomitic lime. Main components of the mixture of the
mineral body is silicon and the galena ˙ Sphalerite occurs only in minor
quantities. Laconia is located in the southern Peloponnese region indeed
in geosygklini series of coal rocks and mountains Parnonos Taygetos.
The ifaistites start in the middle of Gythion Peloponnese peninsula from
the sea and extended gaps in the Northeast. Mineral zones include areas
of Molaon and Apidia, showing deposits of Pb-Zn-Cu (cf. Geol.charti,
Molai Table 1: 50.000 IGME 1984).
National Technical University Department of Mineralogy and Petrology,
Geology, 28 Οκτωβρίου 42, Athens, Greece
Table 1.
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
148

Table 2.
The volcanic complex bordered on the north as the middle and upper
lime, dolomitic lime on and dolomite in the south and to carbonate
permiano slate and marble and sediments of the Pliocene period.
Covering the Coal-alternately permiano slate or marble. Too often
consists of blocks of lava, which are mainly main character or mixed
series consisting of breccia rocks and limestone toffites into alternating
deposition dolomite lime and dolomite. The metallogenesi found or
shared only in vague ifaistiti or between ifaistiti and carbonates by the
permiana marbles.
The volcanic complex and neighboring rocks are several fragments,
whose direction is parallel to the direction of the mountains. Besides, they
pass along a large part of Greek masonry ditch that runs south of Crete
and extends to the southwestern tip of the Peloponnese (cf. International
Symposium on the Greek and Greek arc moat, April 1981, Athens. The
Greek ditch, According to the latest geological evidence, is the border
between afroaraviki Eurasian plate and then the great tectonic line, which
extends to the Far East and surrounding the Indian plate.
Fragments, which extend parallel to the direction of layers of mountain
rocks, formed at the front edge of orogene, mainly through the forces that
caused an elevation. These deformations with the corresponding
elevation probably caused the explosion of all the volcanoes located in
the Peloponnese. The layers of volcanic rock are almost all at the same
age as those of Laconia, is the Middle Trinity, and this age is the same as
the age of volcanic rocks in Bosnia Brskovo.
Methodology
In order to study the mineralogy, the geochemistry, the metallogenesi

and create deposits in both regions, we collected a series of samples
from the two regions, which were analyzed at the Laboratory of
Mineralogy and Petrography of the Athens Polytechnic.
Received information on the chemical activity and mineral composition
in Table I, the semiquantitative analysis of trace elements in Table II
Evaluation of two tables and the findings of the thin sections will be
discussed in next section.
Discussion of results
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
149
The merger results (naval analysis and mineralogical analysis) of
samples from two areas (see Tables I and II) and comparison of chemical
activity, concentration and mineralogical structure of the samples from
the same region, mainly from Laconia, may find that a similar volcanic
complexes are different types of rocks. The reason for this assumption is
the different chemical and mineralogical nature of the samples, and in
many cases different structure. Similarity in chemical activity, such as
mineralogy and structure mainly occurs in samples, which retain their
original volcanic nature, ie rocks, which were not influenced by collateral
or postnatal influences. Examples on this are the images 1 and 2. In both
areas seem thin sections through the character of typical volcanic rocks.
These are mainly albite inclusions, which are operating in a core of
microcrystals and glass phases. Some rocks are poor in nutrients, are of
no disturbance or alteration of mineral grains and are almost always the
same mineralogical and chemical concentration.
Fig 1 Andesitikos ifaistitis Laconia / Greece. Photo mikroleiasmenis
surface. Larger 8x10 + N.

Fig 2-Spilitis Keratofyris the Brskovo / Yugoslavia. Megethynsi8x10 + N

Fig.3 Calcium waste rock is not absorbed by the volcanic lava. Photo
mikroleiasmenis surface. Larger 8x10 + N

