ORIGIN OF LIFE

11/09/15

Theory

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Religion - biblical theory - creationism

-series of steps

Evolution theory - Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

1. Problems/Question

Big bang theory - explosion

2. Observe / research

Aristotle (384-322 BC) - spontaneous generation

(also called abiogenesis)

3. Formulate a hypothesis

Biogenesis - life from life

Abiogenesis - life from non-life
Francesco Redi (1668) - flies & wide mouth jars
containing meat
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1674) - microscope
study
John Needham (1745) -

4. Design an experiment
5. Collect and analyze the result
6. State a conclusion
7. Communicate the result
Variable - factors in experiment
KINDS
3.

control variable- constant variable

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765)

- not being tested

Louis Pasteur- attributed biogenesis

- used for comparison

Heterotroph - do not make their own food

(consumer) ex. fungi
Autotrophy - make their own food (producer)
2 TYPES
1.
2.

photoautotroph - make their food in

photosynthesis(sunlight)
chemoautotroph - utilizing chemical

4.

independent variable - changed

5.

dependent variable - measure / observe

2 GROUPS

control group - reference group

experimental group - test group
Data - are the result

Modern theory -

- Quantitative - numbers

Organic chemistry - by Miller-Urey

-Qualitative - words

- Reactions of chemicals because of

sunlight then life
Panspermia - life originated elsewhere outside
planet earth
Endosymbiosis theory - phagocytosis

Retest- verify t result

11/11/15

11/ 13/15

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

MANIFESTATION OF LIFE

(Cellular level) AMMOC - Atom, Molecule,

Macromolecules, Organelle, Cell

complexity and hierarchy organization

- molecule are organized in patterns

(Organismal level) TOSO - Tissue, Organ, System,

Organism

BASIC LIFE PROCESS

metabolism - chemical reaction

(Populational level) PCEBB - Population,

Community, Ecosystem, Biome, Biosphere,
Atom - smallest particle
- basic unit of non-living
Molecule - 2 or more atoms

o
o

catabolism - break down of complex

anabolism - buildup of complex

responsiveness - body's ability to detect and

respond to changes

Macromolecule - large molecule

-decrease in body temperature

Organelle - comprise of different molecule

-responding to sound
- Nerve (electrical signals) and
nucleus (contracting)

- tiny organs made up of macromolecule

Cell- basic unit of living

movement - motion of the body

Tissue- made up of cell group together

o

-organs, cells, and tiny subcellular

structures

same cell working together (muscle cell,

epithelial, connective, nervous)

-leg muscle move the body from one place

to another

Organs - several tissues

- made up of different tissue that work
together to do a job

growth - increase in body size

-due to an increase in existing cell number
of cell or both

System - different organs that work together

Organism - the sum of the tissue

-in bone growth materials between cell

increase

Population - same type of organism in one place

-Hypertrophy - size

Community - several populations

-Hyperplasia - number

Ecosystem - community + environment

Biome - similar ecosystem on earth together
Biosphere - all the ecosystem

differentiation - development of a cell from an

unspecialized to specialized state
o

cells have specialize structure and

function that differ from precursor cells

STEM CELL - gives rise to the cell that

undergo differentiation

-entire planet

 reproduction

-seen at periodic table

-cannot be broken down

-formation of new cell (growth, repair,

replacement)
-production of a new individual
Development - specialized to unspecialized
-include characteristic stages
Metamorphosis -

-arrangement based in electrons

6

- Atom # - # of protons

Carbon
12.01

- mass # - the sum of proton and neutron

Isotopes - same element but differ in neutron

Environmental interaction - interact with

environment

Radioactive - unstable
Radioactive isotopes - can be dangerous

Ecology - study

- can be used practically

Adaptation - responsiveness in animals

*radioactive dating

Chemical uniqueness - unique and a complex

molecular organization

*treat cancer

Genetic program - provides fidelity of inheritance

*kill bacteria

DNA - genetic information is coded

Compound - 2 or more elements

Nucleotides

Chemical bond - the bonds that hold substance

together by sharing or donating electron between
atoms

11/16/15
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
The big idea

Covalent bonds - form when electrons are shared

between atoms

life depends on chemistry

Molecule - atom joined together by covalent bond

- Smallest unit of the compound

chemical reaction keep no alive

Matter - anything that has mass and takes up
space (solid, liquid, gas)
Atom - basic unit of matter
-are the building blocks of matter
*proton - positively charged (+)

