Doble - Water in Liquid Filled Electrical Equipment

Water in Liquid-Filled
atus
Electric Apparatus
any
i
p
m
o
ng C
er Griffin
e
Paul
G
n
i
g
n
E Lance
Lewand
L
e
l
b
o
D
Doble Engineering Company
Confidential Notice
Doble Engineering (Doble) hereby grants the recipient (you) the
right to retain this presentation and materials included within (the
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yc make
ghtsatoncopy,
interest, including, but not limited to, the rights
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use of, distribute, transmit, display or perform
m in public (or to
oany
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refo
rmat
third parties), edit, translate,, or reformat
portion of the
g
n
i
r
e
Presentation are herebynoreotherwise
granted and shall remain
otherwis
i
g
ved
by
Do
expressly reserv
reserved
Doble.
You
acknowledge
and agree that
n
E
e
l
such limited
license
is expressly conditioned upon your
mited
lice
Dobof the terms herein. You further agree that, in the
acceptance
ance
event of your breach, Doble will suffer irreparable damage and
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jurisdiction restricting you from committing or continuing any
breach of these terms.
Water in Dielectric Liquids

ny
a
p
Source, St
State,
ate,
om and
C
ng
i
r
e
Measurement
Measure
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
Where Water Located

Most of the water is located in the solid
cellulosic insulation (reservoir for water)
Wood
Paper
Pressboard
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
The amount
unt
in
the oil
o is
e
l
b
o
often <1%
%Dof the total
ny
a
p
Com
Very little is in the gas

space
Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009
100X
Entry Points for Water in Transformers

Residual after processing:
Manufacturing
Installation
Maintenance
ny
a
p
om
C
g
nPoints
i
r
Leaks, Through
h Weak
Po
of Transformer
e
e
n
i
ng
E
e
l
Transformer
nsforme
Dob Preservation System
Ineffective dryers - breathing conservators
Ruptured bladder/diaphragm - sealed conservators
Byproduct of Cellulosic Degradation

Water Ingress Points

Electrode Shaft
Manhole Gaskets
Lid Gasket
0
- 2
Cooler Gaskets
and Valves
1
2
Maintain Pressure
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
Bushing Gaskets
Gauges and Plugs
Cooler Plugs
Valves
Leak through Bushing
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
States of Water
Dissolved Water
Water in solution interspersed between hydrocarbon molecules
Emulsified Water
Water that is suspended as clusters of water

ater molecules.
molec
It gives
ny
a
p
m
oil a cloudy, milky appearance
o
C
g
n
i
Free Water
er
e
n
i
Water that is not in solutio
solution
ng and is in high enough concentration to
E
e
l t and separate from the oil.
form water
ater droplets
dropl
Dob
Trapped Water
Water held on non-cellulosic surfaces due to surface chemistry
Bound Water
Water held in polar oil/paper degradation byproducts
Water Adhesion to Metal Surfaces

Adhesion considered adsorption (not
absorption) in this case
y
ns mpan
Intermolecular Interactions
o
C
g
dipole-dipole (+ end
nd oferpolar
pola
t - end of polar),
in to
e
nding
hydrogen bonding
ngin
E
dipole
eDinduced
induce
oble dipole
electrostatic interactions
Surface Tension
Trapped Water - Core Steel
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
DRY
Y
WET (white bumps are

water droplets being
charged by the SEM)
Tank Steel
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
Unpainted
ny
a
p
Com
Painted
States of Water
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
Free Water
Dissolved Water
Emulsified Water
Determination of Water Concentration

Performed By Karl Fischer titration using ASTM
Method D 1533 or IEC Method 60814
ny
a
p
om
C
P g H 2 Ongineering
E
ppm , wt / wt
e
l
b
gDooil
Solubility
Solubility (100% Saturation) of water in oil is defined as
the amount of dissolved water an oil can hold at a
specific temperature
y
Solubility changes significantly with
ith temperature
tempera
pan
om
C
ng the ability of the oil
i
n temperature,
temperat
As the oil increases in
r
e
e
oEincreases
increas
to hold water also
ngin
le
b
o
D solubility of water in oil at 10qC is 36
For example,
mple
ppm, whereas at 90qC the solubility is 592 ppm
As oils age and accumulate large amounts of acids

and other polar compounds solubility increases
Solubility of Water in Oil and

Silicone
Temp., C
0
10
20
30
40
50
0
e
l
Dob60
70
80
90
100
Oil (ppm)
22
36
55
83
ng
i
121
r
e
ine 173
g
n
E
242
331
446
592
772
Silicone (ppm)
88
125
174
ny
a
p
Com 237
316
414
534
678
850
1052
1287
80
Water Solubility in Oil and Silicone