Fig 4. Gelatinous form wormlike growth subsidize Chalcedony just
passing through the vein of ore. (Laconia)
In place of the partial absorption of calcium in the lava, seen together with
the changing structure of a lifting of the ore, particularly copper (Fig. 3).
(See VGENOPOULOS, 1980). (See Sample s / 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14 and 15
of Table I). It also samples from Laconia. In the first group of samples,
especially in samples 5 and 6, it is clear that there has been a change in
the chemical and mineralogical collection. The sample 5, for example, is
richer in silica, calcium and trace elements, particularly strontium, unlike
the sample 6 poorer in silica and calcium, so more rich in sodium, copper
and surface components, which are listed in Table I as a net water. The
sample 7 is close to chemical activity, mineral concentration and structure
of the typical ifaistiti as shown in images 1 and 2.
The distance from one sample to another is not more than 40 million, but
we can see the above significant differences, particularly as regards the
structure of sample 5. Figure 4 shows a gel formation of wormlike
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150
subsidize and development of an ore deposit and the new crystal quartz.
Figure 5 shows the evolution of silica gel-forming acid form
Chalcedonian, which surrounds the crystals subsidized ˙ beyond old also
see quartz crystals.
Samples 12, 13, 14 and 15 of the second group did not differ so markedly
in chemical activity and mineral concentration of similar structure, but it is
also significantly reduced the calcium content increases as the copper
content.
If we look now compared to the strong positions in metallogeneis
Brskovo, we find there a rich occurrence of trace elements and a
significant increase of silica acid, with a commensurate reduction of
aluminum and an almost complete disappearance of calcium. There,
showing high elevations ore (eik.6), one can clearly see one complex,
parallel flow or sometimes rodomorfi development of Quartz crystals from
the microcrystalline lattice.
From the comments certainly imply that metallogenesi was initially with
much lower temperatures than melting of volcanic and secondly, that had
a specific chemical environment. Found metaifaisteiaki activation and
mineralogical changes in ifaistiti and metallogenesi where fulfilled the
conditions for mineralization, namely, where a change in pH around the
acid created metalliferous lumps. The change in pH was sequentially,
because in most cases followed a primarily a repulsion of calcium and,
secondarily, a revival of the ore.
The fact that temperatures during the metallogenesis decreased, it
becomes obvious in Figure 2, which presents a rather complete
assimilation of calcium plus a topochimiki change in pH due to partial
solubility ...

Fig 5 Chalcedon surrounding crystal subsidize recently formed Left, Right
soft quartz crystals in the middle vein. Photo mikroleiasmenis surface.
Larger 8x8 + N (Laconia)

Fig 6. Complex structure, parallel flow to develop a rodomorfi
development of quartz crystal in a large mineral collection. Photo
mikroleiasmenis surface. Larger 8x8 + N (Brskovo ).... calcium. The
eruption of a volcanic lava takes a particular geological period. During
this period there are frequent movements, transformations and action.
During these phases now separated the ore from the magma, as the rift
has promoted the release of surface components.
Bibliography
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
151
PAMIC, J.J. (1982): Triassic Magmatism of the Dinarides. Zagreb.
PIPER, G. (1983): The Triassic Volcanic Rocks of Tyros, Zarouhla,
Kalamai and Epidavros, Peloponnese, Greece. Schweiz. Mineral.
Petrogr. Mitt. Bd.63.
STRUCL. I. (1961): Die schichtgebundenen Blei-Zink-Lagerstätten
Jugoslawiens. Mitt. Oesterr.Geol.Ges.Wien.
VGENOPOULOS, A. (1975): On the Boards Mineral Muscovite-Pigmatiti
the region of Western Thrace, Greece.
- (1980): About the Genesis of Copper Mineralisation in Andesitic Basalt
of Apidia Lakonias.
UNESCO Intern. Symposium on Metallogeny of Mafic and Ultramafic
Complexes: The Eastern Mediterranean-Western Asia Area and its
Comparison with similar Metallogenic Environment in the World. Vol. 2,
Athens 1980.
Fig (7). Simplified Gravitational (Bouguer anomaly) map of Greece.

