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FerdinanddeSaussure
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

FerdinanddeSaussure(/ssr/or/sosr/
French:[fdin
dsosy]26November185722
February1913)wasaSwisslinguistandsemiotician
whoseideaslaidafoundationformanysignificant
developmentsbothinlinguisticsandsemiologyinthe
20thcentury.[2][3]Heiswidelyconsideredoneofthe
fathersof20thcenturylinguistics[4][5][6][7]andoneof
twomajorfathers(togetherwithCharlesSanders
Peirce)ofsemiotics/semiology.[8]
Oneofhistranslators,RoyHarris,summarized
Saussure'scontributiontolinguisticsandthestudyof
"thewholerangeofhumansciences.Itisparticularly
markedinlinguistics,philosophy,psychology,
sociologyandanthropology."[9]Althoughtheyhave
undergoneextensionandcritiqueovertime,the
dimensionsoforganizationintroducedbySaussure
continuetoinformcontemporaryapproachestothe
phenomenonoflanguage.PragueschoollinguistJan
MukaovskwritesthatSaussure's"discoveryofthe
internalstructureofthelinguisticsigndifferentiated
thesignbothfrommereacoustic'things'...andfrom
mentalprocesses",andthatinthisdevelopment"new
roadsweretherebyopenednotonlyforlinguistics,but
also,inthefuture,forthetheoryofliterature."[10]
RuqaiyaHasanarguesthat"theimpactofSaussures
theoryofthelinguisticsignhasbeensuchthatmodern
linguistsandtheirtheorieshavesincebeenpositioned
byreferencetohim:theyareknownaspre
Saussurean,Saussurean,antiSaussurean,post
Saussurean,ornonSaussure."[11]

FerdinanddeSaussure

Born

26November1857
Geneva,Switzerland

Died

22February1913(aged55)
VufflensleChteau,Vaud,
Switzerland

Almamater LeipzigUniversity
Era

19thcenturyphilosophy

Region

Westernphilosophy

School

Structuralism,semiotics

Institutions EPHE
UniversityofGeneva

Contents
1 Biography
2 Legacy
2.1 CourseinGeneralLinguistics
2.2 Laryngealtheory

Main
interests

Linguistics

Notable
ideas

Semiology,langueandparole,
synchronicanalysis,arbitrarinessof
thelinguisticsign,laryngealtheory

Influences
Influenced

Signature

2.3 Latercritics
2.4 Semiology

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2.4 Semiology
2.5 Influenceoutsidelinguistics
3 Works
4 Seealso
5 Citations
6 References
7 Externallinks

Biography
FerdinandMongindeSaussurewasborninGenevain1857.HisfatherwasHenriLouisFrdricde
Saussure,amineralogist,entomologist,andtaxonomist.Saussureshowedsignsofconsiderabletalent
andintellectualabilityasearlyastheageoffourteen.[12]AfterayearofstudyingLatin,Greek,and
Sanskrit,andtakingavarietyofcoursesattheUniversityofGeneva,hecommencedgraduateworkat
theUniversityofLeipzigin1876.
Twoyearslaterat21,SaussurepublishedabookentitledMmoiresurlesystmeprimitifdesvoyelles
dansleslanguesindoeuropennes(DissertationonthePrimitiveVowelSysteminIndoEuropean
Languages).AfterthishestudiedforayearatBerlinunderthe'Privatdozenten'HeinrichZimmer,with
whomhestudiedCeltic,andHermannOldenberg,withwhomhecontinuedhisstudiesofSanskrit.[13]
HereturnedtoLeipzigtodefendhisdoctoraldissertationDel'emploidugnitifabsoluenSanscrit,and
wasawardedhisdoctorateinFebruary1880.Soonafterwards,herelocatedtoParis,wherehelectured
onSanskrit,GothicandOldHighGerman,andoccasionallyothersubjects.
Hetaughtatthecolepratiquedeshautestudesforelevenyears,duringwhichhewasnamed
ChevalierdelaLgiond'Honneur(KnightoftheLegionofHonor).[14]Whenofferedaprofessorshipin
Genevain1891,hereturned.SaussurelecturedonSanskritandIndoEuropeanattheUniversityof
Genevafortheremainderofhislife.Itwasnotuntil1907thatSaussurebeganteachingtheCourseof
GeneralLinguistics,whichhewouldofferthreetimes,endinginthesummerof1911.Hediedin1913
inVufflensleChteau,Vaud,Switzerland.HisbrotherwastheEsperantistRendeSaussureandhis
sonwasthepsychoanalystRaymonddeSaussure.
Saussureattemptedatvarioustimesinthe1880sand1890stowriteabookongenerallinguisticmatters.
HislecturesaboutimportantprinciplesoflanguagedescriptioninGenevabetween1907and1911were
collectedandpublishedbyhispupilsposthumouslyinthefamousCoursdelinguistiquegnralein
1916.Someofhismanuscripts,includinganunfinishedessaydiscoveredin1996,werepublishedin
WritingsinGeneralLinguistics,thoughmostofthematerialinthisbookhadalreadybeenpublishedin
Engler'scriticaleditionoftheCoursein1967and1974.(TUFA)