10000
W ater C ontent, ppm
O il (ppm )
1000
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
Silicone (ppm )
100
10
1 00 C
50 C
0 C
1
2.5
2.75
3.25
3.5
3.75
Tem perature (1/K x 1000)
Water Solubility Calculation Equations
So = solubility of water in new oil at

y
a given temperature
pan
om
C
ng
i
r
e
e

in1567
g
n
LoggDoSbloe E
7.0895
Effects of Solubility Characteristics

Aromatic and Acid Content
S = EXP((16.2822-3698.27/T)+0.02589*Ar+2.0991*An)
S = Solubility of Water in Oil, ppm
ny
a
T = Absolute temperature, K
p
om
C
Ar = Aromatic content in % (IEC
605
ng60590)
i
r
e
e
An = Neutralization
n number,
number
ngin mg KOH/g oil (IEC 62021-1)
E
e
l
b
Do
Similar to Doble data with 12% aromatic content and 0.01 Acidity
E. S. Mladenov, St. G. Staykov, and G. St. Cholakov
IEEE Electrical Insulation Mag. Vol 25, No.1 Jan/Feb 2009
Effects of Aromatic Content on Water

Solubility Characteristics
900
Aromatic Content, %
800
2
6
12
Water Content, ppm
700
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
20
40
60
Temperature, C
80
100
120

IEEE Electrical Inuslation Mag. Vol 25, No.1 Jan/Feb 2009
Effects of Acidity on Water Solubility

Characteristics
900
Acidity, mg KOH/g
0.01
800
0.05
0.1
Water Content, ppm
700
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
20
40
60
Temperature, C
80
100
120

IEEE Electrical Inuslation Mag. Vol 25, No.1 Jan/Feb 2009
Relative Saturation, % (%RS)

Relative saturation is the amount of water measured in the oil in
relation to the solubility level at that temperature (T)
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine a
g
Concentration
tr
ration
at T1
n
E
e
l
x 100%
Dob
Solubility at T1
Relative Saturation, % (%RS)

Relationship of:
How much water can be dissolved

in the oil at that temperature
what is measured
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
To
Do
ny
a
p
Com
For Example
An oil sample was taken from a
transformer at 85qC and tested for water
content and the result was 30pppm
ny
a
om
C
ng saturation, 30
i
r
e
To determine theinrelative
e
g
n
ppm would
be
divided by the solubility
b
eE div
e
l
b
o
level attD8
85qC which is 517 ppm multiplied
by 100 (30 ppm/517 ppm x 100)
Relative Saturation = 5.8%
Low %RS and High %RS Oil
Water Content
30 ppm
E
e
l
b
DoLLow RS
Temperature,
rature, 50C
Visual Appearance is Clear
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Water Content
Com
30 ppm
Temperature, 0C
High RS
Visual Appearance is
Cloudy
Sampling of Dielectric
c nL
Liquids
y
a
p
om
for Water Content
ten
t
C
ng
ri
e
e
ngin
E
le
b
o
D
Key Points
A specimen that is representative of the bulk liquid
insulation
When to sample - Ideal
When the units is above 50-60C top

p oil a
temperature
temp
ny
p
om is fairly stable or
transform
When the temperature of the transformer
C
g
increasing moderately
tely erin
ineis low
g
When the
he air humidity
humidit
n
E
le
b
Where
eD
toosample
sa
Bottom drain value most common except for fluids with

density greater than 1.0 (where free water is found)
Other valves are generally acceptable
Report top oil temperature at time of sampling

Practices - Sampling Insulating Liquids

Doble Reference Book (Insulating Liquids and Gases)
Doble sampling guides on website:
http://www.doble.com/services/lab_services_testing.html
ices_
y
an
p
m
ofor Sampling
ASTM D 923: Standard Pract
Practice
ice
C
g
rin
Electrical Insulating
g Liquids
e
e
ngin
E
IEC 60475:
475:bMethod
Me
le tho of Sampling Liquid Dielectrics
o
D
IEC 60567: Guide for the Sampling of Gases and of

Oil from Oil-filled Electrical Equipment and for the
Analysis of Free and Dissolved Gas
Containers
Plastic - there are
no acceptable plastic
containers
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
Preferred Container - Glass Syringes
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
Acceptable Bottles - Glass and Metal
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
Key Sample Preparation

Clean valve and remove stagnant oil
Open drain plug, wipe out valve with lint free cloth
Reinstall drain plug and flush
cock
sh outpsampling
sam
any
om
C
ove e
l and catch oil
Close valve, remove
drain
ng plug
i
r
e
gin
nadapters
Install bushing
(brass, iron) to hose barb
ushin
ng
ada
E
e
l
b
Do
Flush at least 2 to 4 liters of oil through valve
Then take sample
Major Cause of Contamination Water in the Valve

