Verification Manual

STAAD Foundation Advanced
V8i (SELECTseries 3) Release 7.0
Verification Manual
Last updated: 25 March 2014
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Verification Manual i
Chapter2
ii STAAD Foundation
Table of Contents
Introduction
Section 1 Australian Code (AS3600-2001[AMnd 2004])
1.1 General Isolated Foundation 1
1.3 General Combined Foundation 1
14
16
Section 2 British Code (BS8110-1-1997)
23
23
26
32
38
44
53
62
71
77
2.10 Mat Combined Foundation
83
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
88
Section 3 Canadian Code (CSA A23.3-2004)
99
3.1 CSA General Isolated Foundation 1
99
105
112
3.5 CSA Pilecap Foundation 1
115
3.4 CSA General Combined Foundation s1
122
Section 4 Indian Code (IS 456 -2000)
125
4.1 IS General Isolated Foundation 1
125
129
133
138
140
4.6 IS General Isolated Foundations 6
145
Verification Manual iii
Chapter 3
149
4.8 IS Toolkit Combined 1
157
4.9 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 2
163
169
175
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
181
4.13 ISPilecap 2
188
4.14 IS Mat Combined Foundation 1
196
Section 5 United States Code (ACI 318 -2005)
201
5.1 US General Isolated Foundation 1
201
206
210
214
219
228
231
5.8 US General Combined Foundation 1
239
244
250
255
5.12 US Pilecap Foundation 1
261
268
277
284
5.16 US Mat Combined Foundation 1
292
5.17 US General Isolated Foundation with Sliding & Overturning
298
5.18 US General Isolated Foundation with Eccentric Loading
306
5.19 US General Isolated Foundation with Variable Bearing Capacity 1
314
316
Section 6 Deadman Anchors (ACI 318 -2005)
319
6.1 Deadman Guy Anchor US 1
319
328
336
iv STAAD Foundation Advanced V8i (SELECTseries 3)
Section 7 Drilled Pier Foundations
345
355
7.1 Drilled Pier Foundation 1 API
355
359
7.3 Drilled Pier Foundation 3 FHWA
364
368
7.5 Drilled Pier Foundation 5 VESIC
373
7.6 Drilled Pier Foundation 6 Vesic
377
Section 8 Plant Foundation
383
8.1 Vertical Vessel Foundation 1
383
8.2 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design
392
401
8.4 Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 1
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
8.13 Vertical Vessel Wind Load Generation 1
419
420
421
423
8.17 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 1
424
429
Section 9 Chinese Code (GB50007-2002)
435
9.1 Cone Footing Design
435
9.2 PKPM Isolated Footing Design
443
9.3 Stepped Foundation Design
447
9.4 PKPMStepped Footing Design
454
9.5 Combined Foundation
459
Verification Manual v
Chapter 3
9.6 Pile Foundation Design
468
Section 10 Technical Support
481
Index
483
List of Figures & Tables
485
Figures
485
Tables
489
vi STAAD Foundation Advanced V8i (SELECTseries 3)
Introduction
This document is intended to use as a hand calculation reference for STAAD Foundation Advanced
V8i (SELECTseries 3) (Release 7.0) verification problems. Verification Problems can be found
under Start Page > Example > Verification.
Each section in this manual represents either specific design code (e.g., AS3600-2001) or
particular foundation type (e.g., Dead Man Anchor Guy Foundation). Hand calculation title (e.g.,
AS GEN ISO 1) indicates corresponding STAAD Foundation file name.
At end of each hand calculation a comparison table between hand calculations and program
results is provided for various output parameters like bearing pressure, overturning and sliding
factor of safety, shear force, etc.
Verification Manual 1
Chapter4
2 STAAD Foundation
Section 1
Australian Code (AS3600-2001

[AMnd 2004])
1.1.1 Reference
1.1.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 500 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450 MPa,
Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 110 KN/m2. Coefficient of
friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, and FOS against overturning =1.5. Height of soil above
footing = 500 mm, GWT is 200 mm from GL.
Surcharge= 10 KN/m2
Chapter 1
Figure 1-1: Australian code General isolated foundation
1.1.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 500/110 m2 = 4.545 m2
Assuming 2.4 m x 2.4 m x 0.400 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 2.4 x 2.4 x 0.400 x 25 KN = 57.6 KN
Weight of above soil = 2.4 x 2.4 x 0.500 x 18 KN = 51.84 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 2.4 x 2.4 x (0.500+0.400-0.200) x 9.81 KN =
39.554 KN
Load due to surcharge = 2.4 x2.4 x 10 KN =57.6 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (500+57.6 +51.84+57.6 -39.554 ) KN =
627.486 KN
Maximum pressure = 627.486 /(2.4x2.4) = 108.94 KN/ m2
108.94 KN/m2 <110 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
4 STAAD Foundation Advanced V8i (SELECTseries 3)

max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation

Total Service load on foundation = 627.486 KN
Hence Max possible Resisting Sliding force =0.5 x 627.486 = 313.74 KN
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
Hence Max possible Resisting Sliding force =0.5 x 627.486 = 313.74 KN
Hence OK
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
WRT Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
Max Resisting Moment = 0.5 x 2.4 x 627.486 = 752.98 KNm
Hence OK
WRT X Direction
Max Resisting Moment = 0.5 x 2.4 x 627.486 = 752.98 KNm
Hence OK
1.1.4 Comparison
Table 1-1: Australian verification example 1 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure, KN/m2
108.94
108.63
Negligible
Resisting force for sliding (x),
313.74
312.87
Negligible
KN
Resisting Moment for
752.98
750.87
Negligible
Overturning (z), KNm
Resisting force for sliding (z),
313.74
312.87
Negligible
KN
752.98
750.87
Negligible
Overturning (x), KNm
Chapter 1

1.2.1 Reference
1.2.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1,500 KN, Mz=50 KNm, Mx=50 KNm, fc
= 25 N/m2, fy = 450 N/m2m, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of
Soil = 150 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, and FOS against
overturning =1.5 (Include SW for Factored Design)
Figure 1-2: Plan and Elevation
1.2.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1,500/150 m2 = 10.0 m2
Tot Moment wrt Z =50 KNm
Tot Moment wrt X =50 KNm
Stress at four corners (service condition)
1 = V/A Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
2 = V/A Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz

3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz

4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
Tot Vertical Load on soil
Self wt of fdn = 4 m (4 m) (0.73 m) (25 KN/m3) = 292.0 KN
Column reaction load = 1,500 KN
Total Vertical load V =1,792 KN
Zz = Z X2/6 = 3.935 x 3.9352/6 =10.67 m3
Zx = Z X2/6 = 3.935 x 3.9352/6 =10.67 m3
Mx= 50 KNm
Mz = 50 KNm
1 = V/A Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 112 KN/m2
2 = V/A Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 102.6 KN/m2
3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 112 KN/m2
4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 121.37 KN/m2
Max stress = 122 KN/m2 <150 KN/m2
Hence safe
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 (1,792 KN) = 896
KN
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 (1,792 KN)= 896
KN
Hence OK
Along X Direction
Overturning Moment =50 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 (4 m) (1,972 KN) = 3,584 KNm
Chapter 1
Hence FOS = 3,584/50 = 71.7 > 1.5

Hence OK
Along Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 (4 m) (1,972 KN) = 3,584 KNm
Hence FOS = 3,584/50 = 71.7 > 1.5
Hence OK
Factored Design
Axial Load = 292 KN+ 1.4(1,500 KN) = 2,392 KN
MX =1.4 x 50 =70 KNm
MZ =1.4 x 50 =70 KNm
Check For Trial Depth against moment about Z Axis

Average Base Pressure along one edge = 156.07 KN/m2 (left end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = 142.93 KN/m2 (right end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 150 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 149.01 KN/m2
Hence, the moment at the left critical section Mu (Left)
F = (156.07 + 150.0)/2 (1.85 m) (4 m) = 1,132.46 KN
LA = (150.0 + 2 156.07) (1.85 m) /[3(150.0 + 156.07)] = 0.932 m
Mu(left) = F LA = 1,132.46 KN (0.932 m) = 1,055.4 KNm
Similarly, the moment at the right critical section Mu (Right):
F = (142.93 +149.01)/2 (1.85 m) (4 m) = 1,080.2 KN
LA = (142.93 +2 149.01) (1.85 m) /[3(142.93 +149.01)] = 0.919 m
Mu(right) = F LA = 1,080.2 KN (0.919 m) = 992.7 KNm
So max moment with respect to the Z axis, Mu(Z) = 1,056 KNm

Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 16 mm bar, effective depth

d
eff
= (730 - 50 - 0.5 x 16) mm = 672 mm
m= fc/fy =0.0555
= 0.85 - 0.007(fc - 28) = 0.871 (Take = 0.85 per Clause 8.1.2.2
K
umax
= 0.4 (Clause 8.1.3)
Ku = 0.34 (1 - 0.2 ) = 0.24

R
umax
umax
= 0.85 fc K
= [R
Mu < M
umax
umax
d2] =
(1 - K
umax
/2) = 3.891
5,622.7 KNm
umax
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth against moment about X Axis

AverageBasePressurealongoneedge=142.93 KN/m2(leftend)
AverageBase Pressure along other edge = 156.07 KN/m2 (right end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 149.01 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 150.0 KN/m2
Hence, the moment at the critical section Mu (left)
F = (142.93 +149.01)/2 (1.85 m) (4 m) = 1,080.2 KN
LA = (142.93 +2 149.01) (1.85 m) /[3(142.93 +149.01)] = 0.919 m
Mu(right) = F LA = 1,080.2 KN (0.919 m) = 992.7 KNm
Similarly, the moment at the right critical section Mu (Right):
F = (156.07 + 150.0)/2 (1.85 m) (4 m) = 1,132.46 KN
Chapter 1
LA = (150.0 + 2 156.07) (1.85 m) /[3(150.0 + 156.07)] = 0.932 m

Mu(left) = F LA = 1,132.46 KN (0.932 m) = 1,055.4 KNm
So max moment with respect to the X axis, Mu(X) = 1,056 KNm

d
eff
= (730 - 50 - 0.5 x 16) mm = 672 mm
m= fc/fy =0.0555
= 0.85 - 0.007(fc - 28) = 0.871 (Take = 0.85 per Clause 8.1.2.2
K
umax
= 0.4 (Clause 8.1.3)
Ku = 0.34 (1 - 0.2 ) = 0.24

R
umax
umax
= 0.85 fc K
= [R
Mu < M
umax
umax
d2] =
(1 - K
umax
/2) = 3.891
5,622.7 KNm
umax
Hence OK
Area of Steel Required along X dir

Calculation required steel for balanced section, Ast x = 4,427 m2m
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.002 b d = 5,376 mm2
So, provided area of steel = 5,376 mm2
Area of Steel Required along Z dir

Calculation required steel for balanced section, Ast x = 4,427 m2m
So, provided area of steel = 5,376 mm2

Check for One-Way Shear

Along X Direction
Critical section for moment is at a distance, d, away from the face of column
Average Base Pressure along one edge = 142.93kN/m2
AverageBase Pressure along other edge = 156.07 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 156.07 + (142.93 - 156.07) 1.178/4=
152.2 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 156.07 + (142.93 - 156.07) (4 - 1.178)
/4 = 146.8 kN/m2
Hence, the SF at the left critical section:
F = (156.07 + 152.2)/2 (1.178 m) (4 m)= 726.3 kN
Shear at the right critical section:
F = (142.93 +146.8)/2 (1.178 m) (4 m)= 682.6 kN
Critical shear is 727 kN
Developed shear stress, v = 726.3 kN (103)/[4,000 (672)] = 0.44 N/mm2
c
max
= 0.2 fc = 5 N/mm2
1 = 1.1(1.6 - d/1000) = 1.1(1.6 - 672/1,000) = 1.021

2 = 1
3 = 1
= 1 2 3. [Ast fc/(b d)]1/3 = 0.75{1.021(1)(1)[5,376 25/(4,000 672)]1/3} =
c
0.282 N/mm2
Hence OK
Chapter 1
Along Z Direction
Critical section for moment is at a distance, d, away from the face of column
Average Base Pressure along one edge = 142.93kN/m2
AverageBase Pressure along other edge = 156.07 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 156.07 + (142.93 - 156.07) (4 - 1.178)/4
= 146.8 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 156.07 + (142.93 - 156.07) 1.178/4=
152.2 kN/m2
Hence, the SF at the left critical section:
F = (142.93 +146.8)/2 (1.178 m) (4 m)= 682.6 kN
Shear at the right critical section:
F = (156.07 + 152.2)/2 (1.178 m) (4 m)= 726.3 kN
Critical shear is 727 kN
Developed shear stress, v = 726.3 kN (103)/[4,000 (672)] = 0.27 N/mm2
cmax
= 0.2 fc = 5 N/mm2
1 = 1.1(1.6 - d/1000) = 1.1(1.6 - 672/1,000) = 1.021

2 = 1
3 = 1
= 1 2 3. [Ast fc/(b d)]1/3 = 0.75{1.021(1)(1)[5,376 25/(4,000 672)]1/3} =
c
0.282 N/mm2
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching Shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5 d from the column face.

Pm = 3,888 mm
Vmax = 2,251 kN
= Vmax/(Pm d) = 2,251 kN (10)3/(3,888 mm 672 mm) = 0.862 N/mm2
v
Punching shear stress capacity

= [0.34 (fc)] = 0.7 [0.34 (25)] = 1.19 N/mm2
c
v < c
Hence safe
1.2.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Corner Pressure, KN/m2
112
111.9
None
Resisting force for sliding, KN
102.6
102.6
112
111.9
102.6
896
121.32
895.6
896
895.6
None
Chapter 1
Value of
3,584
STAAD
Foundation
Result
3,582.3
3,584
727
3,582.3
726
Negligible
727
0.284
735
0.284
None
0.284
2251
1.19
0.284
2250
1.19
None
None
1,056
1,054
None
1,056
5,622
1,054
5,622
None
5,622
5,376 ea. way
5,622
5,376 ea. way
None
Reference
Result

Overturning, KNm
Shear Force (One-Way), KN
Resisting Shear Stress (OneWay), N/mm2
Shear Force (Two-Way), KN
Resisting Shear Stress (TwoWay), N/mm2
Governing Flexural Moment,
KNm
Resisting Flexural Moment,
KNm
Reinforcement provided in
design, mm2
Percent
Difference
None

1.3.1 Reference
1.3.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN each column., fc = 25 MPa, fy =
450 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height-500 mm. and C/C column
distance = 3,000 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 105 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS
against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Ht of soil =450 mm. Depth of GWT=250 mm.

1.3.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2(600)/115 m2 = 10.435 m2
Assuming 5 m x 2.8 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
(left overhang=right overhang = 1 m)
Weight of footing = 5(2.8) (0.600) (25) = 210 KN
Weight of pedestal=2(0.3)(0.3)(0.5)(25) = 2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = [5(2.8) - 2(0.3)(0.3)] 0.450 18 = 111.9 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5(2.8) (0.45 + 0.6 - 0.25) 9.81 KN = 109.9 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2 600 + 210 + 2.25 + 111.9 - 109.9) KN = 1,414.3 KN
Maximum pressure= 1,414.3 /(5 2.8) = 101.0 KN/ m2
101 KN/ m2 < 105 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
About Z Direction
Total Service load on foundation = 1,414.3 KN
Chapter 1
max resisting Moment = 5 m 1,414.3 KN /2 =3,535.6 KNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
Overturning Moment = 0
max resisting Moment = 2.8 m 1,414.3 KN /2 = 1,980 KNm
Hence OK
1.3.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
101
101
None
3,535.8
3,535
None
Overturning (Z), KNm
1,980
1,980
None
Overturning (X), KNm

1.4.1 Reference
1.4.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN and 550 KN on two col., fc =
25 MPa, fy = 450 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height-500 mm. and
C/C column distance=3000 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction
=0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5

1.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = (600+550)/100 m2 = 11.5 m2
Assuming 5 m x 3 m x 0.500 m footing dimension,
(left overhang = right overhang = 1 m)
Weight of footing = 5 m 3 m 0.500 m 25 = 187.5 KN
Weight of pedestal = 2(0.3)(0.3)(0.5)(25) = 2.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (600 + 550 + 187.5 + 2.25) KN = 1,339.8 KN
Pressure from axial load = 1,339.8 KN/(5 m 3 m) = 89.3 KN/ m2
CG of foundation raft = 5/2= 2.5 m from left end
CG of load = (1 m 600 KN + 4 m 550 KN)/(600 KN+ 550 KN) = 2.435 m
Eccentricity= 2.5 - 2.435 = 0.065 m
So Moment Mz = P e = 1,150 KN (0.065 m) = 75 KNm
Zz = 3 52/6 = 12.5 m3
stress due to moment = M/Z = 75 KNm/12.5 m3 = 6 KN/m2
Stress atleft end = P/A + M/Z = 89.3 + 6 = 95.3 KN/m2
Stress at right end = P/A - M/Z = 89.3 - 6 = 83.3 KN/m2
So, Maximum stress
95.3 KN/m2 < 100 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Chapter 1
About Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 5 m (1,339.8 KN) /2 = 3,349.5 KNm
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
max resisting Moment = 3 m (1,339.8 KN) /2 = 2,009.7 KNm
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth

Moment About Z Axis (sagging)
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 172 KNm
d
eff
= (500 - 50 - 0.5 12) mm = 444 mm
m= fc/fy =0.0556
= 0.85 - 0.007 (fc - 28) = 0.87
take = 0.85 ( Clause 8.1.2.2)
K
umax
= 0.4 (Clause 8.1.3)
K = 0.34 (1 - 0.2 ) = 0.34 0.85(1 - 0.2 0.85) = 0.24

u
R
= 0.85 fc K (1 - K /2) = 0.85(25)(0.85)(0.24)(1 - 0.85 0.24/2) = 3.891
umax
u
u
2
N/mm
M
= [R
b d2] =0.80 [3.891 N/mm2 3,000 mm (444 mm)2]10-6 = 1,840
umax
umax
KNm
Muz < Mumax Hence OK
Moment About Z Axis (hogging)

Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 201 KNm
d
eff
= (500 - 50 - 0.5 12) mm = 444 mm
m= fc/fy =0.0556
= 0.85 - 0.007 (fc - 28) = 0.87
take = 0.85 ( Clause 8.1.2.2)

umax
= 0.4 (Clause 8.1.3)
K = 0.34 (1 - 0.2 ) = 0.34 0.85(1 - 0.2 0.85) = 0.24

u
R
= 0.85 fc K (1 - K /2) = 0.85(25)(0.85)(0.24)(1 - 0.85 0.24/2) = 3.891
umax
u
u
2
N/mm
M
= [R
b d2] =0.80 [3.891 N/mm2 3,000 mm (444 mm)2]10-6 = 1,840
umax
umax
KNm
Muz < Mumax Hence OK
Moment About X Axis

Cantilever length = (3 - 0.3)/2 = 1.35 m
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 107.34 N/mm2 (5 m) (1.35 m)2/2 =489.1 KNm
d
eff
= (500 - 50 - 0.5 12) mm = 444 mm
m= fc/fy =0.0556
= 0.85 - 0.007 (fc - 28) = 0.87
take = 0.85 ( Clause 8.1.2.2)
K
umax
= 0.4 (Clause 8.1.3)
K = 0.34 (1 - 0.2 ) = 0.34 0.85(1 - 0.2 0.85) = 0.24

u
R
= 0.85 fc K (1 - K /2) = 0.85(25)(0.85)(0.24)(1 - 0.85 0.24/2) = 3.891
umax
u
u
2
N/mm
M
= [R
b d2] =0.80 [3.891 N/mm2 5,000 mm (444 mm)2]10-6 = 3,068
umax
umax
KNm
Mu < Mumax Hence OK
Area of Steel Required

Along X Direction (Bottom)
Astx = 1,083 mm2
Provided area = 2,664 mm2
Along X Direction (Top)

Astx = 1,268 mm2
Chapter 1
Along Z Direction (Bottom)

Therefore, Astz = 3,096 mm2
Figure 1-5: Graphs of combined strip footing internal forces


Developed shear stress V = 299.5(10)3/(3,000 444)= 0.225 N/mm2
cmax = 0.2 fc = 5 N/mm2
1 =1.1(1.6-d/1000) = 1.2716
2 = 1
3 = 1
c =1.2.3.(Ast.fc/b.d)1/3 = 0.488 N/mm2
V
umax
= 299.5 KN
Developed shear stress, v = 299.5(10)3/(3,000 444)= 0.225 N/mm2

c
max
= 0.2 fc = 5 N/mm2
1 = 1.1(1.6 - d/1000) = 1.1(1.6 - 444/1,000) = 1.272

2 = 1
3 = 1
= 1 2 3. [Ast fc/(b d)]1/3 = 0.7{1.272(1)(1)[2,664 25/(3,000 444)]1/3} =
c
0.328 N/mm2
Hence OK
Punching Shear
For Column One
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5 d from the column face.
Two way shear = 777.8 KN
Pm = 4 (300 mm +444 mm) = 2,976 mm
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 777.8 KN 1000/(2,976 mm 444 mm) = 0.589 N/mm2
= [0.34 (fc)] = 0.7 [0.34 (25)] = 1.19 N/mm2
c
v < c , Hence safe
For Column Two

Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d from the column face.
Two way shear= 713.4 KN
Pm = 2,976 mm
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 713.4 KN 1000/(2,976 mm 444 mm) = 0.540 N/mm2
= [0.34 (fc)] = 0.7 [0.34 (25)] = 1.19 N/mm2
c
v < c , Hence safe
Chapter 1
1.4.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
95.3
95.32
None
Governing Moment, KNm
Resisting Moment, KNm
Shear Force (One-Way), KN

Shear capacity (One-Way),
N/mm2
Shear Force (Two-Way), KN
Shear capacity (Two-Way),
N/mm2
Overturning (Z), KNm
Overturning (X), KNm
83.3
172
83.32
167
201
201
489
1,840
512
1,840
1,840
1,840
3,068
299.5
0.328
3,068
299.4
0.328
None
None
777.8
777.8
None
713.4
1.19
713.4
1.19
None
3,349
3,349
None
2,010
2,010
None
Negligible
None
Section 2
British Code (BS8110-1-1997)

2.1.1 Reference
Reinforced Concrete by T.J.Macgingley & B.S.Choo, Page 333 and Example: 11.1.
2.1.2 Problem
A column 400 mm X 400 mm carries a dead load of 800 kN and an imposed load of 300 kN. The
safe bearing pressure is 200 kN/m2. Design a square base to resist the loads. The concrete is
grade 35 and the reinforcement is grade 460.
2.1.3 Solution
Figure 2-1: Bending section considered
Chapter 2
Figure 2-2: One way shear section considered
Figure 2-3: Two way shear section considered
Size of base
Self-weight of footing = 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.5 x 25 = 78.125 kN.
Therefore, Service load = Dead load + Imposed load + Self weight
= (800 + 300 + 78.125) kN = 1178.125 kN.
Area required = 1178.125 / 200 m2 = 5.890625 m2.
Make the base 2.5 m x 2.5 m.
Moment Steel
Ultimate load = (1.4 x 800) + (1.6 x 300) = 1600 kN.
Ultimate pressure = 1600 / (2.5 x 2.5) = 256 kNm2
The critical section YY at the column face is shown in Figure 6.1.
MYY= 256 x (2.5 / 2 - 0.4 / 2) x 2.5 x 0.525 = 352.8 kNm.

Try an overall depth of 500 mm with 20 mm bars.
Effective depth = 500 40 20 10 = 430 mm.
Therefore z = 0.95d,
= 1976.31 mm2.
Minimum area of steel = 0.0015 x B x d = 0.0012 x 2500 x 430 = 1625 mm2 < AS (Hence Safe)
Let us provide 10 nos. 16 mm bars, AS = 2010.62 mm2.
One Way Shear

The critical section Y 1 Y 1 at d = 430 mm from the face of the column is shown in Figure 6.2.
Design shear force, VU = 256 x (2.5 /2 0.43 0.4 / 2) x 2.5 = 396.8 kN
Design shear stress, v = 396.9(10)3 / (2500 x 430) = 0.369 N/mm2
Now, vC1 = min(0.8
,5) = 4.7328 N/mm2 > v (Hence Safe)
= 0.395 N / mm2 > v (Hence Safe)

Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 625.5 mm from the column face. The critical
perimeter is shown inFigure 6.3.
Perimeter = 1690 x 4 = 6760 mm.
Shear = 256 x (2.52 1.692) = 868.8 kN.
v = 868 x 103 / (6760 x 430) = 0.3 N / mm2 < VC (Hence Safe).
Chapter 2
Spacing
We provided 10 nos. 16 mm bars, AS = 2010.62 mm2.
Spacing = (2500 - 40 x 2 - 16) / (10 -1) = 267.11 mm.
2.1.4 Comparison
Table 2-1: British verification example 1 comparison
STAAD Foundation
Value of
Reference Results
Percent Difference
Result
Effective Depth
430 mm
430 mm
None
Governing Moment
352.8 KN-m
352.8 KN-m
None
Area of Steel
1976.31
1976.31
None
Shear Stress (One-Way) 0.369 N/mm2
0.369 N/mm2
None
2
2
Shear Stress (Two-Way) 0.3 N/mm
0.3 N/mm
None

2.2.1 Reference
Reinforced Concrete by T.J.Macgingley & B.S.Choo, Page 340 and Example: 11.2.
2.2.2 Problem
The characteristic loads for an internal column footing in a building are given in the following
table.The proposed dimensions for the column and base are shown in Figure 6.4.The safe
bearing pressure of soil is 150 kN / m2.The materials to be used in the foundation are grade
35 concrete and grade 460 reinforcement.
Table 2-2: Table BS2.1 - Column loads
Vertical Load (kN) Moment (KN m)
Dead Load
770
78
Imposed Load
330
34

2.2.3 Solution
Self-weight of footing = 0.5 x 3.6 x 2.8 x 24 = 120.96 kN.
Total axial load = 770 + 330 + 120.96 = 1220.96 kN.
Total moment = 78 + 34 = 112 kN-m.
Base area = 2.8 x 3.6 = 10.08 m2.
Section modulus = (I / y) = (1/12)BD3/(D/2) = 6.048 m3.
Maximum pressure = 1220.96/10.08 + 112/6.048 = 139.65 kN / m2 < 150 kN / m2 (Hence Safe).
Factored axial load = (1.4 x 770) + (1.6 x 330) = 1606 kN.
Factored moment = (1.4 x 78) + (1.6 x 34) = 163.6 kN-m.
Maximum pressure = 1606/10.08 +163.6/6.048 = 186.38 kN / m2.
Minimum pressure = 1606/10.08 -163.6/6.048 = 132.28 kN / m2.
Calculation of Reinforcement Along Shorter Span (X - X ):

1
Average pressure for section X1X1 (as shown in Figure 6.5) = 159.33 kN / m2.
Moment (MY) = (159.33 x 1.175 x 3.6) x (1.175 / 2) = 395.955 kN-m.
Effective depth (d) = 500 40 10 = 450 mm.
0.015 < 0.156 (Hence Safe)
Chapter 2
= 2119.475 mm2.
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 3600 x 500 / 100 = 2340 mm2 > calculated area of steel.
Provide minimum steel.
Figure 2-5: Sections considered for bending in both directions
Calculation of Reinforcement Along Longer Span (Y -Y ):

1
Pressure at section Y 1 Y 1 (as shown in Figure 6.5) = 162.7 kN /
m2.

Moment(MX) = (162.7 x2.8x 1.575)x(1.575 / 2)+(0.5 x 1.575 x (186.38 162.7) x 2.8)x(2 / 3 x
1.575) = 619.862 kN-m.
Effective depth (d) = 500 40 20 10 = 430 mm.
0.034 < 0.156 (Hence Safe)
= 0.96d
= 3472.334 mm2.
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 2800 x 500 / 100 = 1820 mm2 <
calculated area of steel. (Hence safe)
One Way Shear Along Section Y -Y :

2
The critical section Y 2 Y 2 at d = 430 mm from the face of the column is shown in Figure 6.6.
Average pressure for the required section = 177.78 kN / m2.
Design shear force, VU = 177.78 x 2.8 x 1.145 = 569.96 kN
Design shear stress, v =
Now, vC1 = min(0.8
=473.388 kN / m2
,5) = 4732.8 kN / m2 > v (Hence Safe)
= 429.6 kN / m2.
Let us consider 1.5 times shear enhancement.
Vce = 1.5 x 429.6 = 644.4 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)
Chapter 2
Figure 2-6: Sections considered for one-way shear in both directions
Along Section X -X :
2
The critical section X2X2 at d = 450 mm from the face of the column is shown in Figure 6.6.
Average pressure for the required section = 159.33 kN / m2.
Design shear force, VU = 159.33 x 3.6 x 7.25 = 415.85 kN
Design shear stress, v =
Now, vC1 = min(0.8
=256.698 kN / m2
,5) = 4732.8 kN / m2 > v (Hence Safe)

= 409.6 kN / m2.
Punching Shear
Figure 2-7: Section considered for punching shear
The punching shear will be calculated for an area outside the area enclosed by the rectangle at a
distance 1.5d from the column face as shown in Figure 6.7.
Total pressure under the base = 2.8 x 3.6 x 132.28 + 0.5 x 3.6 x 2.8 x (186.38 132.28) = 1606.05
kN.
Pressure under enclosed rectangle = (1.74)2 x 146.255 + 0.5 x (1.74)2 x (172.4 146.255) = 482.38
kN
Punching shear force = 1606.05 482.38 = 1123.67 kN.
Critical perimeter = 1.74 x 4 = 6.96 m.
Punching shear stress = 1123.67 / (6.96 x 0.43) = 375.46 kN / m2.
Chapter 2
2.2.4 Comparison
STAAD Foundation
Value of
Reference Result
Result
Effective Depth (X-X)
430 mm
430 mm
Effective Depth (Y-Y)
450 mm
450 mm
Governing Moment (My )
395.955 KN-m
395.943 KN-m
Governing Moment (Mx)
619.862 KN-m
619.909 kN-m
Area of Steel (Along X-X)
2340.00
2340.00
Area of Steel (Along Y-Y)
3472.2334
3472.2334
2
Shear Stress (One-Way) (Y 1-Y 1) 473.388 kN/m
444.81 kN/m2
2
Shear Stress (One-Way) (X1-X1) 256.698 kN/m
256.698 kN/m2
Shear Stress (Two-Way)
375.46 kN/m2
375.44 kN/m2
Percent Difference
None
None
None
None
None
None
Negligible
None
None

2.3.1 Reference
2.3.2 Problem
friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5

2.3.3 Solution
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1500+240.865) KN = 1740.865 KN
Maximum pressure =1740.865/(3.85x3.85)=KN/ m2 = 117.45 KN/m2 <120 KN/m2 (Hence
safe)
Ultimate pressure =1500x1.4/(3.85x3.85) KN/m2 = 141.676 KN/m2
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1740.865 = 870.43 KN
Chapter 2
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.85 x 1740.865 = 3351.1 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1740.865 = 870.43
KN
Hence OK
Hence OK

Moment About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 141.676 x 3.85 x1.775x1.775/2 = 859.26 KN-m
d
eff
= (650-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 594 mm
K=
= =0.0253 < 0.156
Hence safe
Moment About Z Axis

Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 141.676 x 3.85 x1.775x1.775/2 = 859.26 KN-m
d
eff
= (650-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 594 mm
K=
= 0.0253 < 0.156
Hence safe

Along X Direction
Z=d

= 0.971 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 3862.3 m2m
Therefore, Astx =
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0013 x B x D = 3253.25 mm2
Along Z Direction
Z=d
= 0.971 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 3862.3 m2m
Therefore, Astz =

Along X Direction
Percentage of steel p =
= 0.1689
umax
= 141.676 x 3.85 x
= 644.18 KN
Developed shear stress V =

Now allowable stress= V
c1
= 0.282N/mm2
= 4 N/mm2
V < Vc1, Hence Safe

V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
Vc =
0.17 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.352 N/mm2
Chapter 2
0.704 N/mm2
Vce =
So V < Vce , Hence Safe

Along Z Direction
= 0.1689
umax
= 141.676 x 3.85 x
= 644.18 KN

c1
= 0.282N/mm2
= 4 N/mm2
V < Vc1, Hence Safe

0.17 N/mm2
V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.352 N/mm2
Vc =
Vce =
0.704 N/mm2
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 891 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter A
Vmax =
= 4.3347 m2
1485.87 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 6 x d) = 8.328 m

Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm d) = 0.3 N/mm2
t1
Vm1< Vt1 , Hence safe

V1 =
= 4 N/mm2

0.17 N/mm2
V2 =
V3 =
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.352 N/mm2
Vc =
Vm1 < Vc, Hence safe
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 35
= 110 mm
Spacing for 12 mm bar = 110 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 35
= 110 mm
Check For Development Length

Along x & Z direction
Max dia permitted =25 mm
= 0.5
Hence Fbu = x fc =0.5 x 5 = 2.5
Ld = 0.95x fy x / 4Fbu = 0.95x 415x25/4x2.5 = 985.6 mm
available length = 1725 mm
Hence OK
Chapter 2
2.3.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
594 mm
594 mm
None
2
Bearing Pressure
117.45
117.45 KN/m
None
KN/m2
Ku
0.0253
0.0252
Negligible
Governing Moment
859.26 KN-m 856.92 KN-m
Negligible
Shear Force(One-Way)
644.18 KN
642.87 KN
Negligible
Shear Force(Two-Way)
1485.87 KN
1483.64 KN
Negligible
2
2
Steel required
3862 m m
3851 m m
0.28% (
Negligible)
Resisting force for sliding 870.43 KN
870.43 KN
None
3351.1 KNm 3351.1 KNm
None
Overturning

2.4.1 Reference
2.4.2 Problem
friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5 Soil cover above footing
=500 mm
Plan and Elevation

2.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2000/100 m2 = 20 m2
Weight of soil = 5.3 x 5.3 x 0.5 x 18 KN = 252.81 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2000+526.687+252.81) KN = 2779.5 KN
Maximum pressure = 2779.5 KN/ (5.3 m x 5.3 m) KN/ m2 = 98.9 KN/m2 <100 KN/m2
(Hence safe)
Ultimate pressure = 1.4(2000 KN) / (5.3 m x 5.3 m)KN/m2 = 99.678 KN/m2
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 2779.5 = 1389.75 KN
Hence OK
Chapter 2
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5.3 x 2779.5 = 7365 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 2779.5 = 1389.75
KN
Hence OK
Hence OK
Check for Trial Depth Against Moment

About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 99.68 x 5.3 x 2.5 x 2.5 / 2 = 1651 KN-m
d
eff
= (750-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 692 mm
K=
= =0.026 < 0.156
Hence safe
About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 99.68 x 5.3 x = 1651 KN-m
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 692 mm
K=
= =0.026 < 0.156
Hence safe


Along X Direction
Z=d
= 0.97 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 6351.73 m2m
Therefore, Astx =

Area of Steel Required along Z dir
Z=d
= 0.97 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 6351.73 m2m
Therefore, Astz =

Along X Direction
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.173
Vumax = 99.68 x 5.3 x
= 955.2 KN
Developed shear stress V = 955.2(103)/(5300 x 692) = 0.26N/mm2

Now allowable stress= Vc1 =
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
V2 =
= 4 N/mm2
0.173 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
Chapter 2
1 N/mm2
V3 =
= 0.354 N/mm2
Vc =
0.708 N/mm2
Vce =
Along Z Direction
= 0.173
umax
= 99.68 x 5.3 x
= 955.2 KN
Developed shear stress V = = 0.26N/mm2

c1
= 4 N/mm2
V < V , Hence Safe

c1
0.173 N/mm2
V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.354 N/mm2
Vc =
Vce =
0.708 N/mm2
Punching Shear
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 5.645 m2
Vmax =
2237.3 KN

Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm d) = 0.345 N/mm2
t1
= 4 N/mm2


V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
0.173 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.354 N/mm2
Vc =
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 16 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 32
= 165 mm
In the ZDirection
No. of 16 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 32
= 165 mm

Along X & Z direction
= 0.5
Hence Fbu = x fc =0.5 x 5 = 2.5
Ld = 0.95x fy x / 4Fbu = 0.95x 415x25/4x2.5 = 985.6 mm
Hence OK
Chapter 2
2.4.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
692 mm
692 mm
None
2
2
Bearing Pressure
98.9 KN/m
98.75 KN/m
Negligible
Ku
0.026
0.026
Negligible
Governing Moment
1651 KN-m
1647.74 KN-m
Negligible
955.2 KN
952.85 KN
Negligible
2237.3 KN
2232.14 KN
Negligible
2
2
Steel required
6352 m m
6357.649 m m Negligible
Resisting force for sliding 1389.75 KN
1374.762 KN
Negligible
7365 KNm
7148.63 KN
Negligible
Overturning

2.5.1 Reference
2.5.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1200 KN,Mz=80 KNm, fc = 25 MPa, fy =
415 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2.
Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5

2.5.3 Solution
Self wt of fdn = 3.65x 3.65x 0.75x25 = 249.8 KN
Dry wt of soil = 0
Col reaction load = 1200 KN
Tot Vertical load V =1449.8 KN
Zz = Z.X2/6 = 3.65 x 3.652/6 =8.105 m3
Chapter 2
Zx = X.Z2/6 = 3.65 x 3.652/6 =8.105 m3
Mx=0
Mz = 80 KNm
1 = V/A Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 118.694 KN/m2
2 = V/A Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 98.953 KN/m2
3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 98.953 KN/m2
4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 118.694 KN/m2
= 118.694 KN/m2 <120 KN/m2
Hence safe
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.63x 1449.8 = 2645.885 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
Hence OK
Hence FOS =2645.885/80 = 33.074
Hence OK

Moment About Z Axis
Force creating Moment= (139.922 +127.239) x 0.5 x 1.675 x 3.65 = 816.68 KN
Lever arm =(127.239 + 2 x 139.922) x 1.675/ 3x (139.922 + 127.239) = 0.8508 m
Moment = Fx LA = 694.84 KNm

d
eff
= (750-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 692 mm
K=
= =0.016 < 0.156
Hence safe
Figure 2-9: Section considered for bending about the Z axis
Moment About X Axis

Force creating Moment= 126.103 x 1.675 x 3.65 = 770.97 KN
Lever arm = 1.675x 0.5 = 0.823 m
Moment = Fx LA =646.08 KNm
K=
= =0.01481 < 0.156
Hence safe
Chapter 2

Along X Direction
Z=d
= 0.983 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 2594 m2m
Therefore, Astx =
Minimum area of steel Ast
min
= 0.0013 x B x D = 3558.75 mm2
So, provided area of steel = 3558.75 mm2
Along Z Direction
Z=d
= 0.97 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 2412 m2m
Therefore, Astz =
min
= 0.0013 x B x D = 3558.75 mm2

So, provided area of steel = 3558.75 mm2

Along X Direction
= 0.14
umax
=1/2 x (139.922+132.479)x0.983 x 3.65 = 488.69 KN
= 0.19N/mm2
= 4 N/mm2

V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
0.14 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.329 N/mm2
Vc =
Vce =
0.658 N/mm2
Chapter 2
Figure 2-11: Section considered for one-way shear along X direction
Along Z Direction
V
umax
= 0.141
126.103 x 0.983 x 3.65= 452.46 KN

c1
= 0.177 N/mm2
= 4 N/mm2
V < Vc1, Hence Safe

V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
Vc =
0.141 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.329 N/mm2

0.658 N/mm2
Vce =
Figure 2-12: Section considered for one-way shear along z direction
Punching Shear
Vmax =
= 2.376 x 2.376 =7.68 m2
968.11 KN

Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm d) = 0.1472 N/mm2
t1
= 4 N/mm2

V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
Vc =
0.14 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.329 N/mm2
Chapter 2
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 32
= 115 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 32
= 115 mm


= 0.5
Hence Fbu = x fc =0.5 x 5 = 2.5
Ld = 0.95x fy x / 4Fbu = 0.95x 415x25/4x2.5 = 985.6 mm
Hence OK
2.5.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth (mm)
692
692
None
2
Corner Pressure (KN/m )
118.69
118.69
None
98.95
98.95
98.95
98.95
Ku
118.69
0.01481
118.69
0.0146
Negligible
Governing Moment (KN-m)
0.0156
646.08
0.0158
643.82
Negligible
Shear Force ,One-Way (KN)
694.84
488.69
692.8
486.65
Negligible
Shear Force, Two-Way (KN)

Steel required (mm2)
452.46
968.11
3558.75
456.42
961.62
3558.75
Negligible
None
3558.75
724.9
3558.75
724.898
Negligible
724.9
2645.8
724.898
2645.8
Same
Resisting force for sliding

(KN)
Overturning (KN-m)
2645.8

2.6.1 Reference
Chapter 2
2.6.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1500 KN, Fx100 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy =
2.6.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1500/90 = 16.67 m2
Tot Moment wrt Z =-0.65x100 =-65 KNm

Dry wt of soil = 0
Tot Vertical load V = 1851.37 KN
Zz = Z.X2/6 = 4.65 x 4.652/6 =16.758 m3
Zx = X.Z2/6 = 4.65 x 4.652/6 =16.758 m3
Mx=0
Mz = -65 KNm
1 = V/A Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 81.75 KN/m2
2 = V/A Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 89.50 KN/m2
3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 89.50 KN/m2
4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 81.75 KN/m2
= 89.5 KN/m2 <90 KN/m2
Hence safe
Along X Direction
Sliding force =100 KN
Hence OK
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
Hence OK
Hence OK

Moment About Z Axis
Force creating Moment=1/2 x (102.552+97.472) x2.175x4.65 = 1011.5 KN
Chapter 2
Lever arm =(97.472 + 2 x 102.552) x 2.175/ 3x (97.472+102.552) = 1.097m

d
eff
= (650-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 594 mm
K=
=0.027 < 0.156
Hence safe
Moment About X Axis

Force creating Moment= 97.122 x 2.175 x 4.65 = 982.27 KN
Lever arm =2.175 x 0.5 = 1.088 m
Moment = Fx LA =1068.71 KNm
K=
=0.02606 < 0.156
Hence safe


Along X Direction
Z=d
= 0.969 d > 0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 4890 m2m
Therefore, Astx =
min
= 0.0013 x B x D = 3929.25 mm2
So, provided area of steel = 4890 mm2
Along Z Direction
Z=d
= 0.97 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 4706 m2m
Therefore, Astz =
min
= 0.0013 x B x D = 3929.25 mm2
Chapter 2

Along X Direction
Critical section for moment is at d dist from the face of column
= 0.178
umax
=1/2 x (102.552+98.86)x1.581 x 4.65 = 740.36 KN
Developed shear stress V = 740.36 x1000/4650 x594 = 0.268N/mm2

= 4 N/mm2

V < V , Hence Safe
c1
V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
0.178 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.356 N/mm2
Vc =
Vce =
0.712 N/mm2

Along Z Direction
Critical section for moment is at d dist from the face of column
= 0.171
umax
= 97.122 x1.58 x4.65= 714 KN
Developed shear stress V = 714 x1000/4650 x 594 =

= 0.258 N/mm2
c1
= 4 N/mm2
V < Vc1, Hence Safe

V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
0.171 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.351 N/mm2
Vc =
Vce =
0.702 N/mm2
Chapter 2
Punching Shear
Vmax =
= 2.082x2.082 =4.3347 m2
1679 KN

Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm d) = 0.3394 N/mm2
= 4 N/mm2
Now allowable stress= Vt1 =

V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
Vc =
0.171 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.351 N/mm2

Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 44
= 105 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 42
= 115 mm

= 0.5
Hence Fbu = x fc =0.5 x 5 = 2.5
Ld = 0.95x fy x / 4Fbu = 0.95x 415x25/4x2.5 = 985.6 mm
Hence OK
2.6.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
594 mm
594 mm
None
Corner Pressure
81.75 KN/m2 81.74 KN/m2
None
89.5 KN/m2
89.5 KN/m2
89.5 KN/m2
89.5 KN/m2
81.75 KN/m2
81.74 KN/m2
Chapter 2
Ku
0.02606
STAAD
Foundation
Result
0.026
Governing Moment
0.027
1068.71 KNm
0.0269
1065.83 KNm
Negligible
1109.62 KNm
740.36 KN
1103.31 KNm
736.98 KN
Negligible
Steel required
714 KN
1679 KN
4890 m2m
712 KN
1677 KN
4959.354 m2m
Negligible
Negligible
4706 m2m
925.68 KN
4790.8 m2m
925.68 KN
None
925.68 KN
4304.43 KNm
925.68 KN
4304.43 KNm
None
4304.43 KNm
4304.43 KNm
Value of

Overturning
Reference
Result
Percent
Difference
None

2.7.1 Reference
2.7.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1500 KN,Mz=Mx=50 KNm, fc = 25 MPa,
fy = 460 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100
KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5

2.7.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required =1500/100 m2 = 15 m2
Tot Moment wrt X =50 KNm
Dry wt of soil =0
Chapter 2
Tot Vertical load V = 1821.79 KN