Legacy

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Saussure'stheoreticalreconstructionsofthePIEvocalicsystem,andparticularlyhistheoryoflaryngeals
otherwiseunattestedatthetime,borefruitandfoundconfirmationafterthedeciphermentofHittitein
theworkoflatergenerationsoflinguistslikeEmileBenvenisteandWalterCouvreur,whobothdrew
directinspirationfromtheirreadingofthe1878Mmoire.[15]Saussurealsohadamajorimpactonthe
developmentoflinguistictheoryinthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.Histwocurrentsofthought
emergedindependentlyofeachother,oneinEurope,theotherinAmerica.Theresultsofeach
incorporatedthebasicnotionsofSaussure'sthoughtinformingthecentraltenetsofstructurallinguistics.
Hisstatusincontemporarytheoreticallinguisticsismuchdiminished,withmanykeypositionsnow
datedorsubjecttochallenge,thoughpoststructuralist21centuryreceptionremainsmoreopento
Saussure'sinfluence.[16]
Saussurepositedthatlinguisticformisarbitrary,andthereforethatalllanguagesfunctioninasimilar
fashion.AccordingtoSaussure,alanguageisarbitrarybecausethereisnoobjectiverelationship
betweenthesign(e.g.thelettersthatmakeuptheword"cat")andthethingitrefersto(Ourmental
knowledgeoftheconcept"cat").Meaningemergesfromtheword"cat"notbecauseofanyobjective
linkbetweentheselettersandtheanimaltheyareindicatingrather,meaningemergesfromtheword
"cat"bycomparingandcontrastingittootherwords,suchas"car"and"mat."ThisiswhatSaussure
meansbytheargumentthatlanguageisselfreferential.
InEurope,themostimportantworkinthisperiodofinfluencewasdonebythePragueschool.Most
notably,NikolayTrubetzkoyandRomanJakobsonheadedtheeffortsofthePragueSchoolinsettingthe
courseofphonologicaltheoryinthedecadesfollowing1940.Jakobson'suniversalizingstructural
functionaltheoryofphonology,basedonamarkednesshierarchyofdistinctivefeatures,wasthefirst
successfulsolutionofaplaneoflinguisticanalysisaccordingtotheSaussureanhypotheses.Elsewhere,
LouisHjelmslevandtheCopenhagenSchoolproposednewinterpretationsoflinguisticsfrom
structuralisttheoreticalframeworks.
InAmerica,Saussure'sideasinformedthedistributionalismofLeonardBloomfield[17]andthepost
BloomfieldianstructuralismofsuchscholarsasEugeneNida,BernardBloch,GeorgeL.Trager,Rulon
S.WellsIII,CharlesHockett,andthroughZelligHarristheyoungNoamChomsky.Inadditionto
Chomsky'stheoryofTransformationalgrammar,othercontemporarydevelopmentsofstructuralism
includedKennethPike'stheoryoftagmemics,SidneyLamb'stheoryofstratificationalgrammar,and
MichaelSilverstein'swork.Systemicfunctionallinguisticsisatheoryconsideredtobebasedfirmlyon
theSaussureanprinciplesofthesign,albeitwithsomemodifications.RuqaiyaHasandescribessystemic
functionallinguisticsasa'postSaussurean'linguistictheory.[11]MichaelHallidayarguesthat:
Saussuretookthesignastheorganizingconceptforlinguisticstructure,usingittoexpress
theconventionalnatureoflanguageinthephrase"l'arbitrairedusigne".Thishastheeffect
ofhighlightingwhatis,infact,theonepointofarbitrarinessinthesystem,namelythe
phonologicalshapeofwords,andhenceallowsthenonarbitrarinessoftheresttoemerge
withgreaterclarity.Anexampleofsomethingthatisdistinctlynonarbitraryistheway
differentkindsofmeaninginlanguageareexpressedbydifferentkindsofgrammatical
structure,asappearswhenlinguisticstructureisinterpretedinfunctionalterms[18]