Tip: a quick flush prior to taking sample greatly
reduces the amount of oil required to flush
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
Keep the water

out of the valve
ny
a
p
Com
Adapter
E
e
l
b
o
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
Taking the Sample

Fill without causing aeration
Moderate rate
On sides of container
ny
a
p
Bottles - fill to about 1
1 of
o Ctop
an seal
om and
g
rin
e
e
Cans, Steell Cylinders
Cylinde
- fill to overflowing and
ngin
E
e
seal Dobl
Syringes
Flush to wet barrel and plunger
Remove gas bubbles immediately and then fill
Sampling QC Procedure
Special QC Procedures
Use of portable water sensor such as DOMINO
Drain Valve
le
b
o
D
ng
i
r
e
in e
g
n
E
ny
a
p
Com
Water Sensor Manifold
Water Sensor
Tubing for liquid

sample
Experiment
17 Transformers
nd 13kV
Voltage levels 115kV, 23kv and
ny
a
p
pmCotomfree H2O
Prior test indicated 10ppm
ng
i
r
Units previouslyy tested
e
ine
g
n
(1 to 12
months
2 mon
ths
pr
E prior)
e
l
b
Do
2 Valves
es
Tested again 6 months later on 5 transformers
Results Portable (Field) vs

Laboratory (Karl Fischer Titration)
ppm water
Domino vs. Laboratory results
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1
3 4
6 7
Domino
Lab ppm
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Sample #
Excellent correlation 1.88ppm diff between Domino and Lab

How Much Oil Needs to be Drained?
Quarts
Volume of drained
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
E
e
l
b
Do
1
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
6
Approx. 1.97 quarts to

reach equilibrium
ny
a
p
Com
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Sample #
Average 23ppm change from opening valve to taking sample

Much drier at start of test second time around

Good flushing in first test and then well sealed
Sample Comparison - ppm at start of test
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
40
30
20
10
10/01/2004
04/08/2005
0
1
Transformer

reach equilibrium
vs.

reach equilibrium
Sample Comparison - Quantity of Oil Drained

3
2.5
Quarts
ppm - water
50
2
1.5
1
0.5
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
10/01/2004
04/08/2005
0
1
Transformer
What Temperature To Use

Doble Materials Laboratory arranged with Reliant
Energy in Pennsylvania to take temperatures at
various places on a transformer during
any sampling
p
m
o
Reason for Undertaking
ingring C
eecalculate relative saturation
n
i
Part of method
d used
to
g
En of paper
e
l
con
t
and water
content
Dob
Doble recommends taking top oil
Standards differ in their approach
Transformers Temperature Gradients What to Use for Equilibrium Calculations
Method Employed and Parameters Chosen

Used a laser guided infrared thermometer to take
readings, error was 1C
ny
a
p
Top oil versus bottom oil
om
C
ng
i
Tank versus drain valve
alve
r
e
ine
Convection
ion cooling
c Eng versus pumped cooling
le
b
o
D m
Different
manufacturers
rent
All transformers were power plant transformers

Transformers located in Ohio, PA, NJ, CT (61 units)
Temperature Reading Points
0
-
1
2
Reading using gauge and

infrared thermometer at top oil
Top oil gauge read very close to laser
guided infrared thermometer,
usually within 1 or 2C
ny
a
p
om
C
Reading taken on tank
ng
i
r
e
directly behind valve
e
in
g
n
E
e
l
Reading taken on valve
b
Do
body before and after
Gauges
ges an
and Plugs
sampling
Valve
Sample Oil Reading
Temperature Averages, C
Averages
Top
Oil
All XFMRs
43.82
Oil
Bottom
XFMR Sample
Tank
31.54
'
T-B
12.28
ny
a
p
Com
33.79
2
21 00
g21.00
n
i
r
ee
n
i
g
Pumps Offf 57.53
43.50
4
En
e
l
ob 60.00 53.42 49.14
DOn
Pumps
ps
O
13.53
Largest '
73.0
31.7
41.8
Smallest '
41.0
44.4
-3.4
No Pumps
40.45
26.92
92
'
B-Oil
+2.25
-5.92
14.03
6.58
-4.28
Temperature Profile - Typical

85
75
Temperature,
65
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
Pumped Co
Cooled Unit
55
45
35
25
Convection Cooled units
15
Top Oil
Tank Behind Drain

Drain Valve
Valve
Before Samping
Drain Valve After

Sampling
Sample
Top Oil Versus Oil Sample, C
Top Oil
Oil Sample
'
ny
a
p
om 18.83
C
No Pumps
39.83
21.00
21
00
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
Pumps On e E
60.00
49.14
10.86
l
b
Do
Temperature Reading Points, Pumps