Zz = Z.X2/6 = 4.45 x 4.452/6 =14.686 m3
Zx = X.Z2/6 = 4.45 x 4.452/6 =14.686 m3
Mx= 50 KNm
Mz = 50 KNm
1 = V/A Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 92KN/m2
2 = V/A Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 85 KN/m2
3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 92 KN/m2
4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 98.81 KN/m2
= 98.81 KN/m2 <100 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1821.8 = 911 KN
Hence OK
Hence FOS=4053.5/50 = 81> 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1821.8 = 911 KN
Hence OK
Hence FOS=4053.5/50 = 81> 1.5
Hence OK

About Z Axis
Avg Base Pressure at one edge=( 96.5149+106.047)/2 = 101.282 KN/m2
Avg Base Pressure at other edge=( 106.0473+115.5797)/2 = 110.814 KN/m2

Force creating Moment= (110.814+106.37)/2 x 2.075x4.45 = 1002.72 KN

Lever arm = (106.37+2x110.814)x2.075/3x(106.37+110.814) m
d
eff
= (650-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 594 mm
K=
=0.027 < 0.156
Hence safe
About X Axis
Avg Base Pressure at one edge=( 96.5149+106.047)/2 = 101.282 KN/m2
Avg Base Pressure at other edge=( 106.0473+115.5797)/2 = 110.814 KN/m2
Force creating Moment= (110.814+106.37)/2 x 2.075x4.45 = 1002.72 KN
Lever arm = (106.37+2x110.814)x2.075/3x(106.37+110.814) m
d
eff
= (650-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 594 mm
K=
= 0.027 < 0.156
Hence safe
Chapter 2

Along X Direction
Z=d
=<0.95d
= 0.969 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astx =
= 4165 m2m
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0013 x B x D = 3760 mm2

Along Z Direction
Z=d
= 0.969 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astz =
= 4165m2m



Along X Direction
= 0.158
umax
=1/2 x (110.814+107.642)x1.481x4.45 = 719.87 KN
Developed shear stress V = 720x1000/(4450 x594) = 0.272N/mm2

= 4 N/mm2

V < V , Hence Safe
c1
V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
0.158 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.342 N/mm2
Vc =
Vce =
0.684 N/mm2
Chapter 2
Along Z Direction
= 0.158
umax
=1/2 x (110.814+107.642)x1.481x4.45 = 719.87 KN
= 0.272 N/mm2
= 4 N/mm2

V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
0.158 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.342 N/mm2
Vc =
Vce =
0.684 N/mm2

Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d from the column face.
Vmax =
= 2.082x2.082=4.335 m2
1640 KN

Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm d) = 0.3315 N/mm2
t1
= 4 N/mm2

V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
Vc =
0.158 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.342 N/mm2

Chapter 2
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 37
= 120 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 37
= 120 mm
2.7.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
594 mm
594 mm
None
Corner Pressure
92KN/m2
92 KN/m2
None
85.2 KN/m2
85.91 KN/m2
92 KN/m2
92 KN/m2
Ku
98.81 KN/m2
0.027
98.81 KN/m2
0.0266
Governing Moment
0.027
0.0266
1047.85 KNm 1045 KNm
Negligible
1047.85 KNm 1045 KNm

720 KN
718.71 KN
Negligible
Steel required
720 KN
1640 KN
12 @ 120 c/c
910.9 KN
718.71 KN
1638 KN
12 @ 118 c/c
910.8 KN
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
910.9 KN
910.8 KN
Negligible

Value of
Overturning
4053.5 KNm
STAAD
Foundation
Result
4053.4 KNm
4053.5 KNm
4053.4 KNm
Reference
Result
Percent
Difference
Same

2.8.1 Reference
2.8.2 Problem
distance=3000 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 150 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS
Ht of soil =400 mm. Depth of GWT=200 mm
2.8.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x500/150 m2 = 6.67 m2

Chapter 2
(left overhang=right overhang=1m)
Weight of footing = 5 m x 1.5 m x 0.600 x25 KN = 112.5 KN
Weight of pedestal=2x0.3x0.3x0.5x25=2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = (5 x 1.5-0.3x0.3x2 )x 0.400 x18 KN = 52.704 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5 x 1.5 x (0.4+0.6-0.2) x9.81 KN = 58.86 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x500+112.5 +2.25+52.704 -58.86) KN = 1108.6
KN
Maximum pressure= 1108.6 /(5 x1.5) = 147.82 KN/ m2
147.82 KN/ m2 <150 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure =
KN/m2 = 186.667 KN/m2
About Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5x 1108.6 = 2771.5 KNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
Hence OK

Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 140 KNm
d
eff
= (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = Mu/fc.b.d
2
eff
= 140x106/(25x1500x544x544) = 0.013 <0.156
Hence OK

Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 174.9 KN-m

d
eff
= (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = Mu/fc.b.d
2
eff
= 0.016= <0.156
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis

Cantilever length=(1.5-0.3)/2 = 0.6 m
Bending moment at critical section, M
ux
= 186.667 x.5x0.62/2 =168 KNm

d
eff
= (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = Mu/fc.b.d
2
eff
= 168x106/(25x6500x544x544) = 0.005 <0.156
Hence OK

Z=d
= 0.998 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astx =
= 637 m2m
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0013 x B x D = 1170 mm2 (as fy>250)
Provided area = 1170 m2m
Z=d
= 0.998 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astx =
= 792 m2m
Chapter 2
Z=d
= 0.994 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 761 m2m
Therefore, Astx =

= 0.143
umax
= 225.68 KN

c1
= 0.276 N/mm2
= 4 N/mm2
V < Vc1, Hence Safe

0.143 N/mm2
V1 =
V2 =
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
V3 =
= 0.331 N/mm2
Vc =
Vce =
0.662 N/mm2
Punching Shear
For Column One
2 way shear= 3.24 KN
Pm=300x2+300x2=544x12=7728 mm

v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 3.24x1000/(7728)x544 =0.00077 N/mm2
t1
= 4 N/mm2
v < Vt1 , Hence safe
For Column Two

Pm=300x2+300x2=544x12=7728 mm
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 3.24x1000/(7728)x544 =0.00077 N/mm2
t1
= 4 N/mm2
Chapter 2
Figure 2-17: Shear force and Bending Moment diagrams
2.8.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
147.82 KN/
147.82 KN/m2 None
m2
Governing Moment
140 KN-m
135.77 KN-m
Negligible
174.9 KN-m
174.9 KN-m

Value of
Overturning (Z)
Overturning (X)
168 KN-m
225.68 KN
3.24 KN
STAAD
Foundation
Result
168 KN-m
225.69 KN
3.24 KN
Negligible
None
3.24 KN
2771.5 KNm
3.24 KN
2771.5 KNm
Negligible
831.45 KNm
831.46 KNm
Negligible
Reference
Result
Percent
Difference

2.9.1 Reference
2.9.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN, Mz=30 KNm, each column., fc =
25 MPa, fy = 450 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height-500 mm. and C/C
column distance=3500 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 140 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS
No soil above footing and dry condition.
Chapter 2
2.9.3 Solution
(left overhang=right overhang=1.2m)
Weight of footing = 5.9 m x 1.7 m x 0.500 x25 KN = 125.375 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x600+125.375 +2.25) KN = 1327.63 KN
Maximum pressure from axial load= 1327.63 /(5.9 x1.7) = 132.37 KN/ m2
Total Moment=30+30 = 60 KNm
CG of load= 2.9 m
CG of raft = 2.9 m
Eccentricity =2.95-2.9 =0.05 m
So Moment= P x Eccentricity = 1200x0.05 =60 KNm
Z= 1.7 x 5.92/6= 9.863 m3
So M/Z = 6.09 KN/m2
So stress at left end= P/A + M/Z= 138.46 KN/m2

So stress at left end= P/A - M/Z= 126.28 KN/m2
138.46 KN/ m2 <140 KN/m2
Hence safe
About Z Direction
So FOS = 3916.5085/60 = 65.27 >1.5
Hence OK
About X Direction
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth against

d
eff
= (500-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 444 mm
K = Mu/fc.b.d
2
eff
= 214x106/(25x1700x444x444) = 0.0255 <0.156
Hence OK

d
eff
= (500-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 444 mm
K = Mu/fc.b.d
2
eff
= 0.0276= <0.156
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis

ux
= (158.98+176.02)/2 x5.9x0.72/2 =242.122 KNm
Chapter 2
d
eff
= (500-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 444 mm
K = Mu/fc.b.d
2
eff
= 242x106/(25x6500x544x544)= 0.0083 <0.156
Hence OK

Z=d
= 0.971 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astx =
= 1187 m2m

Z=d
= 0.968 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astx =
= 1284.5 m2m

Z=d
= 0.99 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astx =
= 1342.74 m2m
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0013 x B x D =3835 mm2


= 0.17
umax
= 347.24 KN
Developed shear stress V = 347.24x1000/(1700x444) = 0.46 N/mm2

= 4 N/mm2

V < V , Hence Safe
c1
0.17 N/mm2
V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.351 N/mm2
Vc =
Vce =
0.702 N/mm2
Punching Shear
For Column One
Pm=300x2+300x2=444x12=6528 mm
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 380.43x1000/(6528)x544=0.131 N/mm2
t1
= 4 N/mm2
For Column Two

Pm=300x2+300x2=444x12=6528 mm
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 407.34x1000/(6528)x544 =0.14 N/mm2
t1
= 4 N/mm2
Chapter 2

2.9.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
138.46
138.45 KN/m2 None
KN/m2
126.28 KN/m2
126.28
KN/m2
Governing Moment
214 KN-m
212 KN-m
Negligible
231.62 KNm
Resisting Moment for Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for Overturning (X)
231.78 KNm
242.122 KNm 249.42 KNm

347.24 KN
347.24 KN
380.42 KN
380.43 KN
None
None
407.34 KN
3916.5 KNm
None
407.34 KN
3916.5 KNm
1128.48 KNm 1128.48 KNm
None

2.10.1 Reference
Reinforced Concrete by T.J.Macgingley & B.S.Choo, Page 351 and Example: 11.4
2.10.2 Problem
Design a rectangular base to support two columns carrying the following loads:
Column 1Dead load 310 kN, imposed load 160 kN
Column 1Dead load 310 kN, imposed load 160 kN
The columns are each 350 mm square and are spaced at 2.5 m centers. The width of the base is
not to exceed 2.0 m. the safe bearing pressure on the ground is 180 kN/m2. The materials are
grade 35 concrete and grade 460 reinforcement.
Chapter 2
2.10.3 Solution
Let us assume the self weight of the base is 130 kN.
Total vertical load = (310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 130) = 1250 kN.
Area of base = 1250 / 160 = 7.81 m2 (considering safe base pressure as 160 kN/m2).
Length of base = 7.81/2 = 3.91 m
Let the dimension of the mat is as follows,
Width = 2 m,
Length = 4.5 m,
Depth = 0.6 m.
Hence self-weight of mat = 2 x 4.5 x 0.6 x 24 = 129.6 kN.
Hence, total vertical load = (310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 129.6) = 1249.6 kN.
Actual base pressure = 1249.6 / (2 x 4.5) = 138.84 kN/m2.
Load Case I (DL & IL on both the column)

The ultimate loads are,
Column 1 load = 1.4 x 310 + 1.6 x 160 = 690 kN,
Column 2 load = 1.4 x 430 + 1.6 x 220 = 954 kN.
The distance of center of gravity from column 1 is checked for service load case 1:

x = (954 x 2.5)/(690 + 954) = 1.45 m.
The soil pressure is checked for service loads for case 1:
Base area = 4.5 x 2 =9.0 m2,
Base modulus = 2 x 4.52 / 6 = 6.75 m3.
Direct load = 310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 129.6 = 1249.6 kN.
The moment about the centerline of the base is,
M = (430 + 220) 1.05 (310 + 160) 1.45 = 1.0 kN-m.
Maximum pressure = 1249.6 / 9 + 1 / 6.75 = 138.9 kN / m2 < 180 kN / m2 (Hence safe)
Total uniformly distributed upward load = (690 + 954) / (4.5 x 2 / 2) = 365.33 kN / m.
Load Case II (DL & IL on column 1; DL on column 2)

Column 1 load = 1.4 x 310 + 1.6 x 160 = 690 kN,
Column 2 load = 1.0 x 430 = 430 kN.
Direct load = 310 + 160 + 430 + 129.6 = 1029.6 kN.
M = 430 X 1.54 (310 + 160) 0.96 = 230 kN-m.
Load Case III (DL on column 1; DL & IL on column 2)

Column 1 load = 1.0 x 310 = 310 kN,
Column 2 load = 1.4 x 430 + 1.6 x 220 = 954 kN.
Direct load = 310 + 430 + 220 + 129.6 = 1089.6 kN.
M = (430 + 220) 1.05 310 X 1.45 = 233 kN-m.
Chapter 2
Design of Longitudinal (Bottom) Steel

The maximum negative BM from Figure 6.18 is 221.7 kN-m
Assuming 40 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar diameter, effective depth = 600 40 20/2 = 550
mm.
0.0104 < 0.156

Hence Safe

= 970.95 mm2.
Provide minimum steel.
Provide 16 bars 12 mm in diameter at 125 mm centers to give area of 1808 mm2.
Design of Transverse (Top) Steel

The maximum positive BM from Figure 6.18 is 99.7 kN-m.
Assuming 40 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar diameter, effective depth = 600 40 20/2 = 550
mm.
0.004 < 0.156

Hence Safe
= 436.6 mm2.
Provide minimum steel as above.
Calculation of Vertical Shear

The maximum vertical shear from case 1 is V = 250.8 kN,
V=
= 0.228 N/mm2.
= 0.39 N/mm2.
Chapter 2
Punching Shear Check

The critical perimeter for punching shear check is at 1.5 d distance from the face of the column.
Here the perimeter crosses the boundary of the base on two sides. Hence punching shear is less
critical than the vertical shear in this case.
2.10.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Max Bending Moment 221.7 kN-m
201.204 kN-m
9.2
(-)
Max Bending Moment 99.7 kN-m
108.94 kN-m
9.2
(+)
Area of Steal
780 mm2/m
780 mm2/m
None
Required
Base Pressure
138.84 kN/m2 136 kN/m2
2

2.11.1 Reference
2.11.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data:
Loads:
Fx =-300 KN
Fy =-500 KN
Fz=-200 KN
Mz= 45.89 KNm
Mx=-98.32 KNm
Offset of column in X-direction (Oxd) =300 mm
Offset of column in Z-direction (Ozd) =300 mm
Density of soil =14 KN/m3
Depth of Soil = 0.5m
Density of Concrete = 25 KN/cum
Coefficient of Friction () = 0.5
Safe Bearing Capacity of the Soil () = 120 KN/m2
Factor of Safety against Overturning =1.5

Factor of Safety against Sliding = 1.5
Permissible soil pressure =
Column dimension = 0.3m x 0.3m,
Strength of concrete (fc) = M-30 = 4349.39 Psi
Strength of steel (fy ) = Fe-415
Self-wt of footing, wt of soil and surcharge are not included for shear and moment computations
2.11.3 Solution
Design started with trial dimensions of 5.0m X 5.0m X 1.0m
Chapter 2
Determination of base area of footing

The base area of footing is determined using service (unfactored) loads with the net
permissible soil pressure.
Net permissible soil pressure = 120 KN/ m2
Required base area of footing = (500 + 0.10 x 500)/ 120= 4.5833 m2
Use a 5 .0m x 5.0m square footing (Af =25 m2).
Using a depth of 1m;
Self-wt. of Footing =(5.0*5.0*1*25) = 625 KN
Wt. of soil = 14*0.5*[(5.0*5.0) (0.3*0.3)] =174.37
Serviceability Check
The net moments are given by:Mz =+45.89 (-300*1) +(-500*0.3) = 195.89 KNm
Mx= - 98.32 +(-200*1) (-500*0.3) = -148.32 KNm
The pressure at the four corners are given by: 1=((500+625)/25)+(6*195.89/53)- (6*148.32/53)=47.283KN/m2
2=((500+625)/25)- (6*195.89/53)- (6*148.32/53)=28.478KN/m2
3=((500+625)/25)- (6*195.89/53)+(6*148.32/53)=42.717KN/m2
4=((500+625)/25)+(6*195.89/53)+(6*148.32/53)=61.522KN/m2
which is < 120 KN/m2. Hence OK
Stability Check
Calculation for Overturning and Sliding:
For Sliding:
Along X- Direction
Disturbing force = -300 KN
Restoring Force = m*(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 649.685 KN
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/300) =2.166 > 1.5 Hence Safe
Along Z- Direction
Restoring Force = mu*(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 649.685 KN
Hence, FacFor Overturning:tor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/200) =3.2484 > 1.5 Hence
Safe

About X- Direction
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) = -98.32 200*
(0 +1) = -298.32 KN-m
Restoring Moment = Fy * (Width of Footing *0.5 Ozd)+ (Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing)
* Width of Footing*0.5 = 3098.425 KN-m
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3098.425/298.32) =10.386 > 1.5 Hence Safe
About Z- Direction
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) =45.89 + 300*
(0 +1) = 345.89 KN-m
Restoring Moment = Fy * (Width of Footing *0.5 Ozd)+ (Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing)
* Width of Footing*0.5 = 3398.425 KN-m
Base Pressure for Shear and Moment Calculation

The pressure at the four corners are given by: 1=(500/25)+(6*195.89 /5.03)- (6*148.32 /5.03)=22.2834KN/m2
2=(500/25)- (6*195.89 /5.03)- (6*148.32 /5.03)=3.47792KN/m2
3=(500/25)- (6*195.89 /5.03)+(6*148.32 /5.03)=17.7167KN/m2
4=(500/25)+(6*195.89 /5.03)+(6*148.32 /5.03)=36.52208KN/m2
Check for Flexure and Calculation for Reinforcement

Factored loads and soil reaction:
To proportion the footing for strength (depth and required reinforcement) factored loads are
used. For this problem, the factors used are all 1.0
Figure 2-22: Bending about major axes
Chapter 2
Bending About Z-axis
Bending About X-axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of column
About X- axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge
=(22.2834+3.47792)/2 =12.8806 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge
=(17.7167+36.5221)/2 = 27.1194 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section
=27.1194- {(27.1194 12.8806)/5.0*2.05} =21.2815 KN/ m2 [2.05 =5-(5/2+0.3+0.15)]
Hence, the moment at the critical section
Mu =5.0*{21.2815 *2.05*2.05*0.5+0.5*(27.1194-21.2815)* 2.05*2.05*2/3}= 264.48
KNm
Effective depth (d) = 1000 50 20 = 930 mm
Hence safe
Therefore,

The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 5000 x 1000 / 100 = 6500 mm2 > Calculated area of steel.
So, provide minimum steel = 6500 mm2
About Z- axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge
=(36.5221+22.2834)/2 =29.4027 KN/m2
=(17.7167+3.47792)/2 = 10.5973 KN/m2
=29.4027- {(29.4027-10.5973)/5.0*2.65} =19.4358 KN/ m2 [2.65 =(5/2+0.3-0.15)]
Mu =5.0*{19.4358 *2.65*2.65*0.5+0.5*(29.4027 19.4358)*2.65*2.65*2/3}= 457.874
KNm
Hence safe
Therefore,
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 5000 x 1000 / 100 = 6500 mm2 > Calculated area of steel.
So, provide minimum steel = 6500 mm2
Check for Shear

Assume overall footing thickness = 1.0m and average effective thickness d = 0.92m (36.22 in)
Wide-beam action (One-Way Shear) :
Chapter 2
Along Z-Z axis

Vu = qs
tributary area
Bw = 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:Average Base Pressure along one edge
=(22.2834+3.47792)/2 =12.8806 KN/m2
=(17.7167+36.5221)/2 = 27.1194 KN/m2
=27.1194- {(27.1194 12.8806)/5.0*1.13} =23.9014 KN/ m2 [1.13=5 -(5/2 +0.3 +0.92
+0.15)]
Hence, the one- way shear at the critical section
Vux =5.0*{23.9014*1.13+0.5*(27.1194-23.9014)*1.13}= 144.134 KN
Design shear stress, v = 144.134/(5.0 x 0.93) =30.996 kN/ m2
Now, VC1 = min(0.8 (fcu),5) N/ mm2= 4381.78 kN/ m2 > v (Hence Safe)
= 348.5494 kN/
m2
Along X-X axis

Vu = qs
tributary area
Bw = 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:Average Base Pressure along one edge
=(36.5221+22.2834)/2 =29.4027 KN/m2

=(17.7167+3.47792)/2 = 10.5973 KN/m2

=29.4027- {(29.4027-10.5973)/5.0*1.73} =22.89603 KN/ m2 [1.73=(5/2 +0.3 0.92
0.15)]
Hence, the Design one-way shear at the critical section
Vuz =5.0*{22.89603*1.73+0.5*(29.4027-22.89603)*1.73}= 226.1924 KN
Design shear stress, v = 226.1924/(5.0 x 0.93) =48.64353 kN/ m2
Now, vC1 = min(0.8 (fcu),5) N/ mm2= 4381.78 kN/ m2 > v (Hence Safe)
= 348.5494 kN/ m2
Chapter 2
Two-way action (Punching Shear)

Along X-X axis
[3090 mm = 300 + 2x(1.5 x 930)]

The punching shear will be calculated for an area outside the area enclosed by the rectangle at
a distance 1.5d from the column face as shown in figure.
Total pressure under the base = 5.0 x 5.0 x 10.5973 + 0.5 x 5.0 x 5.0 x (29.4027 10.5973) =
500.00 kN.
Pressure at the critical sections:a = 29.4027 ((29.4027-10.5973)/5.0*0.955) = 25.810869 KN/m2
b = 10.5973 + ((29.4027-10.5973)/5.0*0.955) = 14.189131 KN/m2
Pressure under enclosed rectangle = (3.09)2 x 14.189131 + 0.5 x (3.09)2 x (25.810869
14.189131) = 190.962 kN
Punching shear force = 500.00-190.962 = 309.038 kN.
Critical perimeter = 3.09 x 4 =12.36 m.

Punching shear stress = 309.038/(12.36 x 0.93) = 26.885 kN / m2.

Hence, the punching shear stress is less than VC . Hence Safe
Along Z-Z axis
The punching shear will be calculated for an area outside the area enclosed by the rectangle at a
distance 1.5d from the column face as shown in figure.
Total pressure under the base = 5.0 x 5.0 x 12.8806 + 0.5 x 5.0 x 5.0 x (27.1194 12.8806) = 500.00
kN.
Pressure at the critical sections:a = 27.1194 ((27.1194-12.8806)/5.0*0.955) = 24.3998 KN/m2
b = 12.8806 + ((27.1194-12.8806)/5.0*0.955) = 15.60021 KN/m2
Punching shear force = 500.00-190.962 = 309.038 kN.
Critical perimeter = 3.09 x 4 =12.36 m.
Punching shear stress = 309.038/(12.36 x 0.93)= 26.885 kN / m2.
Chapter 2
Hence, the punching shear stress is less than VC . Hence Safe
Mu =5.0*{19.4358 *2.65*2.65*0.5+0.5*(29.4027 19.4358)*2.65*2.65*2/3}= 457.874
KNm
2.11.4 Comparison
Table 2-12: British verification example 13 comparisons
STAAD
Reference
Difference (Reasons thereFoundation
Result
of)
Result*
Moment about X
264.48
259.98 KNm Error due to approximation
KNm
in base pressure interpolation
Moment about Z
457.874
448.24 KNm Error due to approximation
KNm
in base pressure interpolation
Area of steel about 6500.00
6500.00
Negligible
X-X
mm2
mm2
Area of steel about 6500.00
6500.00
Negligible
2
2
Z-Z
mm
mm
Shear Stress
48.64 KN/ 46.66 KN/
Error due to approximation
m2
m2
in base pressure inter(One way) along X
polation
Shear Stress
30.996
29.28 KN/
KN/ m2
m2
in base pressure inter(One way) along Z
polation
Shear Force
309.038
305.46 KN Error due to approximation
KN
in base pressure inter(Two way)
polation
Factor of Safety
2.1656
2.167
Negligible
against Sliding (X)
Factor of Safety
3.2484
3.250
Negligible
against Sliding (Z)
Factor of Safety
10.386
10.392
Negligible
against Overturning
(X)
Factor of Safety
9.82516
9.830
Negligible
against Overturning
(Z)
Section 3
Canadian Code (CSA A23.3-2004)

Design of a square Isolated Footing
3.1.1 Reference
3.1.2 Problem
A tied column 450 mm square and reinforced with eight No. 35 bars carries an unfactored dead
load of 1300 kN and an unfactored live load of 1000 kN. Suitable soil with a factored soil bearing
pressure of 300 kN/m2 is available at a depth of 1.5 m. Design a square footing.
The compressive strength fc is 30 MPa for the column and 25 MPa for the footing. All steel has
fy =400 MPa. Unit weight of concrete and soil is 24 kN/m2 and 16 kN/m2 respectively.
Chapter 3
3.1.3 Solution
Trial Footing Size
Calculate the initial footing size based on soil bearing capacity.
As per CSA A.23.3-04 cls. 8.3 and Annex C. the 2005 National Building Code of Canada load
combination factors must be used:
Factored Load = 1.25 DL +1.5 LL = (1.25 X 1300 kN) + (1.5 x 1000 kN) = 3,125 kN
Required area of footing: 3125/300 = 10.41 m2
Total Axial load = 3125+Self Weight of footing + weight of soil
Self Weight of footing = 3.6 x 3.6 x 0.75 x 24 = 233.28 kN
weight of soil=3.6 x 3.6 x 1.5 x 16 = 311.04 kN
For square footing, the axial force on the footing is:
3125+233.28+311.04 =3669.32 kN
So stress on soil=369.32/(3.6x3.6)=283.12 kN/m2

Calculate Factors of Safety

In this case, we do not have any sliding and overturning forces. The CSA A23.3-04 recommends
for a footing that experiences horizontal shear, the designer must make sure that this shear is
transferred to the subgrade utilizing the passive soil resistance and the friction between the
subgrade and the footing surface. The passive soil resistance will be ignored in STAAD
Foundation to calculate the factor of safety against sliding check. Factor of safety against
overturning must be checked as per the NBCC.
Anyway, max sliding force equals the axial load x coefficient of friction
for coeff. of friction =0.5,
Sliding force= 0.5x 3669.32 =1834.66 kN (same for X & Z dir)
Max resisting moment against overturning =axial force x Dimension/2= 0.5x
3669.32x3.6 kNm= 6604.78 kNm(Same wrt both x and z axis).
Stress on soil from Factored load = 3125/(3.6x3.6)=241.126 kN/m2

Along X Direction
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
Vumax =
768.22 kN
= 0.65, = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 x 690 = 621 mm
bw=3600 mm
Now allowable one-way shear capacity per CSA A23 clause 11.3.5.2
Vc =
260
(1000 + d v ) c
fc b w dv = 1, 165, 641 N = 1, 165 kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
Vumax =
= 768.22 kN
= 0.65, = 1
dv = 0.9.deff=0.9 x 690=621 mm
Chapter 3
bw = 3600 mm
Vc =
260
(1000 + d v ) c
fc b w dv = 1, 165, 641 N = 1, 165 kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (450+2x0.5x.69)2=1.2996 m2
Vmax = P r (BH - Am) = 241.126x(3.6x3.6-1.2996)=2811.63 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X (b + h + 2x d) = 4.56 m
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 0.8936 N/mm2
=4
=L/B =4.5/4.5 =1
Vr 1 = 1 +
2
c
0.2 f
c
s d
Vr 2 =
+ 0.2c f
b0
Vr 3 = 0.4c f
= 1.95 N / mm 2
= 2.617 N / mm 2
= 1.3 N / mm 2
As effective depth>300 mm so the multiplier=1300/(1000+deff)=0.769

So,
Vr1= 1.499 N/mm2 =1,499 kN/m2
Vr2= 2.012 N/mm2 = 2,012 kN/m2
Vr3= 0.9997 N/mm2 = 999.7 kN/m2
So min {Vr1, Vr2, Vr3} =1,300 kN/m2
So allowable shear = Vc = 1,300 kN/m2
V < Vc , Hence safe
Development Length
Per CS A23.3-94 clause 12.2.4

Along Z Axis
d = 1.15
k 1k 2k 3 k 4
fy
(d cs + Ktr )
Ab
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 8
d = 0.730 m
Available Length = (3600 - 450)/2 - 50 = 1,525 mm

Hence OK
Along X Axis
d = 1.15
k 1k 2k 3 k 4
fy
(d cs + Ktr )
Ab
where
k =1
1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 8
d = 0.730 m
Available Length = (3600 - 450)/2 - 50 = 1,525 mm

Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth Against Moment

About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section:
Mux =
= 1076.66 kN-m
1 = 0.85-0.0015.fc=0.8125
s=0.85
Chapter 3
= 0.62817
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
So, =0.001892
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section,
Mux =
= 1076.66 kN-m
1 = 0.85-0.0015.fc=0.8125
s=0.85
= 0.62817
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
So, =0.001892
Hence OK

Along X Direction(Bottom)
Astx =.B.d
eff
= 4,700 mm2

Provided area = 5,400
min
2
mm
= 0.2% of Gross Cross Section = 5,400 mm2

Astz = .L.d
eff
= 4,700 mm2

min
2
mm

min

(as no uplift is present so min steel is provided)
Along Z Direction (Top)

min
2
mm
(as no uplift is present so min steel is provided)
3.1.4 Comparison
Table 3-1: CSAverification example 1 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
286.45 kN/m2
283.5 kN/m2
Negligible
Governing Moment
1076.66 kN-m
1076.64 kN-m Negligible
1076.66 kN-m
768.22 kN
1076.66 kN-m
768.01 kN
Negligible
768.22 kN
2811.63 kN
1,165 kN
768.01 kN
2811.49 kN
1,165 kN
Negligible
None
1,165 kN
1,300 kN/m2
1,165 kN
1,300 kN/m2
Negligible
1834.66 kN
1837.09 kN
Negligible
1834.66 kN
6604.78 kNm
1837.09 kN
6613.4 kNm
Negligible
Ast (B)
6604.78 kNm
5,400 mm
6613.4 kNm
5,400 mm
None
Ast (T)
5,400 mm
5,400 mm
5,400 mm
5,400 mm
None
Ld (rqrd)
5,400 mm
730 mm
5,400 mm
730 mm
None
Ld (available)
730 mm
1525 mm
730 mm
1525 mm
None
1525 mm
1525 mm
Resisting Shear Force
(One-Way)
Resisting Shear Stress
(Two-Way)
Overturning

Design of a square Isolated Footing
Chapter 3
3.2.1 Reference
3.2.2 Problem
A tied column, 500 mm square, and reinforced with eight No. 35 bars carries an unfactored dead
load of 900 kN and an unfactored live load of 800 kN. Suitable soil with a factored soil bearing
pressure of 300 kN/m2 is available at a depth of 1.5 m . Design a square footing.
The compressive strength fc is 20 MPa for the column and 20 MPa for the footing. All steel has
fy =350 MPa. Unit weight of concrete and soil is 24 kN/m2 and 16 kN/m2 respectively.
3.2.3 Solution
Trial Footing Size
Initial footing size is based on soil bearing capacity.
As per CSA A.23.3-04 cls. 8.3 and Annex C. the 2005 National Building Code of Canada load
combination factors must be used:
Factored Load = 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL = (1.25 X 900 kN) + (1.5 x 800 kN) = 2,325 kN
Required area of footing: 2,325 /300 = 7.75 m2

Total Axial load = 2,325 +Self Weight of footing + weight of soil

Self Weight of footing = 3 x 3 x 0.6 x 24 = 129.6 KN
weight of soil=3 x 3 x 1.5 x 16 = 216 KN
For square footing, the axial force on the footing is:
2,325 +129.6 + 216 =2670.6 KN
So stress on soil=2670.6 /(3x3)=296.73 KN/m2
Calculate Factors of Safety

In this case, we do not have any sliding and overturning forces. The CSA A23.3-04 recommends
for a footing that experiences horizontal shear, the designer must make sure that this shear is
transferred to the subgrade utilizing the passive soil resistance and the friction between the
subgrade and the footing surface. The passive soil resistance will be ignored in STAAD
Foundation to calculate the factor of safety against sliding check. Factor of safety against
overturning must be checked as per the NBCC.
Anyway, max sliding force =axial load x coeff of friction
for coeff of friction =0.5,
Sliding force= 0.5x 2670.6 =1335.3 KN (same for X & Z dir)
Max resisting moment against overturning = axial force x Dimension/2 = 0.5x
2670.6x3 KNm= 4005.45 KNm(Same WRT both x and z axis).
Stress on soil from Factored load=2325/(3x3)=258.33 KN/m2

Along X Direction
d
eff
= (600-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
umax
= 550.24 KN
= 0.65, = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 x 490 = 441 mm
bw = 3000 mm
Vc =
260
(1000 + d v ) c
fc b w dv = 741, 781 N = 741.8 kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Chapter 3
Along ZDirection
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
Vumax =
= 550.24 KN
= 0.65, = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 x 490 = 441 mm
bw = 3000 mm
Vc =
260
(1000 + d v ) c
fc b w dv = 741, 781 N = 741.8 kN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (500+2x0.5x.54)2 = 1.0816 m2
Vmax =
258.33 x (3x3-1.0816) = 2045.56 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 x (b + h + 2x d) = 4.16 m

v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 0.91 N/mm2
=4
=L/B =5/5 =1
Vr 1 = 1 +
2
c
0.2 f
c
s d
Vr 2 =
+ 0.2c f
b0
Vr 3 = 0.4c f
= 1.74 N / mm 2
= 2.09 N / mm 2
= 1.162 N / mm 2
As effective depth > 300 mm so the multiplier = 1300/(1000 + deff) = 0.844

So,

Vr1= 1.46 N/mm2 = 1,460 KN/m2

Vr2= 1.76 N/mm2 == 1,760 KN/m2
Vr3= 0.980 N/mm2 = 980 KN/m2
So min{Vr1,Vr2,Vr3} = 1,162 KN/m2
So allowable shear = Vc = 1,162 KN/m2
V < Vc , Hence safe
Development Length
Per CS A23.3-94 clause 12.2.4
Along Z Axis
d = 1.15
k 1k 2k 3 k 4
fy
(d cs + Ktr )
Ab
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 8 for 20M and smaller bar size
d = 0.730 m
Available Length = (3,000 - 500)/2 - 50 = 1,200 mm

Hence OK
Along X Axis
d = 1.15
k 1k 2k 3 k 4
fy
(d cs + Ktr )
Ab
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 8 for 20M and smaller bar size
d = 0.730 m
Available Length = (3,000 - 500)/2 - 50 = 1,200 mm

Hence OK
Chapter 3

About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section
1
Mux =
258.33 3
3 0.5
) = 605.46 kN m
1 = 0.85-0.0015.fc=0.82
s=0.85
Kr = 1
Kr =
Mu
Bd
s f y
21f c c
s f y
= 0.0346

d
eff
= (600 - 50 - 0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
So, =0.002405
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Mux =
= 605.46 KN-m
1 = 0.85-0.0015.fc=0.82
s=0.85
Kr =
Mu
Bd
= 0.0346

deff = (600 - 50 - 0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
So, =0.002405
Hence OK

As per clause 7.8.1 equation 10.5.1.2(a).
Along X Direction(Bottom)
Astx =.B.deff= 3,896 mm2


min
2
mm

Astz = .L.deff= 3,896 mm2
min
2
mm
Use #20 @ 190 c/c

min
mm2
(as no uplift force is present only min steel is provided)

Use #20 @ 220 c/c
Along Z Direction (Top)

min
mm2
(as no uplift force is present only min steel is provided)

Use #20 @ 220 c/c
3.2.4 Comparison
Table 3-2: CSA verification example 2 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
2
Bearing Pressure
296.73 KN/m
296.07 KN/m2 Negligible
Governing Moment
605.46 KN-m
605.46 KN-m
None
605.46 KN-m
550.24 KN
550.24 KN
2045.56 KN
Resisting force for sliding 1335.3KN
1335.3KN
Overturning
Ast (B)
605.46 KN-m
550.06 KN
Negligible
550.06 KN
2045.45 KN
1332.3 KN
Negligible
Negligible
4005.45 KNm
1332.3 KN
3996.827 KNm Negligible
4005.45 KNm
#20@220 c/c
3996.827 KNm
#20@220 c/c None
Chapter 3
Ast (T)
#20@220 c/c
#20@220 c/c
STAAD
Foundation
Result
#20@220 c/c
#20@220 c/c
None
Ld (rqrd)
#20@220 c/c
714 mm
#20@220 c/c
714 mm
None
Ld (available)
714 mm
1200 mm
714 mm
1200 mm
None
1200 mm
1200 mm
Value of
Reference
Result
Percent
Difference

3.3.1 Reference
3.3.2 Problem
Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 90KN/m2. Coefficient of
friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5. Height of soil above
footing=450 mm, GWT is 300 mm from GL.
Surcharge= 10 KN/m2

3.3.3 Solution
Weight of above soil = 4.3 x 4.3 x 0.450 x 18 KN = 149.77 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 4.3x4.3 x (0.500+0.450-0.300) x 9.81 KN =
117.9 KN
Load due to surcharge = 4.3x4.3 x 10 KN =184.9 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1200+231.125 +149.77 +184.9 -117.9) KN =

1647.895 KN
Maximum pressure = 1647.895 /(4.3x4.3) = 89.12 KN/m2
89.12 KN/ m2 <90 KN/m2
Hence safe
Stress for Factor design = 1.25x1200/(4.3x4.3) = 81.12 KN/m2
Chapter 3
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0

Max resisting force against sliding = 0.5 x 1647.895 KN = 823.95 KN
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0

Max resisting force against sliding = 0.5 x 1647.895 KN = 823.95 KN
Hence OK
WRT X Direction
Hence OK
WRT Z Direction
Hence OK
3.3.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
89.12 KN/
89.03 KN/ m2 Negligible

Value of

(x)
Overturning (z)
(z)
Overturning (x)
Reference
Result
m2
823.95 KN
STAAD
Foundation
Result
Percent
Difference
823.12 KN
Negligible
3542.97 KNm 3539.366 KNm
Negligible
823.95 KN
Negligible
823.12 KN
3542.97 KNm 682.862 KNm
Negligible

3.3.5 Reference
3.3.6 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 800 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450 MPa,
Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm. Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Pile Data
Dia of pile= 400 mm.
Vertical capacity = 250 KN,
Horizontal capacity = 100 KN
Uplift capacity = 80 KN
Figure 3-4: Elevation and Plan, with dimension and loads
Chapter 3
3.3.7 Solution
depth of pilecap= 1.5 x piledia, D=600 mm
Take D=600 mm
c/c pile distance = 3xpile dia =1200 mm. Edge diatance =350 mm
Assuming 4 pile combination,
Coordinates of piles considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
Pile No
1
2
3
4
X Coordinate (mm)
-600
-600
600
600
Z Coordinate (mm)
-600
600
600
-600
pilecap dimension is 1900 mm x1900 mm x 600 mm

Weight of footing = 1.9 x1.9 x 0.60 x 25 KN = 54.15 KN
Weight of pedestal = 0.25 x 0.25 x 0.5 x 25 KN = 0.78 KN
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (800+54.15 +0.78) KN = 854.93 KN
So Pile reaction = 854.93 /4= 213.73 KN < 250 KN, Hence OK
As there is no lateral load, moment or uplift force, so each pile is safe in lateral & uplift
capacity.
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken =1
Load factor for axial load is taken 1.25
SO, Load on pilecap = 1.25x800+54.15 x1+0.78x1= 1054.93 KN
Load on each pile =1054.93 /4=263.73 KN

Figure 3-5: Bending sections considered
Calculation of Moment wrt Z Axis

For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1=from pile2=263.73 x 0.475=125.27 KNm
So Total Mz X1X1 = 250.54 KNm
For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile3=from pile4=263.73 x 0.475=125.27 KNm
So Max value of Mz = 250.54 KNm
Check For Trial Depth against moment wrt Z Axis

Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 250.54 KN-m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 75 mm pile in pilecap & and 11.3 mm bar (Bar No 10), effective
depth
deff = 463.7 mm
B =1900 mm ,
c = Resistance Factor of concrete = 0.6 (Clause No 8.4.2)
1 = 0.8125 (Clause No 10.1.7.c)
1 = 0.8475 (Clause No 10.1.7.c)
c = (700.d)/(700+fy) = 282.25 mm (Clause No 10.5.2)
a = 239.208 mm (Clause No 10.1.7.a)
Chapter 3
C = 5539 x 103 KN(Clause No 10.1.7.a)

Resisting Moment=C.(d-a/2)=1906 KNm
Muz < Resisting Moment, Hence OK
Calculation of Moment wrt X Axis

For moment wrt Z1Z1
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 250.54KNm
For moment wrt Z2Z2
So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 250.54KNm
So Max value of MX = 250.54 KNm
Check For Trial Depth against moment wrt X Axis
deff = 463.7 mm
B =1900 mm ,
C=5539 x 103 KN
Resisting Moment=C.(d-a/2)=1906 KNm
Mux < Resisting Moment, Hence OK
Calculation of Shear parallel to X Axis

Figure 3-6: Shear sections considered
For shear wrt X1X1

Contribution from pile 1 =pile2=263.73 x528=139.25 KN

So Total V X1X1 = 274.5 KN
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 3=pile4=263.73 x528=139.25 KN
So Max V parallel to X direction = 274.5 KN
Check for One-Way Shear (along X dir)

Shear Strength Vr = 260/(1000+d).c..(f'c ).bw.d=>0.1..c.(f^' c).bw.d
= max(469.497, 264.309) KN = 469.5 KN (Clause no 11.3.5.2)
Where
c = Resistance Factor of concrete=0.6 (Clause No 8.4.2)
= factor to account Concrete density=1(Clause No 8.6.5)
bw = Section Width=1900 mm
d = effective Depth= 463.7 mm (Clause 11.0)
VX < VResistanceX, Hence Safe
Calculation of Shear parallel to Z Axis

For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 =pile 4 =263.73 x528=139.25 KN
So Total V Z1Z1 = 274.5 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2=pile 3 =263.73 x528=139.25 KN
So Max V parallel to Z direction = 274.5 KN
Check for One-Way Shear (along Z dir)

Shear Strength Vr=260/(1000+d).c..(f'c ).bw.d=>0.1..c.(f^' c).bw.d
= max(469.497, 264.309) KN = 469.5 KN
VZ < VResistanceZ, Hence Safe
Chapter 3
Punching Shear
Figure 3-7: Two-way shear sections considered
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =231.85 mm from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1=from pile2=from pile3=from pile 4= 263.73 KN
So total punching shear Vmax= 1054.92 KN
b0=Perimeter of failure line at d/2 distance from column face=2.(Column Length+Column
Width+2d)x 2= 4x(250+463.7/2+463.7/2)=2854.88
Therefore Shear stress c= =Vmax/(b0 x d)= 797 KN/m2
Calculation of punching shear stress capacity
= 1 (Clause 8.6.5)
c = 0.6 (Clause 8.4.2)
f' = Strength of concrete (in MPa)
c
= (Column Length)/(Column Width)=1900/1900=1

c
= 4 (Clause No 13.0 & 13.4.4.a)

s
mod factor=1
Vr1=(1+2/c).0.2..c.(f'c).mod factor=1800 KN/m2 (Eqn no 13.5 Clause no 13.4.4a)
Vr2=(0.2+(s. dv)/bo)..c.(f'c).mod factor=2549 KN/m2 (Eqn no 13.6 Clause no13.4.4b)
Vr3=0.4..c.(f'c).mod factor= 1200 KN/m2 (Eqn no 13.7 Clause no 13.4.4c)
Vr=Min (Vr1,Vr2,Vr3)=1200 KN/m2
V < VResistance , Hence safe

Along X Direction
Calculate Kr (neutral axis/depth ratio) for Actual Bending Moment

Where
1= 0.85- 0.0015.fc>=0.67 (Clause No 10.1.7)
c = 0.6 (clause 8.4.2)
s = 0.85 (clause 8.4.3)
Solving the equation (steel area ratio = 0.165 %
Therefore, Astx = .b,d= 1450 m2m
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.2/100 x B x D = 2280 mm2
Provided area = 2280 mm2
Along Z Direction
Calculate Kr (neutral axis/depth ratio) for Actual Bending Moment
Solving the previously stated equation (steel area ratio = 0.165 %

Therefore, Astx = .b,d= 1450 m2m
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.2/100 x B x D = 2280 mm2
Check for Development Length

Ld (required)=1.15.k1.k2.k3.k4.fy/((dcs+Kr) ).Ab/(f' )= 380.7 mm
c
(CSA A23-3-04 Clause No 12.2.2 & 12.2.3)