CourseinGeneralLinguistics
Saussure'smostinfluentialwork,CourseinGeneralLinguistics(Coursdelinguistiquegnrale),was
publishedposthumouslyin1916byformerstudentsCharlesBallyandAlbertSechehayeonthebasisof
notestakenfromSaussure'slecturesinGeneva.TheCoursebecameoneoftheseminallinguisticsworks
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ofthe20thcentury,notprimarilyforthecontent(manyoftheideashadbeenanticipatedintheworksof
other20thcenturylinguists),butratherfortheinnovativeapproachthatSaussureappliedindiscussing
linguisticphenomena.
Itscentralnotionisthatlanguagemaybeanalyzedasaformalsystemofdifferentialelements,apart
fromthemessydialecticsofrealtimeproductionandcomprehension.Examplesoftheseelements
includehisnotionofthelinguisticsign,whichiscomposedofthesignifierandthesignified.Thoughthe
signmayalsohaveareferent,Saussuretookthislastquestiontoliebeyondthelinguist'spurview.
Throughthisbook,hestatedthatalinguistcandevelopasynchronicanalysisofatextortheoryof
languagehowever,theymustlearnjustasmuchormoreaboutthelanguage/textasitexistsatany
momentintime."Languageisasystemofsignsthatexpressesideas"Asciencethatstudiesthelifeof
signswithinsocietyandisapartofsocialandgeneralpsychology.Saussurebelievedthatsemioticsis
concernedwitheverythingthatcanbetakenasasign,hecalleditsemiology.

Laryngealtheory
Whileastudent,SaussurepublishedanimportantworkinIndoEuropeanphilologythatproposedthe
existenceofghostsinProtoIndoEuropeancalledsonantcoefficients.TheScandinavianscholar
HermannMllersuggestedthatthesemightactuallybelaryngealconsonants,leadingtowhatisnow
knownasthelaryngealtheory.IthasbeenarguedthattheproblemSaussureencounteredoftryingto
explainhowhewasabletomakesystematicandpredictivehypothesesfromknownlinguisticdatato
unknownlinguisticdatastimulatedhisdevelopmentofstructuralism.Saussure'spredictionsaboutthe
existenceofprimatecoefficients/laryngealsandtheirevolutionprovedaresoundingsuccesswhenthe
Hittitetextswerediscoveredanddeciphered,some50yearslater.