78C
7.09% RS
1.48% water in paper
ny
a
p
30 ppm
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
55.7C
E
e
l
b
62.7C
Do
68.2C
68.2
9.53% RS
9
60.0C
12.36% RS
Valve
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
Importance of Water in
nny
pa
m
o
Transformers ng C
ri
e
e
ngin
E
le
b
o
D
Importance of Water in Transformers

Dielectric breakdown voltage of the
insulation system
H2O
nyof
Susceptibility to high relative saturation
o
a
p
m
o
C water
n ofgfree
free
wa
water in oil and formation
rin
e
e
Ability to overload
oad
ngin
E
le water vapor bubbles evolve
b
o
Temperature
perature
D
from solid insulation a function of its water

content
Aging of the solid insulation directly

proportional
Dielectric Strength
Substantially lowered when:
Water content of paper/pressboard is 2 to 4% or higher
ny
a
p
lectric
g
Relative Saturation of liquid dielectric
than
omis greater
C
50%
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
Dielectric Strength & Water Content

of Mineral Oil
48
44
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage, kV
40
36
32
28
24
20
16
12
le
b
o
D
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
ny
a
p
Com
8
4
0
0
12 16 20
24 28
32 36
40 44 48
52 56
60
Water Content, ppm. wt./wt.
Dielectric Strength and %RS of

Mineral Oil
48
44
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage, kV
40
36
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
32
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Water Content, % RS @ 22 C
50
45
40
35
30
25
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
20
15
10
50
40
30
20
10
Temperature, Deg. C
%RS
Water in oil, ppm
Dielectric Brkdwn. Voltage, kV
Figure from H. Azizian et al., Doble Conf., 1997, Sec. 5-8.8

Relative Saturation, %
Dielec, kV / Water, ppm
Relationship Between Relative Saturation

and Dielectric Strength
Temperature Cycling - Dry Insulation

90
90
At 80C estimated water in paper 2.1%

%RS
80
Temp.
70
70
60
50
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
40
30
20
ny
a
p
Com
10
60
50
40
Temperature, Degree C
Measured Relative Saturation, %
80
30
20
10
20
40
60
80
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
Elapsed Time, Hours
Temperature Cycling - Wet Insulation

100
90
%RS
90
80
Temp.
80
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
70
60
50
40
30
20
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
10
At 80C estimated water in paper 4.6%

0
0
0
20
40
60
80
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
Elapsed Time, Hours
Temperature, Degree C
Measured Relative Saturation in Oil, %
100
Temperature Cycling in Lab Model

140
RS, %
T, C
120
H2O, ppm
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
Temp. RS, PPM
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Elapsed Time (Minutes)
Temperature Cycling, Heating Up

120
Temp, RS, PPM
100
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
RS, %
E
e
l
T, C
Dob
80
60
40
H2O, ppm
20
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
Temperature Cycling, Cooling Down

120
RS, %
T, C
H2O, ppm
Temp, RS, PPM
100
80
60
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
20
0
205
235
265
295
325
Temperature Cycling, Stabilizing

120
RS, %
T, C
H2O, ppm
Temp, RS, PPM
100
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
80
60
40
20
0
325
375
425
475
525
575
625
Bubble Evolution
Primarily Influenced by Water Content of Paper
n
Emergency Loading to Hot-Spot
ot Temperature
Tempera
mpa
o
C
g
rin in
Operate Below
Water
i Paper Content
e
e
n
i
g
180qC ble En
<0.5%
o
D
140 qC
2.0%
Water Vapor Bubbles Escaping From

Paper at Elevated Temperature
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
Bubble Evolution Temperature Versus

Water in Paper and Gas Content in Oil
2%
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
3%
E
e
l
b
Do
ny
a
p
Com
1995 Doble Conf, Sec 8-5

T. V. Oommen, E. M.
Petrie, and S. R. Lindgren
Rate of Paper Aging

Directly proportional to the water content of the
cellulose
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
As the water content

ntent of the cellulosic
cellu
insulation
doubles, it halves
halves the life
0.5%
1.0%
Time
Estimating The Moisture

e nContent
Cy
a
p
m
ion
of Paper Insulation
o
gC
rin
e
e
ngin
E
le
b
o
D
Lance Lewand, Doble Engineering Company
Water Equilibration With Gas Space

Pure Water
Equilibrium (saturation) vapor pressure
surey of pure water
n
is well defined as a function ofotempera
temperature
mpa
C
g
n
i
Relative humidityy =neer
ngi
E
vapor
or pressure/equilibrium
pres
sure/e
vapor pressure
e
l
b
o temperature expressed as a percentage
giv
at aD
given
Equilibrium Vapor Pressure