Ld (available)Along X=(Length-pedestal length) 1/2 Cover=775 mm
Ld (required)<Ld (available)Along X
Hence OK
Ld (available)Along Z=(Length-pedestal length) 1/2 -Cover=775 mm
Ld (required)<Ld (available)Along Z
Hence OK
Chapter 3
3.3.8 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Depth
600 mm
598 mm
Negligible
Governing Moment (wrt X 250.54 KN-m 250.54 KN-m
None
axis)
Resisting Moment (wrt Z
1906 KN-m
1933 KN-m
Negligible
axis)
Governing Moment (wrt X 250.54 KN-m 250.54 KN-m
None
axis)
Resisting Moment (wrt Z
1906 KN-m
1933 KN-m
Negligible
axis)
Shear Force(One-Way) X
274.5 KN
274.3 KN
None
Shear Resistance(One469.5 KN
471.8 KN
Negligible
Way) X
Shear Force(One-Way) Z
274.5 KN
274.3 KN
None
Shear Resistance(One469.5 KN
471.8 KN
Negligible
Way) Z
Shear stress(Two-Way)
797 KN/m2
787.6 KN/m2
None
2
Resistance Shear Stress
1200 KN/m
1200 KN/m2
None
(Two-Way)
Ld required
381 mm
381 mm
None
Ld Available (Along X)
775 mm
775 mm
None
Ld Available (Along Z)
775 mm
775 mm
None
Ast (Along X)
2280 mm2
2240 mm2
Negligible

3.4.1 Reference
3.4.2 Problem
Ht of soil =500 mm. Depth of GWT=200 mm. Surcharge= 5 KN/m2

3.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x900/120 m2 = 15 m2
left overhang = right overhang = 1.1 m, C/C col dist=3500 mm
Weight of footing = 5.7 x 3.15 x0.500 x25 KN = 224.44 KN
Weight of soil above footing = (5.7 x 3.15-2x0.25x0.25) x 0.500 x18 KN = 160.47 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5.7 x 3.15 x (0.500+0.500-0.200) x9.81 KN =
140.91 KN
Surcharge load = (5.7x3.15-2x0.25x0.25)x5= 89.15 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing is
(2x900+224.44 +1.25+160.47 +89.15 -140.91) KN = 2134.4 KN
Maximum pressure= 2134.4 /(5.7 x3.15) = 118.87 KN/m2
118.87 KN/ m2 <120 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Chapter 3
About Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5.7x 2134.4 = 6083 KNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
Hence OK
3.4.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
118.87
118.87 KN/m2 None
KN/m2
6083 KNm
6083 KNm
None
Overturning (Z)
3361.7 KNm 3361.7 KNm
None
Overturning (X)
Section 4
Indian Code (IS 456 -2000)

4.1.1 Reference
Reinforced Concrete by A.K. Jain, Page 539, Example 18.2.
4.1.2 Problem
Column Dimension = 400 mm X 400 mm, Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100 KN/m2, and Load Factor =
1.5.
Chapter 4
4.1.3 Solution
Assuming 3.5 m x 3.5 m x 0.6 m footing dimension (I = 12.5 m4)
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1000 +183.75) KN = 1183.75 KN
Maximum pressure = 1183.75/(3.5 x 3.5) KN/ m2 = 96.633 KN/m2 <100 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 1000 x 1.5/ (3.5 x 3.5) KN/m2 = 122.45 KN/m2
Mu = 122.45 x 3.5 x 1.55 x 1.55/2 = 514.826 KN-m
de = (600-35-0.5 x 10) mm = 560 mm
Ku,max =
= 0.479

Ru,max = 0.36 x fc x Ku,max x (1-0.42 Ku,max) = 2.066

Mulim = Ru,max x B x de2 = 2267.642 x 106 N-mm = 2267.642 KN-m> Mu
Hence safe

Area of steel required along length,
x B x de = 2646.4 mm2
Ast = 0.5 x
= 0.135
Corresponding allowable c = 0.28 N/mm2
Developed shear stress c =
Vumax = 122.45 x 3.5 x
= 424.289 KN
= 0.2165 N/mm2 <c,all (Hence safe)
Check for Two-Way Shear

Vumax = 1500 KN

Ks = min (0.5+1,1) = 1
Allowable shear stress = Ks x c = 1 x 0.25
= 0.698 N/mm2
= 0.968 N/mm2
Note: There is no deduction for the upward force underneath the area enclosed by the
critical perimeter. This approach is conservative.
Chapter 4
Spacing
No. of 10 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 33.69 (34)
= 102.73 mm
Spacing for 10 mm bar = 102.73 mm

Figure 4-2: Plan of Reinforcement

Figure 4-3: Cross Section showing Reinforcement
4.1.4 Comparison
Table 4-1: IS verification example 1 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
560 mm
560 mm
None
Governing Moment
514.826 KN-m
514.821 KN-m
Negligible
Area of Steal
2646.40 mm2
2645.01 mm2
0.05
2
2
Shear Stress (One0.216 N/mm
0.216 N/mm
None
Way)
Shear Stress (Two0.698 N/mm2
0.700 N/mm2
0.286
Way)

4.2.1 Reference
Reinforced Concrete Structure by Punmia-Jain-Jain, Example 25.1.
4.2.2 Problem
Column Dimension = 500 mm x 500 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2.
Chapter 4
4.2.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 600/ 120 m2 = 5 m2
Maximum pressure = 650.4 / (2.4 x 2.4) KN/ m2 = 112.92 KN/m2 <120 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 600 x 1.5 /(2.4 x 2.4) KN/m2 = 156.25 KN/m2
Bending moment at critical section, Mu = 56.25 x 2.4 x 0.95 x 0.95 /2= 169.21875
KN-m
de = (350-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 294 mm

Ku,max =
= 0.53
Ru,max = 0.36 x fc x Ku,max x (1- 0.42 Ku,max) = 2.225

Mulim = Ru,max x B x de2 = 461.568 x 106 N-mm = 461.568 KN-m > Mu
Hence safe

Area of steel required along length,
Ast = 0.5 x
x B x de = 2837.87 mm2

Percentage of steel pt = 100Ast/(Bde) = 0.4022
Corresponding allowable c = 0.42 N/mm2
Vumax = 156.25 x 2.4 x
= 246 KN
= 0.3486N/mm2 <c,all
Hence safe
Check for Two-Way Shear

Vumax = 900 KN

Ks = min (0.5+1, 1) = 1
Allowable shear stress = Ks x c = 1 x 0.25
= 0.96 N/mm2
= 0.968 N/mm2
Hence safe
Chapter 4
Spacing
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 25.09 (26)
= 91.52 mm
Spacing for 12 mm bar = 91.52 mm

Figure 4-5: Elevation and Plan showing reinforcement design

4.2.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
294 mm
294 mm
None
Governing Moment
169.2187 KN-m 169.2187 KN-m
None
2
2
Area of Steel
2837.87 mm
2836.34 mm
0.05
Shear Stress (One0.3486 N/mm2 0.3486 N/mm2
None
Way)
Shear Stress (Two0.96 N/mm2
0.96 N/mm2
None
Way)

4.3.1 Reference
4.3.2 Problem
friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Chapter 4
4.3.3 Solution
Weight of footing = 4.95x4.95x0.7 x 25 KN = 428.79 KN
Maximum pressure = 2428.79/(4.95x4.95) = 99.124 KN/ m2 <100 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure =
KN/m2 = 122.436 KN/m2
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0

max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 2428.79 =

1214.395 KN
Hence OK
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 2428.79 =
1214.395 KN
Hence OK
Hence OK

About X Axis
Mux = 122.436 x 4.95 x 2.325 x 2.325 / 2 = 1638.06 KN-m
deff = (700-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 642 mm
K=700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Ru= 0.36 .fck. Kumax .(1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 7026 KNm
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Mux = 122.436 x 4.95 x 2.325 x 2.325 / 2 = 1638.06 KN-m
deff = (700-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 642 mm
K=700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Chapter 4

Hence OK

Along X Direction
From IS -456-2000 Annex G, G-1, b:
Mu =0.87.fy .Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy /b.d.fck)
So solving equation for Ast,
Astx = 7358 m2m
Along Z Direction
Astx = 7358 m2m

Along X Direction
= 0.2315
Vumax = 122.436 x 4.95 x
= 1020 KN
= 0.321 N/mm2
Now allowable stress= 0.348 N/mm2

V < c
Hence Safe

Along Z Direction
= 0.2315
Vumax = 122.436 x 4.95 x
= 1020 KN
= 0.321 N/mm2

V < c
Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Vmax =
2892 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X (b + h + 6 x d) = 3.768 m

v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 1.19 N/mm2
=L/B =4.95/4.95 =1
k=0.5 +=1.5 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress
c =k.0.25.fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
4.3.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
99.124
99.124 KN/m2 None
2
KN/m
Governing Moment
1638.06 KN- 1638.038 KN-m None
m
1020 KN
1019 KN
Negligible
Chapter 4
Value of
(X)
Overturning (Z)
(Z)
Overturning (X)
Reference
Result
2892 KN
1214.395 KN
STAAD
Foundation
Result
2891 KN
1214.397 KN
Percent
Difference
Negligible
None
6011.25 KNm 6011.155 KNm
None
1214.395 KN
None
1214.397 KN
6011.25 KNm 6011.155 KNm
None

4.4.1 Reference
4.4.2 Problem
friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5 Surcharge=20 KN/m2

4.4.3 Solution
Surcharge= 20 KN/m2
Surcharge force=20x3.65x3.65= 266.4 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1000+266.4+199.8)= 1466.2 KN
Maximum pressure = 1466.2/(3.65x3.65)=
110 KN/m2 (Hence OK)
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
Max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation
Total Service load on foundation =1466.2 KN
Chapter 4
Max Resisting force =0.5 x 1466.2 = 733.1 KN

Hence OK
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
Max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation
Total Service load on foundation =1466.2 KN
Max Resisting force =0.5 x 1466.2 = 733.1 KN
Hence OK
Hence OK
4.4.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
2
Bearing Pressure
110 KN/m
109.9 KN/m2
Negligible
2675.815
Overturning (x)
KNm
733.1 KN
732.2 KN
Negligible
(z)
2675.815
Overturning (z)
KNm
733.1 KN
732.2 KN
Negligible
(x)

4.5.1 Reference
4.5.2 Problem

footing=450 mm, dry condition.
4.5.3 Solution
Weight of above soil = 3.7x3.7x0.45 x 18 KN = 110.889 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1200+188.237+110.889) KN = 1499.126 KN
Maximum pressure = 1499.126/(3.7x3.7) = 109.5 KN/m2 <110 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure =
KN/m2 = 131.4828 KN/m2
Chapter 4
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
KN
Hence OK
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
KN
Hence OK
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth against moment about X Axis

Mux = 131.4828 x 3.7 x 1.7 x 1.7/2 = 702.97 KN-m
deff = (550-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 492 mm
K=700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 3084.8 KNm
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth against moment about Z Axis

Mux = 131.4828 x 3.7 x 1.7 x 1.7/2 = 702.97 KN-m

deff = (550-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 492 mm

K=700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK

Along X Direction
Astx = 4120 m2m
Along Z Direction
Astx = 4120 m2m
Check for One-Way Shear (along X dir)
= 0.226
Vumax = 131.4828 x 3.7 x
= 587.7 KN
Developed shear stress v = 587.7x1000/(3700x492)

= 0.322 N/mm2
v < c
Hence Safe
Chapter 4
Check for One-Way Shear (along Z dir)
= 0.226
Vumax = 131.4828 x 3.7 x
= 587.7 KN
Developed shear stress v = 587.7x1000/(3700x492) = 0.322 N/mm2

v < c
Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Vmax =
1718 KN

v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 1.1 N/mm2
=L/B =3.7/3.7 =1
k=0.5 +=1.5 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= c =k.0.25.fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
4.5.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
2
Bearing Pressure
109.5 KN/m 109.45 KN/m2 Negligible
Governing Moment (x&Z)
702.97 KN-m 700.1 KN-m
Negligible
Shear Force(One-Way) (
587.7 KN
586 KN
Negligible
x&Z)
1718 KN
1716.5 KN
Negligible
749.6 KN
749.187 KN
Negligible
(X)
2773.4 KNm 2771.9 KNm
Negligible
Overturning (Z)

Value of
(Z)
Overturning (X)
749.6 KN
STAAD
Foundation
Result
749.187 KN
Negligible
2773.4 KNm
2771.9 KNm
Negligible
Reference
Result
Percent
Difference

4.6.1 Reference
4.6.2 Problem
footing=500 mm, depth of GWT =200 mm
Chapter 4
4.6.3 Solution
Weight of above soil = 4.95x4.95x0.5 x18 KN = 220.522 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 4.95x4.95x0.5 x18 KN = 240.369 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2000+428.79+220.522-240.369) KN =
2408.943 KN
Maximum pressure = 2408.943/(4.95x4.95) = 99.12 KN/m2 <100 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure =
KN/m2 = 122.436 KN/m2
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 2408.943 =
1204.5 KN
Hence OK
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation=0.5 x 2408.943 = 1204.5
KN
Hence OK
Hence OK

Check For Trial Depth against moment

About X Axis
Mux = 122.436 x 4.95 x 2.325 x 2.325 / 2 = 1638.06 KN-m
deff = (700-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 642 mm
K=700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Mux = 122.436 x 4.95 x 2.325 x 2.325 / 2 = 1638.06 KN-m
deff = (700-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 642 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Ru = 0.36 .fck. Kumax .(1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2

Hence OK

Along X Direction
Astx = 7358 m2m
Chapter 4
Along Z Direction
Astx = 7358 m2m

Along X Direction
= 0.2315
Vumax = 122.436 x 4.95 x
= 1020 KN
= 0.321 N/mm2

V < c
Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
= 0.2315
Vumax = 122.436 x 4.95 x

= 1020 KN
= 0.321 N/mm2

V < c
Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Vmax =
2892 KN

v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 1.19 N/mm2
=L/B =4.95/4.95 =1
k=0.5 +=1.5 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
v < c , Hence safe
4.6.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
98.314
98.2832 KN/m2 None
2
KN/m
Governing Moment (x&Z)
1638.06 KN- 1634 KN-m
Negligible
m
Shear Force(One-Way) (
1020 KN
1017 KN
Negligible
x&Z)
2892 KN
2889.7 KN
Negligible
1204 KN
1204 KN
None
(x)
5962 KNm
5960 KNm
Negligible
Overturning (z)
1204 KN
1204 KN
None
(z)
5962 KNm
5960 KNm
Negligible
Overturning (x)

4.7.1 Reference
Chapter 4
4.7.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1500 KN, Fz=120 KN fc = 25 MPa, fy =
4.7.3 Solution
Therefore, total axial load on the footing = (1500+234.04) KN = 1734.04 KN
Maximum axial pressure =P/A= 1734.04 /(3.95x3.95) = 111.138 KN/ m2
Moment due to lateral load= 120x0.6 72 KNm
Total moment (Mx=72 KNm
Zx=3.95x3.952/6 = 10.27 mm3
M/Z=7.01 KN/m2
So,

1=P/A M/Z=104.129 KN/m2

2=P/A M/Z=104.129 KN/m2
3=P/A +M/Z=118.148 KN/m2
4=P/A +M/Z=118.148 KN/m2
118.148 KN/m2 <120 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
KN
Hence OK
FOS = 47.6 > 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =120
KN
FOS = 7.22 > 1.5
Hence OK
Hence OK

About X Axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of column; wrt z axis:
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (113.69 + 154.73)x0.5 = 144.21 KN/m2 (left
end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (113.69 + 154.73)x0.5 = 144.21 KN/m2
(right end)
Chapter 4
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 144.21 +(144.21-144.21) x

2125/3950 = 144.21 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 144.21 +(144.21-144.21)
x 1825/3950 = 144.21 KN/m2
Hence, the moment at the critical section, Mu = F x LA
Where:
F = (144.21 + 144.21) x 0.5 x 1.825 x 3.95 = 1039.57 KN
LA = (144.21 +2x 144.21) x 1.825/ [3x (144.21 +144.21)] = 0.913 m
Mu (right) = 949.13 kNm
So, max moment wrt Z axis Mu (z) = 950 KNm

deff = (600-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 542 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of column; wrt x axis:

Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 133.69)x0.5 = 133.69 KN/m2 (left
end)
(right end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 154.73 +(133.69-154.731) x
2125/3950 = 143.42 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 154.73 +(133.69-154.73) x
1825/3950 = 145.01 KN/m2
Hence, the moment at the critical section, Mu = F x LA
Where:
F = (133.69 + 143.42) x 0.5 x 1.825 x 3.95 = 1080.38 KN
LA = (143.42 +2x 133.69) x 1.825/ [3x (144.21 +144.21)] = 0.923 m
Mu (right) = 997.19 kNm
So, max moment wrt Z axis Mu (z) = 998 KNm

deff = (600-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 542 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
Chapter 4

Along X Direction
Astx = 5056 m2m
Along Z Direction
Astx = 5323 m2m

Along X Direction
= 0.236
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 154.73)x0.5 = 144.21 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 144.21 +(144.21 - 144.21)
x 2667/3950 = 144.21 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 144.21 +(144.21 144.21) x 2667/3950 = 144.21 KN/m2
Hence, the SFat critical section
F = (144.21 +144.21) x0.5 x 1.283 x 3.95 = 730.84 KN
So max SFalong X axis Fux = 731 KN
Developed shear stress v = 731 x 1000 / (3950 x 542) = 0.341 N/mm2


v < c, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
= 0.2486
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 133.69)x0.5 = 133.69 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 154.73 +(133.69 - 154.73) x
2667/3950 = 144.21 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 154.73 +(133.69 - 154.73)
x 1283/3950 = 144.21 KN/m2
Hence, the SFat critical section (left)
F = (133.69 +140.53) x0.5 x 1.283 x 3.95 = 694.84 KN
Hence, the SF at critical section (right)
F = (15473 +147.90) x0.5 x 1.283 x 3.95 = 766.83 KN
So max SFalong X axis Fux = 731 KN
Chapter 4
So max SF=767 KN
Developed shear stress v = 767 x 1000 / (3950 x 542) = 0.358 N/mm2
v < c
Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Vmax =
2148 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X (b + h + 6 x d) = 3368 mm

v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 1.177 N/mm2
=L/B =3.95/3.95 =1
k=0.5 +=1.5 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
v < c
Hence safe

Figure 4-11: Final Plan Dimensions
4.7.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Max Bearing
104.129 KN/m2 104.129 KN/m2
None
Pressure
Min Bearing
118.148 KN
118.148 KN
None
Pressure
Governing Moment 999 KN-m
994 KN-m
Negligible
Shear Force(OneWay)
Shear Force(TwoWay)
950 KN-m
767 KN
946 KN-m
764 KN
Negligible
731 KN
2148 KN
728 KN
2146 KN
Negligible

4.8.1 Reference
Chapter 4
4.8.2 Problem
4.8.3 Solution
(left overhang = right overhang = 1.375 m)
Weight of footing = 5.75 m x 1.35 m x 0.600 x 25 KN = 116.375 KN
Weight of pedestal=2x 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 x 25 = 2.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x400+116.375+2.25) KN = 918.625 KN
Maximum pressure = 918.625 /(5.75x1.35) = 118.34 KN/ m2 < 120 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 800 x 1.5/ (5.75 x 1.35) KN/m2 = 154.589 KN/m2

With Respect to Z Direction
Hence OK
With Respect to X Direction

Hence OK

About Z Axis (Sagging)
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 197.2 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
About Z Axis (Hogging)

deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
With Respect to X Axis

Cantilever length = (1.35-0.3)/2 = 0.525 m
Chapter 4
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 154.589 x5.75 x0.5252/2 = 122.5KNm

deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 =5860 KNm
Hence OK

Astx = 1029 m2m

Astx = 192 m2m

Astz = 627 m2m

Figure 4-13: Dimension, Moment, and Shear and diagrams
= 0.133
Vumax = 168.2 KN
Developed shear stress V = 168.2 x 1000 / (1350 x 544)= 0.229 N/mm2
V < c, Hence Safe
Chapter 4
Punching Shear
For Column 1
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 489.89 x 1000/(300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 = 0.2668
N/mm2
=L/B = 5.75/1.35 = 4.26
k=0.5 +=5.26 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
v < c , Hence safe
For Column 2
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 489.89 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 +544 x 4) x 544 = 0.2668
N/mm2
=L/B =5.75/1.35 =4.26
k=0.5 +=5.26 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
v < c , Hence safe
4.8.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
118.35
118.35 KN/m2 None
2
KN/m
Governing Moment
197 KN-m
191.4 KN-m
Negligible
37.49 KN-m
37.4 KN-m
122.5 KN-m
168.2 KN
489.89 KN
122.5 KN-m
168.2 KN
489.88 KN
489.89 KN
489.88 KN
None
Negligible

Value of
Overturning (Z)
Overturning (X)
2641 KNm
STAAD
Foundation
Result
2641 KNm
None
620 KNm
620 KNm
None
Reference
Result
Percent
Difference

4.9.1 Reference
4.9.2 Problem
Ht of soil =500 mm. Dry condition
Chapter 4
4.9.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2 x 350/110 m2 = 6.36 m2
(left overhang=right overhang=1 m)
Weight of footing = 5 m x 1.65 m x 0.600 x 25 KN = 123.75 KN
Weight of pedestal=2 x 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 x 25 = 2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = 5 m x 1.65 m x 0.500 x 18 KN = 74.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2 x 350 + 123.75 + 2.25 + 74.25) KN = 900.25
KN
Maximum pressure = 900.25 /(5 x 1.65) = 109.12 KN/ m2
109.12 KN/ m2 <110 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 700 x 1.5 / (5.0 x 1.65) = 127.273 KN/m2
About Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5x 900.25 = 2250 KNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
Hence OK

Moment About Z Axis (Sagging)
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107

Hence OK
Moment About Z Axis (Hogging)

deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis

Mux = 127.273 x5x0.6752/2 = 144.97 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 =5096.3 KNm
Hence OK

Astx = 541 m2m

Chapter 4
Astx = 677 m2m

Astz = 742 m2m
= 0.133
Vumax = 169.3 KN
Developed shear stress v = 169.3 x 1000 / (1650 x 544) = 0.1886 N/mm2
v < c, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
For Column One
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 434.3 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 = 0.2356
N/mm2
=L/B =5.75/1.35 =4.26
k=0.5 +=5.26 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
v < c , Hence safe
For Column Two



v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 434.3 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 = 0.2356
N/mm2
=L/B =5.75/1.35 =4.26
k=0.5 +=5.26 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
v < c , Hence safe
Chapter 4
Figure 4-15: ShearForce andBending Momentdiagrams
4.9.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
109.12
108.92
Negligible
2
2
KN/m
KN/m

Value of
Governing Moment
Overturning (Z)
Overturning (X)
105 KN-m
STAAD
Foundation
Result
101.8 KN-m
131.2 KN-m
131.2 KN-m
Reference
Result
Percent
Difference
Negligible
144.97 KN-m 144.97 KN-m

169.3 KN
169.26 KN
434.3 KN
434.3 KN
None
None
434.3 KN
2250 KNm
434.3 KN
2246 KNm
Negligible
742.7 KNm
741.37KNm
None

4.10.1 Reference
4.10.2 Problem
Chapter 4
4.10.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2 x 500/130 m2 = 7.69 m2
(left overhang = right overhang = 1.2 m)
Weight of footing = 5.4 m x 1.65 m x 0.600 x 25 KN = 133.65 KN
Weight of pedestal=2 x 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 x 25=2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = 5.4 m x 1.65 m x 0.500 x 18 KN = 80.19 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5.4 m x 1.65 m x (0.5+0.6-0.2) x 9.81 KN =
78.67 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2 x 500 + 133.65 + 2.25 + 80.19 - 78.67) KN =
1137.42 KN
Maximum pressure= 1137.42 /(5.4 x1.65) = 127.66 KN/ m2
127.66 KN/ m2 <130 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 1000 x 1.5 / (5.4 x 1.65) = 168.35 KN/m2

wrt Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5x 1137.42 = 3071 KNm
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
Hence OK

Mux = 200 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK

Mux = 112.4 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
Chapter 4
About X Axis
Cantilever length = (1.65-0.3)/2 = 0.675 m
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 168.35 x5.4x0.6752/2 = 207 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK

Astx = 1040 mm2

Astx = 579 mm2

Astz = 1062 mm2

Figure 4-17: Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams

= 0.133
Vumax = 223.95 KN
Developed shear stress V = 223.95 x 1000 / (1650 x 544) = 0.249 N/mm2
V < c, Hence Safe
Chapter 4
Punching Shear
For Column 1
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 630.07 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 = 0.343
N/mm2
=L/B =5.4/1.65 =3.27
k=0.5 +=4.27 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
v < c , Hence safe
For Column 2
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 630.07 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 = 0.343
N/mm2
=L/B =5.4/1.65 =3.27
k=0.5 +=4.27 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
v < c , Hence safe
4.10.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
127.48
127.66
Negligible
KN/m2
KN/m2
Governing Moment
200 KN-m
199.9 KN-m
Negligible
112.4 KN-m
112.4 KN-m
207 KN-m
223.95 KN
630.07 KN
207 KN-m
223.89 KN
630.08 KN
630.07 KN
630.08 KN
Negligible
None

Value of
Overturning (Z)
Overturning (X)
3071 KNm
STAAD
Foundation
Result
3067 KNm
Negligible
938.4 KNm
937 KNm
Negligible
Reference
Result
Percent
Difference

4.11.1 Reference
4.11.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 350 KN & Fx=-30 KN each column., fc =
25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height-500 mm. and C/C
column distance=4000 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 90 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS
against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5. No soil above footing. Dry condition
4.11.3 Solution
Chapter 4
(left overhang = right overhang = 1 m)
Weight of footing = 6 m x 1.75 m x 0.600 x25 KN = 157.5 KN
Weight of pedestal = 2 x 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 x 25 = 2.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x350+157.5 +2.25) KN = 859.75 KN
Maximum pressure for axial load=P/A = 859.75 /(6x1.75) = 81.88 KN/ m2
Moment on each col = 30 x (0.5 x 0.6) = 33 KNm
So total moment = 33 + 33 = 66 KNm
Z=1.75x62/6 = 10.5 m3
M/Z = 66/10.5 = 6.28 KN/m2
Streaa at left end = 81.88+6.28= 88.16 KN/m2
Streaa at right end = 81.88-6.28= 75.6 KN/m2
88.16 KN/ m2 <90 KN/m2
Hence safe
wrt Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 6 x 859.75 = 2579.25 KNm
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
Hence OK

Mux = 95 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107


Hence OK

Mux = 264.25 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = (109.43+90.57) x6x0.7252/2 = 157 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK

Astx = 490 mm2
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0012 x B x D = 1260mm2 (as fy>250)
Chapter 4

Astx = 1380 mm2

Astz = 807 mm2

Percentage of steel pt = 0.133
Vumax = 248.613 KN
Developed shear stress V = 0.261 N/mm2
V < c, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
For Column One
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 449.289 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 = 0.245
N/mm2
=L/B =6/1.75 =3.43
k=0.5 +=4.43 , k<=1
Hence, k=1

v < c , Hence safe
For Column Two

v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 458.245 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 = 0.2496
N/mm2
=L/B =6/1.75 =3.43
k=0.5 +=4.43 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
v < c , Hence safe
Chapter 4
4.11.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
88.17 KN/m2
88.16 KN/m2 Negligible
Governing Moment
75.59 KN/m2
129.7 KN-m
75.6 KN/m2
95 KN-m
8.5%
264.25 KN-m
264.25 KN-m
None

4.12 IS Pilecap 1
Value of
Overturning (Z)
Overturning (X)
STAAD
Foundation
Result
167 KN-m
248.61 KN
449.29 KN
6%
None
None
2579.25 KNm
458.24 KN
2579.25 KNm
None
752.28 KNm
752.28 KNm
None
Reference
Result
157 KN-m
248.61 KN
449.289 KN
458.245 KN
Percent
Difference
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
4.12.1 Reference
4.12.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 800 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa,
Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm. Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Pile Data- Dia of pile= 400 mm
Vertical capacity = 250 KN
Chapter 4
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
4.12.3 Solution
depth of pilecap is equal to 1.5x the pile diameter, D = 600 mm
Take D= 920 mm
c/c pile distance is equal to 3x the pile diameter =1200 mm. Edge distance = 350 mm
Assuming four pile combination, Coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
Table 4-12: Pile Locations in Plan
X
Z
Pile No Coordinate Coordinate
(mm
(mm)
1
-600
-600
2
-600
600
3
600
600
4
600
-600
pilecap dimension is 1900 mm x1900 mm x 650 mm
Weight of footing = 1.9 x1.9 x 0.92 x 25 KN = 83.03 KN

4.12 IS Pilecap 1

Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (800 + 83.03 + 0.78) KN = 883.81 KN
So Pile reaction = 883.81 /4 = 220.95 KN < 250 KN
Hence OK
As there is no lateral load , moment or uplift force, so each pile is safe in lateral & uplift
capacity.
Factored Design
So, Load on pilecap = 1.5(800) + 1(883.81) + 1(0.78) = 1,283.81 KN
Load on each pile = 1,283.81/4 = 320.95 KN
Calculation of Moment about Z Axis
For moment wrt X1X1

Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 2 = 320.95 x 0.475 = 152.45 KNm
For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 3 = from pile 4 = 320.95 x 0.475 = 152.45 KNm
Chapter 4
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
Calculation of Moment about X Axis

For moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 4 = 320.95 6 x 0.475=152.45 KNm
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 304.9 KNm
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 = from pile 3 = 320.95 6 x 0.475=152.45 KNm

About Z Axis
Muz = 304.9 KNm
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 50 mm pile in pilecap & and 12 mm bar, effective depth
deff = 814 mm
K = 700/(1,100 + 0.87 fy ) = 0.479107
Ru = 0.36fckKumax (1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
B = 1,900 mm, deff = 814 mm
Resisting Moment =RuBdeff2 = 4,336 KNm
Hence OK
About X Axis
Mux = 304.9 KN-m
deff = 814 mm
K=700/(1,100 + 0.87 fy )= 0.479107
Ru = 0.36fckKumax (1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
B =1,900 mm, deff = 814 mm
Resisting Moment =RuBdeff2 = 4,336 KNm
Hence OK

4.12 IS Pilecap 1

Along X Direction
1 Ast f y
Mu = 0.87f y Ast d
bdf ck

Astx = 1,050 mm2
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0012 x B x D = 2,098 mm2 (as fy > 250)
Along Z Direction
1 Ast f y
Mu = 0.87f y Ast d
bdf ck

AstZ = 1,050 mm2
Calculation of Shear
Chapter 4
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 320.95 x 0.67 = 215.03 KN
So Total V X1X1 = 430 KN
For shear wrt X2X2
So Total V X2X2 = 430 KN
So Maximum V parallel to X direction = 430 KN
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
So Total V Z1Z1 = 430 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
So Max V parallel to Z direction = 430 KN

Along X Direction
Vumax = 430 KN
Developed shear stress V = 430 x 1,000 / 1,900 x 814 = 0.278 N/mm2
V < c, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
Vumax = 430 KN
Developed shear stress V = 430 x 1,000 / 1,900 x 814 = 0.278 N/mm2
V < c, Hence Safe

4.12 IS Pilecap 1
Punching Shear
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 2 = from pile 3 = from pile 4 = 276.4 KN
So total punching shear Vmax= 1,105.7 KN
Pm = 4 x (250 + 814/2 + 814/2) = 4,256 mm
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 0.319 N/mm2
= L/B =1,900/1,900 = 1
k = 0.5 + = 1.5 , k 1
Hence, k = 1
Now allowable stress= c = k(0.25)fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
4.12.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Pile Reaction, Service
220.95
220.5
None
(KN)
Pile Reaction, Ultimate
320.95
320.5
None
(KN)
Governing Moment, Mx
304.9
304.5
None
(KNm)
Governing Moment, Mz
304.9
304.5
None
(KNm)
Shear Force, One-Way, X
430
429.5
None
(KN)
Shear Force, One-Way, Z
430
429.5
None
Chapter 4
4.13 ISPilecap 2
Value of
(KN)
Shear Force, Two-Way
(KN)
Reference
Result
STAAD
Foundation
Result
Percent
Difference
1,105.7
1,104.3
None
4.13 ISPilecap 2
4.13.1 Reference
4.13.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 1,100 KN, Mx= 50 KNm, Fz= 50 KN,fc =
25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm. Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Diameter of pile= 400 mm.
Vertical capacity =300 KN,
Pedestal dimensions: 250 mm x 250 mm

4.13 ISPilecap 2
Figure 4-21: Plan, Elevation, and Pedestal dimensions
4.13.3 Solution
depth of pilecap is equal to 1.5x the pile diameter, D = 600 mm
Take D = 1,255 mm
c/c pile distance = 3x pile diameter =1,200 mm. Edge distance =350 mm
Assuming five pile combination,
Coordinates of piles considering pedestal at 0, 0, 0
Chapter 4
4.13 ISPilecap 2
Table 4-14: Pile Coordinates in Plan
Pile X Coordinate Z Coordinate
No
(mm)
(mm)
1
-849
-849
2
-849
849
3
0
0
4
849
-849
5
849
-849
pilecap dimension is 2,400 mm x 2,400 mm x 1,255 mm
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (1,100 + 180.72 + 0.78) KN = 1,281.5 KN
So Pile reaction from axial load= 1,281.5 /5= 256.3 KN
Moment from lateral load = (1.255 + 0.5) x 50= 87.75 KNm
Moment Mx (from input) = 50 KNm
So Total moment = 137.75 KNm
Using Rivet theory:
Reaction from moment= 137.75(0.849)/[4(0.8492)] = 40.56 KNm
So
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 5 = 256.3 + 40.56 = 296.86 KN
Reaction at Pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 256.3 - 40.56 = 215.74 KN
Reaction at Pile 3= 256.3 KN
So Critical vertical reaction= 297 KN< 300 KN
Lateral reaction = 50/5 = 10 KN < 50 KN, Hence OK
As there is no net uplift load, so each pile is safe in uplift capacity.
Factored Design
So, Axial Load on pilecap = 1.5(1,100) + 1(180.72) + 1(0.78) = 1,831.5 KN
Moment on pilecap = 1.5(137.75) = 206.62 KNm
Load on each pile from axial reaction = 1,831.5/5 = 366.3 KN
Reaction from moment= 206.62(0.849)/[4(0.8492)] = 60.84 KNm
So
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 5 = 366.3 + 60.84 = 427.14 KN

4.13 ISPilecap 2
Reaction at Pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 366.3 - 60.84 = 305.46 KN

Reaction at Pile 3= 366.3 KN
Calculation of Moment
Moment is calculated at face of column
About Z Axis
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = 305.46 x 0.724 = 221.15 KNm
Contribution from pile 2 = 427.14 x 0.724 = 309.25KNm
Contribution from pile 3 = 1.7 KNm
For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 = 427.14 x 0.724 = 309.25KNm
Chapter 4
4.13 ISPilecap 2
About X Axis
For moment wrt Z1Z1
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 444 KNm
For moment wrt Z2Z2

Moment About Z Axis
Muz = 532.1 KN-m
deff = 1,149 mm
K = 700/(1,100 + 0.87x fy ) = 0.479107
Ru = 0.36 (fck) Kumax (1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
B =2,400 mm, deff = 1,149 mm
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 10,913 KNm
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis

Mux = 620.2 KN-m
deff = 1,149 mm
K = 700/(1,100 + 0.87x fy ) = 0.479107
Ru = 0.36 (fck) Kumax (1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2

4.13 ISPilecap 2
B = 2,400 mm, deff = 1,149 mm

Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 10,913 KNm
Hence OK

Along X Direction
1 Ast f y
Mu = 0.87f y Ast d
bdf ck

Astx = 1,510 mm2
Along Z Direction
1 Ast f y
Mu = 0.87f y Ast d
bdf ck

AstZ = 1,293 mm2
According to Amendment 1shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =574.5 mm from the column face.
Chapter 4
4.13 ISPilecap 2
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1

Contribution from pile 1 = 305.46 x 0.873 = 266.67 KN
For shear wrt X2X2
So Max V parallel to X direction = 639.56 KN
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 3 = 0 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2

4.13 ISPilecap 2
So Max V parallel to Z direction = 745.7 KN

Along X Direction
Vumax = 639.56 KN
Developed shear stress V = 639.56 x 103 / (2,400 x 1,149) = 0.232 N/mm2
V < c, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
Vumax = 745.75 KN
Developed shear stress V = 745.75 x 103 / (2,400 x 1,149) = 0.27 N/mm2
V < c, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 574.5 mm from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 4 = 300.6 KN
Contribution from pile 2 = from pile 5 = 420.3 KN
So total punching shear Vmax= 1,441.8 KN
Pm = 4x(250 + 574.5 + 574.5) = 5,596 mm
Chapter 4
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 0.224 N/mm2

= L/B = 2,400/2,400 = s1
k = 0.5 + = 1.5 , k 1
Hence, k = 1
Now allowable stress= c =k(0.25)fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
4.13.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
215.74
215.62
Negligible
(KN)
296.86
296.788

(KN)
Governing Moment
(KNm)
Shear Force, One-Way
(KN)
(KN)
256.3
256.203
215.74
215.617
296.86
305.46
296.788
305.32
427.14
427.081
366.3
366.203
305.46
305.324
427.14
532
427.081
531
Negligible
620
640
619.5
641
Negligible
746
1441.8
747
1435.7
Negligible
Negligible

4.14.1 Reference
Reinforced Concrete Design by Pillai & Menon, Page 652, Example 14.7.
4.14.2 Problem
Design a combined footing for two columns with the given data: C1 (400 mm x 400 mm) with 425 bars and C2 (500 mm x 500 mm) with 4-28 bars supporting axial loads P1 = 900 KN and
P2 = 1600 KN respectively (under service dead and live loads). The column C1 is an exterior
column whose exterior face is flush with the property line. The center-to-center distance
between C1 and C2 is 4.5 meters. The allowable soil pressure at the base of the footing, 1.5 m

below ground level, is 240 KN/m2. Assume a steel of grade Fe 415 in the columns as well as the
footing, and a concrete grade of M 20 in the footing.
Figure 4-22: Footing Plan
Figure 4-23: >Loads on Footing
4.14.3 Solution
Dimension of Mat (Based on the bearing Capacity given):
Length = 6.16 m
Width = 2 m
Depth = 0.95 m
Calculation for base-pressure

Self-weight of mat = 6.16 x 2 x 0.95 x 25 KN = 292.6 KN
Total load on the mat = (1600+900+200.2) KN = 2792.6 KN
Base pressure = 279.6 / (6.16 x 2) KN/m2 = 226.67 KN/m2 < 240 KN/m2 (Hence
Safe)
Ultimate load for C1 = P u1 = 1.5 x 900 = 1350 KN
Chapter 4
Ultimate load for C2 = P u2 = 1.5 x 1600 = 2400 KN

Then uniformly distributed upward load = (P u1+P u2)/6.16 KN/m = 608.8 KN/m
Developed shear stress,
= 0.533 N/mm2 < c,allowable
v =
Hence safe
Maximum shear for C2 = 2400 KN
Developed shear stress,
v =
= 0.508 N/mm2 < c,allowable
Hence safe
Calculation of reinforcement
Maximum negative moment Mu(-) = 1227 KN-m
Maximum negative moment/width = 1227/2 KN-m/m = 613.5 KN-m/m
Area of steel required on top face along length,
Ast = 0.5 x
x B x de
B = 1000 mm
de = 865 mm
Mu= 613.5 x 106 N-mm
Ast = 2067.97 mm2/m
Ast,min = 0.0012 x B x D = 1140mm2/m

Figure 4-24: Shear Force (kN, top) and Bending Moment (kNm, bottom) diagrams
4.14.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Max Bending Moment 603.201 KN613.5 KN-m/m
1.68
(-)
m/m
Max Bending Moment 219.687 KN223 KN-m/m
1.48
(+)
m/m
Area of Steal
2014.835
2067.97 mm2/m
2.56
2
Required
mm /m
Base Pressure
227 KN/m2
226.67 KN/m2
Negligible
Chapter4
200 STAAD Foundation
Section 5
United States Code (ACI 318 2005)

5.1.1 Reference
Notes on ACI318-02 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete with Design Applications by
B.A. Fanella and B. G. Robert, Page 22-7, Example 22.1-22.3.
5.1.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Service dead load = 350 kips, Service live load =
275 kips, Service surcharge = 100 psf, Average weight of soil above footing = 130 pcf, Permissible
soil pressure = 4.5 ksf, Column dimension = 30 x 12 in, Strength of concrete (fc) = 3,000 psi, and
Strength of steel (fy) = 60,000 psi.
Chapter 5
Figure 5-1: Elevation and loads
5.1.3 Solution
Determination of base area of footing:
The base area of footing is determined using service (unfactored) loads with the net
permissible soil pressure.
Total weight of surcharge = (0.130 x 5 + 0.1) = 0.75 ksf
Net permissible soil pressure = 4.5 0.75 = 3.75 ksf
Required base area of footing = (320 + 275) / 3.75 = 166.667 ft 2
[Clause 15.2.2]
Use a 13 x 13 ft square footing (Af = 169 ft 2).
used. [Clause 15.2.1]
P = 1.2 x 350 + 1.6 x 275 = 860 kips [Eq. 9-2]
u
q = (P /A) = (860/169) = 5.089 ksf

u

Figure 5-2: Considered sections for two-way (b ) and beam (b ) action
o
Depth requirement for shear usually controls the footing thickness.

Both wide action and two-way action for strength computation need to be investigated to
determine the controlling shear criteria for depth. [Clause 11.2]
Assume overall footing thickness = 33 in. and average effective thickness d = 28 in. = 2.33 ft.
Wide-beam action
V = q x tributary area
u
= 13 ft = 156 in.
Tributary area = 13(6.0 2.33) = 47.71 ft2

V = 5.089 x 47.71 = 242.796 kips
u
V = (2(f' )b d) [Eq 11 - 3]
c
= 0.75(2(3000) x 156 x 28)/1000 [Clause 9.3.2.3]

= 359 kips > V
O.K.
Two-way action
V = q x tributary area
u
Tributary area =
13 13
(30 + 28)(12 + 28)

144
2
= 152.889 ft
V = 5.089 x 152.889 = 778.052 kips

u
Chapter 5
Vc
b od
2+ 4
= mins d
o +2
[Eq 11-33,11-34 & 11-35 respectively]

b = 2(30 + 28) + 2(12 + 28) = 196 in.
o
30
c =
= 2.5
12
b /d= 196/28 = 7
o
= 40 for interior columns

s
Vc
f
b od
2 + 4.5 = 3.6 (governs)
= min 40
7 + 2 = 7.7
4
V = 0.75 x 3.6 (3000) x 196 x 28/1000 = 812 kips > V = 780 kips
c
O.K.
Calculation of Reinforcement
Figure 5-3: Critical section for moment (long projection)
Critical section for moment is at face of column [Clause 15.4.2]

M = 5.089 x 13 x 62/2 = 1190.862 ft-kips
u
Compute required As assuming tension-controlled section ( = 0.9)

[Clause 10.3.4, 9.3.2.1]
Required capacity, Rn
Rn =
Mu
bd
0.85 f c
fy
1, 190.862 12 1, 000
0.9 156 28
1 1
2 Rn
0.85 f
= 129.821 psi
0.85 3
60
1 1
2 129.821
0.85 3, 000
= 0.0022

Note that this value is a ratio of the gross area, rather than the depth, d. Multiply to determine
reinforced ratio:
(d / h ) = 0.0022(28 / 33) = 0.00186
Check minimum As required for footings of uniform thickness; for grade 60 reinforcement:
[Clause 10.5.4]
min
= 0.00180 < 0.00186 O.K. [Clause 7.12.2]
Required A = bd = 0.0022 x 156 x 28 = 9.61 in.2

s
Try 13-No. 8 bars (As = 10.27 in.2) each way
Check for Development Length

Critical section for development length is same as that for moment (at face of column). [Clause
15.6.3]
3
Ld =
40
fy
f
d
c + K tr
d
[Eq. 12-1]
Clear cover (bottom and side) = 3.0 in.