The following procedure has been applied to calculate the horizontal field
gradient: Gradx, y (G) = G (x, y) * TL (x, y) where: G (x, y) is the intensity
of the gravitational field at point x , y. TL (x, y) is the Operational
converter Gradx, y (G) is the resulting field horizontal scale. The operator
TL is calculated analytically for any point in the gravitational field of the
application surface to a 2nd degree gravity data window slides up from
the original gravity map. To reject the shallow and surface tectonic
features and targeting the underlying tectonic structures of the earth,
used "window" 20 Km in all transformations. The result of these
transformations we propose to map chiaroscuro (Fig. 8) illuminated by BA
thesi.Oi deep tectonic structures emerge thus defined as the boundary
between dark and light ammesos neighboring areas.
Fig (8). Map chiaroscuro (BA) gravity field horizontal scale of the Greek
area. The red circle indicates the location of the Athens earthquake (Ms =
5.9R, September 7, 1999) It is interesting to note that the earthquake
occurred in Athens in the fracture zone which crosses the Attic in the NW
- SE direction and which is positioned Athens. This indicates the hazards
of space. The detailed analytical fracture zones - faults (thick black lines)
found in the Greek market with the previous methodology presented in
the next figure (9).
Map comparing positions of large earthquakes (1900 - 1997) of the Greek
area and fracture zones / faults calculated from the gravitational field.
Had previously reported that large earthquakes occur at deep tectonic
structures, fracture zones - faults in the lithosphere. The next figure (9) is
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
152
a comparative presentation, ie the position of each major earthquake, as
estimated by seismological methods, and the location of the deep
fracture zones - faults derived from the conversion of gravity field in a
field of horizontal change. Therefore expected at least a deep fracture
zone - rift passes through each cycle of error for each position mapped
earthquake. Obviously this fracture zone - the fault would be that
triggered seismic and indicated the corresponding earthquake. Thus the
most "probable right place" for the corresponding earthquake is not
suggested by seismological methods, but that resulting from the
projection of the nearest seismic Spotlight fracture zone - fault. In this
way, the new center is consistent both with the seismological
observations (still within the limits of the earthquake fault) and the
requirements for the geotectonic inception. Of 97 large earthquakes used
in this study only 6 differ materially from expected results. This could
apodothei the following reasons: possible conversion of the gravitational
field of the used window is not able to identify existing areas of fracture -
fractures, or even the position of the focus has turned in the wrong
application of seismological method. In each case the degree of
correlation, statistically evaluated, it is extremely high.

Fig (10). Diorthomenes locations of major earthquakes in the calculated
fracture zones - faults by converting the gravitational field.
Verification of the fracture zones - faults of great earthquakes of the
period 1998 - 2002 (after the presentation of the study in 1998 IGME,
A.3810)
In the next drawing (11) are the major earthquakes (red circles) of the
Greek area occurred after the completion of this work (late 1997) and
during the period of 1998-2002, compared to the position of the identified
fracture zones - fracturing of the lithosphere. It is obvious that all
earthquakes of this period coincides (within the limits of error of + / - 25
Km) with the positions of tectonic zones have already been budgeted.
Especially the cases of earthquakes of Karpathos, Skyros, Skopelos,
region Konitsa island of Psara, but particularly in Athens shows the
importance in this map for the classification, first, the degree of seismic
hazard in each region.

Fig (11). Relate the location of the most recent major seismic events (red
circles) of the Greek area with the location of fracture zones - faults that
were calculated by converting the gravitational field.
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153
In conclusion, taking into consideration the recently increased
seismicity in the Greek, it is reasonable to expect that large earthquakes
will occur in the future will occur along this fracture zone network covering
the Greek territory. Therefore the seismic risk is too high along these
zones. One last tectonic point remains to be noted are the various stages
through a geological formation during the seismic cycle and before its
final collapse. This is illustrated in the following figure (12).
Fig (12). Change in average speed of rock deformation during the

seismic cycle (Mjachkin et al. 1975).
The main interest of Figure (12) that describes the different stages of
rock deformation during which the physical parameters of change and
thus activates mechanisms diaforiys Genesis precursory phenomena.
Moreover, in themselves now, they have identified the precursors of
these phenomena, provides the time window to a size where they no
longer use the term "short-term prognosis" is perfectly justified.
KRHTH Earthquakes, tsunamis, climate change, landslides, forest fires ...
are some of the threats that can make life difficult for us in the not too
distant future, according to the nightmarish scenarios drawn up by
scientists from the European Spatial Planning Observation Network-
European Spatial Planning Observation Network (ESPON). The report of
ESPON, completed the first days of 2006, a record of all those potential
causes that could change our lives and mapping the risk in almost all its
forms. The result is a series of individual maps on which the risk of
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154
acquiring the means of analysis "identity", and possibly numerical likely to
hit us soon the door. This valuable tool for the fortification of Europe
against potential threats in 15 categories covering natural disasters, of
which Crete threatened significantly at rates ranging from 10 to 25% in
Lassithi and reach the 25 to 75 % for the other prefectures of the island.
The seismic hazard zones Crete from all sides and scenarios scientists
ESPON seismogenesis chances for in congruence with predictive models
and statistical records of historical and modern earthquakes, while largely
following the final seismic hazard map of the EPPO . The risk mapping
while following the boundaries of tectonic plates to the greatest extent
responsible for this phenomenon. The map of Crete ESPON record on
the 4th level of risk (high) across Europe, just behind the Ionian islands
which belong to the highest risk zone. The fact that the program
considers a high rate the chances of developing a powerful earthquake in
the same time determines the likelihood of causing significant damage,
which also constitutes one of the main objectives of the program at
prevention. This risk is not allocated to the same level in all prefectures of
Crete. According to the relevant map, the prefectures of Heraklion and
Rethymnon are in the 4th zone, identified in purple, the most formidable
destructive consequences of a possible strong earthquake prefectures of
Chania and Lassithi, who recorded on the relevant map in dark blue
color. Note that the lines of risk defined and largely from the "definition" of
tectonic plates, which account for the intense seismicity of the region.
A careful look at the map of Europe reveals that its preparation was
considered a major parameter data, both historical and geological,
economic, social, etc., which enabled the mapping of risk by region with
great rigor and accuracy may at least in statistical and predictive models.
Designers of the ESPON note that the main goal of mapping expressions
of an assessment and evaluation of earthquake disasters that could
cause it to become such a valuable study guide for the European Union
and individual governments to devise an effective strategy for minimize
this risk with the obvious action. These include better construction,
selected land use and geological studies under all relevant laws of EU
institutions and instructions issued. KRITITV
Crude oil samples from five different reservoirs of the river

