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Kinetics of Sintering
Remember neck growth calculation using neck diameter X via surface transport does
not produce shrinkage i.e., it does not help density increases or densification. Here
Mass just gets repositioned on the pore surface to lower surface area and to remove
curvature.
Bulk Transport helps densification. See below the mass is moved between
two internal positions. i.e, mass that grows the sinter neck comes from
inside the body
Plastic flow is important during heating before dislocation population anneals out of the
material.
Surface energy is generally insufficient to generate new dislocations, so sintering
corresponds to declining dislocation density and declining role from plastic flow.
Here particle coalesce at a rate which depends on particle size and material
viscosity
Viscous flow is also seen in Metals. Here liquid phase form on the grain
boundary
The junction of 2 grains is a grain boundary (see bonding is not there or
negligible) hence provides path for rapid diffusion.
With sufficient grain boundary area, grain boundary diffusion dominates
sintering. Example: Powdery substances (metals) melt faster than a solid metal
piece.
Grain growth and gain boundary elimination is bad for sintering.
Note: Amorphous material lack grain boundaries.
See High
temperature
decreases
viscosity
hence neck
growth
should
progress with
high
temperature
Surface Diffusion
VOLUME DIFFUSION
Atom exchange with vacancies, hence also
known as
lattice diffusion
Bulk Transport helps densification. See below the mass is moved between
two internal positions. i.e, mass that grows the sinter neck comes from
inside the body
Plastic flow is important during heating before dislocation population anneals out of the
material.
Surface energy is generally insufficient to generate new dislocations, so sintering
corresponds to declining dislocation density and declining role from plastic flow.
Two dimensional
representation of a atom
vacancy exchange
During sintering each atom
changes position 6 times per
second
Vacancy flow to
the
inter-particle
grain boundary
Vacancy interact
with dislocations
Volume diffusion
sintering involves the
motion of vacancies
along these paths
It is sensitive to
impurities
Crystal orientation
temperature
QB is activation energy and DBO is the frequency pre-exponential