Center-to-center bar spacing = [156 - 2(3) - 2(0.5)]/12 = 12.4 in
[Clause 12.2.4]
3.0 + 0.5 = 3.5 in (governs)
c = min 12.4
2 = 6.2 in
K = 0 (no transverse reinforcement)

tr
= 3.5 > 2.5, use 2.5 [Clause 12.2.3]

= 1.0 (less than 12 in. of concrete below bars) [Clause 12.2.4]
= 1.0 (uncoated reinforcement)
= 1.0 < 1.7
= 1.0 (larger than No.7 bars)
= 1.0 (Normal weight concrete)
L =
d
= 32.9 in. >12.0 in. O.K. [Clause 12.2.1]
Since Ld = 32.9 in. is less than the available embedment length in the short direction (156/2 30/2 - 3 = 60 in.), the No.8 bars can be fully developed.
Use 13 No.8 each way.
Chapter 5
5.1.4 Comparison
Table 5-1: US verification example 1 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
28 in
28 in
None
Governing Moment
1190.86 ft-kips 1190.77 ft-kips
Negligible
2
2
Area of Steal
9.61 in
9.70 in
0.94
Shear Stress (One242.79 kips
242.56 kips
Negligible
Way)
Shear Stress (Two778.05 kips
778.01 kips
Negligible
Way)

5.2.1 Reference
5.2.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 200 Kip, fc = 4 Ksi, fy = 60 Ksi, Column
Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2.2 Kip/sqft. Coefficient of friction

Figure 5-4: Elevation and Plan
5.2.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 200/2.2 = 90.9 sqft
Assuming 122 inch x122 inch x18 inch footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 122 x122 x18 x 0.159/(123)= 24.66 Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (200+24.66) KN = 224.66 Kip
Maximum pressure = 224.66 /(122 x 122) = 0.0151 Ksi=2.17 Kip/sqft <2.2 Kip/sqft (Hence
safe)
Ultimate pressure =200x1.5/(122x122)= KN/m2 = 0.020156 Ksi
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 224.66 = 112.33 Kip
Hence OK
Chapter 5
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 122 x 224.66 = 13704.26 inkip

Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation= 0.5 x 224.66 = 112.33 Kip
Hence OK
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 7.5 inch from the column face.
Effective Depth=D-clear cover-1=18-2-1=15 inch
Punching Shear Vm = 0.018813 x 122 x 122 - 0.0189 x 27 x 27 = 266.24 Kip
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 2 x d) = 108 inch
Vm1 = Vmax / (Pm*d)= 164.81 Ksi
c=Width of col/depth of col=12/12=1
bc=2.(b+d+2.deff)=108 inch
V1
fc.bc.d = (2+4/1).(4000) x 108 x 15 = 614746.78 lb
V2
fc.bc.d = (40x15/108+2). (4000) x 108 x 15 = 774125.57 lb
V2 = 4.fc.bc.de=4.(4000) x 108 x 15 = 409831.18 lb

Vc = min {V1, V2, V3} =409831.185 lb
So, 0.75Vc = 307.374 Kip
Vm< 0.75.Vc , Hence safe

Along Z Direction
umax
= 0.0189 x 122 x
Now allowable shear = V
= 92.24 Kip
c1
0.75.Vc1=173.61 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
= 2x(4000) x 122 x 15 lb = 231.48 Kip

So Vumax < Vc1 , Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
umax
= 0.0189 x 122 x
= 92.24 Kip
c1
= 2x(4000) x 122 x 15 lb = 231.48 Kip
0.75.Vc1=173.61 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe

About X Axis
m = fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.02138
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
M
ux
= 0.0189 x 122 x 55 x 55 / 2 = 3487.55 inkip
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ =3875.56 inkip

Rn = Mnz/b.d2 =0.1412 Ksi
2m.Rn/fy <1 , Hence OK
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002405
min < < max Hence OK
About Z Axis
m = fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.02138
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
M
ux
= 0.0189 x 122 x 55 x 55 /2 = 3487.55 inkip
So Resisting Moment = Mnz = Muz/ =3875.56 inkip
Chapter 5
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002405

Along X Direction
= 0.002405
x
Therefore, Astx = *b*d = 4.4 in2

x
Along Z Direction
= 0.002405
z
Therefore, Astz = *b*d = 4.4 in2

z
5.2.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
15 inch
15 inch
None
Bearing Pressure
0.0151 Ksi
0.0151 Ksi
None
Governing Moment
3487 inkip
3471 inkip
Negligible
3487 inkip
92.24 Kip
3471 inkip
91.8 Kip
Negligible
Overturning
92.24 Kip
266.24 Kip
112.33 Kip
13704.26
inkip
91.8 Kip
266.29 Kip
112.33 Kip
13703.75 inkip
Negligible
None
Negligible

5.3.1 Reference
5.3.2 Problem
Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2Kip/sqft. Coefficient of friction

5.3.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 250/2 = 125 sqft
Weight of footing 160 x160 x21 x 0.159/(123)= 49.47 Kip
Weight of soil above footing 160 x160 x32 x 0.159/(123)= 53.57 Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (250+49.47 +53.57) KN = 353.04 Kip
Maximum pressure = 353.04/(160x160) = 0.0138 Ksi=1.9872 Kip/sqft <2 Kip/sqft
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 200 x 1.5/(122 x 122)= KN/m2 = 0.020156 Ksi
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
Chapter 5
Hence OK
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 353.04 = 176.52 Kip
Hence OK
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 9 inch from the column face.
Punching Shear Vm= 0.013673x160x160-0.0137x30x30=337.68 Kip
V1
fc.bc.d = (2+4/1).(4000) x120x18 =819662.37 lb
V2
fc.bc.d = (40x18/120+2).(4000) x120x18=1092883.16 lb
V2= 4 .fc.bc.de=4.(4000) x120x18=546441.58 lb

Vc =
=546441.58 lb
So, 0.75Vc=409.832 Kip
Vm< 0.75xVc , Hence safe

Along X Direction
umax
= 0.0137 x 160 x
= 122.76 Kip

c1
= 2x(4000) x160x18 lb =364.3 Kip
0.75.Vc1 = 273.2 Kip

So Vumax < 0.75x Vc1, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
umax
= 0.0137 x 160 x
= 122.76 Kip
c1
= 2x(4000) x160x18 lb =364.3 Kip
0.75.Vc1 = 273.2 Kip

So Vumax <0.75x Vc1 , Hence Safe

About X Axis
m = fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.02138
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
M
ux
= = 0.0137 x 160 x 74 x 74 /2 = 6002 inkip

= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002188
About Z Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.02138
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
M
ux
= = 0.0137 x 160 x 74 x 74 / 2 = 6002 inkip
Chapter 5
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002188

Along X Direction
= 0.002188
x

x
Along Z Direction
= 0.002188
z

z
5.3.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
18 inch
18 inch
None
Bearing Pressure
0.0138 Ksi
0.0138 Ksi
None
Governing Moment
6002 inkip 6002 5989 inkip
Negligible
inkip
5989 inkip
92.24 Kip
91.8 Kip
Negligible
Resisting force for
sliding
Overturning
92.24 Kip
337.68 Kip
176.52 Kip
91.8 Kip
337.7 Kip
176.37 Kip
28243.2 inkip
28218.85 inkip Negligible

5.4.1 Reference
None
Negligible

5.4.2 Problem
Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2.1Kip/sqft. Coefficient of friction
5.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required =300/2.1 = 142.86 sqft
Weight of soil above footing 158 x158 x25 x 0.159/(123)= 40.82 Kip
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 158 x158 x(25+21-10) x 3.61398x10-5= 32.479 Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (300+48.24 +40.82 -32.479) = 356.581 Kip
Maximum pressure = 356.581 /(158x158) = 0.0143 Ksi=2.059 Kip/sqft <2.1 Kip/sqft
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure =200x1.5/(122x122)= KN/m2 = 0.020156 Ksi
Chapter 5
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation=0.5 x 356.581 = 178.29 Kip
Hence OK
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation=0.5 x 356.581 = 178.29 Kip
Hence OK
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching Shear Vm= 0.016825 x 158 x 158 - 0.0169 x 30 x 30 = 404.81 Kip
c = Width of col/depth of col = 12/12=1
bc = 2.(b+d+2.deff) = 120 inch

Figure 5-7: Section considered for two-way shear
V1
fc.bc.d = (2+4/1).(4000) x120x18 =819662.37 lb
V2
fc.bc.d = (40x18/120+2).(4000) x120x18=1092883.16 lb
V3= 4.fc.bc.de=4.(4000) x120x18=546441.58 lb

Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 546441.58 lb
So, 0.75Vc=409.832 Kip

Along X Direction
umax
= 0.0169 x 158 x
= 146.87 Kip
c1
= 2x(4000) x158x18 lb = 359.74 Kip
0.75.Vc1=269.81 Kip
Along Z Direction
V
umax
= 0.0169 x 158 x
Chapter 5
= 146.87 Kip
c1
= 2x(4000) x158x18 lb = 359.74 Kip
0.75.Vc1=269.81 Kip
So Vumax < 0.75xVc1 , Hence Safe
Check for Trial Depth

Moment About X Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.021381
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
M
ux
= 0.0169 x 158 x 73 x 73 / 2 = 7114.95 inkip

Rn = Mnx/b.d2 =0.1545 Ksi
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002637
Moment About Z Axis

m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.021381
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
M
ux
= 0.0169 x 158 x 73 x 73 / 2 = 7114.95 inkip

= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002637


Along X Direction
= 0.002637
x

x
Along Z Direction
= 0.002637
z

z
5.4.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
18 inch
18 inch
None
Bearing Pressure
0.0143 Ksi
0.0143 Ksi
None
Governing Moment
7114.95
7082.85 inkip
Negligible
inkip
7082.85 inkip
7114.95 inkip
146.87 Kip
146.2 Kip
Overturning
146.87 Kip
404.81 Kip
178.29 Kip
28169.899
inkip
146.2 Kip
404.86 Kip
178.18 Kip
28152.53 inkip
Negligible
None
Negligible
Negligible

5.5.1 Reference
5.5.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 200 Kip,Mx=Mz=240 inkip. fc = 4 Ksi, fy
= 60 Ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2.2 Kip/sqft.
Chapter 5
5.5.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 200/2.2 = 90.9 sqft
Therefore, total load on the footing = (200+29.55) KN = 229.55 Kip
Zx = 130x1302 = 366166.667 in3
Zz = 130x1302 = 366166.667 in3
Maximum pressure from axial load = 229.55/(130x130) = 0.0136 Ksi
Mx/Zx=240/366166.667 =0.0007 Ksi
Mz/Zz=240/366166.667 =0.0007 Ksi
So stress at four corners
1=P/A-Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 0.0136 Ksi
2=P/A-Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz= 0.0122 Ksi

3=P/A+Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz= 0.0136 Ksi

4=P/A+Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 0.015 Ksi
Max stress = 0.0136 Ksi = 2.16 Ki/sqft <2.2 Kip/sqft (Hence safe)
Along X Direction
For Sliding
Sliding force =0
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 229.55 = 114.775 Kip
Hence OK
For overturning
About X Direction
Overturning Moment =240 inkip
FOS= 14920.75/240 = 62.17>1.5
Hence OK
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment =240 inkip
FOS= 14920.75/240 = 62.17>1.5
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching Shear Vm= 0.018813x122x122-0.0189x27x27=266.24 Kip
Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm d) = 164.81 Ksi
Chapter 5

V1
fc.bc.d = (2+4/1).(4000) x108x15 =614746.78 lb
V2
fc.bc.d = (40x15/108+2).(4000) x108x15=774125.57 lb
V2= 4.fc.bc.de=4.(4000) x108x15=409831.18 lb

Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 409831.185 lb
So, 0.75Vc=307.374 Kip

Along X Direction
Critical section for moment is at distance d from the face of the column.

Shear at Longitudinal Direction (XAxis)

Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733 +0.016569) x0.5 = 0.157 Ksi
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.016569 +0.018405) x 0.5 = 0.0175 Ksi
x87/130 = 0.0163 Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 0.0175 +(0.0157 - 0.0175) x
43/130 = 0.0170 Ksi
Hence, the shear force at the critical section:
F = (0.0175 + 0.0170) x0.5 x 43 x 130 = 96.43 kip
So, max shear force along X axis, Fux = 97 kip
c1
= 2x(4000) x130x16 lb =263.101 Kip
0.75.Vc1 = 197.327 Kip

So Vumax < 0.75x Vc1 , Hence Safe
Chapter 5
Along Z Direction
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733 +0.016569) x0.5 = 0.157 Ksi
x87/130 = 0.0163 Ksi
43/130 = 0.0170 Ksi
Hence, the shear force at the critical section:
F = (0.0175 + 0.0170) x0.5 x 43 x 130 = 96.43 kip
So, max shear force along Z axis, Fuz = 97 kip
c1
= 2x(4000) x122x15 lb =263.101 Kip
0.75.Vc1 = 197.327 Kip

About Z Axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of the column.

Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733 + 0.016569) x 0.5 = 0.0157 Ksi (left
end)
(right end)
71/130 = 0.0166 Ksi
59/130 = 0.0167 Ksi
Hence, the moment at the critical section (right):
Mu = F x LA
F = (0.0175 + 0.0167) x 0.5 x 59 x 130 = 131.16 Kip
LA = (0.0167 +2 x 0.0175) x 59/(3x (0.0167 + 0.0175)) = 29.731 inches
Mu(right) = 3899.52 in-kips
So, max moment wrt Z axis, Mu(x) = 3900 in-kips
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.021381
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Chapter 5
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002215


About X Axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of the column.
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733 + 0.016569) x 0.5 = 0.0157 Ksi (left
end)
(right end)
71/130 = 0.0166 Ksi
59/130 = 0.0167 Ksi
Hence, the moment at the critical section (right):
Mu = F x LA
F = (0.0175 + 0.0167) x 0.5 x 59 x 130 = 131.16 Kip
LA = (0.0167 +2 x 0.0175) x 59/(3x (0.0167 + 0.0175)) = 29.731 inches
Mu(right) = 3899.52 in-kips
So, max moment wrt Z axis, Mu(z) = 3900 in-kips
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)

bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507

max = 0.75. bal = 0.021381
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002215

Along X Direction
= 0.002215
x

x
Along Z Direction
= 0.002215
z

z
5.5.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
16 inch
16 inch
None
Bearing Pressure
0.0136 Ksi
0.0136 Ksi
None
0.0122 Ksi
0.0123 Ksi
0.0136 Ksi
0.0136 Ksi
Governing Moment
0.015 Ksi
0.0149 Ksi
3899.52 inkip 3893.52 inkip
Negligible
3899.52 inkip 3893.52 inkip

96.43 Kip
96.05 Kip
Negligible
96.43 Kip
266.96 Kip
114.775 Kip
96.05 Kip
267.01 Kip
114.773 Kip
Negligible
None

Overturning
114.775 Kip
14920.75
inkip
114.773 Kip
14920.466 inkip Negligible
14920.466 inkip
Chapter 5
Value of
Reference
Result
STAAD
Foundation
Result
Percent
Difference
14920.75
inkip

5.6.1 Reference
5.6.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1000 KN, Concrete grade M25, Steel
Grade Fe 415, Pedestal Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm x 500 mm.
Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.4, FOS against sliding =1.4, FOS
against overturning =1.4
Soil Depth is 500 mm , depth of GWT from GL is 200 mm and surcharge on foundation
is 5 KN/m2. (consider unt wight of soil 18 KN/m2)

5.6.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1000/120 = 8.33 m2
Assuming 3140 mm x 3140 mm footing dimension, with 490 mm depth
Punching Shear
Weight of footing = 3.14 x 3.14 x 0.49 x 25 = 120.78 KN
Punching Shear Vm = 1400/(3.14 x 3.14) x (3.14 x 3.14-0.665 x 0.665) = 1337.2 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 x (b + d + 2 x d) = 2660 mm
Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm .d) = 1211.34 KN/m2
c = Width of col/depth of col = 250/250 = 1
bc = 2.(b+d+2.deff) = 2660 mm
V1 = (2+4/c)fc.bc.d = 0.083x(2+4/1)x25 x 2660 x 415x 1/1000 = 2748.7 KN
V2 = (40.d/b+2)fc.bc.d = 0.083x(40x 415/2660+2)x25 x 2660 x 415x 1/1000 = 3775.17 KN
V3 = 4.fc.bc.de =0.083 x 4 x 25 x 2660 x 415x 1/1000 =1832.47 KN
Vc =min(V1,V2,V3) =1832.47
So, 0.75Vc = 1374.35 KN
Vm < 0.75.Vc , Hence safe

Along X Direction
V
umax
= 141.993 x 3.14 x ((3.14-0.25)/2-0.415) = 459.23 KN
Now allowable shear = Vc1 =2fc.b.d = 0.083x2x25 x 3140 x 415x 1/1000 = 1081.57 KN
0.75.Vc1=811.18 KN
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
V
umax
= 141.993 x 3.14 x ((3.14-0.25)/2-0.415) = 459.23 KN
Now allowable shear = Vc1 =2fc.b.d =0.083x2x25 x 3140 x 415x 1/1000 = 1081.57 KN
0.75.Vc1=811.18 KN
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Chapter 5

About X Axis
m = fy/0.85.fc = 415/(0.85x25) = 19.529
1 = 0.85 ( as fc < 27.6 N/mm2)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87 + fy) = 0.025759
max = 0.75. bal = 0.0193
min = 0.0018 ( as fy = 415 N/mm2)
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 1/2 x 141.993 x 3.14 x [(3.14-0.25)/2)]2 =
465.48 KNm
So Resisting Moment = Mnz = Muz/ = 517.2 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.956 N/mm2
2m.Rn/fy < 1 , Hence OK
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002359
About Z Axis
m = fy/0.85.fc = 415/(0.85x25) = 19.529
1 = 0.85 ( as fc < 27.6 N/mm2)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87 + fy) = 0.025759
max = 0.75. bal = 0.0193
min = 0.0018 ( as fy = 415 N/mm2)
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 1/2 x 141.993 x 3.14 x [(3.14-0.25)/2)]2 =
465.48 KNm
So Resisting Moment = Mnz = Muz/ = 517.2 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.956 N/mm2
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002359

Along X Direction
z = 0.002359
Therefore, Astx = z.b.d = 3074 m2m

Along Z Direction
x = 0.002359
Therefore, Astz = x.b.d = 3074 m2m
5.6.4 Comparison
STAAD Foundation
Value of
Reference Result
Result
Effective Depth
415 mm
415 mm
2
Bearing Pressure
119.92 KN/m
119.96 KN/m2
472.936 KN
472.945 KN
Percent Difference
None
None
None
472.936 KN
Resisting Moment for Overturning 1856.23 KNm
472.945 KN
1856.276 KNm
Negligible
Governing Moment
1856.23 KNm
465.48 KNm
1856.276 KNm
465.48 KNm
None
465.48 KNm
459.23 KN
465.48 KNm
459.4 KN
Negligible
Shear Resistance (One-Way)
459.23 KN
811.18 KN
459.4 KN
810.737 KN
Negligible
Shear Resistance (Two-Way)
Reinf X
Reinf Z
811.18 KN
1337.2 KN
1374.35 KN
3074 m2m
3074 m2m
810.737 KN
1337.28 KN
1372.8 KN
3076.9 m2m
3076.9 m2m
None
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible

5.7.1 Reference
5.7.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = -1200 KN, Fx=Fz=5 KN, Mx=Mz=10 KNm.
fc = 25 N/m2m, fy = 415 N/m2m, Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm, and Bearing Capacity of
Soil = 120 KN/m2. Assume 500 mm soil depth above footing and depth of GWT 200 mm. Assume
unit weight of concrete & soil are 25 & 18 KN/cum respectively. Coefficient of friction =0.4, FOS
Chapter 5
5.7.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1200/120 = 10 m2
Assuming 3500 mm x 3500 mm x 540 mm footing dimension,
Weight of soil = (3.5 x 3.5- 0.25 x 0.25) x 0.5 x 18 = 109.69 KN
Weight reduction for Buoyancy = 3.5 x 3.5 x (0.54 + 0.5 0.2) x 9.81 = 100.95 KN
Surcharge Load = (3.5 x 3.5 0.25 x 0.25) x 5 = 60.94 KN
Therefore, total Axial load on the footing = 1435.063 KN
Total Moment on the footingMx = 10 + 5x 0.54 = 12.7 KNm
Mz = 10 - 5x 0.54 = 7.3 KNm
Zx = 3.5x3.52 /6 = 7.1458 cum
Zz = 3.5x3.52 /6 = 7.1458 cum
Maximum pressure from axial load = 1435.063 /(3.5 x 3.5) = 117.15 KN/m2
Mx/Zx = 12.7 /7.1458 = 1.78 KN/m2
Mz/Zz = 7.3 /7.1458 = 1.03 KN/m2

So stress at four corners
1 = P/A-Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 116.39 KN/m2
2 = P/A-Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz= 114.35 KN/m2
3 = P/A+Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz = 117.09 KN/m2
4 = P/A+Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 119.94 KN/m2
Max stress = 119.94 KN/m2 < 120 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Along X Direction
For Sliding
Sliding force = 5 KN
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 1435.063 = 574 KN
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 5 KN
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 1435.063 = 574 KN
Hence OK
For Overturning
About X Direction
Overturning Moment = 12.7 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 3.5 x 1435.063 = 2511.36 KNm
FOS= 2511.36/12.7 = 197.75 > 1.4
Hence OK
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment = 7.3 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 3.5 x 1435.063 = 2511.36 KNm
FOS= 2511.36/7.3 = 344 > 1.4
Hence OK
Section Design
Fy = -1.4 x 1200 KN = -1680 KN
Fx = 1.4 x 5 KN = 7 KN
Chapter 5
Fz = 1.4 x 5 KN = 7 KN
Mx = 1.4 x 10 KNm = 14 KNm
Mz = 1.4 x 10 KNm = 14 KNm
Modifying Moments due to lateral forces:
Mx= 17.78 KNm & Mz= 10.22 KNm
D= 540 mm, So deff = 650- 50-25 = 465 mm
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 232.5 from the column face.
Effective Depth= 465 mm
Punching Shear bc = 1609.9 KN = 1610 KN
Figure 5-11: Corner pressure values on plan for punching shear
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 2 x d) = 2860 mm

Vm1 = Vmax/(bc .d) = 1.21 N/m2m
c = Width of col/depth of col=250/250=1
V1 = (2+4/c)fc.bc.d = 3311.45 KN
V2 = (40.d/b+2)fc.bc.d = 4693.15 KN
V3 = 4.fc.bc.de=2207.63 KN
Vc =min(V1,V2,V3) = 2207.63 KN
So, 0.75Vc = 1655.73 KN


Along X Direction
Critical Section for shear is at d distance from face of column
Average Base pressure at left edge = 134.66 KN/m2
Average Base pressure at right edge = 139.64 KN/m2
Approximate Base pressure at left critical section = 136.311 KN/m2
Approximate Base pressure at right critical section = 137.99 KN/m2
Figure 5-12: One-way shear pressure values along x-direction
Hence Maximum Shear Force at critical section = 563.589 KN

Now allowable shear = Vc1 = 2fc.b.d= 1350.825 KN
0.75.Vc1 = 1013.12 KN
Along Z Direction
Critical Section for shear is at d distance from face of column
Chapter 5
Figure 5-13: One-way shear pressure values along z-direction
Hence Maximum Shear Force at critical section = 561 KN

Now allowable shear = Vc1 = 2fc.b.d = 1350.825 KN
0.75.Vc1 = 1013.12 KN
Check For Flexure

Critical Section for Moment is at the face of column
m = fy/0.85.fc = 19.5295
1 = 0.85 (as fc=M 25)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.025729
max = 0.75. bal = 0.019297
min = 0.0018

About Z Axis

Figure 5-14: Bending pressure about Z axis
So Maximum Bending Moment at Critical Section = 638.54 KNm

So Resisting Moment = Mnz = Muz/ = 710 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.93822 N/m2m
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002313
About X Axis
Figure 5-15: Bending pressure about X axis
So Maximum Bending Moment at Critical Section = 641.93 KNm

So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ = 642 KNm
Chapter 5
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.9426 N/m2m
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002325

Along X Direction
z = 0.002313
Therefore, Astx = z.b.d = 3765 m2m
Along Z Direction
x = 0.002325
Therefore, Astz = x.b.d = 3784 m2m
5.7.4 Comparison
Table 5-7: US Verification problem 9 comparison
STAAD
Value of
Reference Result
Foundation
Result
Effective Depth
540 mm
540 mm
Bearing Pressure
116.39 KN/m2
116.397 KN/m2
Percent
Difference
None
None
114.35 KN/m2
114.35 KN/m2
117.9 KN/m2
117.91 KN/m2
119.95 KN/m2
574.05 KN (Xdir)
119.95 KN/m2
574.05 KN (Xdir)
None
Resisting Moment for Overturning
574.05 KN (Zdir
2511 KNm (WRT
Z)
574.05 KN (Zdir)
2511 KNm (WRT Z)
None
Governing Moment
2511 KNm (WRT

X)
639 KNm
638 KNm
Negligible
642 KNm
564 KN
642 KNm
564 KN
Negligible
561 KN
1610 KN
561 KN
1610 KN
None
2511 KNm (WRT X)


5.8.1 Reference
5.8.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 60 Kip each column., fc = 4 Ksi, fy = 60
Ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, Pedestal height-20 inch. and C/C column distance=195
inch . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2 Kip/sqft. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5,
FOS against overturning =1.5
Ht of soil =24 inch. Depth of GWT=10 inch
5.8.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x60/2 sqft = 60 sqft

Assuming 275 inch x40 inch x 24 inch footing dimension,
(left overhang=right overhang = 40 inch)
Weight of footing = 275 x 40 x 24 x 0.159/123 = 24.3Kip
Chapter 5
Weight of pedestal=2 x 12 x 12 x 20 x 0.159 /123 = 0.530 kip
Weight of soil above footing = (275 x 40-2x12x12) x 24 x 0.127/123 = 18.9 Kip
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 275 x 40 x (24 +24-10) x 3.61398x10-5 = 15.1Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x60+24.3+18.9- 15.1) = 148.624 Kip
Maximum pressure= 148.624 /(275x40) = 0.0136 Ksi = 1.9584 Kip/sqft < 2 Kip/sqft
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 1.4x2x60/(275x40) = 0.015273 Ksi
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 275x 148.624 = 20435.8 inkip
Hence OK

Hence OK

Punching Shear
For Column 1
d
eff
= (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch
2 way shear Vm = 67.37 Kip

Chapter 5
V1
fc.bc.d = (2+4/1).(4000) x132x21 = 1051900 lb
V2
fc.bc.d = (40x21/132+2).(4000) x132x21 = 1466284.9 lb
V3= 4.fc.bc.de = 4.(4000) x132x21 = 701266.694 lb

Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 701266.694 lb
So, 0.75Vc=525.95 Kip
For Column 2
d
eff
= (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch

V1
fc.bc.d = (2+4/1).(4000) x132x21 = 1051900 lb
V2
fc.bc.d = (40x21/132+2).(4000) x132x21 = 1466284.9 lb
V3 = 4.fc.bc.de = 4.(4000) x132x21 = 701266.694 lb

Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 701266.694 lb
So, 0.75Vc=525.95 Kip

V
umax
= 43.072 Kip
c1
= 2x(4000) x40x21 lb =106.252 Kip
0.75.Vc1=79.69 Kip

m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.021381

min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)

M
d
ux
eff
= 488.74 inkip
= (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch

Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.0308 Ksi
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.000516
Hence OK

m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.021381
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
M
d
ux
eff
= 2414.897 inkip
= (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch

Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.1522 Ksi
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002597
max Hence OK
With Respect to the X Axis

m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.021381
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
Cantilever length=(40-12)/2 = 14 inch
M
d
ux
eff
= 411.608 inkip
= (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch
Chapter 5
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.0038 Ksi
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.000064
Hence OK
Reinforcement Calculation
= 0.002597
= 0.0018
z (top)
z (bot)
= 0.0018
x
Therefore, Ast =*b*d

Area of Steel Required along X dir ( bot) = 1.512 in2
Area of Steel Required along X dir (top) = 2.18 in2
Area of Steel Required along Z dir ( bot) = 10.395 in2
5.8.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
0.0136 Ksi
0.0135 Ksi
Negligible
Governing Moment
488.736 inkip 461.95 inkip
Negligible
2414.897
inkip
Overturning
2414.41 inkip
411 inkip
411.608 inkip
42.73 Kip
43.07 Kip
66.8 Kip
67.37 Kip
Negligible
Negligible
66.8 Kip
67.37 Kip
2972.44 inkip 2972.48 inkip
Negligible
20435.52
inkip
20435.8 inkip

5.9.1 Reference
5.9.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 60 Kip, Mz=360 inkip for each
column., fc = 4 Ksi, fy = 60 Ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, Pedestal height-20 inch.

and C/C column distance=195 inch . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2 Kip/sqft. Coefficient of friction
5.9.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x60/2 sqft = 60 sqft
Assuming 275 inch x44 inch x 24 inch footing dimension,
(left overhang=right overhang = 40 inch)
Weight of footing = 275 x 44 x 24 x 0.159/123 = 26.73 Kip
Weight of pedestal=2x12x12x20x0.159/123 = 0.530 kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x60+26.73 +0.530) Kip = 147.26 Kip
Maximum pressure from axial load= P/A = 147.26 /(275x44) = 0.0122 Ksi
Mz=360+360=720 Kip
Mz=0
Zz= 44x2752/6 = 554583.334 inch3
Mz/Zz = 720/554583.334 =0.0013 Ksi
So, stress at left end
1 = P/A + Mz/Zz = 0.0135 Ksi
stress at right end
1 = P/A - Mz/Zz = 0.0109 Ksi
Chapter 5
So maximum stress= 0.0135 Ksi= 1.944 Kip/sqft < 2 Kip/sqft
Hence safe
wrt Z Direction
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
Hence OK
Punching Shear
For Column One
d
eff
= (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch

V1
fc.bc.d = (2+4/1).(4000) x132x21 = 1051900 lb
V2
fc.bc.d = (40x21/132+2).(4000) x132x21 = 1466284.9 lb
V3= 4.fc.bc.de = 4.(4000) x132x21 = 701266.694 lb

Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 701266.694 lb
So, 0.75Vc=525.95 Kip
For Column Two

d
eff
= (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch


V1
fc.bc.d = (2+4/1).(4000) x132x21 = 1051900 lb
V2
fc.bc.d = (40x21/132+2).(4000) x132x21 = 1466284.9 lb
V3 = 4.fc.bc.de = 4.(4000) x132x21 = 701266.694 lb

Vc= min{V1, V2, V3} = 701266.694 lb
So, 0.75Vc=525.95 Kip

V
umax
= 47.126 Kip
c1
= 2x(4000) x44x21 lb =116.877 Kip
0.75.Vc1=87.66 Kip

About Z Axis (sagging)
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.0214
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
d
eff
ux
= 791 inkip
= (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ =879 inkip

Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.0453 Ksi
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.000761
Hence OK
About Z Axis (hogging)

m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
Chapter 5
max = 0.75. bal = 0.0214

min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
d
eff
ux
= 2440 inkip
= (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch
= 0.9
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.1398 Ksi
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.00238
max Hence OK
About X Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.0214
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
Cantilever length=(40-12)/2 = 14 inch
d
eff
ux
= 0.013885x275x162/2 =552.82 inkip
= (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch

Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.0051 Ksi
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.000086
Hence OK
= 0.0018
= 0.00238
= 0.0018
z (bot)
z (top)
x(bot)
Therefore, Ast = *b*d

Area of Steel Required along X dir ( bot)= 1.7 in2
Area of Steel Required along X dir (top) = 2.2 in2
Area of Steel Required along Z dir ( bot) = 10.4 in2

5.9.4 Comparison
STAAD
Percent
Value of
Reference Result Foundation
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
0.0135 Ksi
0.0135 Ksi
None
0.0109 Ksi
0.0109 Ksi
Chapter 5
791 inkip
STAAD
Foundation
Result
830 inkip
2440 inkip
2439.66 inkip
552.82 inkip
47.126 Kip
67.48 Kip
534 inkip
46.8 Kip
66.91 Kip

Overturning
70.28 Kip
3239.72 inkip
20248.25 inkip
69.81 Kip
3239.518
inkip
Value of
Governing Moment
Reference Result
Percent
Difference
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
20246.985
inkip

5.10.1 Reference
5.10.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1500 KN on each column., Concrete
Grade = M 25, Steel Grade Fe 415, Column Dimension = 250 mm x250 mm, Pedestal height-500
mm each. and C/C column distance=5000 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2., FOS
against overturning =1.4

5.10.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x1500/120 = 25 m2

Assuming 7000 mm 4500 mm x 840 mm footing dimension,
(left overhang=right overhang = 1000 mm)
Weight of footing = 7 x 4.5 x 0.84 x 25 = 661.5 KN
Weight of soil above footing = (7 x 4.5- 0.25 x0.25 x 2) x 0.5 x 18 = 282.375 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 7 x 4.5 x (0.84+0.5-0.2) x 9.81 = 352.277 KN
Surcharge = (7 x 4.5 -0.25 x0.25 x2) x 5 = 156.875 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x1500+661.5 +1.5625 - 352.277 +156.875) =
3750.04 KN
Maximum pressure= 3750.04 /(7 x 4.5) = 119.05 KN/m2 =119.05 KN/m2 120 KN/m2
Hence safe
Chapter 5
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 7x 3750 = 13125 KNm
Hence OK

max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.5 x 3750 = 8437.5 KNm
Hence OK
Ultimate design
Ultimate pressure = 1.4 x 2 x1500/(7 x 4.5) = 133.33 KN/m2
Deff = 784 mm
Punching Shear
For Column 1
2 way shear Vm = 1957.5 KN

= Width of col/depth of col=250/250 = 1

c
b = 2(b + d + 2d
c
eff
) = 4136 mm
V = (2 +4/ )(f b d) = 8074 KN

1
= (40d/b +2)fc.bc.d = 12894.7 KN
V = 4.f bcde = 5382.76 KN

3
V = min(V , V , V ) = 5382.76 KN
c
So, 0.75V = 4037 KN

c
Vm < 0.75Vc , Hence safe
For Column 2
2 way shear Vm = 1957.5 KN
c
b = 2(b + d + 2d
c
eff
) = 4136 mm
V = (2 +4/ )(f b d) = 8074 KN

1
= (40d/b +2)fcb d = 12894.7 KN

c
V = 4f b d = 5382.76 KN
3
V = min(V , V , V ) = 5382.76 KN
c
So, 0.75V = 4037 KN

c

V
umax
= 954 KN

0.75V
c1
c1
= 2 f bd = 2928 KN
c
= 2196 KN
So Vumax < 0.75Vc1 , Hence Safe

m=fy/0.85.fc=415/(0.85x25) = 19.5295
1 = 0.85 (as fc=25 N/m2m)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.025729
max = 0.75. bal = 0.019297
min = 0.0018 (as fy=415 N/m2m)

Chapter 5
Muz = 300.54 KNm

So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ =333.93 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.1208 N/m2m
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.000292 <max Hence OK
Take = min = 0.0018
Hence OK

Muz = 1574.8 KNm
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ =1749.8 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.6327 N/m2m
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.001548 <max Hence OK
Take = min = 0.0018
Hence OK

Cantilever length = (4500 - 250)/2 = 2125 mm
Mux = 2107.4 KNm
So Resisting Moment =Mnx= Mux/ =2341.55 KNm
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.762 N/m2m
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.001871 < max
Hence OK
= 0.0018
= 0.0018
z (top)
z (bot)
= 0.001871
x
Therefore, Ast =bd

Area of Steel Required along X dir ( bot) = 6350 mm2
Area of Steel Required along X dir (top) = 6350 mm2

Area of Steel Required along Z dir ( bot) = 10268 mm2
5.10.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
119.05
119.05
None
(KN/m2)
Governing Moment
300.54
293.97
Negligible
(KNm)
1574.82
1574.60
(KN)
(KN)
2107.4
954.8
2107.4
43.07 Kip
Negligible
1957.4
1957.4
None
1957.4
1957.4

5.11.1 Reference
5.11.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = -1200 KN & Fx= 10 KN on each column.,
Concrete Grade = M 25, Steel Grade Fe 415, Column Dimension = 250 mm x250 mm, Pedestal
height-500 mm each. and C/C column distance=5000 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2.,
FOS against overturning =1.4
Chapter 5
5.11.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x1200/120 = 20 m2

Assuming 7000 mm 3250 mm x 530 mm footing dimension,
(left overhang=right overhang = 1000 mm)
Weight of footing = 7 x 3.25 x 0.53 x 25 = 301.44 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x1200+301.44 +1.5625) = 2703 KN
Mz1 = -10 x (0.5+0.53) = -10.3 KNm
Mz2 = -10 x (0.5+0.53) = -10.3 KNm
Maximum pressure from axial load= 2703/(7 x3.25) = 118.813 KN/ m2
Total Moment = -10.3 + -10.3 = -20.6 KNm
CG of load= 3.5085 m
CG of raft = 3.5 m
Eccentricity =-8.5833 mm

So Moment= P x Eccentricity = -20.6 KNm

Hence OK
Zz= 3.25 x 72/6 = 26.542 m3
So M/Z = -0.78 KN/m2
So stress at right end= P/A + M/Z= 119.6 KN/m2
Maximum pressure =119.6 KN/m2 120 KN/m2
Hence safe
Overturning Moment =20.6 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 7x 2703 = 9460 KNm
So FOS= 9460/20.6 = 459.25 >1.4
Hence OK

max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.25x 2703 = 4392.4 KNm
Hence OK
Ultimate design
Ultimate pressure from axial load = 1.4 x 2 x1200/(7 x 3.25) = 147.692 KN/m2
Mz1 = 1.4x-10 x90.5+0.53) = -14.42 KNm
Mz2 = 1.4x-10 x90.5+0.53) = -14.42 KNm
Total Moment = -14.42 + -14.42 = -28.84 KNm
CG of load= 3.5085 m
CG of raft = 3.5 m
Eccentricity =-8.5833 mm
So Moment= P x Eccentricity = -28.84 KNm (Hence OK)
Z = 3.25 x 72/6 = 26.542 m3
z
So M/Z = -1.09 KN/m2

So stress at right end= P/A + M/Z= 148.79 KN/m2
Chapter 5
eff
= 474 mm
Punching Shear
For Column 1
Two way shear, V
= 1602.987 KN

c

b = 2(b + d + 2d
c
eff
) = 2896 mm
V = (2 +4/ )(f )b d = 3418 KN

1
= (40d/b +2)(f )b d = 4868.97 KN

c
V = 4.(f )b d = 2278.69 KN
3
V = min(V , V , V ) = 2278.69 KN
c
So, 0.75V = 1709 KN

c
Vm < 0.75Vc , Hence safe
For Column 2
Two way shear, V
= 1602.17 KN

c
b = 2(b + d + 2d
c
eff
) = 2896 mm
V = (2 +4/ )(f )b d = 3418 KN

1
= (40d/b +2)(f )b d = 4868.97 KN

c
V = 4.(f )b d = 2278.69 KN
3
V = min(V , V , V ) = 2278.69 KN
c
So, 0.75V = 1709 KN

c
Vm< 0.75Vc , Hence safe

V
umax
= 916.99 KN

0.75V
c1
c1
= 2 (f )bd = 1278 KN
c
= 958.96 KN
So Vumax < 0.75Vc1 , Hence Safe

m = fy /0.85fc=415/(0.85x25) = 19.53
1 = 0.85 (as fc = 25 N/mm2)
bal = 0.851fc87/fy (87 + fy ) = 0.025729
max = 0.75bal = 0.0193
min = 0.0018 (as fy =415 N/mm2)

M
uz
= 238.94 KNm
Chapter 5
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ = 265.5 KNm
R = M /bd2 =0.3636 N/mm2
n
nz
2mR /f <1 , Hence OK

n y
= 1/m (1-1-2mR /f ) = 0.000884 <

n y
max
Hence OK
Take =
min
= 0.0018
Hence OK

M
uz
= 1259.84KNm
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ = 1400 KNm

R = M /bd2 = 1.9171 N/mm2
n
nz
2mR /f < 1 , Hence OK

n y
= 1/m (1-1-2mRn/fy) = 0.00485 <
max
Hence OK
Take =
min
= 0.0018
Hence OK

Cantilever length = (3250-250)/2 = 1500 mm
M
ux
= 1163 KNm
So Resisting Moment =Mnx= Mux/ = 1292 KNm

R = M /bd2 =1.593 N/mm2
n
nz
2mR /f < 1 , Hence OK

n y
= 1/m (1-1-2mRn/fy) = 0.003995 <
max
Hence OK
= 0.0018
= 0.0018
z (top)
z (bot)
= 0.004
x
Therefore, Ast =bd

Area of Steel Required along X dir ( bot) = 2773 mm2

Area of Steel Required along X dir (top) = 7472 mm2
Area of Steel Required along Z dir ( bot) = 13256 mm2
5.11.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
119.6
119.6
None
2
(KN/m )
118.04
118.04
Governing Moment
239
237
Negligible
(KNm)
1260
1260
(KN)
(KN)
1163
917
1169
917
None
1602.99
1602.99
None
1602.17
1602.18

5.12.1 Reference
5.12.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 330 kip, fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Column
Dimension = 12 in x 12 in. Pedestal ht= 20 in.
Dia of pile= 18 in
Vertical capacity = 65 kip
Horizontal capacity = 20 kip
Uplift capacity = 15 kip
Chapter 5
5.12.3 Solution
Depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile diameter, D = 27 in.
Take D = 31 in.
c/c pile distance = 3 x pile diameter =54 mm
Edge distance =18 inch
Assuming 6 pile combination, coordinates of piles(considering pedestal at 0,0,0):

No
(in)
(in)
1
-54
-27
2
-54
27
3
0
-27
4
0
27
5
54
-27
6
54
27
Pilecap Length = 2(54)+2(18) = 144 inch
Pilecap Width = 54+2(18) = 90 inch
pilecap dimension is 144 inch x90 inch x 31 inch
Weight of footing = 144 x 90 x 31 x 0.16/123 = 37.2 kip
Weight of pedestal = 12 x 12 x 20 x 0.16 /123 = 0.267 kip
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (330+37.2 +0.267) =367.467 kip
So Pile reaction = 367.467 /6= 61.244 kip < 65 kip
Hence OK
capacity.
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken = 1
Load factor for axial load is taken = 1.4
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(330) + 1(37.2)+0 1(.267) = 499.467
Load on each pile =499.467/6=83.245 kip
Chapter 5
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =13inch from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile2 = from pile5 = from pile 6 = 83.245 kip
Contribution from pile 3 = from pile4 = 0.944 x 83.245 = 78.58 kip
So total punching shear Vm= 490.14 kip
P
= 4(12+13+13) =152 inch
= L/B =12/12 =1
V = (2 +4/ )(f )b d = (2+4/1)(4000)15226 =1499.6(10)3 lb
1
= (40d/b +2)(f )b d = (4026/152 + 2)(4000)15226 = 2210(10)3 lb

c
V = 4.(f )b d = 4(4000)15226= 999.78(10)3 lb

3
V = min(V , V , V ) = 999.78 kip

c
So, 0.75V = 749.8 kip

c
Punching Shear Check for Corner Piles

Corner piles are 1,2,5,6
Each pile is taking reaction 83.245 kip

d critical = 5.486 inch

Effective depth = 26 inch
d critical< Effective depth, Hence Safe
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 =pile2=83.245 Kip
Contribution from pile 3,4,5,6 =0 Kip
So Total V X1X1 = 166.49 Kip
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 =pile6=83.245 Kip
Contribution from pile 1,2,3,4 =0 Kip
So V parallel to X direction = 166.49 Kip
c1
=2(f )b d =2(4000)9026 lb =295.99(10)3 lb

c
0.75V =222 Kip

c1
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 =pile 6 =pile 7 =83.245 x0.222=18.498 Kip
Contribution from pile 2 =pile 4 =pile 6 =0 Kip
So Total V Z1Z1 = 55.5 Kip
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 =pile 4 =pile 6 =83.245 x0.167=18.498 Kip
Contribution from pile 1 =pile 3 =pile 5 =0 Kip
So V parallel to Z direction = 55.5 Kip
0.75V
c1
c1
=2(f )b d =2(4000)9026 lb =295.99(10)3 lb

c
= 222 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
For either direction:
Chapter 5
m = f /0.85f = 60/(0.854) = 17.65

y
= 0.85 (as f = 4)
1
bal
= 0.85 f 87/f (87 + f ) = 0.028507

1 c
= 0.75
= 0.0018 ( as f = 60 Ksi)
max
min
bal
= 0.02138
y

Calculation of MzFor moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1=from pile2=83.245 x 48=3995.76 inkip
Contribution from pile 3=from pile 4=12 inkip
Contribution from pile 5,6=0 inkip
So Total Mz X1X1 = 8014 inkip = 670 ftkip
For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5=from pile6=83.245 x 48=3995.76 inkip
Contribution from pile 3=from pile 4=12 inkip
So Total Mz X2X2 = 8014 inkip = 670 ftkip
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ = 744.44 ftkip

R = M /bd2 = 0.147 Ksi
n
nz
2mR /f = 0.0864 <1 , Hence OK

n y
= 1/m (1-1-2mR /f ) = 0.0025

n y
min< < max, Hence OK

Calculation of MxFor moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 3=from pile 5= 83.245 x 21=1748.145 inkip
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 437 ftkip
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2=from pile 4=from pile 6= 83.245 x 21=1748.145 inkip
So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 437 ftkip
So Max value of MX = 437 ftkip
So Resisting Moment = Mnx= Mxux/ = 485.55 ftkip
R = M /bd2 = 0.06 Ksi
n
nz
2mR /f = 0.035 <1 , Hence OK

n y
= 1/m (1-1-2mR /f ) = 0.001

n y
So =
min
=0.0018
< max,Hence OK

Along X Direction
= 0.0025
b = 90 in, d=26 in
Therefore, Astx = 5.85 in2
Along Z Direction
= 0.0018
b = 144 in , d=26 in
Therefore, Astxz = 6.74 in2
Chapter 5
5.12.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Pile Reaction (kip)
83.245
83.244
None
Governing Moment
670
718
15%
(ftkip)
437
502.6
166.49
166.49
None
(kip)
55.5
55.5
490.14
490.217
Negligible
(kip)

