Communication

Systems EE351
Assignment#01

Mahmood Bakhtawar Shah (6715)

BEE-5C

Principal of operation of transmitter and receiver of DSB-SC:

Transmission:
DSB-SC is generated by a mixer. This consists of a message signal multiplied by a carrier signal.
The mathematical representation of this process is shown below, where the product-to-sum
trigonometric identity is used.

A double-sideband, suppressed carrier AM signal s(t) is obtained by multiplying the message signal
m(t) with the carrier signal a multiple of cos(wct). This signal is then transmitted through antenna.

Receiver:
First, the received signal is passed through a bandpass filter R() centered at the carrier frequency
to eliminate out-of-band noise. The output of R() is then multiplied by a replica of the carrier wave.
This replica is generated by a device called the local oscillator (LO) in the receiver. We assume that
carrier signal is synchronous with the phase and frequency of the signal generated through local
oscillator.

Mixer

r(t)

BPF

LPF

m(t)

Cos(wct)
Oscillato
r

Power of DSB-SC:
The power efficiency is the term by which we represent the energy
used in transmitting the message signal. This is calculated by the energy used in transmitting
the message signal divided by the total power of signal.
In this sense, the power efficiency DSB-SC is approximately 50%.

Sensitivity:
If we use carrier signal for detection of message signal the method would be
efficient. However twice the bandwidth is required.

Implementation in Real Systems (Transmission of FM radio):

One application of DSB-SC arises in stereo transmission of FM radio. To convert FM
radio to stereo, with minimum change to the existing mono-standard, the standard was
later extended in such a way that the original mono signal (L(t)+R(t)) is transmitted,
together with a difference signal (L(t)-R(t)). At the receiver, the individual L and R
channels can be reconstructed from the L+R and L-R signals by adding or subtracting
them i.e.
L = [(L-R) + (L+R)]/2
R = [(L+R)-(L-R)]/2

The approach used, involves assembling a baseband spectrum (fig 1.5) consisting of:
(1) The (L+R) positioned between 0-15 kHz
(2) The (L-R) positioned next to it using DSB-SC modulation on a sub-carrier frequency
of 38 kHz. The DSB-SC signal occupies a bandwidth of 30 kHz, extending from 23 to 53
kHz.
(3) An additional digital data stream is provided for in the range 59-75 kHz (used for
RDS messages that can be displayed on modern FM car radio LCD displays)

Figure 1.5: Baseband Spectrum

Principal of operation of transmitter and receiver of Amplitude

Modulation Large Carrier:
In amplitude modulation or double sideband-large carrier modulation the transmitter transmits a
carrier A cosc(t) along with the modulated message signal m(t) cosc(t). In this case the transmitter
needs to transmit much larger power but the receiver is quite simple contrary to the sophisticated
ones required in the DSB-LC modulation.

Transmission:
At the transmitter end, AM signal is generated by adding the carrier to the output of the
mixer (fig 2.1(a)) or simply adding a DC offset A before mixing (fig 2.1(b)).

(a)

(b)
Figure 2.1

This can be represented by the following equations:

The spectrum of AM() is shown below(fig 2.2) :

for successful envelop detection A should be large enough so that it satisfies the condition
m(t)+A 0 If the condition is not satisfied some parts of the message signal get rectified, hence
the shape of the envelope is not similar to that of the message signal.

Reception:
Detection of AM-LC can be done in two ways. Synchronous detection and Asynchronous
detection. Synchronous detection involves mixing the received signal with its carrier signal of the
same frequency. This results in several signals which are then filtered to obtain the message signal.
But a better cost effective approach called envelope detection is used to receive message at

receiver end. This method uses diodes and filters to detect message signal without the need of
having synchronized carrier signal. This can be observed in Fig 3.

Fig 3
Transceiver is an effective device used now a days that serves both purposes. A transceiver is a
device that contains both, the transmitter and receiver. The transmitter and receiver both operate at
the same frequency, and the microphone button determines when there is an output from the
transmitter. In absence of transmission the receiver is sensitive to incoming signals.

Bandwidth:
Generally the system uses twice the bandwidth of the message signal because
of the formation of two sidebands in DSB - LC. Sufficient range for transmission of
speech signals 6 kHz to 8 kHz bandwidth corresponding to upper audio frequency of 3
kHz to 4 kHz.

Power efficiency:
Max efficiency is 33.33%

Sensitivity:
0.4 V - 0.9 V

Spectral efficiency:
Spectral efficiency is half due to double side band which means the transmitted
signal has double the bandwidth as compared to message signal.

Frequency Bands:
The frequency band used for the AM transmission in avionics is known as VHF
(very high frequency band). The frequencies range from 118.000 MHz to 136.975 MHz.
Using the bands of 25 kHz around 760 channels are available for use.

Implementation in real systems (Avionics Communication

Systems):
An aircraft uses a range of radio frequencies for navigation and communication with air traffic
control. Aircraft band is the name for a group of frequencies in the VHF radio spectrum allocated to
radio communication in civil aviation. Amplitude modulation is the main principal in use for data
transmission.

Conclusion:
AM-LC is used for transmission at VHF band at relatively low powers than commercial
broadcasts while the systems designed are to have high tolerance which is much suitable for
airborne communication systems due to the fact that they have to operate under limited power
and extreme conditions while because of the use of digital communication nowadays the DSBSC has very few practical applications and is almost out dated as it is not used in real systems
for transmission and receiving signals. DSB-SC calls for a sophisticated receiver which can be
quite costly since it needs to generate a carrier in phase and frequency synchronism with the
carrier at the transmitter which may be at a far off location. However its power efficiency is better
than DSB-LC (AM). AM on the other hand doesnt require a sophisticated receiver. But the
transmitter in this case needs to transmit much larger power making it rather expensive. The
power efficiency is also very low as compared to DSB-SC.

References:
1
2
3
4

http://www.circuitdesign.de/products/tech_info/Modulation/modulation_DSB.asp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-sideband_suppressed-carrier_transmission
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/amtran.html
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems (Third Edition) B.P Lathi