Latercritics
TheclosingsentenceofSaussure'sCourseinGeneralLinguisticshasbeenchallengedinmanyacademic
disciplinesandsubdisciplineswithitscontentionthat,"linguisticshasasitsuniqueandtrueobjectthe
languageenvisionedinitselfandforitself."[19]Bythelatterhalfofthe20thcentury,manyofSaussure's
ideaswereunderheavycriticism.
Saussure'slinguisticideasarestillconsideredimportantfortheirtime,buthavesufferedconsiderably
subsequentlyunderrhetoricaldevelopmentsaimedatshowinghowlinguisticshadchangedorwas
changingwiththetimes.Asaconsequence,Saussure'sideasarenowoftenpresentedbyprofessional
linguistsasoutdatedandassupersededbydevelopmentssuchascognitivelinguisticsandgenerative
grammar,orhavebeensomodifiedintheirbasictenetsastomaketheiruseintheiroriginal
formulationsdifficultwithoutriskingdistortion,asinsystemiclinguistics.Thisdevelopmentis
occasionallyoverstated,howeverforexampleJanKosterstates,"Saussure,consideredthemost
importantlinguistofthecenturyinEuropeuntilthe1950s,hardlyplaysaroleincurrenttheoretical
thinkingaboutlanguage,"[20]MoreaccuratewouldbetosaythatSaussure'scontributionshavebeen
absorbedintohowlanguageisapproachedatsuchafundamentallevelastobe,formanyintentsand
purposes,invisible,muchlikethecontributionsoftheNeogrammariansinthe19thcentury.Over
reactionscanalsobeseenincommentsofthecognitivelinguistMarkTurner[21]whoreportsthatmany
ofSaussure'sconceptswere"wrongonagrandscale".Hereitisnecessarytoberathermorefinely
nuancedinthepositionsattributedtoSaussureandintheirlongterminfluenceonthedevelopmentof
linguistictheorizinginallschoolsforamoreuptodaterereadingofSaussurewithrespecttothese
issues,seePaulThibault.[22]Justasmanyprinciplesofstructurallinguisticsarestillpursued,modified

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andadaptedincurrentpracticeandaccordingtowhathasbeenlearntsinceabouttheembodied
functioningofbrainandtheroleoflanguagewithinthis,sobasictenetsbegunwithSaussurestillcanbe
foundoperatingbehindthescenestoday.

Semiology
Saussureisoneofthefoundingfathersofsemiotics,whichhecalledsemiology.Hisconceptofthe
sign/signifier/signified/referentformsthecoreofthefield.Equallycrucial,althoughoftenoverlookedor
misapplied,isthedimensionofthesyntagmaticandparadigmaticaxesoflinguisticdescription.
Insteadoffocusinghistheoryontheoriginsoflanguageanditshistoricalaspects,Saussureconcentrated
onthepatternsandfunctionsoflanguageinstead.Althoughthenamehasbeenchangedtosemiotics,
Saussure'stheoryisstillcommonlyusedintoday'ssociety.Healsobelievedthattherelationshipthat
existsbetweenthesignifierandthesignifiedispurelyarbitraryandanalytical.
SomelinguistshavepointedouttothefactthatSaussuredidnot'invent'semiotics,butratherbuiltupon
AristotelianandneoplatonistknowledgefromtheMiddleAges,particularlyinregardtothewritingsof
AugustineofHippo:"asfortheconstitutionofSaussuriansemiotictheory,theimportanceofthe
Augustinianthoughtcontribution(correlatedtotheStoicone)hasalsobeenrecognized.Saussuredid
notdoanythingbutreformanancienttheoryinEurope,accordingtothemodernconceptual
exigencies".[23]

Influenceoutsidelinguistics
TheprinciplesandmethodsemployedbystructuralismwerelateradaptedbyFrenchIntellectualsin
diversefields,suchasRolandBarthes,JacquesLacan,andClaudeLviStrauss.Suchscholarstook
influencefromSaussure'sideasintheirownareasofstudy(literarystudies/philosophy,psychoanalysis,
anthropology,respectively).However,theiranalogousinterpretationsofSaussure'slinguistictheories
ledtoproclamationsoftheendofstructuralisminthosetwodisciplines.