Before-... relation to the origin and level of thermal maturity,
... The relationship of intense tectonic movements and combinatorial ...
active twin
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155
faults with NW-SE wing, which evolved in the southern part of the tech-
(Through fault zones or rogmatomenon) until caught ... Another type
trap (trap by a combination of tectonic and stratigraphic .... less
density of oil compared with water
the type of tectonic margin (passive or active continental
margin). ... oil and gas on the continental shelf. North Sea
. BGS, ..... Remember the presence of terraces (the listrikon faults)
6 Lights FOTIES PREPARATION TO THE EXTINGUISH

Much noise was made in Greece using the method of fire used by the
Cypriot dasopyrosvestes to extinguish fires. The method of using fire or
fire antifotia or as it is known in Greece is not new, nor invention of
Cypriot fire fighters to extinguish the fires in Greece. Main mode of
defense is fighting forest fires on why and if it sounds weird Cypriot
Forestry dasopyrosvestes trained in schools of Greece. The antifotia
backfire known as one of the main methods for controlled burning is used
for prevention purposes. Apply to large forest fires and heath and
especially when the fire is of great extent and intensity. A firewall, that
you put a fire in front of the main fire, burning a small area, so when you
reach the main front is not what to burn and stops. It includes the burning
of a strip of land large enough to be able to stop the fire. Positioned in
front of the fire at such a distance that can be prepared safely. For this
purpose three main working groups. The group combustion are they
putting the new fire with special flame throwers.
I will explain why they need to fire "specific matches;"
Is it not to erase;
The group is fighting those who control the extension of fire to avoid
creating a dangerous new front. The surveillance team has a role in the
safe and proper establishment of the fire. So when the fire reaches the
burned strip of land will not find anything to burn and will stop there. The
width of the strip antifotias is proportional to the intensity of the fire and
the appropriate length and usually slightly larger area.
But put the second fire, or do and the first;
MIPOS SECOND STRAIGHT FIRE carve THE BOUNDARIES OF THE
AREA TO BE burned;
For this reason SYNTIROUNAI THE FIRE TRUCKS. THEIR convenient!

Thoughts of fires in the Ionian Islands
The tragedy in the Peloponnese has put us in serious discussions on
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
156
protection of forests, not only by the fires. This summer was the
Peloponnese, I will not ever be the Zakynthos, Cephalonia, Ionian island,
another in a comparable position. Here I deposit my own conclusions
ranging from a few principles:
1st) As in many other cases, prevention is better and easier than
repression. The prevention and treatment plans and fire and the activities
required under must be prepared at least 6 months before the summer.
2nd) The case of dealing with fires can only be tackled by the fire from
the forces
state. We need the contribution of other sectors of society and economy
in order to maximize the strengths of prevention and enforcement if
necessary.
3rd) The Ionian Islands should work on the catastrophic scenario that if
other parts of the country affected by the fires, the state will not be able to
send planes or helicopters or other forces. So only the forces from the
islands should be taken to address forest fires and their villages.
The meetings, calls for assistance, the state of emergency must be made
before burning the forests and villages before mourn lives. The science
and technology enable us to predict vulnerable areas and periods of high
risk and thus make better and more economical use of scarce forces we
have in our disposal.
Oh well, from the Ionian NOT spends large breach of plate tectonics;
You think it is beans in oil;
The GI Kamena buy cheap, is not it;


ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
157

MIPOS YOU Any questions left
For what they want to KANOUNEOI

NEFELIM infernal;
Want to see
HOW TO GREECE seems like
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
158
AFTER THE MAKE;
SO IT WILL KAPOS
The ARIS AS IS TODAY.
WHY; DEFINITELY not crazy.
Turn back page ... ..