The vapor pressure of a liquid is the equilibrium pressure of a vapor above its liquid
(or solid) that is, the pressure of the vapor resulting from evaporation of a liquid
(or solid) above a sample of the liquid (or solid) in a closed container
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
Vapor Pressure of Water
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
Water Equilibration
Water in Gas Space and Oil
Relative humidity = Relative saturation
on if Isothermal
ny
a
p
m
Water in gas space can be
corre
with
ocorrelated
C
g
in
rCu
water in paper (Piper
Curves),
new
Piper
e
e
n
i
Eng
equilibrium
curves
riumble
curves
Do
Equilibrium Vapor Pressure Chart

(Fessler Curves - Water in Paper)
1000
Water in Paper
%
0.50%
5.0%
Vapor Pressure, mm Hg
1.00%
100
1.50%
2.00%
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
2.50%
3.00%
1.0%
10
3.50%
4.00%
0.5%
4.50%
5.00%
0.1
0.01
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Temperature, C
Water in Transformers - Equilibrium

Curves
Water content of oil and paper are related and can
be described using equilibrium curves
y
d the
fo
For curves for transformers need
nfollowing
a
p
om
information:
C
g
in
ercontent
Concentration
n of water
co
in the dielectric liquid
e
n
i
g
n
E
in ppm
temperature - prefer top oil
m withleinsulation
insulat
b
temp. Do
Or direct measure of RS corrected to top oil
temperature
Type of insulating liquid - mineral oil, silicone, ester...

Curves
Moisture needs to be at a reasonable steady state
with the oil and solid insulation to use equilibrium
curves
n insulation has
athe
Adequately warm - the ideal is that
p
m
ole
C
mer ifor
at
least 3 days with a
been at 50qC or warmer
g
n
r
ee or operating temperature
reasonably steady
teady
load
n
i
g
En
Rapidly
dly dropping
drop i temperatures over-estimates water
in paper
e as does use of equilibrium curves at low
temperatures
30 to 50qC not reliable but provides sense of
dryness, above 50qC good, above 60qC excellent

Curves
Families of equilibrium curves are provided for:
Mineral oil in good condition
mo
Mineral oil with an acidity of minimum
of 0.2
ny
pa characteristics
If too high need to determine
e solubility
c
m
o
C
aturation
Can use relative saturation
ring measurement
ee
Silicone
ngin
E
le
b
o
Midel 7131
D synthetic ester
Cooper Envirotemp FR3
ABB Biotemp
Dielectric Systems Eco Fluid (Eco-SYN)

Curves
Families of equilibrium curves
Assumes that the relative saturation of water in
dielectric liquid is equivalent to the equilibrium
ui
ny
relative humidity (vapor pressure/saturation
vapor
sure/satura
a
p
m
o
C
pressure) at the same temp
temperature
eratu
g
n
i
er dielectric where the water
eany
Can be prepared
aredgfor
n
i
En
solubility
are known
ility characteristics
cha
racte
e
l
b
Do
Calculation for RS at Top Oil

Temperature
RS2=(RS1)(Sol1)/(Sol2n) y
pa
m
o
gC
n
i
r
e top oil temp.
eat
RS2=Relative saturation
turation
n
i
g
En
RS =Relative
tive saturation
sa
at measured temp.
1
Sol1=Solubility of water in oil at measured temp.

Sol2=Solubility of water in oil at the top oil temp
Change in RS between Measured

Bottom Oil and Top Oil Temperature, %
Temp
Difference, C
5
Mineral Oil
T1=80C
an
p
m
o
C
g
rin30
24
23
e
e
n
i
ng
E
e
3
l 34
Dob
13
10
15
20
Mineral Oil
Aged
FR3
T1=40C Mineral Oil T1=80C
T1=80
=80C
y
42
50
41
12
21
Aging of mineral oil not a factor but type of fluid is important

Equilibrium Curves - Mineral Oil

Mineral Oi l - Paper Moisture Equilibrium Curve
10.00
30
35
9.00
Water Content in Paper, %
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
40
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
2.00
110
1.00
120
115
0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Water in oil Content (ppm)

5.00
30
35
4.50
40
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
1.00
110
115
0.50
120
0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70

5.00
30
35
4.50
40
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
1.00
110
115
0.50
120
0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100 110 120 130 140 150

3.00
30
35
40
45
2.50
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
2.00
1.50
1.00
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
0.50
110
115
120
0.00
0
10
15
20
25
30
Equilibrium Curves - Aged Mineral Oil

Aged Mineral Oi l (acidity = 0.2 mg KOH/g) - Paper Moisture Equilibrium Curve
30
10.00
35
40
9.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
2.00
110
115
1.00
120
0.00
0
15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240
Water in Oil Content (ppm)