Works
(1878)Mmoiresurlesystmeprimitifdesvoyellesdansleslanguesindoeuropennes(Memoir
onthePrimitiveSystemofVowelsinIndoEuropeanLanguages),Leipzig:Teubner.(online
version(http://gallica2.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k729200)inGallicaProgram,Bibliothquenationale
deFrance).
(1881)Del'emploidugnitifabsoluenSanscrit:ThsepourledoctoratprsentelaFacultde
Philosophiedel'UniversitdeLeipzig,(OntheUseoftheGenitiveAbsoluteinSanskrit:Doctoral
dissertationpresentedtotheFacultyofPhilosophyoftheLeipzigUniversity)Geneva:Jules
GuillamaumeFick.(onlineversion(https://archive.org/details/delemploidugni00sausuoft)onthe
InternetArchive).
(1916)Coursdelinguistiquegnrale,ed.C.BallyandA.Sechehaye,withthecollaborationof
A.Riedlinger,LausanneandParis:Payottrans.W.Baskin,CourseinGeneralLinguistics,
Glasgow:Fontana/Collins,1977.
(1922)RecueildespublicationsscientifiquesdeF.deSaussure,ed.C.BallyandL.Gautier,
LausanneandGeneva:Payot.
(1993)SaussuresThirdCourseofLecturesinGeneralLinguistics(19101911):Emile
Constantindersnotlarndan,LanguageandCommunicationseries,volume.12,trans.anded.E.
KomatsuandR.Harris,Oxford:Pergamon.
(2002)critsdelinguistiquegnrale,ISBN9782070761166.
Thisvolume,whichconsistsmostlyofmaterialpreviouslypublishedbyEngler,includesan
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attemptatreconstructingatextfromasetofSaussure'smanuscriptpagesheaded"The
DoubleEssenceofLanguage",foundin1996inGeneva.Thesepagescontainideasalready
familiartoSaussurescholars,bothfromEngler'scriticaleditionoftheCourseandfrom
anotherunfinishedbookmanuscriptofSaussure's,publishedin1995byMariaPia
Marchese(Phontique:IlmanoscrittodiHarvardHoughtonLibrarybMSFr266(8),
Padova:Unipress,1995).

Seealso
Axiomofcategoricity
LeonardBloomfield
Linguistics
Neogrammarians
RomanJakobson
Semiotics
Signified
Structuralism

Citations
1.,WFU|LeFrancaisModerneQu'estcequelasociolinguistique
(http://cloud.lib.wfu.edu/wiki/modernfrench/index.php/Qu%27estce_que_la_sociolinguistique%3F)
2.Robins,R.H.1979.AShortHistoryofLinguistics,2ndEdition.LongmanLinguisticsLibrary.Londonand
NewYork.p.201.E.g.RobinswritesSaussure'sstatementof"thestructuralapproachtolanguageunderlies
virtuallythewholeofmodernlinguistics".
3.Harris,R.andT.J.Taylor.1989.LandmarksinLinguisticThought:TheWesternTraditionfromSocratesto
Saussure.2ndEdition.Chapter16.
4.JustinWintle,Makersofmodernculture,Routledge,2002,p.467.
5.DavidLodge,NigelWood,ModernCriticismandTheory:AReader,PearsonEducation,2008,p.42.
6.Thomas,Margaret.2011.FiftyKeyThinkersonLanguageandLinguistics.Routledge:LondonandNew
York.p.145ff.
7.Chapman,S.andC.Routledge.2005.KeyThinkersinLinguisticsandthePhilosophyofLanguage.
EdinburghUniversityPress.p.241ff.
8.WinfriedNth,HandbookofSemiotics,Bloomington,IndianaUniversityPress,1990.
9.Harris,R.1988.Language,SaussureandWittgenstein.Routledge.pix.
10.Mukarovsky,J.1977.OnPoeticLanguage.TheWordandVerbalArt:SelectedEssaysbyJanMukarovsky.
TranslatedandeditedbyJ.BurbankandPeterSteiner.p.18.
11.Linguisticsignandthescienceoflinguistics:thefoundationsofappliability.InFangYan&Jonathan
Webster(eds.)DevelopingSystemicFunctionalLinguistics.Equinox2013
12.,:.
..(:60..).1972.
13.Joseph(2012:253)
14.Culler,p.23
15.E.F.KonradKoerner,'ThePlaceofSaussure'sMemoireinthedevelopmentofhistoricallinguistics,'inJacek
Fisiak(ed.)PapersfromtheSixthInternationalConferenceonHistoricalLinguistics,(Pozna,Poland,1983)
JohnBenjaminsPublishing,1985pp.323346,p.339.
16.BorisGasparov.BeyondPureReason,pp18,2010.
17.JohnEarlJoseph(2002).FromWhitneytoChomsky:EssaysintheHistoryOfAmericanLinguisitcs.John
BenjaminsPublishing.p.139.ISBN9789027245922.
18.Halliday,MAK.1977.IdeasaboutLanguage.ReprintedinVolume3ofMAKHalliday'sCollectedWorks.
EditedbyJ.J.Webster.London:Continuum.p113.
19.BorisGasparov.BeyondPureReason,pp5960,2010.
20.Koster,Jan.1996."Saussuremeetsthebrain",inR.Jonkers,E.Kaan,J.K.Wiegel,eds.,Languageand
Cognition5.Yearbook1992oftheResearchGroupforLinguisticTheoryandKnowledgeRepresentationof
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theUniversityofGroningen,Groningen,pp.115120.
21.Turner,Mark.1987.DeathistheMotherofBeauty:Mind,Metaphor,Criticism.UniversityofChicago
Press,p.6.
22.Thibault,Paul.1996.RereadingSaussure:TheDynamicsofSignsinSocialLife.London:Routledge.
23.Munteanu,E.'OntheObjectLanguage/MetalanaguageDistinctioninSaintAugustine'sWorks.De
DialecticaanddeMagistro.',p.65.InCram,D.,Linn,A.R.,&Nowak,E.(Eds.).HistoryofLinguistics
1996:Volume2:FromClassicaltoContemporaryLinguistics.JohnBenjaminsPublishingCompany.
RetrievedApril16th2015fromhttps://books.google.com/books?id=IWtCAAAAQBAJ&pg.