7. THE SKY IS MARS ... GALAZIOS;;;
The PLANET EARTH's nearly GALAZIOS TO DO
RED;
The red planet is not a dead planet!
We hide the truth about the period; If so where else wonder;
January 15, 2009: Mars today is a world of cold lonely desert, apparently
without any kind of life, at least on the surface. Indeed all the evidence
suggests that Mars was cold and waterless for billions of years, with an
atmosphere so thin that any liquid water on the surface evaporates fast
and ultra-violet radiation from the sun burns the ground. (SS lack of
protective magnetic field)
This situation seems hopeless, but a study published today in Science
Express unveils new hope for the red planet. The first undoubtedly detect
methane in the atmosphere of Mars indicate that Mars is still "alive",
whether organic or by the geological sense (SS or with both), according
to a team of university scientists of NASA. "Methane is destroyed rapidly
in the Martian atmosphere in several ways, for this reason that our
discovery of significant columns of methane in the northern hemisphere
of Mars in 2003 shows a continuing process (pp recycled methane) flow
of this gas," says chief scientist at Goddard Spaceflight Center, Michael
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
159
mummy. "Halfway through the season of summer in the northern
hemisphere, methane is spreading at a rate comparable to the mass flow
of hydrocarbons in the Coal Oil Point in Santa Barbara, California." In the
picture. The artistic representation of a geological source for the Martian
methane: ground water, carbon dioxide and the internal heat of the planet
combined to produce the gas. Methane - four hydrogen atoms bound to a
carbon atom - is the main component of natural gas on Earth. It is of
interest because of astrobiologists much of the methane that comes to
Earth, coming from living organisms. The oxidation of iron also release
methane. "Right now, we have enough data to say with certainty that the
methane on Mars is due to biology or geology - or both," said mummy.
"But the discovery itself tells us that the planet is still alive, at least in the
geological sense. It's like Mars causes us to look to find it explained. "He
added.
Microscopic Martian life thrives on methane
then it most likely is very deep below the surface, where it is still warm to
Maintain liquid water. Liquid water and energy resources and a supply of
coal necessary for all forms of life. "On Earth, have found micro-
organisms to thrive somewhere 2 to 3 km deep beneath the vathypedo
Witwarersrand South Africa, where the natural radioactivity splits water
into molecular molecular hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O). These
organizations use the hydrogen for energy. It is equally likely to be similar
institutions survived for billions of years deep below the permanently
frozen soil of Mars, where water can be conserved fluid, the radiation to
provide energy and carbon dioxide to provide coal, "said mummy. He
added: "gases such as methane, generated in these areas the subsoil
can be released into the atmosphere from soil resources cracks opened
during the warm seasons, and connect the deep zones of the
atmosphere in the crater walls and canyons.
"Germs produce methane from hydrogen and carbon dioxide was the first
life forms on Earth," says Carl Piltser, director of the NASA Institute
astrobiologists who participated in part of this research. He added: "If life
ever existed on Mars, it is reasonable to think that the metabolism may
be involved in the production of methane from atmospheric carbon
dioxide on the planet" in the picture. The graph shows a way to destroy
the methane in the atmosphere of Mars: The molecules are broken down
rapidly by solar ultraviolet radiation. Given that methane can not be
sustained for a long time in the Martian environment, any methane found
to be produced very prosfata.Molatafta remains possible that a geological
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
160
event due to the production of methane Alien, either today or centuries
ago. On Earth, the conversion of iron oxide (rust) in the serpentine group
of minerals produced methane on Mars, and this can be done using
water, carbon dioxide and the internal heat of the planet. THE OTHER IS
THE FOOD products WHERE THEIR Another possibility is ifaisteiogenisi:
If there is no evidence for currently active volcanoes on Mars, methane
trapped in ancient ice "cages" called "mesh" can be released today. team
found methane in atmosphere of Mars carefully observing the planet for
several years (in all the Martian seasons) using a spectrometer fixed on
the telescope infrared telescope of the NASA-run university in Hawaii,
and the telescope W. M. Keck, both located on Mount barge Kea, Hawaii.
"We observed and mapped multiple columns of methane on Mars, one