5.13.1 Reference
5.13.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 150 kip, Mx= 50 ftkip. fc = 4 ksi, fy =
60 ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch. Pedestal ht= 20 inch
Pile Data- Dia of pile= 18 inch
Vertical capacity = 65 kip,
Horizontal capacity = 20 kip
Uplift capacity = 15 kip

Chapter 5
5.13.3 Solution
depth of pilecap= 1.5xpiledia, D=27 inch
Take D=27 inch
c/c pile diatance = 3xpile dia =54 mm. Edge diatance =18 inch
Assume a 4 pile combination.
Coordinates of piles; considering pedestal at 0,0,0
Pile X Coordinate ZCoordinate
No
(in)
(in)
1
-27
-27
2
-27
27
3
27
27
4
27
-27
Pilecap Length = 54+2x18 = 90 inch
Pilecap Width = 54+2x18 = 90 inch
pilecap dimension is 90 inch x90 inch x 27 inch
Weight of footing = 90 x 90 x 27 x 0.16/123 = 20.25 kip
Weight of pedestal = 12 x 12 x 20 x 0.16 /123 = 0.267 kip
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (150+20.25 +0.267) =170.517 kip
So Pile reaction from axial load = 170.517 /4= 42.629 kip
Moment Mx ( from input) = 50 ftkip =600 inkip
Using Rivet theoryReaction from moment= +/- 600x0.27/(4x272) = +/-5.55 Kip
So,
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 3 = 42.629 +5.55 = 48.185 Kip
Reaction at Pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 42.629 -5.55 = 37.085Kip
So Critical vertical reaction= 48.185 Kip < 65 kip
As there is no net uplift/lateral load, so each pile is safe in uplift & lateral capacity.
Factored Design
So, Axial Load on pilecap = 1.4x150+20.25 x1+0.267x1= 230.517 Kip
Moment on pilecap = 1.4x50 ftkip = 840 inkip
Load on each pile from axial reaction =230.517 /4=57.629 Kip
Reaction from moment= +/- 840x27/(4x272) = +/-7.78 Kip

So,
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 3 = 57.629 +7.78 = 65.409 Kip
Reaction at Pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 57.629 -7.78 = 49.849 Kip
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =11.5 inch from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 4= 49.849 Kip
Contribution from pile 2=from pile 3= 65.409 Kip
So total punching shear Vm= 230.516 kip
Pm = 4x(12+11+11) =136 inch
=L/B =12/12 =1
Chapter 5
V1
fc.bc.d = (2+4/1).(4000) x136 x 22 =1135.4 x1000 lb
V2
1000 lb
fc.bc.d = (40x22/136+2).(4000) x136x22 = 1602.9 x
V3 = 4.fc.bc.de = 4.(4000) x 136 x 22= 756.9 x 1000 lb

Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 756.9 kip
So, 0.75Vc = 567.7 Kip

Corner piles are 1,2,3,4
Pile 1/4 are taking reaction 49.849 Kip & Pile 2/3 are taking reaction 65.409 Kip
d critical = 4.46 inch
Effective depth = 22 inch
d critical< Effective depth, Hence Safe

Figure 5-28: Section considered for one-way shear
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 =49.849 x 0.444=22.155 Kip
Contribution from pile 3,4 =0 KN
For shear wrt X2X2
So V parallel to X direction = 51.195 Kip
Chapter 5
c1
= 2x(4000) x 90 x 22 lb = 250.4 x 1000 lb
0.75.Vc1=187.84 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
For shear wrt Z2Z2
So V parallel to Z direction = 58.08 kip
c1
= 2x(4000) x 90 x 22 lb = 250.4 x 1000 lb
0.75.Vc1 = 187.8 Kip

V < Vc1, Hence Safe

Figure 5-29: Section considered for bending
About Z Axis
Contribution from pile 1=49.849 x21/12=87.24 ftkip
So Total Mz X1X1 = 207.1 ftkip
For moment wrt X2X2
Chapter 5
So Total Mz X2X2 = 207.1 ftkip
So max Mz = 207.1 ftkip
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ =224.11 ftkip
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.02138
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
2m.Rn/fy = 0.0363 <1 , Hence OK
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.001
So, =min = 0.0018
< max Hence OK
About X Axis
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 4=49.849 x 21/12=87.24 ftkip
Contribution from pile 2=from pile 3=0 ftkip
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 174.47 ftkip
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2=from pile 3=65.409 x 21/12=114.465 ftkip
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 4=0 ftkip
So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 228.93 ftkip
So Max value of MX = 228.93 ftkip
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ =254.37 ftkip
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.02138
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
2m.Rn/fy = 0.0412 <1 , Hence OK
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.0012

So = min=0.0018
< max Hence OK

Along X Direction
= 0.0018
b= 90 inch , d=22 inch
Therefore, Astx = 3.6 in2
Along Z Direction
= 0.0018
b= 90 inch , d=22 inch
Therefore, AstZ = 3.6 in2
5.13.4 Comparison
STAAD
Percent
Value of
Reference Result
Foundation
Difference
Result
Pile Reaction
49.849 Kip
49.851 Kip
None
65.409 Kip
Governing Moment 207.1 ftkip 228.93
ftkip
Shear Force(OneWay)
Shear Force(TwoWay)
65.407 Kip
219.654 ftkip
294.254 ftkip
51.195 Kip 58.08 Kip 51.226 Kip
230.516 kip
58.14 Kip
230.517 kip
Negligible
None
None

5.14.1 Reference
5.14.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 1000 KN, fc = M 25, fy = Fe 415
Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm, Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Dia of pile= 300 mm
Chapter 5
5.14.3 Solution
Depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile diameter, D = 450 mm
Take D = 655 mm
c/c pile distance = 3 x pile diameter =1200 mm
Edge distance =350 mm
Assuming five pile combination, coordinates of piles(considering pedestal at 0,0,0):
No
(mm)
(mm)
1
-848.528
-848.528
2
-848.528
848.528
3
0
0
4
848.528
-848.528
5
848.528
848.528
Pilecap Length = 2(850)+2(350) = 2400 mm
Pilecap Width = 2(850)+2(350) = 2400 mm
pilecap dimension is 2400 mm x 2400 mm x 740 mm


Weight of pedestal = 0.25 x 0.25 x 0.5 x 25 = 0.78 KN
Therefore, total load on the pilecap= (1000+106.56 +0.78) =1107.34 KN
So Pile reaction = 1107.34 /5 = 221.47 KN < 250 KN
Hence OK
capacity.
Factored Design
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(1000) + 1(106.56)+0 1(0.78) = 1507.34 KN
Load on each pile = 1507.34/5 = 301.468 KN
deff = 740 - 50 - 50 - 25 = 615 mm
Punching Shear
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile2 = from pile4 = from pile 5 = 301.468 KN
So total punching shear Vm= 1205.9 KN
P
= 4(250 + 307.5 + 307.5) =3460 mm
= L/B = 250/250 = 1
V = (2 +4/ )(f )b d = 5298.5 KN
1
= (40d/b +2)(f )b d = 5530.9 KN

c
V = 4.(f )b d = 3532 KN
3
V = min(V , V , V ) = 3532 KN
c
Chapter 5
So, 0.75V =2649 KN

c

Corner piles are 1, 2, 4, & 5
Each pile is taking reaction 301.47 KN
B1 = 1418.27 mm & B2 =2025 mm
d1 = 151 mm
d2 = 211 mm
d critical =212 mm
Effective depth = 615 mm
d critical < Effective depth, Hence Safe
Parallel to X Axis
Shear Plane is at a distance d (615 mm from face of column)
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 3,4,5 =0 KN
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 4 = pile 5 = 0.8667 x 301.47=261.27 KN
Contribution from pile 3,2,1 =0 KN
So, Total V X2X2 = 522.548 KN

Shear, V, parallel to X direction = 522.548 KN
c1
=2(f )b d = 1225 KN
c
0.75V = 918.8 KN
c1
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 =pile 4 = 0.8667 x 301.47 = 261.27 KN
Contribution from pile 2 = pile 3 = pile 5 = 0 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 3 = pile 4 =0 KN
Shear, V, parallel to Z direction = 522.548 KN
c1
=2(f )b d = 1225 KN
c
0.75V = 918.8 KN
c1
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
m = f /0.85f = 415/(0.8525) = 19.529
y
= 0.85 (as f = M 25)

1
bal
= 0.85 f 87/f (87 + f ) = 0.025729

1 c
= 0.75
= 0.0018 (as f = 415 N/mm2)
max
min
bal
= 0.019297
y
Chapter 5
Figure 5-33: Section considered for moment

Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 301.47 x 0.725 = 218.56 KNm
Contribution from pile 3 = 0.083 x 301.47 x 0.0083 = 0.21 KNm
Contribution from pile 4= pile 5 = 0 KNm
So Total Mz X1X1 = 437.34 KNm = 440 KNm
For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 4 = pile 5 = 301.47 x 0.725 = 218.56 KNm
Contribution from pile 4 = pile 5 =0 KNm
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ = 488.89 KNm = 490 KNm
R = M /bd2 = 0.5398 N/mm2
n
nz
2mR /f = 0.0508 <1 , Hence OK

n y
= 1/m (1-1-2mR /f ) =0.00132

n y
min
=0.0018
< max, Hence OK

Contribution from pile 1= pile 4 = 301.47 x 0.725 = 218.56 KNm
Contribution from pile 3=0.083 x 301.47 x 0.0083 = 0.21 KNm

Contribution from pile 2 = pile 5 = 0 KNm

So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 437.34 KNm = 440 KNm
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2= pile 5 = 301.47 x 0.725 = 218.56 KNm
So Max value of MX = 440 KNm
So Resisting Moment = Mnx= Mxux/ = 488.89 KNm =490 KNm
R = M /bd2 = 0.5398 N/mm2
n
nz
2mR /f = 0.0508 <1 , Hence OK

n y
= 1/m (1-1-2mR /f ) = 0.00132

n y
So =
min
=0.0018
< max,Hence OK

Along X Direction
= 0.0018
b = 2400 mm, d = 615 mm
Therefore, Astx = 2657 mm2
Along Z Direction
= 0.0018
b = 2400 mm, d = 615 mm
Therefore, Astz = 2657 mm2
5.14.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
221.5
221.4
Negligible
(KN)
301.5
301.4
Negligible
(KN)
Governing Moment
489
485
Negligible
(KNm)
489
485
Chapter 5
Value of
(KN)
(KN)
523
STAAD
Foundation
Result
520
523
1206
520
1206
Reference
Result
Percent
Difference
Negligible
None

5.15.1 Reference
5.15.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = -1200 KN &Mz = 100 KNm, fc = M 25, fy
= Fe 415
Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm, Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Dia of pile= 300 mm

5.15.3 Solution
Depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile diameter, D = 450 mm
Take D = 780 mm
c/c pile distance = 3 x pile diameter = 900 mm
Edge distance =350 mm
Assuming six pile combination, coordinates of piles(considering pedestal at 0,0,0):
Chapter 5
No
(mm)
(mm)
1
-900
-450
2
-900
450
3
0
-450
4
0
450
5
900
-450
6
900
450
Pilecap Length =2(900) + 2(350) = 2500 mm
Pilecap Width = 900 + 2(350) = 1600 mm
pilecap dimension is 2500 mm x 1600 mm x 780 mm
Weight of footing = 2.5 x 1.6 x 0.78 x 25 = 78 KN
Weight of pedestal = 0.25 x 0.25 x 0.5 x 25 = 0.78 KN
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = 1200 + 78 + 0.78 = 1278.78 KN
So Pile reaction from axial load = 1278.78/6= 213.13 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile1 /Pile 2 = 213.13 +1000.9/(40.90.9) = 240.91 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile3 /Pile 4 = 213.13 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile5 /Pile 6 = 213.13 - 1000.9/(40.90.9) = 185.35 KN
So Critical Pile reaction = 240.91 KN < 250 KN
Hence OK
capacity. Similarly, as there is no tension pile case so each pile is safe again uplift.
Factored Design
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(1200) + 1(78) + 1(0.78) = 1758.78 KN
So Pile reaction from axial load = 1758.78/6 = 293.13 KN
Moment (Mz) = 1.4(100) = 140 KNm
So Pile reaction at Pile 1 /Pile 2 = 293.13 + 1400.9/(40.90.9) = 332.02 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile 3 /Pile 4 = 293.13 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile 5 /Pile 6 = 293.13 -1400.9/(40.90.9) = 254.24 KN
deff = 780 - 50 - 50 - 25 = 655 mm
Punching Shear

Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 1(332.02) =332.02 KN

Contribution from pile 3 = pile 4= 0.492(293.13) = 144.22 KN
Contribution from pile 5 = pile 6 = 1(254.24) = 254.24 KN
So total punching shear V = 2(333.02 + 144.22 + 254.24) = 1462.96 KN
m
= 4(250 + 327.5 + 327.5) = 3620 mm
= L/B = 250/250 = 1
V = (2 +4/ )(f )b d = 5904 KN
1
= (40d/b +2)(f )b d = 9090 KN

c
V = 4.(f )b d = 3936 KN
3
V = min(V , V , V ) = 3936 KN
c
So, 0.75V = 2952 KN

c

Corner piles are 1, 2, 5, & 6
Critical Pile 1 & 2 with axial Reaction 333.02 KN
B1 = 1450 mm & B2 =2105 mm
d1 = 163 mm
d2 = 225 mm
d critical =225 mm
Chapter 5
Effective depth = 655 mm

d critical < Effective depth, Hence Safe
Parallel to X Axis
Shear Plane is at a distance d (655 mm from face of column)
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 =0.9x 333.03 = 299.72 KN
Contribution from piles 3, 4, 5, &6 =0 KN
So Total V X1X1 = = 2(299.72) KN= 599.4 KN
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 = pile 6 = 0.9(254.24) = 228.82 KN
Contribution from piles 1, 2, 3, &4 = 0 KN
So, Total V X2X2 = 2(228.82) = 457.63 KN
Shear, V, parallel to X direction = 599.4 KN
c1
=2(f )b d = 869.8 KN
c

0.75V = 652 KN
c1
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from all piles = 0 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from all piles =0 KN
Shear, V, parallel to Z direction = 0 KN
No shear parallel to the Z axis, Hence Safe
m = f /0.85f = 415/(0.8525) = 19.529
y
= 0.85 (as f = M 25)

1
bal
= 0.85 f 87/f (87 + f ) = 0.025729

1 c
= 0.75
= 0.0018 (as f = 415 N/mm2)
max
min
bal
= 0.019297
y
Chapter 5

Calculation of Mz
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 333.02(0.775)= 258.1 KNm
Contribution from pile 3 = pile 4 = 0.083(293.130.0083) = 0.2 KNm
For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 = pile 6 = 254.24(0.775) = 197 KNm
Contribution from pile 3 = pile 4 = 0.083(293.130.0083) = 0.2 KNm
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 =0 KNm
So Critical value of Mz =520 KNm
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ = 577.78 KNm = 580 KNm
R = M /bd2 = 0.845 N/mm2
n
nz
2mR /f = 0.0795 <1 , Hence OK

n y
= 1/m (1-1-2mR /f ) = 0.002

n y
min
=0.0018
min < < max, Hence OK

Calculation of Mx
For moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 = 332.02(0.325) = 107.9 KNm
Contribution from piles 2, 4, &6 = 0 KNm
So Total Mx Z1Z1 =285.8 KNm = 286 KNm
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 6 = 254.24(0.325)= 82.63 KNm
Contribution from piles 1, 3, & 5 = 0 KNm
So Max value of Mx = 286 KNm

So Resisting Moment = Mnx= Mxux/ = 317.78 KNm =318 KNm
R = M /bd2 = 0.2964 N/mm2
n
nz
2mR /f = 0.0279 <1 , Hence OK

n y
= 1/m (1-1-2mR /f ) = 0.00072

n y
So =
min
=0.0018
< max,Hence OK

Along X Direction
= 0.0020
b = 1600 mm, d = 655 mm
Therefore, Astx = 2096 mm2
Along Z Direction
= 0.0018
b = 2500 mm, d = 655 mm
Therefore, Astz = 2948 mm2
5.15.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
241
241
Negligible
(KN)
241
241

(KN)
Governing Moment
(KNm)
213
213
213
213
185
185
185
332
185
332
332
332
293
293
293
293
254
254
254
578
254
572
None
Negligible
Chapter 5
318
600
STAAD
Foundation
Result
318
599
0
1463
0
1462
Reference
Result
Value of

(KN)
(KN)
Percent
Difference
Negligible
Negligible

5.16.1 Reference
Foundation Analysis and Design Fifth Edition by J.E. Bowles, Page 475-481, Example 9-1.
5.16.2 Problem
Design a rectangular combined footing using the conventional method given. fc = 3000psi
(column and footing), fy = 60000 psi, qa = 2 ksf.
Figure 5-38: Elevation and dimensions
Column 1
12 in. x 12 in.
4 No. 7 bars
DL = 60 kips
LL = 60 kips
Column 2
15 in. x 15 in.
4 No. 8 bars
DL = 110 kips
LL = 90 kips
5.16.3 Solution
Find out ultimate soil pressure
P
P
u1
u2
= 1.2 x 60 + 1.6 x 60 = 168 kips

= 1.2 x 110 + 1.6 x 90 = 276 kips
Pw= P + P = 60 + 60 + 110 + 90 = 320 kips

1
Ultimate ratio UR=(168 + 276) / 320 = 1.3875

ult
= q x UR= 2 x 1.3875 = 2.775 ksf

a
This is necessary so that eccentricity is not introduced in finding L using working loads and then
switching to ultimate values.
Find footing dimensions L and B; first locate load resultant from center of
column 1
Mcol1= R where R = Pu = 168 + 276 = 444 KN
444
= 15 x 276
= 9.324 ft
To make the resultant 444 kips (factored loads) fall at L/2:
L = (9.324 + 0.5) x 2 = 19.648 ft
We will use 19.75 ft.
Find B
BLq = 444
B =
= 8.143 ft
Use B = 8.17 ft.
Find out bending moment and shear force

Uniformly distributed upward load = (P u 1 + P u 2) / 19.75 = 22.48 kip / ft
Shear between column 1 and 2 using integration (set integration constant by inspection):
dV =
V = 22.48 x 168
V = 0 at x =
= 7.47 ft (locates point of M
max
Moment between column 1 and 2 (again set integration constant by inspection):
dM =
M=
168 (x 0.5)
At x = 1(right face of column 1),

M = -72.76 ft-kips
Chapter 5
Maximum negative M at V = 0 is
M=
- 168 (7.47 0.5) = -543.76 ft-kips
These values are Mu values and can be directly used to compute steel quantities.
Figure 5-39: Forces on foundation
Maximum positive bending moment is at the face of column 2

= 22.48 x (3.625)2 / 2 = 147.7 ft-kips
Maximum shear force at the face of column 2
= 22.48 x 14.875 168 = 166.39 kips
Figure 5-40: Shear and Bending diagrams
Select depth based on analysis for both wide-beam and diagonal tension
a. Critical location for wide-beam is readily obtained.
b. Diagonal tension may have to be investigated for three conditions:
i. three-side zone, column 1
ii. four-side zone, column 2
iii. three-side zone, column 2
Check wide beam first (slope of shear diagram = constant) using V diagram:

B v d = 166.39 22.48 d
c
v = 11.825 ksf(allowable =
8.17 x 11.825 d = 166.39 22.48 d
d=
= 1.397 ft (16.765 in)
Checking diagonal tension at column 1 using d just obtained for a three-side zone and
v =
= 164.317 psi = 23.66 ksf
Perim. = (12 + 8.38) x 2 + 12 + 16.765 = 69.525 in = 5.794 ft

The net shear is column load upward soil force in diagonal tension zone:
= 4.07 ft2
A=
V=P
col
-P
soil
= 168 4.07 x
Actualv =
= 156.8 kips
= 19.37 ksf < 23.66 ksf (O.K.)
At column 2 a four side zone gives
A =
= 7.01 ft2
And
V = 276 7.01 x
= 256.74 kips
Perim. = (15 + 16.765) x
v =
= 10.59 ft
= 17.354 ksf < 23.66 ksf (O.K.)
By inspection a three-side diagonal tension is not critical at column 2.
Design negative steel (between columns 1 and 2)

For fy = 60 and fc = 3 ksi and b = 12 in, obtain a = 1.96As:
A (d - a/2) =
s
Chapter 5
A (16.765 0.98 A ) =
s
= 14.79
As = 0.94 in2 / ft
p=
= 0.00467 >
(O.K.) < maximum allowable percent of steel
Use 12 No. 8 bars at 8.2 in spacing across top of footing:

A = 12(0.79) = 9.48 > 7.68 in2
s
Run 1/3 of bars full length of footing (less 3 in end cover):

Ld is O.K.
Find steel in short direction in column 1

B = 12 + 16.765 x 0.75 = 24.574 in = 2.05 ft
L =
q=
= 3.585 ft
= 10.03ksf (conservative)
M=
x 12 = 773.45 in-kips
Take d = (16.765 1) in to allow for longitudinal rebars:
A (15.765 0.98 A ) =
s
= 14.323
A = 0.98 in2 / ft
s
p is O.K. from previous calculation. Use 4 No. 7 bars at 6 in:

L = 0.04 x 0.60 x 60000 x
d
= 26.3 in
or
L = 0.004 x 0.875 x 60000 = 21 in
d
L furnished = 3.585 x 12 3 = 40 in
d
Compute short direction steel at column 2; use d= 15 in:

B = 15 + 16 x 1.5 = 39 in = 3.25 ft
L =
= 3.46 ft
q=
= 10.394 ksf (conservative)

M=
x 12 = 746.6 in-kips
A (15.765 0.98 A ) =
s
= 14.379
A = 0.98 in2 / ft
s
Use 6 No. 7 bars at 6.5 in
Check dowel requirements of column to footing

At column 1 the supporting area is not on all sides; therefore the bearing stress is limited to:
f = 0.75 x0.7 x fc = 1.575 ksi
c
p = 12 x12 x 1.575 = 226.8 > 168 kips (dowels not required for load transfer)
Use 4 dowels to provide at least 0.05Ag:
A = 0.005 x 144 = 0.72 in2
s
Use 4 No. 6 for 4 x (0.44) = 1.76 in2 at column 2 with concrete all around
> 2
Use 2
f = 0.75 x 0.7 f x 2 = 3.15 ksi
c
P = 15 x 15 x 3.15 = 708.75 >> 276

Use four dowels same size as column 1.
Conclusion
Steel in cantilever portion is found to be 0.28 for moment and 0.67 in2 / ft for minimum
requirement of 200 / fy (could use 0.28 x 1.33 >= T and S alternatively but would require
increasing other steel by 1 / 3 also)
Use 10 No. 7 bars
Run five bars full length to use as chairs for short direction steel.
5.16.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Average Base Pressure
0.01911
0.02 kip/in2
4.657
2
kip/in
Maximum Negative Bending 543.76 ft-kips 529.064 ft-kips 2.70
Moment
Chapter 5
147.7 ft-kips
STAAD
Foundation
Result
149.12 ft-kips
0.96
0.94 in2/ft
0.909 in2/ft
3.3
Reference
Result
Value of
Maximum Positive Bending
Moment
Required Area of
Reinforcement
Percent
Difference
5.17 US General Isolated Foundation with Sliding &

Overturning
5.17.1 Reference
5.17.2 Problem
Density of soil =14 KN/cum
Density of Concrete = 25 KN/cum
Coefficient of Friction (m) = 0.5
Safe Bearing Capacity of the Soil (s) = 120 KN/m2
Strength of steel (fy) = Fe-415
Loads:
Fx =-300 KN
Fy =-500 KN
Fz=-200 KN
Mz= -10.32KNm
Mx=45.89 KNm
Note: Self weight of footing, wt of soil and surcharge are not included for shear and moment
computations.

5.17.3 Solution
Determination of base area of footing

The base area of footing is determined using service (unfactored) loads with the net permissible
soil pressure.
Required base area of footing = [500 + 0.10(500)]/120 = 4.5833 m2
Use a 3.75m
3.75m square footing (Af =14.0625 m2).
Chapter 5
Self-wt. of Footing =(3.75*3.75*1*25) = 351.562 KN
Wt. of soil = 14*0.5*{(3.75*3.75) (0.3*0.3)} =97.8075 KN
The net moments are given by:Mz = -10.32 (-300*1) = 289.68 KNm
Mx= +45.89 +(-200*1) = -154.11 KNm
The pressure at the four corners are given by:s1=((500+351.562)/14.0625)+(6*154.11/3.753)- (6*289.68/3.753)=75.980KN/m2
s2=((500+351.562)/14.0625)- (6*154.11/3.753)- (6*289.68/3.753)=10.0621KN/m2
s3=((500+351.562)/14.0625)- (6*154.11/3.753)+(6*289.68/3.753)=45.131KN/m2
s4=((500+351.562)/14.0625)+(6*154.11/3.753)+(6*289.68/3.753)=111.049KN/m2
Stability Check
Calculation for Overturning and Sliding
For Sliding
Along X- Direction:
Restoring Force = *(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 474.6848 KN
Along Z- Direction:
Restoring Force = *(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 474.6848 KN
For Overturning
About X- Direction:
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) = 45.89 200* (0
+1) = -154.11 KN-m
Restoring Moment = (Fy + Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing) *Width of Footing*0.5 =
1780.068 KN-m
About Z- Direction:

Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) =-10.32 + 300* (0

+1) = 289.68 KN-m
Restoring Moment = (Fy + Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing) *Width of Footing*0.5 = 1780.068
KN-m
Check For Shear

The pressure at the four corners are given by:s =(500/14.0625)+(6*154.11/3.753)- (6*289.68/3.753)=50.9804KN/m2
1
s =(500/14.0625)- (6*154.11/3.753)- (6*289.68/3.753)=-14.9378KN/m2

2
s =(500/14.0625)- (6*154.11/3.753)+(6*289.68/3.753)=20.1307KN/m2
3
s =(500/14.0625)+(6*154.11/3.753)+(6*289.68/3.753)=86.049KN/m2
4
Average pressure:q = (s1+s2+s3+s4)/4 = 35.555 KN/ m2

u
Figure 5-42: Critical section for punching shear is at d/2
Depth requirement for shear usually controls the footing thickness. Both wide action and twoway action (punching shear) for strength computation need to be investigated to determine the
controlling shear criteria for depth.
Wide-beam action (One-Way Shear) :

Along Z-Z axis: Vu = qs tributary area
Bw = 3.75m = 147.6378 in
qs is given by:-
Chapter 5
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (50.98041-14.9379)/2 =18.02126 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (20.1307+86.049)/2 = 53.0899 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 53.0899- {(53.0899 - 18.02126)
/3.75*0.805} =45.56183 KN/ m2 [0.805=3.75-(3.75/2+0.92+0.15)]
Vux =3.75*{45.56183*0.805+0.5*(53.0899-45.56183)*0.805}= 148.9025 KN
Along X-X axis:V =q
u
tributary area
= 3.75m = 147.6378 in
qs is given by:Average Base Pressure along one edge = (86.049+50.98041)/2 =68.5147 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (20.1307-14.9379)/2 = 2.5964 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 68.5147- {(68.5147-2.5964)
/3.75*0.805} =54.36424 KN/ m2[0.805=(3.75/20.920.15)]
Hence, the one-way shear at the critical section
V
uz
=3.75*{54.36424*0.805+0.5*(68.5147-54.36424)*0.805}= 185.47 KN
V = (2(f' )b d) = 0.75(2(4349.39)
u
c w
2354.06 KN > V and V
ux
147.6378
36.22)/1000 = 529.0018 kips =
uz
Hence O.K.
Two-way action (Punching Shear):

V =q
u
tributary area
Tributary area = 14.0625 - (0.3+ 0.92)(0.3 + 0.92) = 12.5741 m2
V
u
= 35.555
12.5741 = 447.0791 KN = 100.467 Kip.
= Minimum of
b = 2(0.3+0.3+2*0.92) = 4.88m =192.126 in

o

= 5.304348
s= 40 for interior columns
=
V = 0.75
c
kips
4x
192.126
36.2205/1000 = 1376.82 kips > V = 100.467

u
O.K.
Calculation for reinforcement

Figure 5-43: Critical section for moment is at the face of column
Bending about X Axis
Bending About Z Axis
About X Axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (50.98041-14.9379)/2 =18.02126 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 53.0899- {(53.0899 - 18.02126)
/3.75*1.725} =36.958 KN/ m2 [1.725= 3.75-(3.75/2+0.15)]
Chapter 5
M =3.75*{36.958*1.725*1.725*0.5+0.5*(53.0899-36.958)*1.725*1.725*2/3}= 266.2033
u
KNm
KN/m2 =13.5105 psi
Required R =
n
(gross area) = (d/h)
0.00022 = (0.92/1.0)
0.00027 = 0.000207
= 0.00180
min
Since is < min, so = min =0.00180
Required A = bd= 0.00180 3.75 0.92 = 0.00621 m2 = 6210 m2m
s
About Z Axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (86.049+50.98041)/2 =68.5147 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (20.1307-14.9379)/2 = 2.5964 KN/m2

/3.75*1.725} =38.1923 KN/ m2 [1.725=(3.75/2-0.15)]
M =3.75*{38.1923*1.725*1.725*0.5+0.5*(68.5147-38.1923)*1.725*1.725*2/3}= 325.87126
u
KNm
Compute required As assuming tension-controlled section (
= 0.9)
KN/m2 =8.44355 psi
Required R =
n
p(gross area) = (d/h)
0.00014 = (0.92/1.0)
0.00014 = 0.000129
= 0.00180
min
Since is < min, so = min =0.00180
Required As = bd= 0.00180 3.75 0.92 = 0.00621 m2 = 6210 m2m
Try with 16mm bars (Af =201.06 m2m)
So, no. of bars reqd = 6210/ 201.06 =31 bars

Check for development length

Critical section for development length is same as that for moment (at face of column).
As per ACI- 12.2.2 and T-1.12.2 of Reinforced Concrete Design by Salmon-Wang; For # 35M bars
and smaller:
L = 0.02 A
d
= 0.02* 201.06*(415/300.5)= 304.68 mm
Available development length of the bars = 0.5*(L-Dcol) C cover = 1675 mm > 304.68
mm.
Hence OK
Clear cover (bottom and side) = 50 mm
Center-to-center bar spacing = {3750-2*(50+8)}/30 = 121.13 mm
This is to be checked with the minimum and maximum spacing permissible.
5.17.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Difference (Reasons thereValue of
Foundation
Result
of)
Result*
Moment about X
266.2033 269.53
(KNm)
in base pressure
interpolation
Moment about Z
325.87126 328.41 m
(KNm)
in base pressure
interpolation
Area of steel about 6210
6106.05
2
X-X (mm )
in base pressure
interpolation
Area of steel about 6210
6241.05
Z-Z (mm2)
in base pressure
interpolation
Shear force
185.47
186.09
in base pressure
(One way) along X
interpolation
(KN)
Shear force
148.9025 144.21
in base pressure
(One way) along Z
interpolation
(KN)
Shear force
447.079
447.38
Negligible
(Two way) (KN)
Factor of Safety
against Sliding (X)
1.582
1.582
Negligible
Chapter 5
Value of
Factor of Safety
against Sliding (Z)
Factor of Safety
against Overturning
(X)
Factor of Safety
against Overturning
(Z)
STAAD
Reference
Difference (Reasons thereFoundation
Result
of)
Result*
2.373
2.373
Negligible
11.5506
11.550
Negligible
6.1449
6.145
Negligible
5.18 US General Isolated Foundation with Eccentric

Loading
5.18.1 Reference
5.18.2 Problem
Offset of column in X-direction (Oxd) =300 mm
Offset of column in Z-direction (Ozd) =300 mm
Density of soil =14 KN/m3
Density of Concrete = 25 KN/m3
Coefficient of Friction (m) = 0.5
Safe Bearing Capacity of the Soil (s) = 120 KN/m2
Strength of steel (fy) = Fe-415
Loads:
Fx =-300 KN
Fy =-500 KN
Fz=-200 KN
Mz= 45.89 KNm

Mx=-98.32 KNm
Note: Self weight of footing, wt of soil and surcharge are not included for shear and moment
computations.
5.18.3 Solution
Determination of base area of footing:
The base area of footing is determined using service (unfactored) loads with the net permissible
soil pressure.
Chapter 5
Required base area of footing = [500 + 0.10(500)]/120 = 4.5833 m2
Use a 5 .0m
5.0m square footing (Af =25 m2).

Self-wt. of Footing =(5.0*5.0*1*25) = 625 KN
Wt. of soil = 14*0.5*{(5.0*5.0) (0.3*0.3)} =174.37 KN
The net moments are given by:
Mz =+45.89 (-300*1) +(-500*0.3) = 195.89 KNm
Mx= - 98.32 +(-200*1) (-500*0.3) = -148.32 KNm
The pressure at the four corners are given by:
1=((500+625)/25)+(6*195.89 /5.03)- (6*148.32 /5.03)=47.28336KN/m2
2=((500+625)/25)- (6*195.89 /5.03)- (6*148.32 /5.03)=28.478KN/m2
3=((500+625)/25)- (6*195.89 /5.03)+(6*148.32 /5.03)=42.7167KN/m2
4=((500+625)/25)+(6*195.89 /5.03)+(6*148.32 /5.03)=61.522KN/m2
Stability Check
Calculation for Overturning and Sliding
For Sliding
Along X- Direction:
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/300) =2.1656 > 1.5
Hence Safe
Along Z- Direction:
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/200) =3.2484 > 1.5
Hence Safe
For Overturning
About X- Direction:
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing)= -98.32 200* (0

+1) = -298.32 KN-m

Restoring Moment = Fy * (Width of Footing *0.5 Ozd)+ (Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing) *
Width of Footing*0.5 = 3098.425 KN-m
Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3098.425/298.32) =10.386 > 1.5
Hence Safe
About Z- Direction:
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) =45.89 + 300* (0
+1) = 345.89 KN-m
Restoring Moment = Fy * (Width of Footing *0.5 Ozd)+ (Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing) *
Width of Footing*0.5 = 3398.425 KN-m
Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3398.425/345.89) =9.82516 > 1.5
Hence Safe
Check for Shear

Factored Loads and Soil Reaction
The pressure at the four corners are given by:
1=(500/25)+(6*195.89 /5.03)- (6*148.32 /5.03)=22.2834KN/m2
2=(500/25)- (6*195.89 /5.03)- (6*148.32 /5.03)=3.47792KN/m2
3=(500/25)- (6*195.89 /5.03)+(6*148.32 /5.03)=17.7167KN/m2
4=(500/25)+(6*195.89 /5.03)+(6*148.32 /5.03)=36.52208KN/m2
Average pressure:
q = (1+2+3+4)/4 = 20.000 KN/ m2
u
Figure 5-45: Critical section for punching shear at d/2
Depth requirement for shear usually controls the footing thickness. Both wide action and twoway action (punching shear) for strength computation need to be investigated to determine the
controlling shear criteria for depth.
Chapter 5
Wide-beam action (One-Way Shear)

Along Z-Z axis: V =q
u
tributary area
= 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:
Average Base Pressure along one edge =(22.2834+3.47792)/2 =12.8806 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge =(17.7167+36.5221)/2 = 27.1194 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 27.1194- {(27.1194 12.8806)/5.0*1.13}
=23.9014 KN/ m2 [1.13=5 -(5/2 +0.3 +0.92 +0.15)]
V
=5.0*{23.9014*1.13+0.5*(27.1194-23.9014)*1.13}= 144.134 KN
ux
Along X-X axis:

V =q
u
tributary area
= 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:
Average Base Pressure along one edge =(36.5221+22.2834)/2 =29.4027 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge =(17.7167+3.47792)/2 = 10.5973 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 29.4027- {(29.4027-10.5973)/5.0*1.73}
=22.89603 KN/ m2 [1.73=(5/2 +0.3 0.92 0.15)]
Hence, the one-way shear at the critical section
V
uz
=5.0*{22.89603*1.73+0.5*(29.4027-22.89603)*1.73}= 226.1924 KN
V = (2(f' )b d) = 0.75(2(4349.39)
u
c w
3138.703 KN > V and V
ux
196.8504
36.22)/1000 = 705.3265 kips =
uz
Hence O.K.
Two-way action (Punching Shear)

V =q
u
tributary area
Tributary area = [25.000 - (0.3 +0.92)x(0.3 + 0.92)] = 23.5116 m2

V
u
= 20.000 x 23.5116 = 470.232 KN = 105.6701 Kip.
= Minimum of

b = 2(0.3+0.3+2*0.92) = 4.88m =192.126 in

o
= 5.304348
= 40 for interior columns
=
V = 0.75
c
kips O.K.
4x
192.126
36.2205/1000 = 1376.82 kips > V = 100.467

u
Calculation for reinforcement

Critical section for moment is at the face of column
Bending about X Axis
Bending About ZAxis
About X-Axis
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 27.1194- {(27.1194 12.8806)
/5.0*2.05} =21.2815 KN/ m2 [2.05 =5-(5/2+0.3+0.15)]
Chapter 5
M = 5.0*{21.2815 *2.05*2.05*0.5+0.5*(27.1194-21.2815)* 2.05*2.05*2/3}= 264.48 KNm
u
KN/m2 =10.067 psi
Required R =
n
0.0001675 = (0.92/1.0)
0.0001675 = 0.0001541
= 0.00180
min
Since is <
min
,=
min
=0.00180
Required A = bd= 0.00180 5.0 0.92 = 0.00828 m2 = 8280 mm2

s
About Z- axis:
/5.0*2.65} =19.4358 KN/ m2 [2.65 =(5/2+0.3-0.15)]
M =5.0*{19.4358 *2.65*2.65*0.5+0.5*(29.4027 19.4358)*2.65*2.65*2/3}= 457.874 KNm
u
Compute required A assuming tension-controlled section (

s
= 0.9)
KN/m2 =17.429 psi
Required R =
n
0.00029 = (0.92/1.0)
0.00029 = 0.000267
= 0.00180
min
Since is <
min
,=
min
=0.00180
Required A = bd = 0.00180 5.0 0.92 = 0.00828 m2 = 8280 mm2

s
Try with 20 mm bars (Af =314.16 mm2)

So, no. of bars required = 8280/ 314.16 =27 bars

Check for development length

Critical section for development length is same as that for moment (at face of column).
As per ACI- 12.2.2 and T-1.12.2 of Reinforced Concrete Design by Salmon-Wang:
L = 0.02 A
d
(For # 35M bars and smaller)
= 0.02* 314.16*(415/300.5)= 476.0625m

Available development length of the bars= 0.5*(L-Dcol) C cover = 2375 mm > 476.0625
mm. Hence OK
Clear cover (bottom and side) = 50mm
Center-to-center bar spacing = {5000-2*(50+10)}/26 = 187.6923 mm
This is to be checked with the minimum and maximum spacing permissible.
5.18.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Difference (Reasons thereValue of
Foundation
Result
of)
Result*
Moment about X
264.48
KNm
Moment about Z
457.874
KNm
Area of steel about 8280 mm2 8906.40
X-X
mm2
in base pressure
interpolation
Area of steel about 8280 mm2 8321.40
Z-Z
mm2
in base pressure
interpolation
Shear force
226.1924 225.67 KN Error due to approximation
KN
in base pressure
(One way) along X
interpolation
Shear force
144.134
143.58 KN Negligible
KN
(One way) along Z
Shear force
470.232
470.01 KN Negligible
KN
(Two way)
Factor of Safety
2.1656
2.166
Negligible
against Sliding (X)
Factor of Safety
3.2484
3.248
Negligible
against Sliding (Z)
Factor of Safety
10.386
10.386
Negligible
against Overturning
Chapter 5
STAAD
Reference
Foundation
Result
Result*
Value of
(X)
Factor of Safety
9.82516
against Overturning
(Z)
9.825
Difference (Reasons thereof)
Negligible
5.19 US General Isolated Foundation with Variable Bearing

Capacity 1
5.19.1 Problem
Density of soil = 22 kN/m3
Depth of soil = 2.5 m
Density of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Coefficient of friction, m = 0.5
Column dimensions = 0.3 m x 0.3 m
Strength of concrete, f'c = M-30 = 4349.39 psi
Strength of steel = fy = Fe-415
Applied loads: Fy = -800 kN
Type of depth is fixed bottom.
2.0
2.25
3.0
3.75
5.0
Table 5-23: Variable bearing capacity (kN/m2)

Width (m)
Depth (m)
1
2
3
4
100
120
130
135
110
130
140
140
120
140
150
152
130
150
160
154
140
160
170
156
Initial length = 3,400 mm

Initial width = 3,400 mm
Initial thickness = 450 mm
Pedestal length = 609.6 mm
Pedestal width = 609.6 mm
Pedestal height = 304.8 mm
5.19.2 Solution
Design starts with a trial dimension of 3.4 m x 3.4 m x 0.45 m.
5
140
145
155
160
165

Calculate the allowable bearing pressure as per the VBC table. Using the initial dimensions, the
portion of the bearing pressure table is:
Width (m)
Depth (m)
2.25
3.0
140
150
4
140
152
For 2.25 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 m dimensions, the bearing pressure is obvserved to not vary
between 3m and 4 m width, so the the bearing pressure for 3.4m is 140 kN/m2:
For 3 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 x dimensions, the bearing pressure is linearly interopolated
between 3 and 4 m width:
)(
150 + 152 150
3.4 3
43
) = 150.8 kN / m
For 2.5 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 x dimensions, the bearing pressure is linearly interoplated
bewteen 2.25 and 3 m depth:
)(
140 + 150.8 140
2.5 2.25
3 2.25
) = 143.6 kN / m
So the calculated gross bearing pressure = 143.6 kN/m2
Calculation of Self Weight and Soil Weight

Depth of soil on top of the footing = 2.5 - 0.45 = 2.05 m
So, soil weight:
[(3.43.4) (0.6096 0.6096)] 2.05 22 = 504.6 kN
Becuase the footing is specified as a fixed bottom, a full pedestal height of 2.05 m is used in lieu
of the initial 0.3048 m.
The self weight of the footing:
[(3.4 3.4 0.45) + (0.6096 0.6096 2.05)]25 = 149.1 kN
Base Pressure Calculation

P = the total vertical load applied on the footing = 504.596 +149.1 +800 = 1,453.7 kN
Mx = Mz = 0
Base pressure:
P
A
1, 453.7
3.4 3.4
= 125.75 kN / m2 < 143.6 kN / m2
Hence safe.
Chapter 5
5.19.3 Comparison
Table 5-24: Comparison of values for US general isolated footing with variable bearing pressure 1
STAAD
Reference
Value of
Foundation
Difference
Results
Results
Corner pressure (kN/m2) 125.75
125.75
none
Calculated bearing capa- 143.6
143.6
none
city (kN/m2)
5.20 US General Isolated Foundation with Variable Bearing

Capacity 2
5.20.1 Problem
Density of soil = 22 kN/m3
Depth of soil = 2.5 m
Density of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Coefficient of friction, m = 0.5
Column dimensions = 0.3 m x 0.3 m
Strength of concrete, f'c = M-30 = 4,349.39 psi
Strength of steel = fy = Fe-415
Applied loads: Fy = -1600 kN
Type of depth is fixed bottom.
2.0
2.25
3.5
3.0
4.0

Width (m)
Depth (m)
1
2
3
4
100
120
130
135
110
130
140
140
120
140
150
159
130
150
160
154
140
160
170
156
Initial length = 3,400 mm

Initial width = 3,400 mm
Initial thickness = 500 mm
Pedestal length =600 mm
Pedestal width = 600 mm
Pedestal height = 300 mm
5
140
145
155
160
165

5.20.2 Solution
Design starts with a trial dimension of 3.4 m x 3.4 m x 0.5 m.
Calculate the allowable bearing pressure as per the VBC table. Using the initial dimensions, the
portion of the bearing pressure table is:
Width (m)
Depth (m)
2.5
3.0
150
160
4
159
154
For 2.5 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 x dimensions, the bearing pressure is:
150 + (159 150)
3.4 3
43
) = 153.6 kN / m
So the calculated gross bearing pressure = 153.6 kN/m2
Calculation of Self Weight and Soil Weight

So, soil weight:
[(3.43.4) (0.6 0.6)] 2.0 22 = 492.8 kN

[(3.4 3.4 0.5) + (0.6 0.6 2.0)]25 = 162.5 kN
Base Pressure Calculation

P = the total vertical load applied on the footing = 492.8 +162.5 +1,600 = 2,255.3 kN
Mx = Mz = 0
Base pressure:
P
A
2, 255.3
3.4 3.4
= 195.1 kN / m2 > 153.6 kN / m2
NG
Hence not safe. Therefore, the dimensions must be recalculated.
Recalculate the Dimensions

Increase the length and width of the footing:
Length = 4 m
Width = 4 m
Per the previous table, the bearing pressure for a 2.5 m depth and 4 m x 4 m footing = 159
kN/m2.
Calculation of New Self Weight and Soil Weight