30
5.00
35
40
4.50
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
1.00
110
0.50
115
120
0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100 110 120 130 140 150

5.00
30
4.50
35
40
4.00
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
50
55
3.50
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
0
1.50
105
110
115
1.00
120
0.50
0.00
0
15
30
45
60
75
90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240

3.00
30
35
40
2.50
2.00
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
ny
a
p
Com
50
55
60
65
70
75
1.50
80
85
90
95
00
1.00
100
105
110
0.50
115
120
0.00
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Equilibrium Curves - Silicone

Silicone - Paper Moisture Equilibrium Curve
10.00
30
9.00
40
35
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
2.00
110
1.00
120
115
0.00
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Water in Silicone Content (ppm)

5.00
30
4.50
35
40
4.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
50
1.50
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120

5.00
30
4.50
35
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
4.00
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
1.50
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300

3.00
30
35
2.50
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
55
2.00
60
65
70
75
1.50
80
85
90
95
0
1.00
100
105
110
115
0.50
120
0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Equilibrium Curves - Midel 7131

Midel - Paper Moisture Equilibrium Curve
10.00
30
9.00
40
35
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
2.00
110
1.00
120
115
0.00
0
250
500
750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000

5.00
30
4.50
35
40
4.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
50
1.50
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

5.00
30
4.50
35
40
4.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
1.50
0
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
250
500
750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000

3.00
30
35
2.50
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
55
2.00
60
65
70
75
1.50
80
85
90
95
0
1.00
100
105
110
115
0.50
120
0.00
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Equilibrium Curves - Envirotemp FR3

Envirotemp FR3 - Paper Moisture Equilibrium Curve
10.00
30
9.00
40
35
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
2.00
110
1.00
120
115
0.00
0
150
300
450
600
750
900
1050
1200
1350
1500

5.00
30
4.50
35
40
4.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
0
1.50
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500

5.00
30
4.50
35
40
4.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
1.50
0
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

3.00
30
35
2.50
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
55
2.00
60
65
70
75
1.50
80
85
90
95
0
1.00
100
105
110
115
0.50
120
0.00
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
Equilibrium Curves - Biotemp

Biotemp - Paper Moisture Equilibrium Curve
10.00
30
9.00
40
35
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
2.00
110
1.00
120
115
0.00
0
150
300
450
600
750
900
1050
1200
1350
1500

5.00
30
4.50
35
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
4.00
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
1.50
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500

5.00
30
4.50
35
40
4.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
1.50
50
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

3.00
30
35
2.50
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
55
2.00
60
65
70
75
1.50
80
85
90
95
0
1.00
100
105
110
115
0.50
120
0.00
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
Equilibrium Curves - Eco Fluid

Eco fluid - Paper Moisture Equilibrium Curve
10.00
30
9.00
40
35
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
2.00
110
1.00
120
115
0.00
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200

Eco Fluid - Paper Moisture Equilibrium Curve
5.00
30
4.50
35
40
4.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
50
1.50
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75

3.00
30
35
2.50
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
55
2.00
60
65
70
75
1.50
80
85
90
95
0
1.00
100
105
110
115
0.50
120
0.00
0
10
15
20
25

5.00
30
4.50
35
40
4.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
0
1.50
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500

Curves Using RS
Can be used for all dielectric liquids
Measure RS and record it along with temperature
of oil at measurement
ny
a
p
Correct to top oil temperature
at other
e ifomeasured
measu
m
C
ng
temperature
i
r
e
e
ngin vs RS - temperature curves
Use moisture
ureein
inEpaper
pape
bl
o
D
Best means
eans for estimating moisture in paper

Curves
Calculation of relative saturation at various
temperatures with constant concentration
ny
a
p
RS2 = RS1*SolT1/SolT2 where RS2
RS2
th RS at the
oismthe
C
g
rinme
measured temp, SolT1 is the
desired temp., RS1 is atethe
e
n
i
g
En
solubilityy at the
measured
temp and SolT2 is at the
meas
e
l
b
Do
desired temp.
tem
Solubility in mineral oil
Log S o
1567
7.0895
K
Equilibrium Curves Using RS

Dielectric Liquid - Paper Moisture Equilibrium Curve
10.00
30
9.00
40
35
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
2.00
110
1.00
120
115
0.00
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Water in Oil Content (RS%)

7.00
6.50
30
35
6.00
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
Water
ter Content in Paper, %
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
2
1.50
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
1.00
0.50
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
0.00
Water in Oil Content (RS)

5.00
30
4.50
35
40
4.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
1.50
0
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50

5.00
4.50
30
35
4.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
50
1.50
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
1.00
120
0.50
0.00
0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