that delivers 19,000 metric tons of methane", said a member of the
research team Geronimo Villanoueva the Catholic University of America
in Washington. He added: "The columns are emitted during the warm
seasons - spring and summer - perhaps because ice blocked substrate
cracks and fissures evaporates, and thus allow methane to leak into the
atmosphere. Amazingly some of these columns contain water vapor and
some not. " The picture. Columns mmethaniou found in the Martian
atmosphere during the summer in the northern hemisphere
According to the group, the columns were seen over areas that show
evidence of ancient ice surface or (ancient) running water. For example,
the columns have appeared over the northern hemisphere regions like
eastern Arabia Terra, near Nili Fossae, and the south-east quadrant of
the Syrtis Major, an ancient volcano opening 1200 km. One way to find if
his life is the source of the gas is to measure the reasons for the
isotopes. The isotopes are heavier versions of an item. For example,
deuterium is a heavier version of hydrogen. In molecules containing
hydrogen, such as water and methane, deuterium rare sometimes
replaces a hydrogen atom. If life prefer to use lighter isotopes, where
methane has been found that less deuterium than the steam coming out
along the surface of Mars, we will have a sign that life is one that
produces methane. Anything but indicated that further research - biology
and geology - one thing is already clear: eventually Mars is not as dead
as we thought and we were told.
• But what the heck is below the surface and what is the food chain;
• Truth cities are below the city;
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
161
• And if we accept that there are tangible Nefelim, with what they eat;
• Once the sun did not go well and what products they entertain;
• The gain from the surface;
• Why build underground cities beneath our own and not in places that
are xekarfota HORAFIA;
• There is strong interdependence surface and underground cities;
• Can we make them break the food supply and make them die of
hunger;
DEFINITELY YES CAN MY FRIENDS
The Nefelim fed with methane, each time you go to the toilet fill the
refrigerator.
Think of how population af 6.5 billion tons dissekatomyria peritomaton
produce methane and foul.
That is why we do not apply biological treatment in the cities. Tone is
mediated by human peritomaton vast sewer pipe FOR WHICH NO MAPS
and Housing Profile, lead waste in their own warehouses
Really the scriptures and talk about the filth and stench in hell; Nachei
say no link;
Want it to be removed so that the external toilets in rural and incorporated
into homes to drive to their destination of waste and make it possible to
collect them;
The tragikokomiko the whole story is that every time you download your
pants, the empty face to face that most useless, but crucial to them
ANAZOOGONOUNTAI!
I look forward to hear some 'amazing' do you think about all this!
Have a look at the theme for "works bills" in Penteli and tell me if you
encounter such work on your visits there. It is reasonable to drain rain
water that runs down the church?
(Rain water makes sense to construct, but it must have an exit (the
entrance of the pipes?) Is not it?
I do not think there are so many waters that need agogos.Ego I have not
seen such costs pipeline near the church at present neither the
surrounding area. Is seeing someone else?
So go to the rain water?
I have never met the bills work to date.
Very strange sounds I was more curious about is what the Avalon states
that a cell connected to the other!!
What I have seen long before the renovation was that the 2 hatches were
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
162
not united.
Indeed, the second was more bazomeni and in recent work had removed
the earth and seemed a little space but stopped.
Now if the Union that is really weird.
Well do you think they serve anything less than the pipeline? Asks why
not actually know:)))
Now what happened after the work we do not know however is keen to
have laborers of bills go up there (unless it was not the bills and told to
avoid further diefkryniseis to someone who met them there as you).
Now that is no longer locked the chapel nobody Xerias what may have
been in these cells. Tetoia e'ichan redo work many years ago.
You think they make the fans Nefelim;
Or is it respirator methane;