Ions - positively and negatively charged atom

-form when atom gain or lose electrons
Electron

ions

ION

CATION

*neutron - not charged (neutral)

*electron - charged (-)
-bind together to form NEUCLUS
Element - a pure substance that consist of 1 type
atom that have same number of protons

Ionic bonds - transfer of electron

-

form through the electrical force

between oppositely charged

Ionic compounds - form from ionic bond

Water is a polar molecule - they have an equal

distribution of changed
Hydrogen bond -

Macromolecule - giant molecule

Monomers - smaller units
Polymers - larger units

Water - solvent of life

-form by polymerization

Solution - mixture

Types of macromolecule - carbohydrates

Solvent - greater quantity

-lipids

Solute - dissolve in solvent

- Nucleic acids
11/25/15

Acids - substance that release hydrogen (h+) ions

- Increase the hydrogen but the PH
decreases in number

-protein
Carbohydrates - C6 H12 O6
Monosaccharide - glucose

- sour taste

Disaccharide - sugar joined together

-litmus paper (blue into red)

Polysaccharide - many sugars covalently

connected

-react with active metals (Fe, Zn)

Bases-substance that release hydroxide (OH-) ions

- Decrease of the hydrogen but the PH
increase

CHARACTERISTIC OF CARBOHYDRATES

-sugars, starches and other

-water soluble
-from photosynthesis
Function - energy metabolism

- biter taste

-structural components

-litmus paper (red-blue)

-cell to cell contract and recognition

-feel soapy or slippery

-elimination of waste (fiber)

-reacts with acids

General properties - both conducts electricity
Buffer - mixture that can react with acids or bases
that keep the PH in a particular range
-acid or base that react with acids and base
-to prevent sharp/change in the PH
PH scale - concentration of hydrogen ion
PH - amount of H+ or OH ions in a solution
determines the strengths of acid and bases.
Organic chemistry - compound containing carbon

Monossacaride glucose
-

fructose
deoxyribose
Ribose

Disaccharides - glucose + galactose

Maltose-glucose + glucose
Sucrose -glucose + fructose
Lactose - glucose + galactose

11/27/15
Lipids - made mostly from carbon and hydrogen
- Non polar molecule like fats and oils

YOUR CHOLESTEROL LEVEL

cholesterol : <200 mg/dl

Monomers -fatty acid

triglycerides :bloods fats 30-175

Saturated fatty acid - no double bond

HDL : good cholesterol <35 mg/dl

Unsaturated fatty acid - double bond

LDL : bad cholesterol <100 mg/ dl

CHARACTERISTIC OF LIPIDS

LOWERING YOUR CHOLESTEROL

oils, fats, waxes ,phospholipids, steroids

eat healthy

principle elements : C, H, O

exercise

some with Phosphorus and Nitrogen

Lose wt.

water in soluble

quit smoking

FUNCTION OF LIPIDS
energy storages
protection and cushioning of body organs
structural components of membrane
chemical messenger (hormones)
Major type of lipids

1 glass of wine or beer

medications(Lipitor)
Protein - macromolecule that contain nitrogen as
well as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Protein - polymer
Amino acid - monomer
- There are 20

triglycerides(neutral fats)

-for DNA

phospholipids

FUNCTIONAL GROUP OF AMINO ACID

sterols

carboxylic acid(-COOH)

waxes
Saturated fats - saturated with H+
- Solid at room temperature
-most animals fats

amine (-NH )
R groups (variable -20 different kinds)
FUNCTION OF AMINO ACIDS
enzymes