References
Culler,J.(1976).Saussure.Glasgow:Fontana/Collins.
Ducrot,O.andTodorov,T.(1981).EncyclopedicDictionaryoftheSciencesofLanguage,trans.
C.Porter.Oxford:Blackwell.
Harris,R.(1987).ReadingSaussure.London:Duckworth.
Holdcroft,D.(1991).Saussure:Signs,System,andArbitrariness.CambridgeUniversityPress.
,.(2008).(Thebulgarian
studentsofFerdinanddeSaussure)."."
(SofiaUniversityPress).
Joseph,J.E.(2012).Saussure.OxfordUniversityPress.
Sanders,Carol(2004).TheCambridgeCompaniontoSaussure.CambridgeUniversityPress.
ISBN9780521804868.
Wittmann,Henri(1974)."NewtoolsforthestudyofSaussure'scontributiontolinguisticthought."
HistoriographiaLinguistica1.25564.[1](http://www.noula.org/ling/1974asaussure.pdf)

Externallinks
PublicationsbyandaboutFerdinanddeSaussure
(http://www.helveticat.ch/search/query?

FrenchWikisourcehas
originaltextrelatedtothis
article:
Auteur:Ferdinandde
Saussure

term_1=Ferdinand+de+Saussure&locale=en&theme=Helveticat)inthecatalogueHelveticatofthe
SwissNationalLibrary
WorksbyoraboutFerdinanddeSaussure(https://worldcat.org/identities/lccnn7943763)in
libraries(WorldCatcatalog)
Thepoetwhocouldsmellvowels
(http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article2869724.ece):an
articleinTheTimesLiterarySupplementbyJohnE.Joseph,November14,2007.
Originaltextsandresources(http://www.revuetexto.net/Saussure/Saussure.html),publishedby
Texto,ISSN17730120(https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:17730120)(French).
HearingHeideggerandSaussure(http://www.egwald.ca/ubcstudent/theory/heidegger.php)by
ElmerG.Wiens.
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_de_Saussure&oldid=709454103"
Categories: FerdinanddeSaussure 1857births 1913deaths PeoplefromGeneva
IndoEuropeanists LinguistsfromSwitzerland Semioticians Structuralists
LeipzigUniversityalumni UniversityofGenevaalumni Linguisticturn

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