Chapter 5
So, soil weight:
[(44) (0.6 0.6)] 2.0 22 = 688.16 kN

[(4 4 0.5) + (0.6 0.6 2.0)]25 = 218 kN
New Base Pressure Calculation

P = the total vertical load applied on the footing = 688.16 + 218 +1,600 = 2,506.2 kN
Mx = Mz = 0
Base pressure:
P
A
2, 506.2
44
= 156.64 kN / m2 < 159 kN / m2
OK
Hence safe.
5.20.3 Comparison
Table 5-26: Comparison of values for US general isolated footing with variable bearing pressure 2
STAAD
Reference
Value of
Foundation
Difference
Results
Results
Corner pressure (kN/m2) 156.64
156.6374
none
Calculated bearing capa- 159
159
none
city (kN/m2)
Section 6
Deadman Anchors (ACI 318 -2005)

6.1.1 Reference
380 ft Brenham (Wesley), TX guyed tower Design Project
6.1.2 Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition
Axial Tension = 83.815 Kip
Slope with Horizontal = 54.231 degree
Min area required for guy rod =1.677 sq.inch, i.e if single guy rod is used,min dia of rod
required = 1.5 inch
Necessary Factors of Safety are as follows
FOS against Uplift = 1.5
FOS against sliding = 2
Ultimate Load Factor = 1.3
Material SpecificationAssume Strength of Concrete = 4 Ksi
Strength of Steel = 60 Ksi
Strength of Gye Rod steel = 50 Ksi
unit weight of Concrete = 150 lb/cu.ft
unit weight of Soil = 62.4 lb/cu.ft
Chapter 6
Soil & GWT conditionLayer
Index No
1
2
3
Table 6-1: Soil Test Report Summary

Layer
Depth of Cohesion
Angle of
Type
Layer
(psf)
Friction
Sand
(0-2)
0
20
Sand
(2-15)
0
30
Sand
(15-below) 0
30
Dry Density
(pcf)
115
115
115
Assume depth of Ground Water Table from GL = 8 ft

Assume soil cone angle of uplift = 30 degree
6.1.3 Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at guy rod
Horizontal component of load (H) = P.cos = 83.815 x Cos 54.231 = 48.9656 Kip
Vertical component of load (V)= P.sin = 83.815 x Sin 54.231 = 68.0245 Kip
Properties of soil (divided into relevant small strips each max 1/2 ft thick)

Kp=tan2 (450+ /2)

Kp=tan2 (450- /2)
Note: is in degrees
P = .h.K
a
So P a or a particular layer = P a of previous layer + .h.Ka

Where:
Ka = Active EP coeff of the present layer
= Soil density of Soil at present layer
h= Thickness of present layer)
Thus
Chapter 6
P = .h.K + 2C.K
p
So P p or a particular layer = P p of previous layer + .h.Kp

Where:
Kp = Passive EP coeff of the present layer
h= Thickness of present layer
C= Cohesion of Present layer)
Note: Here, = Density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT
If Soil layer is below GWT then submerged density of soil (-soil) is used
Adhesion factor = 0.31 + 0.34/C
Figure 6-1: Deadman Anchor Guy Tension Block section
<=1
C= Cohesion in Kip/ft 2 unit

Figure 6-2: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift diagram
Soil Depth
Soil Depth lower
upper lvl of layer
lvl of layer(ft)
(ft)
0
0.5
0.5
1
1
1.5
1.5
2
2
2.5
2.5
3
3
3.5
3.5
4
4
4.5
4.5
5
5
5.5
5.5
6
6
6.5
6.5
7
7
7.5
7.5
8
8
8.5
8.5
9
9
9.5
9.5
10
10
10.5
10.5
11
11
11.5
11.5
12
avg Pp effective on
block surface (psf)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2167.1918
2340.028
2512.8643
2638.8093
2717.8631
2796.9169
2875.9707
0
0
0
0
weighted
avg Pp
(lb/ft)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1083.596
1170.014
1256.432
1319.405
1358.932
1398.458
1437.985
0
0
0
0
Chapter 6
Soil Depth
Soil Depth lower
upper lvl of layer
lvl of layer(ft)
(ft)
12
12.5
12.5
13
13
13.5
13.5
14
14
14.5
14.5
15
avg Pp effective on
block surface (psf)
0
0
0
0
0
0
Figure 6-3: Dispersion line diagram
Check for Safety against Sliding

Tot Passive resistance per unit length = 9024.823 lb/ft
Length = 11.5 ft
Tot Passive resistance = 9024.823 x 11.5 /1000 = 103.786 kip
Allowable Horizontal Load on Anchor = 48.9656 Kip
Safety Factor against Horizontal Load = 103.786 / 48.9656 = 2.12
FOS is greater than min required FOS, Hence OK
Check for Safety against Uplift

given value of dispersion angle = 30 degree
Let us consider wedge at all sides with dimension of 0.5 ft
As wedge is present so dispersion is to be started from bottom of block
weighted
avg Pp
(lb/ft)
0
0
0
0
0
0

Height of soil above top level of block = 6.5 ft

Height of water effecting the weight of concrete = 10 - 8 = 2 ft
Weight of Concre Block = LxBxHx unit wt of concrete = 11.5 x 4 x 3.5 x 0.15 = 24.15
kip
reduction of concrete weight due to buoyancy = 2 x 4 x 11.5 x 62.4/1000 = 5.7408 kip
So, total buoyant weight of concrete = 24.15-5.7408 = 18.4092Kip
Weight of soil over top of anchor in a truncated pyramid = 215.93 Kip
Uplift Resistance due to Soil/Concrete Adhesion = 0 Kip
Therefore, Total resistance against uplift = 18.4092 + 215.93 + 0 = 234.34 Kip
Allowable anchor uplift resistance = V = 68.0245 Kip
Net Safety factor = 234.34 / 68.0245 = 3.445
Safety Factor against Horizontal Load = 1.5
Chapter 6
Design checks for the top & front face rebar

Top Rebar Design Check
Figure 6-4: Top rebar force diagram
Vertical Force (V)= 68.0245 Kip

Length (L)= 11.5 Kip
Force/Length = w=V/L = 5.91517391304348 Kip
Bending Moment = w.L2/8 = 97.786 ftkip
Factored Moment M = 97.786 x 1.3 = 127.1218 ftkip
Strength of concrete = 4 Ksi
Figure 6-5: Bending moment diagram - top
= 0.9
= 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>= >=0.65
= 0.85
width (B) = 4 ft
Effective Depth = D
eff
Hence, d
eff
= D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5xtop rebar dia
= 38.19 inch
Area of each top rebar = 0.601015625 sq.inch

Total area of Top Rebar = As = 2.4040625 Ksi
a = As.fy/(.fck.B) = 0.883847 inch

Resisting Moment = M1 = .As.fy.(d
eff-
a/2) =408.37 ftkip
ratio = 408.37 / 127.1218 = 3.213 >1,

Hence OK
Resisting Moment is greater than Factored Moment, Hence Safe
Front face Rebar Design Check

Length (L) = 11.5 ft
Force/Length = w=V/L = 4.25787826086957 Kip/ft
Factored Moment M = 91.5057 ftkip
Figure 6-6: Bending moment diagram - front face

= 0.9
= 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>= >=0.65
= 0.85
width (B) = 3.5 ft
Effective Depth = D
eff
Hence, d
eff
= 44.19 inch
Area of each front rebar = 0.601015625 sq.inch

Total area of Front Rebar = As = 1.803046875 sq.inch
a = As.fy/(.fck.B) = 0.757583 inch
eff-
a/2) = 355.47 ftkip
ratio = 355.472 / 91.5057 = 3.885 >1, Hence OK

Chapter 6
6.1.4 Comparison
Table 6-2: Deadman Anchor (US)verification example 1 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Value of
Foundation
Result
Result
Sliding Resistance (kips)
103.786
103.71
Uplift Resistance (kips)
234.34
234.495
Horizontal FOS
2.12
2.117
Vertical FOS
3.445
3.448
Factored moment resisted by top rebar (ft127.122
127.086
kip)
Max. moment capacity (vertically hogging)
408.37
407.66
(ft-kip)
Factored moment resisted by front rebar
91.506
91.553
(ft-kip)
Max. moment capacity (horizontally
355.472
354.856
hogging) (ft-kip)
Percent
Difference
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible

6.2.1 Reference
6.2.2 Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load conditionAxial Tension = 75.926 Kip
Min area required for guy rod =1.519 sq.inch, i.e if single rod is used,min dia of rod required =
1.4 inch

Necessary FOS are as followsFOS against Uplift = 1.5

Soil & GWT condition
Layer
Index No
1
2
3
Table 6-3: Soil

Layer
Depth of
Type
Layer
clay
(0-2)
clay
(2-15)
clay
(15-below)
test report summary

Cohesion
Angle of
(psf)
Friction
0
0
800
0
800
0
Dry Density
(pcf)
106
106
106

6.2.3 Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at gyerod
Chapter 6
Kp=tan2 (450 + /2)

Kp=tan2 (450 - /2)
Note: is in degree
P = .h.K
a

Where:
Ka= Active EP coeff of the present layer


Thus
P = .h.K + 2C.K
p

Where:
Kp= Passive EP coeff of the present layer
C= Cohesion of Present layer
Note: Here = Density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT
<=1
Figure 6-8: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift
Table 6-4: Soil layers

Soil Depth
Soil Depth lower
upper lvl of layer
lvl of layer(ft)
(ft)
0
0.5
0.5
1
1
1.5
1.5
2
avg Pp effective on
block surface (psf)
0
0
0
0
weighted
avg Pp
(lb/ft)
0
0
0
0
Chapter 6
Soil Depth
Soil Depth lower
upper lvl of layer
lvl of layer(ft)
(ft)
2
2.5
2.5
3
3
3.5
3.5
4
4
4.5
4.5
5
5
5.5
5.5
6
6
6.5
6.5
7
7
7.5
7.5
8
8
8.5
8.5
9
9
9.5
9.5
10
10
10.5
10.5
11
11
11.5
11.5
12
12
12.5
12.5
13
13
13.5
13.5
14
14
14.5
14.5
15
avg Pp effective on
block surface (psf)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2317.4172
2370.4843
2423.5513
2460.9987
2482.8262
2504.6538
2526.4814
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Length = 14 ft
Tot Passive resistance = 8543.207 x 14 /1000 = 119.605 kip

Let us consider no wedge to support uplift load
As wedge is not present so dispersion is to be started from top of block
weighted
avg Pp
(lb/ft)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1158.709
1185.242
1211.776
1230.499
1241.413
1252.327
1263.241
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Height of soil above top level of block = 6.5 ft

Weight of Concrete Block = LxBxHx unit wt of concrete = 14 x 4 x 3.5 x 0.15 = 29.4 kip
reduction of concrete weight due to buoyancy = 2 x 4 x 14 x 62.4/1000 = 6.9888 kip
Uplift Resistance due to Soil/Concrete Adhesion = 74.08 Kip
Therefore, Total resistance against uplift = 22.4112 + 38.58 + 74.08 = 135.072 Kip

Length (L)= 14 Kip
Chapter 6

= 0.9
= 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>= >=0.65
= 0.85
width (B) = 4 ft
Effective Depth = D
eff

Hence, deff =38.19 inch

Total area of Top Rebars = As = 2.4040625 Ksi
a = As.fy/(.fck.B) = 0.883847 inch
eff-
a/2) = 408.37
ftkip
ratio = 408.37 / 132.0033 = 3.094 >1, Hence OK


Length (L) = 14 ft

= 0.9
= 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>= >=0.65
= 0.85
width (B) = 3.5 ft
Effective Depth = D
eff
Hence, d
eff
= 44.19 inch

a = As.fy/(.fck.B) = 0.757583 inch
eff-
a/2) = 355.47 ftkip
ratio = 355.472 / 111.4087 = 3.191 >1, Hence OK

Chapter 6
6.2.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Sliding Resistance (Kip)
119.605
119.542
negligible
Uplift Resistance (Kip)
135.072
135.123
negligible
Horizontal FOS
2.443
2.44
negligible
Vertical FOS
2.328
2.329
negligible
factored moment resisted by top 132.0033
131.963
negligible
rebar (ftkip)
Max moment capacity (vertically 408.37
407.66
negligible
hogging) (ftkip)
factored moment resisted by front 111.4087
111.454
negligible
rebar (ftkip)
Max moment capacity
355.472
354.865
negligible
(horizontally hogging) (ftkip)

6.3.1 Reference
6.3.2 Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition
Axial Tension = 92.435 Kip
Min area required for guy rod =1.849 sq.inch, i.e if single rod is used,min dia of rod
required = 1.6 inch
Necessary FOS are as follows
FOS against Uplift = 1.5
Material Specification
Assume Strength of Concrete = 4 Ksi

Layer
Index No
1
2
3
Table 6-6: Soil test report summary

Layer
Depth of Cohesion
Angle of
Type
Layer
(psf)
Friction
silt
(0-2)
500
20
silt
(2-15)
500
20
silt
(15- below) 500
20
Dry Density
(pcf)
105
105
105

6.3.3 Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at gyerod
Chapter 6
Kp=tan2 (450+/2)
Kp=tan2 (450-/2)
Note: is in degree
P a= .h.Kp


Where:

P p= .h.Kp + 2C.Kp
Where:

<=1
Chapter 6

Soil Depth
Soil Depth
avg Pp effective on
upper lvl of layer lower lvl of layer
block surface (psf)
(ft)
(ft)
0
0.5
0
0.5
1
0
1
1.5
0
1.5
2
0
2
2.5
0
2.5
3
0
3
3.5
0
3.5
4
0
4
4.5
0
4.5
5
0
5
5.5
0
5.5
6
0
6
6.5
0
6.5
7
0
7
7.5
2984.5298
7.5
8
3091.7854
8
8.5
3167.1708
8.5
9
3210.6859
9
9.5
3254.2011
9.5
10
3297.7162
10
10.5
3341.2313
10.5
11
3384.7465
11
11.5
3428.2616
11.5
12
3471.7768
weighted
avg Pp
(lb/ft)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1492.265
1545.893
1583.585
1605.343
1627.101
1648.858
1670.616
1692.373
1714.131
1735.888

Soil Depth
Soil Depth
upper lvl of layer lower lvl of layer
(ft)
(ft)
12
12.5
12.5
13
13
13.5
13.5
14
14
14.5
14.5
15
avg Pp effective on
block surface (psf)
0
0
0
0
0
0
weighted
avg Pp
(lb/ft)
0
0
0
0
0
0

Length = 10 ft

Let us consider no wedge to support uplift load
As wedge is not present so dispersion is to be started from top of block
Chapter 6
Height of soil above top level of block = 7 ft

Weight of Concre Block = LxBxHx unit wt of concrete = 10 x 4 x 5 x 0.15 = 30 kip
So, total buoyant weight of concrete = 30-9.984 = 20.016Kip


Now Design check for the top & front face rebar are to be done
Length (L)= 10 Kip

= 0.9
= 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>= >=0.65
= 0.85
width (B) = 4 ft
Effective Depth = D
eff
Chapter 6
Hence, d
eff
= 56.19 inch

Total area of Top Rebars = As = 2.4040625 Ksi
a = As.fy/(.fck.B) = 0.883847 inch
eff-
a/2) = 603.1 ftkip
ratio = 603.099 / 78.039 = 7.729 >1, Hence OK


Length (L) = 10 ft

= 0.9
= 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>= >=0.65
= 0.85
width (B) = 5 ft
Effective Depth = D
eff

Hence, d
eff
= 44.19 inch

a = As.fy/(.fck.B) = 0.530308 inch
eff-
a/2) = 356.39 ftkip
ratio = 356.394 / 128.3438 = 2.777 >1, Hence OK

6.3.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
163.161
163.306
Negligible
151.296
151.355
Negligible
Horizontal FOS
2.066
2.064
Negligible
Vertical FOS
3.151
3.153
Negligible
78.011
Negligible
rebar (ftkip)
602.06
Negligible
hogging) (ftkip)
128.361
Negligible
rebar (ftkip)
Max moment capacity
356.394
355.775
Negligible
(horizontally hogging) (ftkip)

6.4.1 Reference
6.4.2 Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load conditionAxial Tension = 250 Kip
Slope with Horizontal = 50 degree
Min area required for guy rod =4.167 sq.inch, (i.e if single rod is used, then min dia of
rod required = 2.4 inch).
Chapter 6
Necessary FOS are as followsFOS against Uplift = 1.5

Layer
Index No
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
Layer
Type
sand
silt
silt
silt
silt
silt
silt

Depth of Cohesion
Angle of
Layer
(psf)
Friction
(0-3)
0
20
(3-5)
500
22
(5-8)
800
15
(8-10)
800
20
(10-12)
850
15
(12-20)
850
15
(20-below) 850
15

Dry Density
(pcf)
104
105
105
106
106
106
106

6.4.3 Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at guy rod
Horizontal component of load (H) = P.cos = 250 x Cos 50 = 160.6297 Kip
Vertical component of load (V)= P.sin = 250 x Sin 50 = 191.5676 Kip

Kp=tan2 (450+/2)
Kp=tan2 (450-/2)
Note: is in degree
P a= .h.Kp
Where:
h= Thickness of present layer)
P p= .h.Kp + 2C.Kp
Where
<=1
Chapter 6


Length = 12 ft
Chapter 6


Let us consider wedge at all sides with dimension of 0.5 ft
As wedge is present so dispersion is to be started from bottom of block
Height of soil above top level of block = 8 ft

Weight of Concrete Block = LxBxHx unit wt of concrete = 12 x 6 x 8 x 0.15 = 86.4 kip




Length (L)= 12 Kip
= 0.9
= 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
Chapter 6
0.85>= >=0.65
= 0.85
width (B) = 6 ft
Effective Depth = Deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5xtop rebar dia
Hence, deff = 92.19 inch
Total area of Top Rebar = As = 3.60609375 Ksi
a = As.fy/(.fck.B) = 0.883847 inch
Resisting Moment = M1 = .As.fy.(deff-a/2) = 1488.8 ftkip
ratio = 1488.835 / 373.5576 = 3.986 >1, Hence OK

Length (L) = 12 ft

= 0.9
= 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>= >=0.65
= 0.85
width (B) = 8 ft
Effective Depth = Deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5xtop rebar dia
Hence, deff = 68.19 inch


a = As.fy/(.fck.B) = 0.662885 inch
Resisting Moment = M1 = .As.fy.(deff-a/2) = 1101.2 ftkip
ratio = 1101.17 / 313.2285 = 3.516 >1, Hence OK
6.4.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
413.423
413.174
negligible
719.211
719.281
negligible
Horizontal FOS
2.574
2.571
negligible
Vertical FOS
3.755
3.756
negligible
373.447
negligible
rebar (ftkip)
1486.29
negligible
hogging) (ftkip)
313.359
negligible
rebar (ftkip)
Max moment capacity (hori1101.17
1099.277
negligible
zontally hogging) (ftkip)
Chapter6
Section 7
Drilled Pier Foundations

7.1.1 Reference
API RP 2A-WSD
7.1.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: API
Load Fy= 100 kip, fc= 4 ksi, fy= 60 ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2 ft, pier height= 30 ft, water
level at 40 ft.
Soil Profile by Layer
1. Sand, 8 ft deep, angle of friction 30 deg, Avg Density 108 lb/ft 3,
Density- Loose
2. Sand, 13 ft deep, angle of friction 34 deg, Avg Density 110 lb/ft 3,
Density- Medium
3. Clay - , 9 ft deep, cohesion 2 kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110 lb/ft 3,
Density- Dense
Elasticity of Soil 0.3 ksi
Chapter 7
Figure 7-1: Pier Elevation
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Skin Friction - 100%
Neglected zone for skin friction
Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 2ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi

Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
7.1.3 Solution
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program as:
0.286
EI
3 c
Es d
= 37.362 ft
Effective Overburden Pressure

Po= (Soil Density of respective layer x Depth to the center of the layer)
Effects of water and critical depth are also considered calculating Po
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Effective Overburden
Pressure (lb/ft2)
432
1579
2789
Skin Friction
Factor from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2
= Cohesion / Effective Overburden Pressure
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
0
0
0.7171

= 0.5 x -0.5 <=1.0
= 0.5 x -0.25 >1.0
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
0
0
0.59045
K Coefficient of lateral earth pressure from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.3
Chapter 7
K=0.8 (for straight pier)
Friction angle between soil and pier
Calculated based on API RP 2A-WSD Table 6.4.3-1
Shaft friction (f), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layerf = x c
For cohesionless soil layerf = K xPo x tan
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Shaft Friction (psf)

125.788
589.040
1180.889
Skin Friction Resistance (Qf), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1

Qf = f x As
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Total Skin Friction
Qf (kip)
6.3228
48.1136
66.7777
121.214
Modified Skin Friction Based on Neglected Zones for Skin Friction

Qf (modified) is calculated by considering top and bottom neglect layer
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Total Modified Skin
Friction
Qf_modified
(kip)
2.3711
48.1136
51.9382
102.423
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layer q = 9 x c
For cohesionless soil layer q =po x Nq
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
q (kip)
5.184
31.58
18.0
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1
Qp = q x Ap

Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Qp (kip)
16.286
99.211
56.549
End Bearing for bottom Layer, Qp_bott = 56.549 kips
Unfactored Capacity
Self wt = x
Q f
i
_mod i
d 4
4
+ conc = 14.137kip
+ Qp _bott elf_wt = 144.834kip
Factored Capacity
Q f _mod
i
i
F _skin
Q p _bott elf_wt
F _bearing
= 48.278kip
7.1.4 Comparison
Table 7-1: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 1 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Value of
Foundation
Difference
Result
Result
UnfactoredTip Resistance
56.549 kip
56.571 kip
Negligible
Unfactored Skin Resistance 102.423 kip
102.487 kip
Negligible
Unfactored Total Axial
144.834 kip
144.916 kip
Negligible
Capacity
FactoredTip Resistance
18.849 kip
18.857 kip
Negligible
Factored Skin Resistance
34.141 kip
34.162 kip
Negligible
Factored Total Axial
48.278 kip
48.305 kip
Negligible
Capacity

7.2.1 Reference
API RP 2A-WSD
7.2.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method:API
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 4ft, pier height= 39ft, water
level at 50ft.
Soil Profile by Layer
1. Clay - , 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 105lb/ft 3, Density- Very Loose
2. Clay - , 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, Density- Medium
Chapter 7
3. Clay - , 8ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft 2, Avg Density 111lb/ft 3, Density- Dense
4. Clay - , 12ft deep, cohesion 3kip/ft 2, Avg Density 113lb/ft 3, Density- Very Dense
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi
K = 0.8
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Top - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi

7.2.3 Solution
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program
0.286
EI
3 c
Es d
= 74.776 ft

Chapter 7
Pressure (lb/ft2)
315
1345
1874
1566
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Layer4
Skin Friction
= Cohesion / Effective Overburden Pressure
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Layer4
3.1746
0.8178
1.0672
1.9157
Factor
Layer
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Layer4
K Coefficient of lateral earth pressure from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.3

Calculated based on API RP 2A-WSD Table 6.4.3-1
Shaft friction (f), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Layer4

550
605
1100
1650
Skin Friction Resistance (Qf), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1

Qf = f x As
Layer
Layer1
Qf (psf)
41.469

Layer
Qf (psf)
98.835
110.584
248.814
499.702
Layer2
Layer3
Layer4
Total Skin Friction

Layer
Qf_modified (psf)
Layer1
6.9115
Layer2
98.835
Layer3
110.584
Layer4
165.876
Total Skin Friction
382.206
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layerq = 9 x c
For cohesionless soil layerq =po x Nq
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Layer4
q (psf)
9000
9900
18000
27000
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1
Qp = q x Ap
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Layer4
Qp (psf)
113.097
124.407
226.195
339.292
End Bearing for bottom Layer

Q
p_bott
= 339.292 kip
Unfactored Capacity
Self wt = x
d 4
4
+ conc = 73.513kip
Water uplift = x
d 2
(1
4
d water )( water ) = 8.57kip
Chapter 7
Q f
_mod i
+ Qp _bott elf_wt = 67.985kip
Factored Capacity
Q f _mod
i
i
F _skin
Q p _bott elf_wt
F _bearing
= 215.995kip
7.2.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Value of
Foundation
Difference
Result
Result
Unfactored Tip Resistance 339.292 kip
339.429 kip
Negligible
382.486 kip
Negligible
647.985 kip
648.371 kip
Negligible
Capacity
Factored Tip Resistance
113.097 kip
113.143 kip
Negligible
127.402 kip
127.495 kip
Negligible
215.995 kip
216.124 kip
Negligible
Capacity

7.3.1 Reference
FHWA-IF-99-025
7.3.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method:FHWA
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2ft,
pier height= 30ft, water level at 40ft.
Soil Profile
1. Sand, 8ft deep, angle of friction 30deg, Avg Density 108lb/ft 3, N60- 11
2. Sand, 13ft deep, angle of friction 34deg, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, N60- 14
3. Clay - , 9ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, N60- 16
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%


Top - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
Chapter 7
7.3.3 Solution
Critical Depth

Pressure (lb/ft2)
432
1579
1925
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Skin Friction
Factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.6
= 0.55
Layer
0
0
0.55
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Dimensionless correlation factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.18

Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
0.9017
0.8536
0

Assumed to be same as soil friction angle
Shaft friction (f), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.16 & 11.17
For cohesive soil layerf = x su
For cohesionless soil layerf = x vi

Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3

389.50
1347.86
1100.0
Skin Friction Resistance (Qf), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2

Rs = f x As
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Total Skin Friction
Rs (kip)
19.578
110.095
62.204
191.877

Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Total Modified Skin
Friction
Rs_modified
(kip)
7.342
110.095
48.381
165.817
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2 & 11.4a
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
q (kip)
13.2
15.6
5.611
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q x Ap
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
RB (kip)
41.469
49.009
17.628
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB-bott = 17.628 kips
Chapter 7
Unfactored Capacity
Factored Capacity
7.3.4 Comparison
Table 7-3: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 3 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Value of
Foundation
Difference
Result
Result
17.635 kip
17.628 kip
Negligible
165.817 kip
Negligible
169.376 kip
169.308 kip
Negligible
Capacity
5.878 kip
5.876 kip
Negligible
55.295 kip
55.272 kip
Negligible
56.459 kip
56.436 kip
Negligible
Capacity

7.4.1 Reference
FHWA-IF-99-025
7.4.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method:FHWA
level at 50ft.
Soil Profile
1. Clay - , 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 105lb/ft 3, N60 10
2. Clay - , 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, N60 12


Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Neglected zone
for skin frictionTop - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
Chapter 7
7.4.3 Solution
Critical Depth


Pressure (lb/ft2)
315
1345
1874
1380
Layer
1
2
3
4
Skin Friction
Factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.6
= 0.55 (for all layers)
Layer
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
1
2
3
4
Dimensionless correlation factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.18

= 0 (for all layers)
Shaft friction (f), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.16 & 11.17
For cohesive soil layerf = x su
For cohesionless soil layerf = x vi
Layer
1
2
3
4

550
605
1100
1650

Rs = f x As
Layer
1
2
3
4
(Total Skin Friction)
Rs (kip)
41.469
98.835
110.584
248.814
499.702

Chapter 7
Layer
1
2
3
4
(Total Modified Skin
Friction)
Rs_modified
(kip)
6.912
98.835
110.584
165.876
382.206
Base Resistance
Layer
1
2
3
4
q (kip)
3.646
3.880
5.611
27
RB = q x Ap
Layer
1
2
3
4
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB-bott = 339.292 kips
Unfactored Capacity
RB (kip)
45.815
48.759
70.510
339.292

Factored Capacity
7.4.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Value of
Foundation
Difference
Result
Result
339.292 kip
Negligible
382.206 kip
Negligible
648.246 kip
647.985 kip
Negligible
Capacity
113.143 kip
113.097 kip
Negligible
127.453 kip
127.453 kip
Negligible
216.082 kip
213.658 kip
Negligible
Capacity

7.5.1 Reference
Alternate Vesic Method
7.5.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: Alternate Vesic
Method
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2ft,
pier height= 30ft, water level at 40ft.
Soil Profile
1. Sand, 8ft deep, angle of friction 30deg, Avg Density 108lb/ft 3,
2. Sand, 13ft deep, angle of friction 34deg, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3,
3. Clay, 9ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3,
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
Chapter 7
End bearing - 100%

Top - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4 ksi
Ec= 3,605 ksi
Density= 150 lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29,000ksi

7.5.3 Solution
Critical Depth

Pressure (psf)
432
1579
1925
Layer
1
2
3
Skin Friction
Adhesion Factor for Drilled Pier in Cohesive Soil
= 0.55
Layer
1
2
3
0
0
0.55
K Coefficient of lateral earth pressure

Lateral Earth Pressure and Friction Angle Factor
Layer
1
2
3
0.462
0.540
0

Shaft friction (f), from Alpha or Beta Method
Chapter 7
Layer

199.532
852.039
1100
1
2
3
tan(1) = 0.675

Rs = f x As
Layer
1
2
3
Rs (kip)
10.030
69.596
62.204
141.829

Layer
1
2
3
(Total Modified Skin
Friction)
Rs_modified
(kip)
3.761
69.596
48.381
121.737
Base Resistance
Cohesive Soil (Bottom Layer)
Factor F = 1
r
Factor N
cp
=9
Cohesionless Soil (Bottom Layer)

Factor N
qp
=0
For cohesive soil layer q = Fr x Nqp x c
For cohesionless soil layer q =po x Nqp
Layer
1
2
3
q (psf)
0
0
18000
RB = q x Ap

Layer
1
2
3
RB (kip)
0
0
56.549
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB_bott = 56.549 kip
Unfactored Capacity
Factored Capacity
7.5.4 Comparison
Table 7-5: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 5 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Value of
Foundation
Difference
Result
Result
56.571 kip
Negligible
121.824 kip
Negligible
164.149 kip
164.253 kip
Negligible
Capacity
Factored Tip Resistance
5.516 kip
18.857 kip
Negligible
40.579 kip
40.608kip
Negligible
54.716 kip
54.751 kip
Negligible
Capacity

7.6.1 Reference
Alternate Vesic Method
7.6.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: Alternate Vesic
Method
Chapter 7
level at 50ft.
Soil Profile
1. Clay - , 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 105lb/ft 3, Density- Very Loose
2. Clay - , 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, Density- Medium
3. Clay - , 8ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft 2, Avg Density 111lb/ft 3, Density- Dense
4. Clay - , 12ft deep, cohesion 3kip/ft 2, Avg Density 113lb/ft 3, Density- Very Dense
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Top - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi

7.6.3 Solution
Critical Depth

Chapter 7
Layer
1
2
3
Pressure (psf)
315
1345
1874
Skin Friction
Adhesion Factor for Drilled Pier in Cohesive Soil
= 0.55 (All layers)
K Coefficient of lateral earth pressure

Lateral Earth Pressure and Friction Angle Factor, = 0 (All layers)
Shaft friction (f), from Alpha or Beta Method
Layer
1
2
3
4

550
605
1100
1650
tan( ) = 0
1

Rs = f x As
Layer
1
2
3
4
Rs (kip)
41.469
98.835
110.584
248.814
499.702
RB = q x Ap
Layer
1
2
RB (kip)
0
0

Layer
3
4
RB (kip)
0
339.292
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB_bott = 339.292 kip
Unfactored Capacity
Factored Capacity
7.6.4 Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Value of
Foundation
Difference
Result
Result
339.292 kip
339.429 kip
Negligible
382.360 kip
Negligible
164.149 kip
648.246 kip
Negligible
Capacity
113.097 kip
113.143 kip
Negligible
127.402 kip
127.453 kip
Negligible
54.716 kip
216.082 kip
Negligible
Capacity
Chapter7
Section 8
Plant Foundation
8.1.1 Input Parameters
Geometric Description
Vessel Geometry
Effective Height, Hve = 10ft
Effective Diameter, Dve = 4ft
Center of Gravity, CG = 10 ft
Pedestal Geometry
Height, Tp = 1 ft
Diameter, Dp = 5 ft
Footing Geometry
Minimum Footing Diameter = 10 ft
Maximum Footing Diameter = 10 ft
Minimum Footing Depth = 2 ft
Maximum Footing Depth = 2 ft
Chapter 8
Figure 8-1: Tank and foundation elevation
Anchor Bolt Data

Figure 8-2: Anchor bolt plan
Bolt Circle Diameter, BCD = 14.875 ft

Bolt Diameter, BD = 1.5 in.
Sleeve Diameter, SD = 2 in
Number of Anchor Bolts, Nb = 16
Effective Embedment Depth, heff = 1.5 ft
Design Parameters

Soil
Soil Depth, Ts = 0 ft
Soil Density, Vsoil = 110 pcf
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 3.8 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, Vc = 15o pcf
Concrete strength, f'c = 4 ksi
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Minimum Bar Diameter = 4
Maximum Bar Diameter = 11
Stability
Minimum Stability Ratio = 1.5
Primary Load Description
Load Types
Empty Load (De)
Operating Load
(Do)
Test Load (Dt)
Erection Load (Dr)
Live Load (Dl)
Table 8-1: Primary load description

Axial Force
Base Moment
(kip)
(ftkip)
10
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Base Shear
(kip)
0
0
0
0
0
8.1.2 Solution
Wind Load
Wind Load Calculation per ASCE 7-05
Partial Wind Case: Percentage of wind = 50%
Wind Speed, V = 0 mph
Exposure category D, Case 2
Chapter 8
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd = 0.95 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-4
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-4
Importance factor, IW = 1.15 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-1
Gust Effect Factor, G = 0.85 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Table 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 0.9 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Gig. 6-20 & Fig. 6-21
Table 8-2: Wind loads
Elevation
Kz
Pressure
Width Area Shear Moment
1
1.03023
0
4
4
0
0
11
1.03023
0
4
40
0
0
Total Wind Shear = 0 kip
Total Wind Moment = 0 kip-ft
Seismic Load
Importance Factor, I = 1
Fundamental Period, T = 6 s
Long Period, TL = 12 s
Site Class C
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 0
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1.2
Long Period Site Coefficient at 1.0s Period, Fv = 1.7
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 0
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0
Response Modification Factor, R = 2
Calculation Of Seismic Response Coefficient

Cs = 0
Empty Seismic = Cs x De = 0 kip
Operating Seismic = Cs x Do = 0 kip
Test Seismic = Cs x Dt = 0 kip

Load Combination Table

Table 8-3: Applied Load Combinations - Allowable Stress Level
Loa
Erectio Live Use Use Use
d Empt Operatin Win Seismi Tes
r
r
r
n
Loa
y
g
d
c
t
Loa
Loa
Loa
Cas
d
Load
d1 d2 d3
e
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0.9
0
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0.9
0
0
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
8
0
0 0.83
0 0.80
0
0
0
0
3
Table 8-4: Applied Load Combinations - Strength Level
Loa
r
r
r
n
Loa
y
g
d
c
t
Loa
Loa
Loa
Cas
d
Load
d1 d2 d3
e
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Table 8-5: Applied Load at Top of
Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level
Load
Axial Shear Moment
Case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(kips)
(kips)
(kip-ft)
20
2o
20
10
18
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Chapter 8
Governing Loads
Axial = 20 kip
Shear = 0 kip
Moment = 0 ft-kip
Pedestal - Strength Level
Load
Axial Shear Moment
Case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(kips)
(kips)
(kip-ft)
10
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Governing Loads
Axial = 10 kip
Shear = 0 kip
Moment = 0 kip
Pedestal Design
Fu = 56.64 kip
Check for minimum pedestal dimension is done in accordance with PIP STE 03350 Sect. 4.5.1
Minimum Pedestal Dimension = 15.625 ft
Factored O.T.M. At Base Of Pedestal = 0 kip-ft
Seismic Load Governing, hence use Vessel Operating Weight
Nominal Axial Load (Empty/Operating), Du = 56.64 kip
Weight of Pedestal = 3.1066 kip
Dowel Circle Diameter, Dc = BCD
Number of Dowels, Nd = 32
Tensile Force In Each Dowel Per PIP STC03350 4.5.4
F = 4M
u
/(N D ) - 0.9(D +W
uped
)/N = -0.369 kip
ped
Area of Dowel Bar Required

A
s_ped_req
= F /(f ) = -8.192(10)-3 in2

u
Minimum Dowel Reinforcement per PIP STC03350 4.5.5 : #5 - 32

Dowel Bar Size Provided = 5
Area of Steel Provided = -0.00819 in2
Area of steel required in pedestal, As, req = (dd)2 x pi/4 = 0.307 in2
Potential Conc. Failure Area per PIP STC03350 Fig. A, An = 5.5086 ft 2
Compressive Force In Each Dowel Based on PIP STC03350 4.6.2
P =M
u
/D +0.9 (D +W
uped
) = 11.769 kip
ped
d = 0.625 in
b
F = P /A = 0.015 ksi
c
Beta = 1
Weight of Soil = 0 kip
Design Results
Stability Ratio is calculated based on PIP STE03350 Eqn. 15
Table 8-7: Stability Ratio
Load
Stability
Eccentricity
Case
Ratio
1
0
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
Soil bearing calculations are per PIP STE03350 4.7.2
Table 8-8: Soil Bearing Check
Load
Max Soil
Min Soil
Case Bearing (ksf) Bearing (ksf)
1
0.2414
0.2414
2
0.2414
0.2414
3
0.2414
0.2414
4
0.4582
0.4582
5
0.2173
0.2173
6
0.4123
0.4123
7
0
0
8
0
0
Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fdia = 0.4582 ksf
Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fflat = 0.4233 ksf
Chapter 8
Concrete Design
One Way Shear
Figure 8-3: One-way shear dimensions
Location of Pedestal Face from Face of Footing, X1 = 2.7246 ft

Location of Shear check from Face of Footing, X2 = 1.0006 ft
Shear Stress, Vu = 0.266 ksf
Factored Shear Stress Capacity per ACI318-05 Eqn. 11-3, VC = 13.66 ksf
Two way Shear Check

Figure 8-4: Two-way shear check
Octagonal Perimeter, bo = 21.65 ft

Punching Shear Force, Vu = 6.463 kip
Factored Shear Capacity, Vc = 1019.8 kip
Reinforcement Calculations
Required development length for bars

Available development length for bars (From face of Pedestal to face of Footing) = 2.724551 ft
m = f / (0.85 f ) = 17.647
y
2mR / f = 2.597(10)-3
n

Ast,req = d1ft = 0.018 in2
min = 0.0018
Minimum Area of Steel Required
Ast,min = mind 1 ft = 0.447 in2
Spacing Required, s = 8 in.
Area of Steel Provided
A
st_prov
= (d 2/4)1ft/s = 0.205 in2

b
Bar Size = 5
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter, Df = 10 ft
Footing Thickness, Tf = 2 ft
8.1.3 Comparison
Table 8-9: Vertical Vessel verification example 1 comparison
STAAD
Hand
Percent
Foundation
Calculations
Difference
Result
Footing Diagonal
10
10
none
Footing Thickness
2
2
none
Footing Soil Bearing
0.458
0.496
8%
Stability Check
0
0
n/a
One Way Shear
0.266
0.266
0%
Chapter 8
Hand
Calculations
STAAD
Foundation
Result
Percent
Difference
6.463
6.564
2%
0.460
0.447
3%
Check
Punching Shear
Check
Reinforcement
Provided
Note: Soil Bearing values are generated from graph; %diff also contains human errors.

Geometrical Description
Vessel Geometry
Effective Height, Hve = 50 ft
Effective Diameter, Dve = 13 ft
Pedestal Geometry
Height, Tp = 4 ft
Diameter, Dp = 14 ft
Footing Geometry

Anchor Bolt Data


Bolt Diameter, BD = 168 in.
Sleeve Diameter, SD = 1.5 in
Effective Embedment Depth, heff = 0.167 ft
Design Parameters
Chapter 8
Soil
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 4 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Stability

Axial Force
Base Moment (ftLoad Types
(kip)
kip)
Empty Load (De)
-28
0
Operating Load
-66
0
(Do)
Test Load (Dt)
-73
0
Erection Load (Dr)
-70
0
Live Load (Dl)
0
0
8.2.2 Solution
Wind Load
Base Shear
(kip)
0
0
0
0
0


Exposure category C, Case 2
Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 0.8 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Gig. 6-20 & Fig. 6-21
Elevation
2
15
20
25
30
40
50
52
Kz
0.848884
0.848884
0.901885
0.945265
0.982253
1.043581
1.093775
1.102844

Pressure Width Area
0.028727
13
26
0.028727
13
169
0.030521
13
65
0.031989
13
65
0.033241
13
65
0.035316
13
130
0.037015
13
130
0.037322
13
26
Shear
0.507899
3.301344
1.349026
1.413912
1.469238
3.121944
3.272105
0.659847
Moment
0.507899
28.06143
23.60796
31.81303
40.40405
109.268
147.2447
33.65219
Total Wind Shear = 15.095 kip

Total Wind Moment = 414.449 ft-kip
Seismic Load
Fundamental Period, T = 4.1 s
Site Class C
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 0.105
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0.043
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1.2
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 0.084
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0.049

Cs = 5.973x10-3
Empty Seismic = Cs x De = 0.167 kip
Operating Seismic = Cs x Do = 0.394 kip
Chapter 8
Test Seismic = Cs x Dt = 0.436 kip

Table 8-12: Applied Load Combination - Allowable Stress Level
Loa
r
r
r
n
Loa
y
g
d
c
t
Loa Loa Loa
Cas
d
Load
d1 d2 d3
e
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
0
0
1
0
0.9
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0.9
0
0
0
0
1
0 0.83
0
0
0.7
0
0.7
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.83
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Table 8-13: Applied Load Combination - Strength Level

Loa
Erectio Live Use
r
n
Loa
y
g
d
c
t
Loa
Cas
d
Load
d1
e
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
0
0
0
0.9
0
0.9
0
0
0
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
0
0.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.6
0
1.6
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
0
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Load Axial
Shear
Moment
Case
1
2
3
4
5
(kips)
(kips)
(kip-ft)
66
66
66
28
59.4
0
15.09532
0.275945
15.09532
0.275945
0
414.5593
2.207563
414.4493
2.207563
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Use Use
r
r
Loa Loa
d2 d3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Load
Axial
Shear
Moment
Case
6
7
8
(kips)
(kips)
(kip-ft)
25.2
70
60.59
0.117068
7.547658
6.264556
0.936542
207.2797
172.0421
Governing Loads
Axial = 70 kip
Shear = 15.09532 kip
Moment = 414.5593 ft-kip
Pedestal - Strength Level
Load Axial
Shear
Moment
Case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(kips)
(kips)
(kip-ft)
92.4
79.2
79.2
79.2
25.2
59.4
25.2
63
0
0
24.15251
0.394208
24.15251
0.394208
0.16724
12.07625
0
0
663.2949
3.153661
663.2949
3.153661
1.337917
331.6474
Governing Loads
Axial = 92.4 kip
Shear = 24.15251 kip
Moment = 663.2949 kip
Pedestal Design
Fu = 56.64 kip
Factored O.T.M. At Base Of Pedestal = 759.9049 kip-ft
Dowel Circle Diameter, Dc = BCD = 1.333 ft
Chapter 8
F = 4M
u
/(N D ) - 0.9(D +W
uped
)/N = 66.274 kip
ped

A
s_ped_req
= F /(f ) = 1.473 in2

u

Area of Steel Provided = 1.472746 in.2
Potential Conc. Failure Area per PIP STC03350 Fig.
An = 0.060107
P =M
u
/D +0.9 (D +W
uped
) = 728.889 kip
ped
F = P /A = 84.211 ksi
c
Weight of Soil = 10.935 kip
Design Results
Load
Stability
Eccentricity
Case
Ratio
1
0
0
2
2.376857
3.36579
3
0.017400
459.778
4
2.913937
2.74543
5
0.017975
445.060
6
0.009203
869.292
7
1.165810
6.86219
8
1.012977
7.89752

Concrete Design
One Way Shear
Location of Pedestal Face from Face of Footing (X1) = 1.62742 ft

Location of Shear check from Face of Footing (X2) = 0.904783 ft
Factored Shear Stress Capacity VC per ACI318-05 Eqn. 11-3 = 13.66104 ksf
Two way Shear Check


Chapter 8
Rn = Mu / (0.91ftd2) = 0.079 ksi
m = fy / (0.85 fc) = 17.647
2mRn / fy = 0.047

A
p
st_req
min
= pd1ft = 0.139 in2
= 0.0018
Minimum Area of Steel Req

A
st_min
=p
min
d1ft = 0.188 in2
Spacing Required
s = 18 in.
A
st_prov
= (d 2/4)1ft/s = 0.205 in2

b
Bar Size = 5
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter = 16 ft
Footing Thickness = 1 ft
8.2.3 Comparison
STAAD
Hand
Percent
Foundation
Calculations
Difference
Result
Footing Diagonal
16
16
0
Footing Thickness
1
1
0
2.1030
2.102
0
Stability Check
2.7454
2.748
0
One Way Shear
4.1857
4.193
0
Check

17.58
STAAD
Foundation
Result
17.951
0.20453
0.18765
Hand
Calculations
Punching Shear
Check
Reinforcement
Provided
Percent
Difference
2
9

Geometric Description
Vessel Geometry
Effective Height, Hve = 30 ft
Effective Diameter, Dve - 10 ft
Pedestal Geometry
Height = 2 ft
Diameter = 12 ft
Footing Geometry
Chapter 8
Anchor Bolt Data


Bolt Diameter, BD = 132 in.
Sleeve Diameter, SD= 1.5 in.
Effective Embedment Depth, heff = 0.167 fyt
Design Parameters

Soil
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 4 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Stability
Load Types
Empty Load (De)
Operating Load
(Do)
Test Load (Dt)
Erection Load (Dr)
Live Load (Dl)

Axial Force
Base Moment (ft(kip)
kip)
-20
0
-40
0
-60
-30
0
Base Shear
(kip)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.3.2 Solution
Wind Load
Exposure category B, Case 2
Chapter 8
Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 0.8 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Gig. 6-20 & Fig.
Elevation
Kz
Pressure Width Area
Shear
1
0.57472
0.01302
10
10
0.088534
15
0.57472
0.01302
10
140
1.23948
20
0.623954 0.014135
10
50
0.480594
25
0.66503
0.015066
10
50
0.512232
30
0.700591 0.015871
10
50
0.539622
Total Wind Shear = 2.86 kip
Total Wind Moment = 44.735 ft-kip
Seismic Load
Fundamental Period, T = 4.1 s
Site Class C
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 1.997
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0.805
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 1.332
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0.697

Cs = 0.805
Empty Seismic = Cs x De = 1.701 kip
Operating Seismic = Cs x Do = 3.402 kip
Test Seismic = Cs x Dt = 5.103 kip
6-21
Moment
0.044267
9.915838
8.410392
11.52522
14.83962


Loa
r
r
r
n
Loa
y
g
d
c
t
Loa
Loa
Loa
Cas
d
Load
d1 d2 d3
e
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0.9
0
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0.9
0
0
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
8
0
0 0.83
0 0.80
0
0
0
0
3
Loa
r
r
r
n
Loa
y
g
d
c
t
Loa
Loa
Loa
Cas
d
Load
d1 d2 d3
e
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
0
0
0
0.9
0
0.9
0
0
0
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
0
0.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.6
0
1.6
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
0
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Load
Axial
Shear Moment
Case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(kips)
(kips)
(kip-ft)
40
40
40
20
36
18
30
49.8
0
2.8605
2.3816
2.8605
2.3816
1.1908
1.4302
1.1871
0
44.735
19.053
44.735
19.053
9.5264
22.368
18.565
Chapter 8
Governing Loads
Axial = 49.8 kip
Shear = 2.86046 kip
Moment = 44.73534 kip-ft
Table 8-23: Applied Load at Top
of Pedestal - Strength Level
Load Axial Shear Moment
Case (kips) (kips)
1
56
0
2
48
0
3
48 4.5767
4
48 3.4023
5
18 4.5767
6
36 3.4023
7
18 1.7011
8
27 2.2884
(kip-ft)
0
0
71.577
27.218
71.577
27.218
13.609
35.788
Governing Loads
Axial = 56 kips
Shear 4.57674 kips
Moment = 71.5765 ft-kip
Pedestal Design
Fu = 56.64 kip
Factored O.T.M. At Base Of Pedestal = 80.730 kip-ft
Dowel Circle Diameter, Dc = BCD = 1.333 ft
F = 4M
u
/(N D ) - 0.9(D +W
uped
)/N = 5.212 kip
ped

A
s_ped_req
= F /(f ) =0.116 in2

u

Area of Steel Provided = 0.11582 in2
Area of steel required in pedestal, As, req = (dd)2 x pi/4 = 0.307 in2
Potential Conc. Failure Area per PIP STC03350 Fig. A, An = 0.075956ft 2
P =M
u
/D +0.9 (D +W
uped
) = 135.957 kip
ped
d = 0.625 in
b
F = P /A = 12.43 ksi
c
Beta = 1
Weight of Soil, W
soil
= 9.477 kip
Design Results
Load
Stability
Eccentricity
Case
Ratio
1
0
0
2
0.4864
14.392
3
0.2390
29.291
4
0.5949
11.766
5
0.2480
28.222
6
0.1495
46.825
7
0.2676
26.159
8
0.1853
37.780
Load
Max Soil
Min Soil
Bearing
(ksf)
Bearing
(ksf)
Case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.6751
0.8672
0.7695
0.7440
0.7449
0.5402
0.7100
0.8152
0.2453
0.3164
0.2808
0.7440
0.2539
0.5402
0.2137
0.3399

Chapter 8
Concrete Design
One Way Shear
Location of Pedestal Face from Face of Footing, X1 = 1.538921 ft

Location of Shear check from Face of Footing, X2 = 0.814963 ft
Factored Shear Stress Capacity per ACI318-05 Eqn. 11-3, VC = 13.66104 ksf
Two way Shear Check



Rn = Mu / (0.91ftd2) = 0.014 ksi
m = fy / (0.85 fc) = 17.647
2mRn / fy = 7.944(10)-3

A
st,req
min
= d1ft = 0.024 in2
= 0.0018
Minimum Area of Steel Req

A
st,min
min
d1 ft = 0.188 in2
Spacing Required, s = 18 in.