3.00
30
35
2.50
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
55
2.00
60
65
70
75
1.50
80
85
90
95
1.00
00
100
105
110
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
10
15
20

3.00
30
35
2.50
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
55
2.00
60
65
70
75
1.50
80
85
90
95
1.00
0
100
105
110
115
0.50
120
0.00
0
10
Model to Estimate Water in Paper

Measurements in learning period:
Top/bottom oil temp. - if available
Relative saturation
ny specific
tions
usin
Estimate starting equilibrium conditions
using
a
p
criteria and selected pointss
Com
ng
i
r
e
Use change in temperature
temperatu
to redistribute moisture
ine
g
n
n oilband
an
dEpaper
pa
between
e
l
o
D
Validate model and change in total water content in

transformer using measured water in oil content
Begin use of transient model
Continuous Movement in a Transformer

Water Between Liquid Dielectric and Paper
14
70
Relative Saturation
Water Content, ppm
12
60
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
10
50
40
30
Hours
133
137
129
125
121
117
113
109
105
97
101
93
89
85
81
77
73
65
69
57
61
53
45
49
37
41
33
29
25
21
17
10
13
20
Temperature, Degrees C
Relative Saturation, % and Water Content, ppm
Bottom Oil
Changes in Water Content and %RS

12
RS%
PPM
DMPIface VALUE
DMP3 VALUE
DMP6 VALUE
MPSS VALUE
10
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
Looks at moisture distribution over time. Takes into account

diffusion rates, temperature changes and physical characteristics
of the solid insulation
0
1
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
56
61
66
71
76
81
86
91
96 101 106 111 116 121 126 131 136
Moisture Distribution in Transformers

Boundary Layers
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
Oil gine
Paper
n
E
e
l
b
Do
Interface
Steady State and Transient Models

2
DMPIface VALUE
DMP1 VALUE
DMP3 VALUE
DMP6 VALUE
MPSS VALUE
1.9
1.8
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
1
11
16 21 26 31 36 41
46 51 56 61 66
71 76 81 86 91
96 101 106 111 116 121 126 131 136
Diffusion Time Water in Paper
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
Moisture Distribution
L ocation
T em perature
B ottom oil
N on-C onductor
B ottom oil
W rapped
conductor
T op oil
le
b
uctor
N on-conductor
o
D
T op oil
W rapped
conductor
H ottest spot
60
W ater in O il
10 ppm
W ater in O il
30 ppm
1.4
2.4
ny
a
p
75
0.9
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
75
0.9
E
1.6
1.6
90
0.5
1.0
98
0.4
0.7
Excessive Water in Oil

Cool down period of thermal transient
Water migrates from paperooil with increasing
temp (due to load & ambient temp)
ny
a
p
At higher temp, moisture migration
gration
om is quicker and
C
ngiis high
the solubility of water
ater e
inrioil
ine
g
n
E water remains mostly in the oil
During
down,
g coolled
own
b
and for
long timesolubility also decreases
orDao lo
Excessive waterHigh RSlow dielectric
breakdown voltage
Condensation Possible
Excessive Water in Oil - Cool Down

Period of Thermal Transient
These types of Transformers are most
susceptible
ny
a
p
Wetter transformers (> 1.5% in paper)
om
C
ring
atureecycle
Those that temperature
e
ngin cycle quicker and to greater
E
Those that temperature
tem
mperat
le
b
o
extremes
mes
D
Operate at lower temperatures
How to Make It Rain in a Transformer
E
e
l
b
Do
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
Review of the Three Rules

1. Equilibration between
oil and paper based on
temperature.
CELLULOSE
2. Water moves from

paper to oil as the
temperature increases.
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
mperatur
3. As the temperature
Do
h water
increases, the
ny
a
p
Com
solubility in the oil also

increases.
OIL
OI
OIL
Relative Saturation at 3% (3/83 ppm)
H
O
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
30C
1.5% Water
2.5 ppm Water
Relative Saturation at 10% (70/678 ppm)
E
e
l
b
Do
ny
a
p
m
O g Co
rin
e
e
95C
n
i
g
n
H
|1.5% Water
70 ppm Water
Super Saturated (Condensation/

Rain)
H
O
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
ny
a
p
Com
0C
|1.5% Water
70 ppm
Water
ny
a
p
Limits for Water in
ng Transfo
Transformers
om
C
rin
e
e
ngin
E
le
b
o
D
Doble Recommended Limits for

Moisture-In-Oil Results
Below 30qC Top Oil
ny
a
p
Between 30 and 50qC Top Oil
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine Oil
g
Greater than
n 50qC
0qC
Top
n
E
e
l
b
Do
Below 30C Top Oil

Use Concentration Limits
%RS <50%: dielectric strength
ves mpany
Do not use equilibrium curves
Co
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
Limits for Water Content Below 30C

Top Oil Temperature
New Oil in Tanker
Oil in XFMR, EHV/UHV
Oil in XFMR, 69-288 kV
Oil in XFMR, < 69 kV
ng
i
r
e
Breakers and free-ine
ng
E
breathing
ing LTCs
LT
Cs
e
l
Dob
LTCs sealed, dessicant

breather
30 ppm max.
d 20 ppm max.
py
max.
d 25
nppm
a
p
3 ppm max.
Com35
No free water
<50% Saturation in
dry climates
<50% Saturation
under cool
conditions
80
Between 30 and 50C Top Oil Temp.