I would expect any other service up there except the bills. There is
nothing to glue the bills to the part.
Now that you remember Remember those taps were put in the cave?
Now dismantled and then only with the work I had not seen to have water
just was anchored.
But for a moment, why put taps without any input?
Or provide methane; Something is wrong here:
I remember reading something about the fountain in the old theme of
Davelis. I do not know which page to look, so if your friend can Davelis
we repeat what we wrote and told us his opinion about these works.
It may not be surprising. We just do not know what kind of work done and
in what order. Can not run indeed something strange but I do not think
that workers These were the bills (I believe they are in another
department).
There is no installation of the bills around there at least to be visible (if not
visible and that is another story ...) On the other hand if I understand the
rain water does not repair / maintain the bills but the PLO (AGENCY
APOCHETEFSEOS PROTEFOUSIS ). A very interesting contribution in
that area of the caves are amazing and this key. Has been made with
very carefully and has a length of 60 centimeters. The edge is formed in
known EPSILON reversal on the other side there are the letters A to Z,
and between them a small five-pointed asteri.Afto that I have noticed is
that symbols often refer to ancient Greece and other Christianity.
The key may symbolize different things for example the property, but
usually represents the reason why we need practical, ie to open the
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163
closed door, whether it represents a secret place or the "secret"
knowledge in general. Generally regarded as a mystic symvolo.To A to Z
I can not see in the picture. If left and right body key can then be related
to the Christian symbol.
In the picture above is the symbol of Christ (the first two letters X and P
forming a "cross CHR"-which looks and key) and right and left, the first
and last letters of the Greek alphabet, which means that Christ is the
Alpha and the Omega, as it says in the Book of Revelation "I am the
Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and end."
8. APORRITOS DOCUMENTATION
GLOBAL Conspiracy
The conspiracy exhausted energy reserves of the planet with the same or
similar project develops in each state includes the following subsections
projects
• Mapping fault SEISMOLOGY sea and Oceania - FINDING OIL Trap
• BUILDING CADASTRE
• DISASTER NATURE OF FIRES
• CREATING LEGAL FRAMEWORK, MANAGEMENT COMPANY
SAVING ENERGY
• Trojan horse GREEN DEVELOPMENT OF THE political parties
• LAND ACQUISITION LONG Kamena dirt cheap
• installation of Photovoltaic & Wind
• oil exploration in the Ionian Islands and Patras Peloponnese
• OFFER WORK FOR ONE piece BREAD
• Modern Slave WITHOUT PROPERTY, KATACHREOMENOI
• Show perierfon diseases (influenza too pigs, cows, poultry,
coincidentally all of the animals eaten by humans. I have heard of avian
giraffe for example. This immunity has; See BE afraid because they
METADIOUN ANIMAL DISEASES. And what eat; Do not worry, many
billion dollars threw Kali Americans in laboratories to produce MEAT
FROM stem cell, even as you heard, TETRAGONES PRIZOLES without
bones! Animals did you yourself; But animals you;)
• AIDS, Hpatitida. Of course, do not be sex kolisete heavy do not talk to
you and our children to multiply the gene and E. We  taxation will put
you on if you dare do so to download the Gaidarokefala Alogoskoufis. But
Donkey skeftotane foreign barn, I will not put a barrier in the bird of the
Greek, and no more mess tin sovrakaki Y.OI. ;;;
• UNESCO and vaccines to the third world, metalaxoune the DNA of
ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
164
starving children and the next generation to be slaves of low intellectual
level does not react. They found even "Thought Son 'th activated
remotely by infrared rays. Where;;;; The mobile; Or notebook donated
one to each child by the Ministry of Education; The on television from the
peepholes kokino you looking stealthily; The MP3 and MP4 from when
you downloaded music;
• DO NOT BUY ANY device that has POSSIBILITY

ASYRMATIS CONTACT
HAZARD TILEKARKINOU
NOT FUNNY!
LIVE IN MIND CONTROL & Fascism
Counters BY ALL MEANS

Not in Identity Card.
Not in Viotsir.
Yes the Greek Spirit

ΔΩΡΙΖΕΤΑΙ.
165

18b - TO ΜΥΣΤΙΚΟ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΡΤΗΕΝΟΝΑ - EG

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18b - TO ΜΥΣΤΙΚΟ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΡΤΗΕΝΟΝΑ - EG

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ΤΟ ΜΥΣΤΙΚΟ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΡΘΕΝΩΝΑ 1

When MARBLE speaks....