A
st_prov
= (d 2/4)1ft/s = 0.205 in2

b
Bar Size = 5
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter = 14 ft
Footing Thickness = 1 ft
8.3.3 Comparison
STAAD
Hand
Percent
Foundation
Calculations
Difference
Result
Footing Diagonal
14
14
none
Footing Thickness
1
1
none
0.8672
0.835
4%
Stability Check
11.766
12.898
9%
One Way Shear
0.9052
1.13
20%
Check
Punching Shear
12.085
12.338
2%
Chapter 8
Hand
Calculations
STAAD
Foundation
Result
Percent
Difference
0.2045
0.1878
9%
Check
Reinforcement
Provided

Location Santa Ana California
S1 = 0.5312, Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with
ASCE 7 11.4.1
Ss = 1.378, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with
ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = A, Based On Soil Prorperties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
R = 2, Response modification Coefficient per ASCE 7 Tables 15.4-1 or 15.4-2
I = 1.25, Importance Factor per ASCE 7 11.5.1
T = 3 sec., Fundamental Period of Vessel
TL = 12 sec., Long-Period Transition Perios per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Empty Weight Of Vessel = 100 kips
Operating Weight of Vessel = 200 kips
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal (CG) = 120 in.
Fa = 0.8 Short-Period Site Coeffiecient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv = 0.8 Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
SDS = 0.735, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at short periods per ASCE 7
11.4.4
SD1 = 0.283, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at period of 1 sec per ASCE 7
11.4.4
Cs = 0.059, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Empty Load Case Base Shear = 5.902 kip
Operating Load Case Base Shear = 11.804 kip
Empty Load Case Earthquake Moment = 59.021 kip ft
Operating Load Case Earthquake Moment = 118.043 kip ft
Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Base Shear Empty Case
5.902132222
5.902
0.0022403

Value of
(kip)
Base Shear Operating Case
(kip)
Base Moment Empty Case
(kip - ft)
Base Moment Operating
Case (kip -ft)
Reference
Result
STAAD
Foundation
Result
Percent
Difference
11.80426444
11.804
0.0022403
59.02132222
59.021
0.00054595
118.0426444
118.043
0.00030121

Location Yorba Linda California
Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1, S1
= 0.857367
Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1,
SS = 2.09511
Site Class = B, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
Response modification Coefficient per ASCE 7 Tables 15.4-1 or 15.4-2, R = 2
Importance Factor per ASCE 7 11.5.1, I = 1.0
Fundamental Period of Vessel, T = 6 sec.
Long-Period Transition Period per ASCE 7 12.8.2, TL = 5 sec.
Empty Weight Of Vessel = 100 kip
Operating Weight of Vessel = 200 kip
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal, CG = 10 ft
Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3, FA = 1
Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3, FV = 1
SDS = 1.397, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at short periods per ASCE 7 11.4.4
11.4.4
CS = 0.04, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Empty Load Case Base Shear
Shear empty = CS x Emptywt = 3.969 kips
Operating Load Case Base Shear
Shear operating = CS x Operating wt = 7.939 kips
Empty Load Case Earthquake Moment
Moment empty = Shear empty x CG = 39.693 kip*ft
Operating Load Case Earthquake Moment
Chapter 8
Moment operating = Shear operating x CG = 79.386 kip*ft
Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
3.9693
3.969
0.007
(kip)
7.9386
7.939
0.005
(kip)
39.693
39.69
0.007
(kip - ft)
79.3858
79.39
0.005
Case (kip -ft)

Location San Antonio, Texas
Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1,
S1 = 0.034656
SS = 0.12141
Site Class = C, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
Importance Factor per ASCE 7 11.5.1, I= 1.5
Fundamental Period of Vessel,T = 4 sec.
Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3, FA = 1.2
Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3, FV = 1.7
11.4.4
11.4.4
CS = 4.91x10-3, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1


Moment empty = Shear empty x CG =4.91 kip*ft
Moment operating = Shear operating x CG = 9.819 kip*ft
Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Base Shear Empty Case (kip)
0.49096
0.491
0.0081
0.98192
0.982
0.0081
(kip)
4.9096
4.91
0.0081
(kip - ft)
9.8192
9.82
0.0081
Case (kip -ft)

Location New York, New York
Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1, S1
= 0.0937194
SS = 0.42416
Site Class = D
Site Class Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
SD1 = 0.15 Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at period of 1 sec per ASCE 7 11.4.4
Chapter 8
Moment operating = Shear operating x CG =24.992 kip*ft
Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
1.249592
1.25
0.03264
(kip)
2.499184
2.499
0.00736295
(kip)
12.49592
12.496
0.0006402
(kip - ft)
24.99184
24.992
0.0006402
Case (kip -ft)

Location Nashville, Tennessee
Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with ASCE 7 11.4.1,
S1 = 0.145056
SS = 0.32156
Site Class = E, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20

11.4.4
CS = 9.039x10-3, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Moment operating = Shear operating x CG =18.077 kip*ft
Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Base Shear Empty Case (kip) 0.903868649
0.904
0.01452995
1.807737298
1.808
0.01452995
(kip)
9.038686492
9.039
0.00346839
(kip - ft)
18.07737298
18.077
0.00206331
Case (kip -ft)

Location Santa Ana California
ASCE 7 11.4.1
Ss = 1.378, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with
ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = A; Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
TL = 12 sec., Fundamental Period of Vessel
Long-Period Transition Period per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Empty Weight Of Vessel, Ewt = 100 kip
Chapter 8
Operating Weight of Vessel, Operating wt = 200 kip
Fa = 0.9, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv =0.8, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
11.4.4
11.4.4
Base Shear Based on Operating Load Condition
V = CsOperating
wt
= 4.722 kip
Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Seismic Response Coef0.02361
0.024
1.631
ficient (Cs)
Base Shear Operating
4.722
4.722
0.006
Case (kip)

Location Yorba Linda California 92887
S1, 0.8574, Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with
ASCE 7 11.4.1
SS = 2.0951, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with
ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = B, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
TL = 12 sec., Long-Period Transition Period per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal, CG = 2.5 ft
Fa = 1, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv = 1, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3

11.4.4
V = CsOperating
wt
= 14.289 kip
Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
0.071
0.63
ficient (Cs)
14.289
14.289
0.002
Case (kip)

Location Mountain Valley 73062
ASCE 7 11.4.1
ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = C, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal, CG = 2.5 ft
Fa = 1.2, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv = 1.7, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
SDS 0.263, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at short periods per ASCE 7 11.4.4
SD1 = 0.1, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at period of 1 sec per ASCE 7 11.4.4
V = CsOperating
wt
=3.339 kip
Chapter 8
Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
0.017
1.787
ficient (Cs)
3.339
3.339
0.007
Case (kip)

Location San Bernadino 92411
ASCE 7 11.4.1
ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = D, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
R =2, Response modification Coefficient per ASCE 7 Tables 15.4-1 or 15.4-2
T = 3.5 sec., Fundamental Period of Vessel
Fa = 1, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv = 1.5, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
11.4.4
11.4.4
Cs = 0.202, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
V = CsOperating
wt
= 40.429 kip

Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
0.202
none
ficient (Cs)
40.429
40.429
none
Case (kip)

Vessel Data
Height of Vessel, H = 60 ft
Diameter of Vessel, D = 15 ft
Vessel Time Period, t = 5 sec.
Pedestal height Above Ground = 1 ft
Vessel Frequency, f = 1/t = 0.2 Hz
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 80 mph
Wind Directional Factor, Kd = 0.95, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Wind Exposure = C
Exposure Case = 2
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1.0, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.7.2
Importance factor, I = 1.15, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.5
Gust Wind Effect Factor, G = 0.85, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 1, per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-20 & 6-21
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Design Wind Pressure per ASCE 7-05 6.5.10
q = 0.00256K K VIGC
z
Shear Force on Top of Pier

F = q GC A
z
Moment on Top of Pier

M = F x Moment Arm
Chapter 8
Kz
0.849
0.849
0.902
0.945
0.982
1.044
1.094
1.137
1.141
qz
(psf)
15.195
15.195
16.143
16.920
17.582
18.680
19.578
20.344
20.415
A
(ft2)
15
210
75
75
75
150
150
150
15
F
(kip)
0.194
2.712
1.029
1.079
1.121
2.382
2.496
2.594
0.260
13.867
M
(ftkip)
0.097
21.698
18.010
24.269
30.823
83.823
112.329
142.663
15.748
448.995
Total Shear Force at Top of Pier = 13.867 kip

Total Moment at Top of Pier = 448.995 ftkip
Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Wind Shear on Top of Pier
13.867
13.867
none
(kip)
Wind Moment of Top of
448.995
448.898
negligible
Pier (ftkip)

Vessel Data
Height of Vessel, h = 74 ft
Diameter of Vessel, D = 20 ft
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 90 mph
Wind Exposure = D
Exposure Case = 2

Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 0.8, per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-20 & 6-21
Velocity Pressure
q = 0.00256K K VIGC
z

F = q GC A
z

M = F x Moment Arm
Kz
1.030
1.030
1.083
1.126
1.162
1.222
1.270
1.311
1.347
1.369
qz
(psf)
23.339
23.339
24.536
25.507
26.329
27.680
28.775
29.702
30.509
31.019
A
(ft2)
20
280
100
100
100
200
200
200
200
140
F
M
(kip) (ftkip)
0.317
0.159
4.444 35.550
1.668 29.198
1.734 39.026
1.790 49.235
3.764 131.756
3.913 176.103
4.039 222.171
4.149 269.700
2.953 217.046
28.77 1169.945

Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
28.774
28.774
none
(kip)
1169.945
1168.516
0.12
Pier (ftkip)

Vessel Data
Height of Vessel = 74 ft
Chapter 8
Diameter of Vessel = 20 ft
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 110 mph
Wind Exposure = B
Exposure Case = 2
Velocity Pressure
q = 0.00256K K VIGC
z

F = q GC A
z

M = F x Moment Arm
Kz
0.575
0.575
0.624
0.665
0.701
0.761
0.811
0.854
0.892
0.917
qz
(psf)
19.449
19.449
21.115
22.505
23.709
25.740
27.434
28.901
30.203
31.037
A
(ft2)
20
280
100
100
100
200
200
200
200
140
Total Shear Force at Top of Pier 26.771 kip

F
(kip)
0.265
3.703
1.436
1.530
1.612
3.501
3.731
3.931
4.108
2.955
26.771
M
(ftkip)
0.132
29.625
25.127
34.433
44.336
122.522
167.899
216.183
266.993
217.169
1124.42

Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
26.771
26.771
none
(kip)
1124.42
1123.23
0.11
Pier (ftkip)

Vessel Data
Height of Vessel = 22 ft
Diameter of Vessel = 6 ft
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 110 mph
Wind Exposure = B
Exposure Case = 2
Velocity Pressure
q = 0.00256K K VIGC
z

F = q GC A
z

M = F x Moment Arm
Chapter 8
Kz
0.575
0.575
0.624
0.657
qz
(psf)
19.449
19.449
21.115
22.245
A
(ft2)
6
84
30
24
F
(kip)
0.079
1.111
0.431
0.363
1.984
M
(ftkip)
0.040
8.888
7.538
7.987
24.452

Comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
1.984
1.984
none
(kip)
24.452
24.293
negligible
Pier (ftkip)

Pier Design Philosophy
Vessel Loads
You are provided an option of making both piers identical, engineering and installation errors
can be avoided by doing so. If making them identical does not lead to economical solution, then
check applied load distribution, follow PIP 4.3
Operating Load = 106 kip
Empty Load = 92 kip
Test Load = 118 kip
A major difference between pier loads is caused by longitudinal seismic load (i.e., when vessel
is located in higher seismic area). Thermal load and bundle pull force also contribute towards
the difference.
Thermal Load = 0 kip
Live Load = 0 kip
Erection Load = 110 kip
Anchor Bold data

Anchor bold dia., Db = 1 in
BP = 0 kip

Bolt spacing = 9 in
Bolt edge dist. = 6 in
center-to-center = 2 in
Horizontal vessel Data

Vessel CG from Top of Pier = 7 ft - 5ft/2 = 4.5 ft
Tan to Tan Length, L = 23.5 ft
CL to CL of AB, Lab = 11 ft
Vertical Load Distribution

Vessel Outer Dim including Insulation = 42 in
% Distribution For Vertical Loads At Fixed End = 40%
% Distribution For Vertical Loads At Sliding End = 60%
CG to Bott of Baseplate = 10 ft
Empty Load at fixed end = 36.8 kip
Operating Load at fixed end = 42.4 kip
Earthquake Loads
Transverse Earthquake Load Operating Condition
Bottom of the Base Plate to HPFS (est) = 10 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Operating Condition = 15 kip
Transverse Earthquake Load Empty Condition = 9 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 10 kip
X = long
Z = trans
Wind Loads
= 0.4
Transverse Wind Load on Vessel = 10 kip
Longitudinal Wind Load on Vessel = 3.5 kip
Longitudinal Wind Load on Pier = 0.5 kip
Chapter 8
PIP Load combinations

Table 8-40: Service level load combinations per PIP
Loa
d
Co
mb.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Em Operat Te Ther
pty
ing
st mal
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0.9
0.9
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0.9
0.9
0
0
0
0
0
16
17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.83
0.83
0
Bun EQTr
dle
ans
W W
EQL
Li Erecti
Tra Lo
ong
ve on
ns ng
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0.7
0
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0.7
0
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0.4- 0
15
0 0.415
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
Table 8-41: Strength level load combinations per PIP

Loa
d
Co
mb.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Em Operat Te Ther
pty
ing
st mal
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
0.9
0
0
0.9
0.9
0
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
0
0
0.9
0.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.4
1.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bun EQTr
dle
ans
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
W W
EQL
Li Erecti
Tra Lo
ong
ve on
ns ng
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0 1.6
1.6 0
0
0 1.6 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.6 0
0
0 1.6 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.6 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9

Loa
d
Co
mb.
14
15
16
17
Em Operat Te Ther
pty
ing
st mal
0
0
0
0.9
0
0
0
0
0
1.2
1.2
0
0
0
0
0
Bun EQTr
dle
ans
0
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
0
W W
EQL
Li Erecti
Tra Lo
ong
ve on
ns ng
0
0
0
0
0 1.6
0.8 0
0 0.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
0
0
0
Table 8-42: Service level loads applied at the top of the

top of the fixed pier
Axia
Transver Longitudi
l
Longitudi Transver
Load
se
nal
Com Loa nal Shear se Shear
Moment Moment
b.
d
(kip)
(kip)
(ft-kip)
(ft-kip)
(kip)
1
42.4
0
0
0
0
2
42.4
0
0
0
0
3
42.4
0
5
0
0
4
42.4
2.25
0
0
0
5
42.4
0
7
0
0
6
42.4
10.5
0
0
0
7
36.8
0
5
0
0
8
36.8
2.25
0
0
0
9
38.10
4.9
0
0
6
10 38.17.35
0
0
0
6
11 33.10
4.41
0
0
2
12 33.14.9
0
0
0
2
13 44.0
0
5
0
0
14 44.0
2.25
0
0
0
15 39.10
2.075
0
0
76
16 39.1- 0.9338
0
0
0
76
17 36.8
0
0
0
0
Chapter 8
Table 8-43: Strength level loads applied at the top of the
Axi
Transver Longitudi
al
Longitudi Transver
Load
se
nal
Loa
Com
nal Shear se Shear
Moment Moment
d
b.
(kip)
(kip)
(ki
(ft-kip)
(ft-kip)
p)
1
59.30
0
0
0
6
2
50.80
0
0
0
8
3
50.80
4
0
0
8
4
50.83.6
0
0
0
8
5
50.80
7
0
0
8
6
50.810.5
0
0
0
8
7
33.10
4
0
0
2
8
33.13.6
0
0
0
2
9
38.10
7
0
0
6
10 38.110.5
0
0
0
6
11 33.10
6.3
0
0
2
12 33.17
0
0
0
2
13 39.60
4
0
0
0
14 39.63.6
0
0
0
0
15 56.60
2
0
0
4
16 56.61.8
0
0
0
4
17 33.10
0
0
0
2
Comparison
Hand Calculation results exactly match the results of STAAD Foundation analysis.


Pier Design Philosophy
Vessel Loads
You are provided an option of making both piers identical, engineering and installation errors
can be avoided by doing so. If making them identical does not lead to economical solution, then
check applied load distribution, follow PIP 4.3
Operating Load = 150 kip
Empty Load = 100 kip
Test Load = 160 kip
A major difference between pier loads is caused by longitudinal seismic load (i.e., when vessel is
located in higher seismic area). Thermal load and bundle pull force also contribute towards the
difference.
Thermal Load = 0
Bundle Pull Force = 0
Live Load = 0
Erection Load = 110 kip
Anchor Bold data

Anchor bold dia., Db = 1 in
BP = 0 kip
Bolt spacing = 9 in
Bolt edge dist. = 6 in
center-to-center = 2 in
Horizontal vessel Data

Vessel CG from Top of Pier = 7 ft - 6.5ft/2 = 3.75 ft
Tan to Tan Length, L = 23.5 ft
CL to CL of AB, Lab = 11 ft
Vertical Load Distribution

Vessel Outer Dim including Insulation = 42 in
% Distribution For Vertical Loads At Fixed End = 40%
% Distribution For Vertical Loads At Sliding End = 60%
CG to Bott of Baseplate = 10 ft
Empty Load at fixed end = 40 kip
Operating Load at fixed end = 60 kip
Chapter 8
Earthquake Loads
Location Corona 92880
ASCE 7 11.4.1
ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = D, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
TL = 12 sec., Long-Period Transition Periods per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal = 7 ft +10.416 ft - 5 ft =
fa = , Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
fv = , Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
11.4.4
Base Shear Based on Operating Load Condition = 11.029 kip
Base Shear Based on Empty Load Condition = 7.352 kip
Transverse Earthquake Load Operating Condition = 11.029 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Operating Condition
Transverse Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 7.352 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 7.352 kip
Wind Loads
Transverse Wind Load on Vessel = 10 kip
Bottom of the Base Plate to HPFS (est)
= 0.4
Longitudinal Wind Load on Vessel = 3.5 kip
Longitudinal Wind Load on Pier = 0.5 kip
Transverse Wind Moment at top of pedestal = 20 ft-kip
X = long
Z = trans
Longitudinal Wind Load at top of pedestal = 10 ft-kip

PIP Load combinations

Loa
d
Co
mb.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Em Operat Te Ther
pty
ing
st mal
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0.9
0.9
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0.9
0.9
0
0
0
0
0
16
17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.83
0.83
0
Bun EQTr
dle
ans
EQL
ong
W W
Li Erecti
Tra Lo
ve on
ns ng
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0.7
0
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0.7
0
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0.415
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0.4- 0
15
0
0
0
0

Loa
d
Co
mb.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Em Operat Te Ther
pty
ing
st mal
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
0.9
0
0
0.9
0.9
0
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
0
0
0.9
0.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.4
1.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bun EQTr
dle
ans
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
EQL
ong
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
W W
Li Erecti
Tra Lo
ve on
ns ng
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
0
0
1.6
0
0
0 1.6
0
0
1.6 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.6 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
Chapter 8
Loa
d
Co
mb.
14
15
16
17
Em Operat Te Ther
pty
ing
st mal
0
0
0
0.9
0
0
0
0
0
1.2
1.2
0
0
0
0
0
Bun EQTr
dle
ans
0
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
0
EQL
ong
0
0
0
0
W W
Li Erecti
Tra Lo
ve on
ns ng
0
0.8
0
0
1.6
0
0.8
0
Table 8-46: Service level loads applied at the top of the

Axi
Transver Longitudi
al
Longitudi Transver
Load
se
nal
Loa
Com
nal Shear se Shear
Moment
Moment
d
b.
(kip)
(kip)
(ki
(ft-kip)
(ft-kip)
p)
1
60
0
0
0
0
2
60
0
0
0
0
3
60
0
2.5
5
0
4
60
1.125
0
0
10
5
60
0
5.404
20.27
0
6
60
5.404
0
0
20.27
7
40
0
2.5
5
0
8
40
1.125
0
0
10
9
54
0
3.783
14.19
0
10
54
3.783
0
0
14.19
11
36
0
2.522
9.457
0
12
36
2.522
0
0
9.457
13
44
0
2.5
5
0
14
44
1.125
0
0
10
15 53.10
1.038
2.075
0
2
16 53.10.467
0
0
4.150
2
17
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
0
0
0

Table 8-47: Strength level loads applied at the top of the
Axi
Transver Longitudi
al
Longitudi Transver
Load
se
nal
Loa
Com
nal Shear se Shear
Moment Moment
d
b.
(kip)
(kip)
(ki
(ft-kip)
(ft-kip)
p)
1
84
0
0
0
0
2
72
0
0
0
0
3
72
0
4
8
0
4
72
1.8
0
0
16
5
72
0
5.404
20.27
0
6
72
5.404
0
0
20.27
7
36
0
4
8
0
8
36
1.8
0
0
16
9
54
0
5.404
20.27
0
10
54
5.404
0
0
20.27
11
36
0
3.602
13.509
0
12
36
3.602
0
0
13.509
13 39.6
0
4
8
0
14 39.6
1.8
0
0
16
15 76.8
0
2
4
0
16 76.8
0.9
0
0
8
17
36
0
0
0
0
Comparison
Hand Calculation results exactly match the results of STAAD Foundation analysis.
Chapter8
Section 9
Chinese Code (GB50007-2002)

The manual test cases in accordance with Chinese standard GB50007-2002 design. PKPM and the
Foundation of the input data consistent, easy to check the results

9.1.1 Problem
Independent bases for design details
This example is included in the \Verification\Chinese\Iso_Chn.afs example file for
reference.
Overview of tapered design results based on
Table 9-1: Overview of cone footing design results
Basic Geometry (Conical Base)
Node
Group
Length (X Width (Z
Edge height (should
Number Number
Thickness
Dir.)
Dir.)
be > 0.2 m)
1
1
3.000 m 3.000 m 1.000 m
0.500 m
Table 9-2: Reinforcement details
Base
Number
1
Foundation Reinforcement
Bottom Reinf.
(Mz)
# 10 @ 60 mm c /
c
Bottom Reinf.
(Mx)
# 10 @ 60 mm c /
c
Base
Reinforcement
Main
Stirrups
Bars
N/A
N/A
Characteristics of Concrete and Steel

Heavy concrete units: 18.000 kN/m3
Chapter 9
Compressive strength of concrete: 11.900 N/mm2
Reinforcement strength: 210.000 N/mm2
Minimum bar size: # 6
Maximum bar size: # 50
Minimum bar spacing: 50.00 mm
Maximum bar spacing: 500.00 mm
Clear Cover
Reinforcement layer thickness (F, CL): 50.00 mm
Soil Characteristics
Unit Weight: 18.00 kN/m3
Foundation bearing capacity: 180.00 kPa
Surcharge: 0.00 kN/m2
Height of soil above footing: 2000.00 mm
Geometry Information
Initial size of base
Thickness (Ft) : 1000.00 mm
Length - X (Fl) : 3000.00 mm
Width - Z (Fw) : 3000.00 mm
Edge height of the cone footing (St) : 500.00 mm
Column Dimension
Column Shape: Rectangular
Column length - X (Pl) : 600.00 mm
Column width - Z (Pw) : 600.00 mm
Column Cap
Column cap length - X : N/A
Column cap width - Z : N/A
9.1.2 Solution
Table 9-3: Loads for foundation base size estimation -For foundation base (1)
Condition Vertical Force Shear X Shear Z Moment X
Moment Z
No.
(KN)
(KN)
(KN)
(kNm)
(kNm)
101
1000.000
0.000
0.000
99.998
99.998

Table 9-4: Loads for Punching shear check and reinforcements- For foundation
base (1)
Vertical Force Shear X
Shear Z
Moment X
Moment Z
LC
(KN)
(KN)
(KN)
(kNm)
(kNm)
102 1000.000
0.000
0.000
99.998
99.998
Basic dimensions
Initial size (Lo) = 3.00 m
Initial size (Wo) = 3.00 m
Net buoyancy = -0.00 kN
Adhesion = 0.00 kN
The minimum required base area, Amin = P / fa = 7.356 m2
The initial design area , Ao = LoWo = 9.00 m2
Final design size

Length (L2) = 3.00 m
No. of control condition: # 101
Width (W2) = 3.00 m
No. of control condition: # 101
Area (A2) = 9.00 m2
Figure 9-1: Four corners of the calculated stress
Pressure at Pressure at Pressure at Pressure at

Load
Corner1 (q1) Corner2 (q2) Corner3 (q3) Corner4 (q4)
Case
(KN/m2)
(KN/m2)
(KN/m2)
(KN/m2)
101
101
101
101
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
102.6667
102.6667
102.6667
102.6667
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
191.5556
191.5556
191.5556
191.5556
Zeropressure
area (Au)
(m2)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Chapter 9
If Au equals zero, that means it is small eccentricity, and do not need to adjust the pressure.
Otherwise, the pressure needs to be adjusted. The negative pressure should always set as 0.
Keep adjusting if necessary.
Four corners of the stress adjusted data (if any).
Pressure at
No. Load
Corner1 (q1)
Condition
(KN/m2)
101
147.1111
101
147.1111
101
147.1111
101
147.1111
Pressure at
Corner2 (q2)
(KN/m2)
102.6667
102.6667
102.6667
102.6667
Pressure at
Corner3 (q3)
(KN/m2)
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
Pressure at
Corner4 (q4)
(KN/m2)
191.5556
191.5556
191.5556
191.5556
If necessary, the bottom will be adjusted accordingly based on size.

Zero-pressure area (if any )
Control the condition number = N / A
Foundation area = 9.00 m2
Zero-pressure area = 0.00 m2
Zero-pressure area percentage = 0.00%
9.1.3 Check Overturning and Sliding Stability

Figure 9-2: Elevation of stability forces
Table 9-5: Factor of safety

Sliding Factor of Safety Overturning Factor of Safety
Load Case No.
X Dir.
Z Dir.
X Dir.
Z Dir.
101
N/A
N/A
19.763
19.763

Critical load cases and governing factor of safety of overturning

Along the X Direction
Critical sliding load case along the X direction: 101
Governing sliding force : 0.000 kN
Resisting Force for Sliding: 658.760 kN
Minimum sliding coefficient under critical load case: 0.000
Critical Overturning load case along X direction: 101
Critical overturning moment: 99.998 kNm
Resisting moment for Overturning: 1976.244 kNm
Minimum overturning coefficient under critical load case: 19.763
Along the Z Direction

Critical sliding load case along the Z direction : 101
Governing sliding force : 0.000 kN
Critical Overturning load case along Z direction : 101
Resisting Moment for Overturning: 1976.244 kNm
9.1.4 Check Shear

Following formulae are used per GB50007 - 2002 code for design of building foundations.
F 0.7 f a h (Ref. clause 8.2.7 - 1)
l
hp t m 0
= (A + a ) / 2 (Ref. clause 8.2.7 - 2)

t
F = P A (Ref. clause 8.2.7 - 3)

l
Punching One-way Check

Positive X Side
Control condition = # 102
Punching shear
F = P A = 88.889724774.976 = 64.424 kN
l
Punching shear capacity

F = 0.7 f a h = 0.70.921.270(0.600 +2.470) / 20.935 = 1169.589 kN
u
hp t m 0
Chapter 9
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, Safe
Negative X Side
Punching shear
F = P A = 133.333724774.976 = 96.637 kN
l

F = 0.7 f a h = 0.70.921.270(0.600 +2.470) / 20.935 = 1169.589 kN
u
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, Safe
Positive Z Side
Punching shear
F = P A = 133.333724774.976 = 96.637 kN
l

F = 0.7 f a h = 0.70.9171.270(0.600 +2.470) / 20.935 = 1169.589 kN
u
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, Safe
Negative Z Side
Punching shear
F = P A = 88.889724774.976 = 64.424 kN
l

F = 0.7 f a h = 0.70.921.270(0.600 +2.470) / 20.935 = 1169.589 kN
u
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, Safe
Two-way punching test (four sides)

Punching shear
F = P A = 111.1112899099.905 = 322.122 kN
l

F = 0.7 f a h = 0.70.9171.270(2.400 +9.880) / 20.935 = 4678.355 kN
u
hp t m 0

F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, Safe
9.1.5 Reinforcement
Reinforcement Along the XDirection
Figure 9-3: Reinforcement parallel to the X-direction
A simplified formula for reinforcement is used per GB50010 2002.

No control condition = # 102
Minimum reinforcement ratio [per Cl. 9.5.2], min = 0.15%
Cross-sectional area about X-axis, A cross = 2,425,000.005
Minimum reinforcement area
Astmin = minA cross- = 0.15 2,425,000.005 = 3,637.500
Calculate moment
MI = (A1) 2 [(2l + a ')(pmax + p - 2G / A) + (pmax - p)l] / 12
= 1,200.0002[(23,000.000 +600.000) (0.169 +0.152 - 2324,000.000/9,000,000.000) + (0.169
- 0.152)3,000.000] / 12 = 20,3519,997.379 kNm
Calculate area required
A
st
= M / (0.9h f ) = 20,3519,997.379 / (0.9935.000210.000) = 1,139.498

I
0 y
Select rebar size, db = 10.000

Minimum allowable reinforcement spacing, Smin = 50.000 mm
Maximum allowable reinforcement spacing, Smax = 500.000 mm
With actual spacing, S = 60.000 mm
Actual area, Ast (Actual) = 3637.500 mm2
Chapter 9
Smin S Smax
Selected Reinforcement satisfy the requirements.
Astmin Ast, with real
Selected Reinforcement satisfy the requirements.
Reinforcement Along the ZDirection

Figure 9-4: Reinforcement parallel to the Z-direction

Cross-sectional area about Z-axis, A cross = 2425000.005
Astmin = minA cross = 0.15%2425000.005 = 3637.500
Calculate moment
MI = (A1) 2 [(2l + a ')(pmax + p - 2G / A) + (pmax - p)l] / 12
= 1200.0002[(23000.000 +600.000) (0.169 +0.152 - 2324000.000/9000000.000) + (0.169 0.152)3000.000] / 12 = 203519997.379 kNm
Calculate area required
Ast = MI / (0.9h0fy) = 203519997.379 / (0.9935.000210.000) = 1151.685
Select rebar size, db = 10.000

Smin S Smax
Reinforced selected to meet the requirements .
Reinforcement meet the requirements
Reinforcements should be placed at the base bottom.

9.2.1 Problem
Foundation type: cast-in-site cone footing

Initial iteration base dimensions:
Length = 3000 mm
Width = 3000 mm
Height = 500 mm
Second iteration
Length = 700 mm
Chapter 9
Width = 700 mm
Height = 500 mm
Bottom elevation of the basis: -2.0 m
Shifts of the base: S Direction: 0 mm B direction: 0 mm
Reinforcement at the bottom of the base:
Y direction : 10 @ 200
X direction : 10 @ 200
Weight of the foundation and soil:: 18.0 kPa
Column section information

High column section: 600 mm
Column section width: 600 mm
Eccentric x : 0 mm
Eccentric y : 0 mm
Column angle: 0
Loading information
Basic values of vertical load: Nk = 1000 kN
Basic value of the moment along X dir.: Mx = 100 kNM
Basic value of the moment along Y dir.: My = 100 kNM
9.2.2 Solution
Check Shear
Following formula Per GB5007 - 2002 code for design of building foundation:
F 0.7 f a h (Ref. clause 8.2.7 - 1)
l
hp t m 0
= (A + a ) / 2 (Ref. clause 8.2.7 - 2)

t
F = P A (Ref. clause 8.2.7 - 3)

l
Resisting Shear force calculation:

X + direction , height H = 1000
F = P A = 133.330.69 = 91.67
l
F 0.7 f (A + a )h /2 = 0.70.981270.94(0.60 +2.50)0.95 / 2 = 1288.19 KN

l
hp t
Punching Shear check is satisfied in this direction.

X- direction , height H = 1000
F = P A = 92.590.69 = 63.66
l
0.7 f (a + a )h / 2 = 0.70.981270.94(0.60 +2.50)0.95 / 2 = 1288.19 KN

hp t

Y + direction , height H = 1000
F = P A = 92.590.69 = 63.66
l
0.7 f (a + a )h / 2 = 0.70.981270.94(0.60 +2.50)0.95 / 2 = 1288.19 KN

hp t

Y- direction , height H = 1000
F = P A = 133.330.69 = 91.67
l
0.7 f (a + a )h / 2 = 0.70.981270.94(0.60 +2.50)0.95 / 2 = 1288.19 KN

hp t
Check Shear Edges

H = 1000.
Fl = N - pk(bc +2h0)(hc +2h0) = 1000.00 - 111.1(600.0 + 2950.0)(600.0 +2950.0)1e-6
= 305.56 Kn
Fr = 0.7 f a h = 0.70.981270.9(600.0 + 600.0 + 2950.0)950.01e-6 = 5152.76 Kn
hp t m
Punching Shear check at edges is satisfied.

X + direction , height H = 1000 mm
F = P A = 133.330.56 = 74.67
l
0.7 f (a + a )h / 2 = 0.70.981270.94(0.70 + 2.60)0.95 / 2 = 1371.30 KN

hp t

X- direction , height H = 1000 mm
F = P A = 91.850.56 = 51.44
l
0.7 f (a + a )h / 2 = 0.70.981270.94(0.70 + 2.60)0.95 / 2 = 1371.30 KN

hp t

Y + direction , height H = 1000 mm
F = P A = 91.850.56 = 51.44
l
0.7 f (a + a )h / 2 = 0.70.981270.94(0.70 + 2.60)0.95 / 2 = 1371.30 KN

hp t

Y- direction , height H = 1000 mm
F = P A = 133.330.56 = 74.67
l
0.7 f (a + a )h / 2 = 0.70.981270.94(0.70 + 2.60)0.95 / 2 = 1371.30 KN

hp t
Bending Reinforcement
The following formula are used Per GB5007 - 2002 code for design of building foundation:
M = (1/12)a 2[(2l + a')(P
1
jmax
+ P ) + (P
j
jmax
+ P )l ]
j
Chapter 9
Moment calculations
x direction, h0 = 940 mm
M = (1.20)2[(23.00 + 0.60)(133333.33 + 115555.55) + (133333.33 - 115555.55)3.00] / 12 =
203.52 kNm
M =(1.20)2[(23.00 + 0.60)(88888.89 + 106666.66) + (88888.89 - 106666.66)3.00] / 12 =
148.48 kNm
y direction , h0 = 940 mm
M = (1.20)2[(23.00 + 0.60)(88888.89 + 106666.66) + (88888.89 - 106666.66)3.00] / 12 =
148.48 kNm
M = (1.20)2[(23.00 + 0.60)(133333.33 + 115555.55) + (133333.33 - 115555.55)3.00] / 12 =
203.52 kNm
x direction , h0 = 940 mm
M = (1.20)2[(23.00 + 0.60)(133333.33 + 115555.55) + (133333.33 - 115555.55)3.00] / 12 =
203.52 kNm
M = (1.20)2[(23.00 + 0.60)(88888.89 + 106666.66) + (88888.89 - 106666.66)3.00] / 12 =
148.48 kNm
M = (1.20)2[(23.00 + 0.60)(88888.89 + 106666.66) + (88888.89 - 106666.66)3.00] / 12 =
148.48 kNm
M = (1.20)2[(23.00 + 0.60)(133333.33 + 115555.55) + (133333.33 - 115555.55)3.00] / 12 =
203.52 kNm
Reinforcement calculation:
M = 203.520
1
Gx
= M / (0.9h f ) = 203520.016 / (0.90.940210.) = 1145.559 mm2

1
0 y
M = 203.520
2
Gy
= M / (0.9h f ) = 203520.016 / (0.90.940210.) = 1145.559 mm2

2
0 y
M = 203.520
1
Gx
= M / (0.9h f ) = 203520.016 / (0.90.940210.) = 1145.559 mm2

1
0 y
M = 203.520
2
Gy
= M / (0.9h f ) = 203520.016 / (0.90.940210.) = 1145.559 mm2

2
0 y
The area of steel at X direction: 1145.559

The area of steel at Y direction: 1145.559
The initial area of steel along X direction is satisfied.
The initial area of steel along Y direction is satisfied.
The area of steel required:
AgX: 10 @ 200
AgY: 10 @ 200


Node
Number
1
-
1
-
Table 9-6: Overview of the stepped foundation design

Basic Geometry Dimension (Base Level)
Group
Length X Dir.
Width Z Dir.
Height
Number
Order
(M)
(M)
(M)
Total
3.000 m
3.000 m
1.200 m
Article (1)Order 3.000 m
3.000 m
0.400 m
Article (2)order 2.000 m
Article (3)order 1.000 m
2.000 m
1.000 m
0.400 m
0.400 m

Node
Number
1
Foundation Reinforcement
Bottom Reinf.
(Mz)
# 10 @ 60 mm c /
c
Bottom Reinf.
(Mx)
# 10 @ 60 mm c /
c
Base
Reinforcement
Main
Stirrups
Bars
N/A
N/A
9.3.1 Problem
Basic Geometry
Height of the base - (Ft): 1200.00 mm
Length of the base - X (Fl): 3000.00 mm
Width of the base - Z (Fw): 3000.00 mm
Column Dimension
Column Shape : Rectangular
Length of the Column section - X (Pl): 600.00 mm
Width of the column section - Z (Pw): 600.00 mm
Base
Base length - X: N / A
Base width - Z: N / A
Concrete and Steel Parameters

Concrete density: 18.000 kN/m3
Concrete strength: 11.900 N/mm2
Reinforcement strength: 210.000 N/mm2
Minimum bar Size: # 6
Maximum bar size: # 40
Minimum bar spacing : 50.00 mm
Chapter 9
Maximum bar spacing : 500.00 mm
Clear cover (F, CL): 50.00 mm
Soil Properties
Soil type: Drained
Density: 18.00 kN/m3
Foundation bearing capacity : 180.00 kPa
Surcharge: 0.00 kN/m2
Embedment depth of foundation: 2,000.00 mm
Adhesion: 0.00 kN/m2
Factor of Safety for sliding and overturning

Basal friction coefficient: 0.50
Safety factor of sliding: 1.50
Safety factor of overturning: 1.50
Table 9-8: Critical loads for base size estimation - standard combination
Condition Vertical Force Shear X Shear Z Moment X
Moment Z
No.
(KN)
(KN)
(KN)
(kNm)
(kNm)
101
1000.000
0.000
0.000
99.998
99.998
Table 9-9: Loads for foundation design- the basic combination
Vertical Force Shear X
Shear Z
Moment X
Moment Z
LC
(KN)
(KN)
(KN)
(kNm)
(kNm)
102 1000.000
0.000
0.000
99.998
99.998
9.3.2 Solution
Foundation Dimensions
The initial length (Lo) = 76.20 m
The initial width (Wo) = 76.20 m
Buoyancy = -0.00 KN
Adhesion = 0.00 kN
Minimum area of steel required
Bearing pressure, Amin = P / qmax = 7.356 m2
Initial foundation area , Ao = Lo x Wo = 5806.44 m2
Final Design Sizes

Length of the Base (L2) = 3.00 m
Number of load case: # 101
Width of the base (W2) = 3.00 m

Height of the base (D2) = 1.20 m
Area (A2) = 9.00 m2
Corner Stresses
Initial pressure at four corners (before adjustment )
Load
Case
101
101
101
101
Pressure at
Corner1 (q1)
(KN/m2)
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
Pressure at
Corner2 (q2)
(KN/m2)
102.6667
102.6667
102.6667
102.6667
Pressure at
Corner3 (q3)
(KN/m2)
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
Pressure at
Corner4 (q4)
(KN/m2)
191.5556
191.5556
191.5556
191.5556
Zero-pressure
area (Au) (m2)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Otherwise, the pressure needs to be adjusted. The negative pressure should always set as 0.
four corners of the stress of adjustment (if necessary )

No. Load
Condition
101
101
101
101
Pressure at
Corner1 (q1)
(KN/m2)
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
Pressure at
Corner2 (q2)
(KN/m2)
102.6667
102.6667
102.6667
102.6667
Pressure at
Corner3 (q3)
(KN/m2)
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
Pressure at
Corner4 (q4)
(KN/m2)
191.5556
191.5556
191.5556
191.5556
If necessary, the bottom will be adjusted accordingly based on size.
Chapter 9
Details of the Zero-pressure zone (if any )

Design condition number = N / A
Area of Foundation Base = 9.00 sq.m
Zero-pressure area = 0.00 sq.m
Zero-pressure area percentage = 0.00%
Check overturning and sliding stability

Factor of Safety table
Table 9-10: Safety factors
Sliding Factor of Safety Overturning Factor of Safety
Load Case No.
X Dir.
Z Dir.
X Dir.
Z Dir.
101
N/A
N/A
19.782
19.782
Critical loads and governing factor of safety of overturning and sliding

Along the X Direction
Critical sliding load case along X direction: 101
Governing sliding force: 0.000 kN
Critical Overturning load case along X direction: 101
Resisting moment for Overturning: 1978.188 kNm
Minimum overturning coefficient under critical load case 19.782
Along the Z Direction

Critical sliding load case along Z direction: 101
Critical sliding force: 0.000
Critical Overturning load case along Z direction: 101
Resisting Moment for Overturning: 1978.188 kNm

9.3.3 Check Shear

The following formulae are used per GB50007 - 2002 code for design of building foundations.
F 0.7 f a h (Ref. clause 8.2.7 - 1)
l
hp t m 0
= (A + a ) / 2 (Ref. clause 8.2.7 - 2)

t
F = P A (Ref. clause 8.2.7 - 3)

l
Punching One-way Check

Positive X Direction
Punching shear
F = P A = 88.889190774.972 = 16.958 kN
l

F = 0.7 f a h = 0.7 0.933 1.270 (0.600 + 2.870) / 2 1.135 = 1633.932 kN
u
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, Safe
Negative X Direction
Punching shear
F = P A = 133.333 190774.972 = 25.437 kN
l

F = 0.7 f a h =0.7 0.933 1.270 (0.600 +2.870) / 2 1.135 = 1633.932 kN
u
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, Safe
Positive Z Direction
Punching shear
F = P A = 133.333 190774.972 = 25.437 kN
l

F = 0.7 f a h = 0.7 0.933 1.270 (0.600 +2.870) / 2 1.135 = 1633.932 kN
u
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, Safe
Chapter 9
Negative Z Direction
Punching shear
F = P A = 88.889 190774.972 = 16.958 kN
l

F = 0.7 f a h = 0.7 0.933 1.270 (0.600 +2.870) / 2 1.135 = 1633.932 kN
u
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, Safe
Two-way punching test (four sides)

Punching shear
F = P A = 111.111 763099.890 = 84.789 kN
l

F = 0.7 f a h = 0.7 0.933 1.270 (2.400 +11.480) / 2 1.135 = 6535.727 kN
u
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, Safe
9.3.4 Reinforcement Calculations

Along the XAxis

Critical load case number = # 102
Cross-sectional area about X-axis, A cross = 2400000.000
Astmin = 0.15(A cross)- = 0.15(2,400,000.000) = 3600.000
Calculate moment
MI = (A1) 2 [(2l + a ') (pmax + p-2G / A) + (pmax - p)l] / 12
= 1,200.0002 [(2 3,000.000 + 600.000) (0.169 + 0.152 - 2 324,000.000/9,000,000.000) +
(0.169 - 0.152) 3000.000] / 12 = 203,519,997.379 kNm
Calculate the area required
A
st
= M / (0.9h f ) = 203,519,997.379 / (0.9 1,135.000 210.000) = 1, 069.687

I
0 y
Select Rebar size, db = 10.000

Actual spacing, S = 60.000 mm
Actual area, Ast (Actual) = 3,600.000 mm2
Smin S Smax
Selected Reinforcements satisfy the requirements.
Along the ZAxis


Chapter 9
Critical load case number = # 102
Minimal reinforcement ratio [per Cl. 9.5.2], min = 0.15%
Cross-sectional area about Z-axis, A cross = 2400000.000
Astmin = min A cross- = 0.15% 2400000.000 = 3600.000
Calculate moment
MI = (A1) 2 [(2l + a ') (pmax + p-2G / A) + (pmax - p)l] / 12
= 1,200.0002 [(2 3,000.000 + 600.000) (0.169 + 0.152 - 2 324,000.000/9,000,000.000) +
(0.169 - 0.152) 3000.000] / 12 = 203,519,997.379 kNm
Calculate the area required
A
st
= M / (0.9h f ) = 203,519,997.379 / (0.9 1,135.000 210.000) = 1,084.241

I
0 y
Reinforced selected size, db = 10.000

Smin S Smax
Reinforcements should be placed at the base bottom.