Begin to look at %RS closer - note that it is
dependent on operating temperature trends
sleay
Equilibrium curves can still be misleading
an
p
m
o
C
g
5% RS
Excellent
Ex
rin
e
e
5 to 10% RSEngin
Good
e
obl RS
11 to
Okay possibly wet
oD20%
21 to 30% RS
>30% RS
Wet
Extremely Wet
80
Greater Than 50C

Concentration rules no longer useful
Look at %RS and equilibrium curves
ny
a
p
5% RS
Excellent
Excellent
om
C
g
nGood
i
r
G
5 to 10% RS
Okay
e
e
n
i
g
11 to 20% RSle En
Probably Wet
b
Do
>20% RS
Wet
80
When the RS is consistently greater than 5% use

equilibrium curves to estimate moisture in paper
Use of Curves to Estimate Water Content

in Paper Above 50C
80
<0.5% water in paper

0.5 to 1.5% water in paper
1.5 to 2.5% water in paper
ng
i
r
2.5 to 3.5% water in
n paper
e
ine
g
n
>3.5% water
terlein
inEpap
paper
Dob
Excellent
Good y
an
p
*Okay
m
Co
*Wet
Very Wet
*Tolerance depends on application and expected

operating environment
Excessive Water in Oil

Cool down period of thermal transient
Water migrates from paperooil with increasing temp (due
to load & ambient temp)
nyaand the
s quicker
At higher temp, moisture migration is
a
p
gh Com
solubility of water in oil is high
ng
i
r
e
During cool down,
mostly in the oil and for
wn, water
rem
ineremains
g
n
eso
olubility
a long timesolubility
E also decreases
e
l
b
DowaterHigh RSlow dielectric breakdown
siv
Excessive
voltage
Condensation Possible
Limits Based on Cold

Temperature Operation
50% RS,
Coldest
Operating Conc. in
Temp, C ppm
Hottest
Top Oil
Temp, C
Equil.
Water in
Oil at
2.0%
water
er in
paper
Equil.
Water in
Oil at
1.0%
water in
paper
ny
a
p
m
28
20
100
0 ng C
43o
123
i
r
ee
n
i
g
11
.5
11.5
0
18
52
En 80
e
l
b
Do
Equil.
Water in
Oil at
3.0%
water in
paper
225
95
-20
4.0
60
20
37
-40
1.2
40
2.5
6.9
13

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Water in Liquid-Filled

Water in Dielectric Liquids

Where Water Located

Very little is in the gas

Entry Points for Water in Transformers

Byproduct of Cellulosic Degradation

Water Ingress Points

Gauges and Plugs

Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009

Leak through Bushing

Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009

Water that is suspended as clusters of water

Water held on non-cellulosic surfaces due to surface chemistry

Water Adhesion to Metal Surfaces

Trapped Water - Core Steel

WET (white bumps are

Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009

Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009

Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009

Determination of Water Concentration

Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009

As oils age and accumulate large amounts of acids

Solubility of Water in Oil and

Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009

Water Solubility in Oil and Silicone

W ater C ontent, ppm

Tem perature (1/K x 1000)

Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009

Water Solubility Calculation Equations

So = solubility of water in new oil at

Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009

Effects of Solubility Characteristics

Effects of Aromatic Content on Water

Water Content, ppm

E. S. Mladenov, St. G. Staykov, and G. St. Cholakov

Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009

Effects of Acidity on Water Solubility

Water Content, ppm

E. S. Mladenov, St. G. Staykov, and G. St. Cholakov

Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009

Relative Saturation, % (%RS)

Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009

Relative Saturation, % (%RS)

How much water can be dissolved

Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009

Low %RS and High %RS Oil

Visual Appearance is Clear

Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009

When the units is above 50-60C top

Bottom drain value most common except for fluids with

Report top oil temperature at time of sampling

Practices - Sampling Insulating Liquids

IEC 60567: Guide for the Sampling of Gases and of

Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009

Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009

Preferred Container - Glass Syringes

Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009

Acceptable Bottles - Glass and Metal

Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009

Key Sample Preparation

Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009

Major Cause of Contamination Water in the Valve

Keep the water

Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009