Сcopyright (с) 2010

ΜΥΘΙΣΤΟΡΗΜΑ ΑΠΥΘΜΕΝΗΣ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑΣ. ΔΕΝ ΠΩΛΕΙΤΑΙ. Η ΓΝΩΣΗ

ΜΥΘΙΣΤΟΡΗΜΑ ΑΠΥΘΜΕΝΗΣ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑΣ. ΔΕΝ ΠΩΛΕΙΤΑΙ. Η ΓΝΩΣΗ

With lots of love dedicated, to my parents, to EL_lines in Natalia, Olga,

With lots of love dedicated, to my parents, to EL_lines in Natalia, Olga,

При большом количестве посвященный, любви мои родители

Συγγραφέας ΛΙΑΠΗΣ ΠΑΝΑΓΙΩΤΗΣ

A few words from the author

ΜΥΘΙΣΤΟΡΗΜΑ ΑΠΥΘΜΕΝΗΣ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑΣ. ΔΕΝ ΠΩΛΕΙΤΑΙ. Η ΓΝΩΣΗ

1. This project is a bottomless MYTHISTORIMA Reality

4. Copyrights on works protected by the current constitution, laws and

ΜΥΘΙΣΤΟΡΗΜΑ ΑΠΥΘΜΕΝΗΣ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑΣ. ΔΕΝ ΠΩΛΕΙΤΑΙ. Η ΓΝΩΣΗ

1. Why Nature loves so much symmetry?

ΜΥΘΙΣΤΟΡΗΜΑ ΑΠΥΘΜΕΝΗΣ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑΣ. ΔΕΝ ΠΩΛΕΙΤΑΙ. Η ΓΝΩΣΗ

MARBLE OF PAROS MARMO PARIO

4. THE RED OF CHIOS BRECCFIATO ROSSO ANTICO

5. THE CAPE OF LARISSA VERDE ANTICO DI LARISSA

2 PENTELIS MARBLE & SECULAR Channel

It is an issue and what has been dealt with fairly.

ΜΥΘΙΣΤΟΡΗΜΑ ΑΠΥΘΜΕΝΗΣ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑΣ. ΔΕΝ ΠΩΛΕΙΤΑΙ. Η ΓΝΩΣΗ

2 PENTELIS MARBLE & SECULAR Channel

It is an issue and what has been dealt with fairly.

6. It is a huge energy channel starts quite far from the Temple of

ΜΥΘΙΣΤΟΡΗΜΑ ΑΠΥΘΜΕΝΗΣ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑΣ. ΔΕΝ ΠΩΛΕΙΤΑΙ. Η ΓΝΩΣΗ

ΜΥΘΙΣΤΟΡΗΜΑ ΑΠΥΘΜΕΝΗΣ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑΣ. ΔΕΝ ΠΩΛΕΙΤΑΙ. Η ΓΝΩΣΗ

In the 6th century m.n.ch. Justinian ordered the removal of best

In place of Christian worship were transformed into the caves of the

The volcanic activity is concentrated in the divergent and convergent

ΜΥΘΙΣΤΟΡΗΜΑ ΑΠΥΘΜΕΝΗΣ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑΣ. ΔΕΝ ΠΩΛΕΙΤΑΙ. Η ΓΝΩΣΗ

ΜΥΘΙΣΤΟΡΗΜΑ ΑΠΥΘΜΕΝΗΣ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑΣ. ΔΕΝ ΠΩΛΕΙΤΑΙ. Η ΓΝΩΣΗ

The volcanic complex bordered on the north as the middle and

Methodology In order to study the mineralogy, the geochemistry, the

ΜΥΘΙΣΤΟΡΗΜΑ ΑΠΥΘΜΕΝΗΣ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑΣ. ΔΕΝ ΠΩΛΕΙΤΑΙ. Η ΓΝΩΣΗ

Crude oil samples from five different reservoirs of the river

4. The MACHINE FRAUD

Companies having their hands on maps of tectonic plates and traps

How to setup who rape BUSINESS NATURE

Incentives for energy management

Obstacles to the integration of energy management

Energy Manager or Servant of the New Order;

ΜΥΘΙΣΤΟΡΗΜΑ ΑΠΥΘΜΕΝΗΣ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑΣ. ΔΕΝ ΠΩΛΕΙΤΑΙ. Η ΓΝΩΣΗ

Description of the overall process of energy audit

3.1.5 Preliminary energy audit

3.1.6 The Activities Involved

ΜΥΘΙΣΤΟΡΗΜΑ ΑΠΥΘΜΕΝΗΣ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑΣ. ΔΕΝ ΠΩΛΕΙΤΑΙ. Η ΓΝΩΣΗ

Επεξεργασία Συσχέτιση κατανάλωσης

Οικονομική αξιολόγηση Εναλλακτικές δράσεις

Σχήμα 3.1: Δραστηριότητες Διαχείρισης Ενέργειας

ΜΥΘΙΣΤΟΡΗΜΑ ΑΠΥΘΜΕΝΗΣ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑΣ. ΔΕΝ ΠΩΛΕΙΤΑΙ. Η ΓΝΩΣΗ

2.1.6.2 Energy Data Processing

Table 3.2: Factors for conversion of primary energy to Toe

Correlation between energy consumption and degree days

Table 3.3: Example of Building Standards Performance Indicators

Listed in the table above indicative prices of energy efficiency indicators

Figure 3.2: Energy Improvement Projects

3.2.2 Building Shell

3.2.3 Heating-Cooling - Ventilation

3.2.4 Electrical Equipment

3.2.5 Alternative Measures

3.3 Energy Conservation