9.4.1 Problem
Foundation type : Cast-in-place, stepped footing
Initial Single base dimensions:
Length = 3,000 mm
Width = 3,000 mm
Height = 400 mm
Second
Length = 2,000 mm
Width = 2,000 mm
Height = 400 mm
Third
Length = 1,000 mm

Width = 1,000 mm
Height = 400 mm
Bottom elevation of the base: -2.0 m
Shift the basis of the heart: S Direction : 0 mm B direction : 0 mm
Bottom Reinforcement:
Y direction : 10 @ 200
X direction : 10 @ 200
Unit self weight of the soil and footing: 18.0 kPa
Column section information:
Height of the column section: 600 mm
Width of the Column section: 600 mm
Eccentricity x : 0 mm
Eccentricity y : 0 mm
Column angle: 0
Loading information
The basic values of vertical load: Nk = 1,000 kN
X direction of the basic value of the moment: Mx = 100 kNm
Y direction of the basic value of the moment: My = 100 kNm
Chapter 9
Elevation and plan
9.4.2 Solution
Check Shear
The following formulae are used per GB5007 - 2002 code of design of building foundations:
F 0.7 f a h (Ref. clause 8.2.7 - 1)
l
hp t m 0
= (A + a ) / 2 (Ref. clause 8.2.7 - 2)

t
F = P A (Ref. clause 8.2.7 - 3)

l
Calculate resisting Shear force:

X + direction , height H = 1000
F = P A = 133.330.69 = 91.67
l
F 0.7 f (A + a )h /2 = 0.7 0.97 1270.94 (0.60 +2.90) 1.15 / 2 = 1,730.76 KN

l
hp t
Punching shear check is satisfied along this direction

X- direction , height H = 1200
F = P A = 89.63 0.15 = 13.22
l
0.7 f (a + a )h / 2 = 0.7 0.97 1270.94 (0.60 +2.90) 1.15 / 2 = 1,730.76 KN

hp t

Y + direction , height H = 1200
F = P A = 89.63 0.15 = 13.22
l
0.7 f (a + a )h / 2 = 0.7 0.97 1270.94 (0.60 +2.90) 1.15 / 2 = 1,730.76 KN

hp t

Y- direction , height H = 1200
F = P A = 133.33 0.15 = 19.67
l
0.7 f (a + a )h / 2 = 0.7 0.97 1270.94 (0.60 +2.90) 1.15 / 2 = 1,730.76 KN

hp t
Check Shear Edges

H = 1200.
Fl = N-pk (bc +2 h0) (hc +2 h0) = 1000.00-111.1 (600.0 +2 ******)*( 600.0 +2
******)* 1e-6 = 65.56 Kn
F = 0.7 f a h = 0.7 0.97 1270.9 (600.0 +600.0 +2 ******)******* 1e-6 = 6923.04
l
hp t m 0
Kn
Sides punching checking meet
F = P A = 133.33 0.69 = 91.67
l
0.7 f (a + a )h / 2 = 0.7 1.00 1270.94 (1.00 +2.50) 0.75 / 2 = 1167.68 KN

hp t

F = P A = 92.59 0.69 = 63.66
l
0.7 f (a + a )h / 2 = 0.7 1.00 1270.94 (1.00 +2.50) 0.75 / 2 = 1167.68 KN

hp t

F = P A = 92.59 0.69 = 63.66
l
0.7 f (a + a )h / 2 = 0.7 1.00 1270.94 (1.00 +2.50) 0.75 / 2 = 1167.68 KN

hp t

F = P A = 133.33 0.69 = 91.67
l
0.7 f (a + a )h / 2 = 0.7 1.00 1270.94 (1.00 +2.50) 0.75 / 2 = 1167.68 KN

hp t

F = P A = 91.11 0.43 = 38.95
l
0.7 f (a + a )h / 2 = 0.7 1.00 1270.94 (2.00 +2.70) 0.35 / 2 = 731.75 KN

hp t
Chapter 9
F = P A = 133.33 0.43 = 57.00
l
0.7 f (a + a )h / 2 = 0.7 1.00 1270.94 (2.00 +2.70) 0.35 / 2 = 731.75 KN

hp t

F = P A = 91.11 0.43 = 38.95
l
0.7 f (a + a )h / 2 = 0.7 1.00 1270.94 (2.00 +2.70) 0.35 / 2 = 731.75 KN

hp t

F = P A = 133.33 0.43 = 57.00
l
0.7 f (a + a )h / 2 = 0.7 1.00 1270.94 (2.00 +2.70) 0.35 / 2 = 731.75 KN

hp t
Bending Reinforcement
The following formula is used per GB50007 - 2002 code for design of building foundations:
M = (1/12)a 2[(2l + a')(P
1
jmax
+ P ) + (P
j
jmax
+ P )l ]
j
Moment calculations
M = 0.50 0.50 [(2 3.00 +0.60) (133,333.33 + 125,925.92) + (133,333.33 - 125,925.92)
3.00] / 12 = 36.11 kNm
M = 0.50 0.50 [(2 3.00 +0.60) (88,888.89 + 96,296.30) + (88,888.89 - 96,296.30) 3.00]
/ 12 = 25.00 kNm
M = 0.50 0.50 [(2 3.00 +0.60) (88,888.89 + 96,296.30) + (88,888.89 - 96,296.30) 3.00]
/ 12 = 25.00 kNm
M = 0.50 0.50 [(2 3.00 +0.60) (133,333.33 + 125,925.92) + (133,333.33 - 125,925.92)
3.00] / 12 = 36.11 kNm
M = 1.00 1.00 [(2 3.00 +0.60) (133,333.33 + 118,518.52) + (133,333.33 - 118,518.52)
3.00] / 12 = 142.22 kNm
M = 1.00 1.00 [(2 3.00 +0.60) (88,888.89 + 103,703.70) + (88,888.89 - 103,703.70)
3.00] / 12 = 102.22 kNm
M = 1.00 1.00 [(2 3.00 +0.60) (88,888.89 + 103,703.70) + (88,888.89 - 103,703.70)
3.00] / 12 = 102.22 kNm

M = 1.00 1.00 [(2 3.00 +0.60) (133,333.33 + 118,518.52) + (133,333.33 - 118,518.52)

3.00] / 12 = 142.22 kNm
M = 1.20 1.20 [(2 3.00 +0.60) (133,333.33 + 115,555.55) + (133,333.33 - 115,555.55)
3.00] / 12 = 203.52 kNm
M = 1.20 1.20 [(2 3.00 +0.60) (88,888.89 + 106,666.66) + (88,888.89 - 106,666.66)
3.00] / 12 = 148.48 kNm
M = 1.20 1.20 [(2 3.00 +0.60) (88,888.89 + 106,666.66) + (88,888.89 - 106,666.66)
3.00] / 12 = 148.48 kNm
M = 1.20 1.20 [(2 3.00 +0.60) (133,333.33 + 115,555.55) + (133,333.33 - 115,555.55)
3.00] / 12 = 203.52 kNm
Reinforcement calculation:
M = 36.111
1
Gx
= M / (0.9h f ) = 36,111.113 / (0.9 0.340 210.) = 561.953 mm2

1
0 y
M = 36.111
2
Gy
= M / (0.9h f ) = 36,111.113 / (0.9 0.340 210.) = 561.953 mm2

2
0 y
M = 142.222
1
Gx
= M / (0.9h f ) = 142,222.219 / (0.9 0.740 210.) = 1,016.890 mm2

1
0 y
M = 142.222
2
Gy
= M / (0.9h f ) = 142,222.219 / (0.9 0.740 210.) = 1,016.890 mm2

2
0 y
M = 203.520
1
Gx
= M / (0.9h f ) = 203,520.016 / (0.9 1.140 210.) = 944.584 mm2

1
0 y
M = 203.520
2
Gy
= M / (0.9h f ) = 203,520.016 / (0.9 1.140 210.) = 944.584 mm2

2
0 y
The area of steel at X direction: 1,016.890

The area of steel at Y direction: 1,016.890
The original area of steel at X direction is satisfied.
The original area of steel at Y direction is satisfied.
Calculated the areas of steel are:
AgX: 10 @ 200
AgY: 10 @ 200

Per Chinese standard GB50007-2002.
Chapter 9
Base
Number
1
Table 9-11: Overview of the design results

Left Cantilever Right Cantilever Length Width
(M)
(M)
(M)
(M)
0.150
2.150
8.300
3.100
Height
(M)
0.700
Table 9-12: Foundation reinforcement details

Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Base
Longitudinal
Longitudinal
Transverse
Transverse
Number
Reinforcement Reinforcement Reinforcement Reinforcement
1
#12 @ 55 mm c #12 @ 105 mm c #12 @ 105 mm #12 @ 105 mm
/c
/c
c/c
c/c
Elevation and plan

9.5.1 Problem
Basic Geometry
Column 1
Column dimensions
Column Shape : Rectangle
Length of the column - X (Pl): 0.30 m
Width of the column - Z (Pw): 0.30 m
No Column caps
Column 2
Column section size
Column Shape : Rectangle
Length of the Column - X (Pl): 0.30 m
Width of the Column - Z (Pw): 0.40 m
No Column cap
Left overhanging length : 0.15 m
Right cantilevered length : 2.15 m
Whether the length of the left cantilever needs design (or enter a fixed value )? Yes
Whether the length of the right cantilever needs design (or enter a fixed value )? Yes
The initial input length (Lo) of the foundation: 1500.00 mm
The initial input width (Wo) of the foundation: 3.10 m
The initial input of height (Do) of the foundation: 700.00 mm
Clear Cover and Soil Properties

The thickness of the clear cover for cap : 50.00 mm
The thickness of the clear cover for foundation : 50.00 mm
Density of the Soil: 25.00 kN/m3
Foundation bearing capacity : 200.00 kN/m2
Additional ground pressure : 0.00 kip/in2
Weight of soil about foundation : 1500.00 mm
Groundwater depth : -0.00 KN
Concrete and Steel Properties

Concrete density: 25.000 kN/m3
Chapter 9
Compressive strength of concrete : 11.900 N/mm2
Reinforcement strength : 210.000 N/mm2
Minimum bar Size : 12.0 mm
Maximum bar size : 50.0 mm
Minimum bar spacing : 50.00 mm
Maximum bar spacing : 400.00 mm
9.5.2 Solution
Buoyancy generated on the ground = -0.00 kN
Minimum area of steel required
Amin = Pc / qmax: 13.80 m2
Specify the initial cross-sectional area
Ao = L x W: 25.73 m2
Final provided foundation dimensions:
Length of base , L: 8.30 m
Width of base, W: 3.10 m
Height of base, Do: 0.70 m
Area of base, A: 25.73 m2
Left Cantilever length , Llo: 0.15 m
Right Cantilever length , Lro: 2.15 m
Table 9-13: Load cases for base dimensions estimation - standard combination
Axial
Condition Column
Shear X Shear Z Moment X Moment Z
Force
No.
No.
(KN)
(KN)
(kNm)
(kNm)
(KN)
1
1
105076.125 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
1
2
210152.249 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Table 9-14: Load cases for foundation design - basic combinationn
Axial
Condition Column
Shear X Shear Z Moment X Moment Z
Force
No.
No.
(KN)
(KN)
(kNm)
(kNm)
(KN)
1
1
105076.125 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
1
2
210152.249 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Four corners of the calculated stress
Load
Case
1
Pressure at Pressure at Pressure at Pressure at

ZeroCorner1
Corner2
Corner3
Corner4
pressure
(q1)
(q2)
(q3)
(q4)
area (Au)
(KN/m2)
(KN/m2)
(KN/m2)
(KN/m2)
(m2)
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
0.00

Pressure at
Corner1
(q1)
(KN/m2)
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
Load
Case
1
1
1
Pressure at
Corner2
(q2)
(KN/m2)
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
Pressure at
Corner3
(q3)
(KN/m2)
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
Pressure at
Corner4
(q4)
(KN/m2)
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
Zeropressure
area (Au)
(m2)
0.00
0.00
0.00
Otherwise, the pressure needs to be adjusted. The negative pressure should always set as zero.
Adjusted pressure at corners (if necessary)
Condition
No.
1
1
1
1
Pressure at
Corner1 (q1)
(KN/m2)
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
Pressure at
Corner2 (q2)
(KN/m2)
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
Pressure at
Corner3 (q3)
(KN/m2)
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
Pressure at
Corner4 (q4)
(KN/m2)
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
Overturning Stability Test

Conditio
n No.
1
Mome Mome Resistanc Resistanc

nt X
nt Z e Moment e Moment
(kNm) (kNm) X (kNm) Z (kNm)
0.000 0.000 4273.272 11441.341
Overturnin Overturning
g Stability
Stability
Factor X
Factor Z
N/A
633,778,703.6
08
9.5.3 Check Shear

The following formulae are used per GB50007 - 2002 code for design of building foundations.
Formula is as follows :
F 0.7 f a h (Ref. clause 8.2.7 - 1)
l
hp t m 0
= (A + a ) / 2 (Ref. clause 8.2.7 - 2)

t
F = P A (Ref. clause 8.2.7 - 3)

l
One-way Punching Shear Check

Column 1, +X Direction
Punching shear
F = P A = 69.96 5,097,642.75 = 356.62 kN
l

F = 0.7 f a h = 0.7 1.00 1270.00 (0.30 1.56) / 2 0.64 = 523.64 kN
u
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Chapter 9
Hence, safe.
Column 1, -X Direction
Punching shear
F = P A = 69.96 0.00 = 0.0 kN
l

F = 0.7 f a h = 0.7 1.00 1270.00 (0.30 1.56) / 2 0.64 = 523.64 kN
u
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, safe.
Column 1, +Z Direction
Punching shear
F = P A = 69.96 1,010,688.00 = 70.70 kN
l

F = 0.7 f a h = 0.7 1.00 1270.00 (0.30 1.56) / 2 0.64 = 523.64 kN
u
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, safe.
Column 1, -Z Direction
Punching shear
F = P A = 69.96 1,010,688.00 = 70.70 kN
l

F = 0.7 f a h = 0.7 1.00 1270.00 (0.30 1.56) / 2 0.64 = 523.64 kN
u
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, safe.
Column 2, +X Direction
Punching shear
F = P A = 69.96 3,725,275.99 = 260.61 kN
l

F = 0.7 f a h = 0.7 1.00 1270.00 (0.30 1.66) / 2 0.64 = 579.83 kN
u
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0

Hence, safe.
Column 2, -X Direction
Punching shear
F = P A = 69.96 7,548,609.37 = 528.08 kN
l

F = 0.7 f a h = 0.7 1.00 1270.00 (0.30 1.66) / 2 0.64 = 579.83 kN
u
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, safe.
Column 2, +Z Direction
Punching shear
F = P A = 69.96 163,8475.99 = 114.62 kN
l

F = 0.7 f a h = 0.7 1.00 1270.00 (0.40 1.56) / 2 0.64 = 551.73 kN
u
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, safe.
Column 2, -Z Direction
Punching shear
F = P A = 69.96 163,8475.99 = 114.62 kN
l

F = 0.7 f a h = 0.7 1.00 1270.00 (0.40 1.56) / 2 0.64 = 551.73 kN
u
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, safe.
Column 1, Four Edges

Punching shear
F = P A = 139.91 3,559,509.38 = 498.03 kN
l

F = 0.7 f a h = 0.7 1.00 1270.00 (1.20 4.99) / 2 0.64 = 1,739.48 kN
u
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Chapter 9
Hence, safe.
Column 2, Four Edges

Punching shear
F = P A = 139.91 7,275,418.66 = 1,017.94 kN
l

F = 0.7 f a h = 0.7 1.00 1270.00 (1.20 6.46) / 2 0.64 = 2,206.94 kN
u
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, safe.
9.5.4 Reinforcement Design

Top Longitudinal Reinforcement
A simplified formula for reinforcement is used in accordance with GB50010-2002.
Minimum area of steel, Astmin = 3,255.000 mm2
The area of steel required
Ast = MI / (0.9 h0 fy) = 740,000,006.857 / (0.9 6,44.000 210.000) = 6,079.727 mm2
Selected rebar size,db = 12.000 mm
Actual area of steel required, Ast (Actual) = 6220.353 mm2
Smin S Smax
Astmin Ast, with actual
Bottom Longitudinal Reinforcement

Ast = MI / (0.9 h0 fy) = -479,467,391.579 / (0.9 644.000 210.000) = -3,939.231 mm2

Smin S Smax
Top Transverse Reinforcement

Minimum area of steel, Astmin = 8715.000 mm2
Ast = MI / (0.9 h0 fy) = 0.000 / (0.9 644.000 210.000) = 0.000 mm2
Smin S Smax
Bottom Transverse Reinforcement

Ast = MI / (0.9 h0 fy) = 569,032,250.186 / (0.9 644.000 210.000) = 4,675.082 mm2
Chapter 9
Maximum allowable reinforcement spacin, Smax = 400.00 mm
Actual area of steel required, Ast (Actual) = 8,821.592 mm2
Smin S Smax

A typical pile foundation design example is provided here to verify the pile foundation design
per Chinese codes in the program. The Chinese codes implemented are " GB50007-2002 code for
design of building foundations "," GB50009-2001 Load code for design of building structures ","
GB50010-2002 Code for design of Concrete Structures "," Technical Code for Building Pile
Foundations
9.6.1 Problem
Basic conditions
Rectangular column foundation. Length of the column is 0.5000 m and the width of the column is
0.5000 m. The height of the base is 0.5000 m , the length of the base is 0.8 m, and the width of
the base is 0.8.
Loads: vertical load is 1500 kN and the basic combination distribution factor is 1.4 (1500 X 1.4
will involve in all members and reinforcements design).
Basic design parameters

Concrete strength: 25 N/mm2
Concrete density: 25 kN/m3
Steel yield strength: 210 N/mm2
Clear cover thickness on sides: 50 mm
Clear cover thickness on bottom: 50 mm
Depth of pile cap: 75 mm
The initial depth of pile cap: 300 mm
Minimum bar diameter: 10
Maximum bar diameter: 45
Pile Parameters
Pile layout: 3 row x 3 row = total 9 piles, spacing 1.5 m , center to edge of pile cap edge 0.5 m ,
pile diameter and 0.5 m , thus base of the cap is 4 m in length and 4 m in width.
Pile bearing capacity: lateral capacity is 100 kN , vertical capacity is 500 kN , uplift capacity is
300 kN (both single pile). So the reactions of the pile can be calculated as:

Table 9-15: Pile capacities under load case no. 101
Vertical
Uplift
Lateral
-180.888
0.000
0.000
-180.888
0.000
0.000
-180.888
0.000
0.000
-180.888
0.000
0.000
-180.888
0.000
0.000
-180.888
0.000
0.000
-180.888
0.000
0.000
-180.888
0.000
0.000
-180.888
0.000
0.000
Vertical
Uplift
Lateral
-247.555
0.000
0.000
-247.555
0.000
0.000
-247.555
0.000
0.000
-247.555
0.000
0.000
-247.555
0.000
0.000
-247.555
0.000
0.000
-247.555
0.000
0.000
-247.555
0.000
0.000
-247.555
0.000
0.000
9.6.2 Solution
Pile layout
Column Dimension
Column Shape : Rectangular
Column length - X (Pl): 0.500 m
Column width - Z (Pw): 0.500 m
Base
A base ? Yes
Base Shape : Rectangular
Base height (Ph): 0.500 m
Base length - X (Pl): 0.800 m
Base width - Z (Pw): 0.800 m
Cap geometry
Pile length P CL = 4.000 m
Chapter 9
Cap width P CW = 4.000 m
Initial cap height t I = 0.300 m
Pile geometry
Pile spacing, P s = 1.500 m
Distance from the edge of the Pile cap to the center of pile, e = 0.500 m
Pile diameter, d P = 0.500 m
Bearing capacity of pile

Vertical bearing capacity of P P = 500.000 kN
Lateral bearing capacity of P L = 100.000 kN
Pullout capacity of P L = 300.000 kN
Material Properties
Concrete f ' c = 25,000.004 kN/m2
Concrete f ' t = 1,890.000 kN/m2
Steel f y = 210,000.035 kN/m2
Concrete clear cover

Concrete clear cover on the bottom, CC B = 0.050 m
Concrete clear cover on the sides, CC S = 0.050 m
Depth of pile cap depth, PC P = 0.075 m
Table 9-17: Load about the pile cap
Load Case Fx (kN) Fy (kN) Fz (kN) Mx (kN-m) My (kN-m) Mz (kN-m)
101
0.000
-1500.00 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
102
0.000
-2100.00 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Pile Design Calculations

The total number of piles N = 9
Coordinates of
Piles
Pile No.
1
2
3
4
5
Reactions
X (m)
Y (m)
-1.500
-1.500
-1.500
0.000
0.000
-1.500
0.000
1.500
-1.500
0.000
Vertical
(kN)
-247.555
-247.555
-247.555
-247.555
-247.555
Lateral
(kN)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Uplift
(kN)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

Coordinates of
Piles
Pile No.
6
7
8
9
Reactions
X (m)
Y (m)
0.000
1.500
1.500
1.500
1.500
-1.500
0.000
1.500
Vertical
(kN)
-247.555
-247.555
-247.555
-247.555
Lateral
(kN)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Uplift
(kN)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Check Depth of Pile Cap

One Way Punching Shear Along Length
Critical Load Case #102
Influential factor of sectional height
hs
= (800/h )1/4 = (800/0)1/4 = 1.000

0
Shear Span-to-Depth Ratios

= a /h = 1.050/0.300 = 3.000
x
Punching Shear Factor of Pile Cap

= 1.75/( + 1) = 1.75/(3.000 + 1) = 0.438
x
Shear Capacity of Pile Cap

dV =
c
hs
f b
t
h = 1.000 0.438 1,890.000 4.000 0.300 = 992.250 kN

0
Maximum Shear Design Value, V = 742.665 kN

V < dVc
Hence, Safe
One Way Punching Shear Along Width

hs
= (800/h )1/4 = (800/0)1/4 = 1.000

0

= a /h = 1.050/0.300 = 3.000
y
Punching Shear Factor of Pile Cap

= 1.75/( + 1) = 1.75/(3.000 + 1) = 0.438
y

dV =
c
hs
f b
t
h = 1.000 0.438 1,890.000 4.000 0.300 = 992.250 kN

0
Maximum Shear Design Value, V = 742.665 kN

V < dVc
Hence, Safe
Chapter 9
Punching Shear Check for Column

0x
= a /h = (1.050/0.300) = 1.000
0x
0y
= a /h = (1.050/0.300) = 1.000
0y
0x
= 0.84/(
0x
+ 0.2) = 0.84/(1.000 + 0.2) = 0.700
0y
= 0.84/(
0y
+ 0.2) = 0.84/(1.000 + 0.2) = 0.700

dV = 2 [ (b + a ) + (h + a )] f h = 2 [0.700 (0.500 + 1.050) +
c
0x
c
0y
0y
c
0x
hp t
0
0.700 (0.500 + 1.050)] 1.000 1,890.000 0.300 = 2460.780 kN
Maximum Punching Shear Design Value Fl = 1980.440kN
F < dV
l
Hence, Safe
Punching Shear Check for Corner Column

1x
= a /h = (0.300/0.300) = 1.000
1x
1y
= a /h = (0.300/.0.300) = 1.000
1y
1x
= 0.56/(
1x
+ 0.2) = 0.56/(1.000 + 0.2) = 0.467
1y
= 0.56/(
1y
+ 0.2) = 0.56/(1.000 + 0.2) = 0.467

dV = [ (c + a /2) + (c + a /2)] f h = [0.467 (0.700 + 0.300/2) +
c
1x
2
1y
1y
1
1x
hp t
0
0.467 (0.700 + 0.300/2)] 1.000 1,890.000 0.300 = 449.820 kN
Maximum Punching Shear Design Value Nl = 247.555kN
N < dV
l
Hence, Safe

Use the same reinforcement along both top and bottom.
Along XDirection
Critical Moment
M = N x = 816.931 kNm
y
i i

A
sy
= M /(0.9 f h ) = 816.931/(0.9 210,000.035 0.300 = 14,407 mm2

y

A
s,min
= 0.15 B H = 0.15 4,000 300 = 1,800 mm2
Bar Diameter, ds = 20 mm
Bar Space, S = 80 mm
Min Bar Space, Smin = 50 mm
Max Bar Space, Smax = 500 mm
Actual Bar Area required, As,actual = 49 10 10 = 15,393 mm2
S <S<S
min
s,min
max
<A
s,actual
&A
sy
<A
s,actual
Hence, Safe
Along YDirection
Critical Moment
M = N x = 816.931 kNm
y
i i

A
sy
= M /(0.9 f h ) = 816.931/(0.9 210,000.035 0.300 = 14,407 mm2

y

A
s,min
= 0.15 B H = 0.15 4,000 300 = 1,800 mm2
Bar Diameter, ds = 20 mm
Bar Space, S = 80 mm
Min Bar Space, Smin = 50 mm
Max Bar Space, Smax = 500 mm
Actual Bar Area required, As,actual = 49 10 10 = 15,393 mm2
S <S<S
min
s,min
max
<A
s,actual
&A
sy
<A
s,actual
Chapter 9
Hence, Safe
Comparing Results with PKPM

*************************************************************************************************
Design Iterm: Pile Cap-1
*************************************************************************************************
Basic Information
1, cap information
Section shape: Stepped Cast-on-site
Plane Shape: Rectangular
Number of steps: 1-step
Elevation at Cap bottom: 0.0m
Number of cap edges: 4
Pile height: 300mm
Cap eccentric at X direction: 0mm
Cap eccentric at X direction: 0mm
2 pile information
Pile Diameter: 500mm
Pile bearing Capacity: 500.00Kn
Pile Coordinate:
NUm
X
Y
1
-1500
-1500
2
0
-1500
3
1500
-1500
4
-1500
0
5
0
0
6
1500
0
7
-1500
1500
8
0
1500
9
1500
1500
3, Load information
Vertical Load: N = 1500.
Moment at x direction: Mx = 0.00knm
Moment at y direction: My = 0.00knm
Shear force at x direction: Qx = 0.00knm
Shear force at y direction: Qy = 0.00knm
4, column information
Column width: 800mm
Column height: 800mm
5, concrete information
Concrete class: C50
Concrete density: 25.00kn/m3

[Design Results]
6Pile Reactions Calculation
The following formula is used:
Self weight of pile cap and the soil Gk = B * S * H * + B * S

* futu
=( 4000.0* 4000.0*
300.0*25.0*1.E-9+ 4000.0*
4000.0* 0.0*1.E-6)
= 120.0(kn)
Xi*Xi = 13500000.0
Yi*Yi = 13500000.0
X
Y
Pile Reaction Q(KN) Net Reac-
Pile No.
tion QN(KN)
1
-1500.0
2
0.0
3
1500.0
4
-1500.0
5
0.0
6
1500.0
7
-1500.0
8
0.0
9
1500.0
-1500.0
-1500.0
-1500.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1500.0
1500.0
1500.0
180.00
180.00
180.00
180.00
180.00
180.00
180.00
180.00
180.00
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
Chapter 9
QP=
1620.0(kN);
QAVE=
180.0(kN)
7Punching Shear Check

Step 1: H = 300.00MM
**Punching Shear Check for the Corner Pile***
No.=1
h0=
300.
1x=900.
1x=1.00
c1=700.
h0=
300.
1y=900.
1y=1.00
c2=700.
1y= 0.467
hp=1.00
ft=
1x=0.4667
1.888
QPC=(1x*(C2+1y/2)+1y*(c1+1x/2))*hp*ft*ho
= 449.37KN > QPD = 166.67(*1.35) KN
No.=2
h0=
300.
1x=900.
1x=1.00
c1=700.
h0=
300.
1y=900.
1y=1.00
c2=700.
1y= 0.467
hp=1.00
ft=
1x=0.4667
1.888
= 449.37KN > QPD = 166.67(*1.35) KN
No.=3
h0=
300.
1x=900.
1x=1.00
c1=700.
h0=
300.
1y=900.
1y=1.00
c2=700.
1y= 0.467
hp=1.00
ft=
1x=0.4667
1.888
= 449.37KN > QPD = 166.67(*1.35) KN
No.=4

h0=
300.
1x=900.
1x=1.00
c1=700.
h0=
300.
1y=900.
1y=1.00
c2=700.
1y= 0.467
hp=1.00
ft= 1.888
1x=0.4667
= 449.37KN > QPD = 166.67(*1.35) KN
***Punching Shear Check for Column***
H00= 300.mm
x+
h0= 300.
ox=
xh0= 300.
ox=
y+
h0= 300.
oy=
y+
h0= 300.
oy=
Step 1 H = 400.00MM
300.
300.
300.
300.
ox=1.000
ox=1.000
oy=1.000
oy=1.000
***Punching Shear Check for Column***

H00= 350.mm
x+
h0= 350.
ox= 350.
ox=1.000
xh0= 350.
ox= 350.
ox=1.000
y+
h0= 350.
oy= 350.
oy=1.000
y+
h0= 350.
oy= 350.
oy=1.000
hc= 800.
bc= 800.
ox= 0.70
oy= 0.70
ft= 1.89
hp=1.000
QCC = 2*(ox*(bc+oy)+oy(hc+ox))hp*ft*ho
= 2127.89KN
QCC= 2127.89KN > QCD= 1333.33 (* 1.35) KN
***Sheack Check***
VPL = hs*1.75/(+1.0)*b0*h0*ft
=1.000*1.75/(2.571+1.0)*4000.* 350.*1.8881*1.e-3
= 1295.2KN
VCI1= 1295.24KN > VDI1= 500.00 (* 1.35) KN
Right
h0= 350.
x= 900.
x=2.571
Chapter 9
VPL = hs*1.75/(+1.0)*b0*h0*ft
=1.000*1.75/(2.571+1.0)*4000.* 350.*1.8881*1.e-3
= 1295.2KN
VCI2= 1295.24KN > VDI2= 500.00 (* 1.35) KN
Down
h0= 350.
y= 900.
y=2.571
VPL = hs*1.75/(+1.0)*b0*h0*ft
=1.000*1.75/(2.571+1.0)*4000.* 350.*1.8881*1.e-3
= 1295.2KN
VCJ1= 1295.24KN > VDJ1= 500.00 (* 1.35) KN
Top
h0= 350.
y= 900.
y=2.571
VPL = hs*1.75/(+1.0)*b0*h0*ft
=1.000*1.75/(2.571+1.0)*4000.* 350.*1.8881*1.e-3
= 1295.2KN
VCJ2= 1295.24KN > VDJ2= 500.00 (* 1.35) KN
8Steel Area Calculation

DMX1 =
742.500
AGX = DMX1/(0.9*h0*fy)/YS =
2806.123mm*mm/M
DMX2 =
742.500
AGX = DMX2/(0.9*h0*fy)/YS =
2806.123mm*mm/M
DMY1 =
742.500
AGY = DMY1/(0.9*h0*fy)/XS =
2806.123mm*mm/M
DMY2 =
742.500
AGY = DMY2/(0.9*h0*fy)/XS =
2806.123mm*mm/M
ASX=2806.1mm*mm/M
742.500/(0.9* 350.0*210.0)/4.0=
742.500/(0.9* 350.0*210.0)/4.0=
742.500/(0.9* 350.0*210.0)/4.0=
742.500/(0.9* 350.0*210.0)/4.0=
ASY=2806.1mm*mm/M
The Area of Steel at x direction is satisfied, hence, safe.

The Area of Steel at y direction is satisfied, hence, safe.
Actual Areas of Steel required
AGx: 16@100
Com No
1
2
3
4
5
AGy: 16@100
ASX
2806.1
2455.4
2182.5
1964.3
1785.7
ASY
2806.1
2455.4
2182.5
1964.3
1785.7
H(1)
400.0
450.0
500.0
550.0
600.0
H(2)

6
7
1636.9
1511.0
1636.9
1511.0
650.0
700.0
9.6.3 Comparison
Table 9-18: Chinese verification example 6 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Value of
Foundation
Result
Result
2
Bearing Pressure
108.94 KN/m
108.63 KN/m2
Resisting force for sliding (x)
313.74 KN
312.867 KN
752.98 KNm
750.87 KNm
(z)
Resisting force for sliding (z)
313.74 KN
312.867 KN
752.98 KNm
750.87 KNm
(x)
Percent
Difference
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Chapter9
Section 10
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Chapter10
Index
A
Drilled Pier 355

E
ACI 318 201, 319

AS3600 3
Eccentricity 88
Australian 3
General Combined Footing 14, 16
GB50007-2002 435
General Isolated Footing 3, 6

B
British
I
Indian Code 125
IS 456 125
Combined Foundation 71, 77

Isolated Foundation 23, 26, 32, 38,
44, 53, 62, 88
Mat Combined Foundation 83
P
Pile Cap
Chinese Code 468
Plant Foundation 383
British Code 23
BS8110 23
U
C
Canadian Code 99
United States Code 201

V
Chinese Code 435
Vertical Vessel Foundation 1 383
CSA A23.3 99
D
Deadman Anchors 319

Figures
Figure 1-1: Australian code General isolated foundation
15
17
Figure 1-5: Graphs of combined strip footing internal forces
20
Figure 2-1: Bending section considered
23
Figure 2-2: One way shear section considered
24
Figure 2-3: Two way shear section considered
24
27
Figure 2-5: Sections considered for bending in both directions
28
Figure 2-6: Sections considered for one-way shear in both directions
30
31
33
47
48
Figure 2-11: Section considered for one-way shear along X direction
50
Figure 2-12: Section considered for one-way shear along z direction
51
52
63
69
Chapter 12
Figures
71
76
78
82
84
89
Figure 2-22: Bending about major axes
91
100
106
113
Figure 3-4: Elevation and Plan, with dimension and loads
115
Figure 3-5: Bending sections considered
117
Figure 3-6: Shear sections considered
118
Figure 3-7: Two-way shear sections considered
120
123
126
Figure 4-2: Plan of Reinforcement
128
Figure 4-3: Cross Section showing Reinforcement
129
130
Figure 4-5: Elevation and Plan showing reinforcement design
132
134
139
141
145
150
Figure 4-11: Final Plan Dimensions
157
158
Figure 4-13: Dimension, Moment, and Shear and diagrams
161
163
Figure 4-15: ShearForce andBending Momentdiagrams
168
170
173
175
180
182

Figures
Figure 4-21: Plan, Elevation, and Pedestal dimensions
189
Figure 4-22: Footing Plan
197
Figure 4-23: >Loads on Footing
197
Figure 4-24: Shear Force (kN, top) and Bending Moment (kNm, bottom) diagrams
199
Figure 5-1: Elevation and loads
202
Figure 5-2: Considered sections for two-way (bo) and beam (bw) action
203
Figure 5-3: Critical section for moment (long projection)
204
207
211
215
217
220
228
232
Figure 5-11: Corner pressure values on plan for punching shear
234
Figure 5-12: One-way shear pressure values along x-direction
235
Figure 5-13: One-way shear pressure values along z-direction
236
Figure 5-14: Bending pressure about Z axis
237
Figure 5-15: Bending pressure about X axis
237
239
241
245
249
251
252
256
258
262
264
269
271
273
Figure 5-29: Section considered for bending
275
278
279
Chapter 12
Figures
280
282
285
287
288
289
Figure 5-38: Elevation and dimensions
292
Figure 5-39: Forces on foundation
294
Figure 5-40: Shear and Bending diagrams
294
299
Figure 5-42: Critical section for punching shear is at d/2
301
Figure 5-43: Critical section for moment is at the face of column
303
307
Figure 5-45: Critical section for punching shear at d/2
309
322
323
324
326
326
327
329
Figure 6-8: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift
331
334
334
335
339
340
342
343
344
344
346
348
351
351

Tables
352
356
361
365
370
374
379
384
384
390
390
393
393
399
399
402
402
408
408
437
Figure 9-2: Elevation of stability forces
438
441
442
443
449
452
453
Tables
13
16
22
26
Table 2-2: Table BS2.1 - Column loads
26
Chapter 12
Tables
32
38
44
53
61
70
76
83
88
Table 2-12: British verification example 13 comparisons
98
Table 3-1: CSAverification example 1 comparison
105
111
114
122
124
129
133
137
140
144
149
157
162
168
174
180
Table 4-12: Pile Locations in Plan
182
187
190
196
199
206
210
214
219

Tables
227
231
Table 5-7: US Verification problem 9 comparison
238
244
249
255
261
263
268
270
277
278
283
286
291
297
305
313
314
Table 5-24: Comparison of values for US general isolated footing with variable bearing
pressure 1
316
316
Table 5-26: Comparison of values for US general isolated footing with variable bearing
pressure 2
318
Table 6-1: Soil Test Report Summary
320
328
329
331
336
337
340
345
346
353
359
364
Chapter 12
Tables
368
373
377
381
385
386
Table 8-3: Applied Load Combinations - Allowable Stress Level
387
Table 8-4: Applied Load Combinations - Strength Level
387
Table 8-5: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level
387
Table 8-6: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level
388
389
389
391
394
395
396
396
396
397
398
400
403
404
405
405
405
406
407
407
409
410
412
413
414
415

Tables
416
417
418
419
420
421
423
424
426
426
Table 8-42: Service level loads applied at the top of the top of the fixed pier
427
Table 8-43: Strength level loads applied at the top of the top of the fixed pier
428
431
431
Table 8-46: Service level loads applied at the top of the top of the fixed pier
432
Table 8-47: Strength level loads applied at the top of the top of the fixed pier
433
Table 9-1: Overview of cone footing design results
435
435
Table 9-3: Loads for foundation base size estimation -For foundation base (1)
436
Table 9-4: Loads for Punching shear check and reinforcements- For foundation base (1) 437
Table 9-5: Factor of safety
438
Table 9-6: Overview of the stepped foundation design
447
447
Table 9-8: Critical loads for base size estimation - standard combination
448
Table 9-9: Loads for foundation design- the basic combination
448
Table 9-10: Safety factors
450
Table 9-11: Overview of the design results
460
Table 9-12: Foundation reinforcement details
460
Table 9-13: Load cases for base dimensions estimation - standard combination
462
Table 9-14: Load cases for foundation design - basic combinationn
462
469
469
Table 9-17: Load about the pile cap
470
Table 9-18: Chinese verification example 6 comparison
479
Chapter12
Tables
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Section 1 Australian Code (AS3600-2001[AMnd 2004])

1.1 General Isolated Foundation 1

1.2 General Isolated Foundation 2

1.3 General Combined Foundation 1

1.4 General Combined Foundation 2

Section 2 British Code (BS8110-1-1997)

2.1 General Isolated Foundation 1

2.2 General Isolated Foundation 2

2.3 General Isolated Foundation 3

2.4 General Isolated Foundation 4

2.5 General Isolated Foundation 5

2.6 General Isolated Foundation 6

2.7 General Isolated Foundation 7

2.8 General Combined Foundation 1

2.9 General Combined Foundation 2

2.10 Mat Combined Foundation

2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity

Section 3 Canadian Code (CSA A23.3-2004)

3.1 CSA General Isolated Foundation 1

3.2 CSA General Isolated Foundation 2

3.3 CSA General Isolated Foundation 3

3.5 CSA Pilecap Foundation 1

3.4 CSA General Combined Foundation s1

Section 4 Indian Code (IS 456 -2000)

4.1 IS General Isolated Foundation 1

4.2 IS General Isolated Foundation 2

4.3 IS General Isolated Foundation 3

4.4 IS General Isolated Foundation 4

4.5 IS General Isolated Foundation 5

4.6 IS General Isolated Foundations 6

Verification Manual iii

4.7 IS General Isolated Foundation 7

4.8 IS Toolkit Combined 1

4.9 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 2

4.10 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 3

4.11 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 4

4.14 IS Mat Combined Foundation 1

Section 5 United States Code (ACI 318 -2005)

5.1 US General Isolated Foundation 1

5.2 US General Isolated Foundation 2

5.3 US General Isolated Foundation 3

5.4 US General Isolated Foundation 4

5.5 US General Isolated Foundation 5

5.6 US General Isolated Foundation 6

5.7 US General Isolated Foundation 7

5.8 US General Combined Foundation 1

5.9 US General Combined Foundation 2

5.10 US General Combined Foundation 3

5.11 US General Combined Foundation 4

5.12 US Pilecap Foundation 1

5.13 US Pilecap Foundation 2

5.14 US Pilecap Foundation 3

5.15 US Pilecap Foundation 4

5.16 US Mat Combined Foundation 1

5.17 US General Isolated Foundation with Sliding & Overturning

5.18 US General Isolated Foundation with Eccentric Loading

5.19 US General Isolated Foundation with Variable Bearing Capacity 1

5.20 US General Isolated Foundation with Variable Bearing Capacity 2

Section 6 Deadman Anchors (ACI 318 -2005)

6.1 Deadman Guy Anchor US 1