Unsaturated fats - most vegetable fats

-liquid a room temperature
-has one / more double bonds
between carbon

structural proteins
chemical messengers
hormones
antibodies

Hemoglobin - blood protein

Nucleic acid - nitrogen, phosphorus, hydrogen,
oxygen, carbon
Nucleotides - monomers

Cell theory
all organism are composed of cell
cell are the smallest living thing

- Carbon sugar
cell arise only from pre-existing cell

-phosphate group

Microscope - required to visualize cell

-nitrogen base

Microscopy

Nucleic acid - polymers

-ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Light microscope - can resolve structures that are

200 nm apart

-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Electron microscope

Function of nucleic acid

All cells have certain structure in common

genetic instruction set(dna)

genetic material - in nucleoid or nucleus

protein synthesis(dna & rna)

cytoplasm- a semi-fluid matrix

energy metabolism(ATP)

plasma membrane - a phospholipid bilayer

carbohydrate -> fats -> protein -> nucleic acid

2 NITROGEN BASE

First type of cell on earth

Prokaryotic cell - lack a membrane bound nucleus

Purine - main nitrogen base

-genetic material is present in the nucleoid

Guanine, adenine

2 TYPES OF PROKARYOTES

Pyrimidine - cytosine, thymine uracil

archaea

Guanine - cytosine

bacteria

Adanin - thymine

adanine(RNA) - uraul
12/02/15
Discovery of Cell
- Robert Hooke(mid 1600s)
-saw "row of empty boxes"
-Schwann(animals) & Schleiden(plants)
"All living things are made of cells (1839)
Virchow - "all cells come from all living cell"

Also have cytoplasm, plasma

membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, and no
membrane bond

Prokaryotic cell wall - protect the cell

Bacterial cell walls - may be composed of
peptidoglycan
*gram positive or negative
Achaean - lack peptidoglycan
Flagella - present in some prokaryotic cell
-used for locomotion
-rotary motion propels the cell

-glucose and fatty acids

Eukaryotic cell - (animal & plant cell)
-positive nucleus
-organelles
-endomembrane system

Golgi bodies or apparatus - packaging and secretes

waste
Endoplasmic reticulum(ER)-transport materials and
sends message to all parts of the cell
Rough ER - ribosomes attached to surface

-cytoskeleton (support the cell)

-manufacture proteins

Cytosolution - microtubule
-microfilaments

-not all ribosomes attached to ER

Smooth ER - no attached ribosomes

Animals (cant be seen in plants)

-has enzymes that help build

molecule (carbohydrates ad lipids)

-centriole, flagella, lysosome

-manufacture or capable of
metabolizing

Plants (cant be seen in animals)

- Large central vacuole, chloroplast, cell wall
CELL PARTS AND FUNCTION
Cell membrane - covering of cell
-protection
- let thing in and out
-double layer of lipid molecule
Phospholipids - hydrophilic head
Polar -hydrophobic tail
Nucleus - covered by double membrane layer
-control center of the cell
-contains chromosomes & nucleus
Nuclear membrane - covers nucleus
Nucleolus (nucleoli) -makes ribosomes

RibosomeVacuole - stores food and water

Lysosome - contains digestive enzymes
-destroy bacteria
Centrioles - helps the cell to divide
Cytoplasm - gel-like substance,
- hold all organelles in the cell
Chromatin or chromosomes - genetic
information/traits
Cilia - short hair-like projection
-used for movement (up, down)
Flagella- long whip like tail
-rotation
12/04/15

-makes RNA
-inside nucleus
Mitochondria- power house of the cell

MOVEMENT ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE

A few molecules move freely

Release energy (ATP)

- Water, carbon dioxide, ammonia. Oxygen

Break down fuel molecules

Membrane proteins

1. Channels or transporters - move molecules in 1

direction
2. Receptors - recognize certain chemical

Phagocytosis - cell eating

Pinocytosis - cell drinking
Exocytosis - reverse of endocytosis

3. Glycoproteins - identify cell type

-cell discharged materials

4. Enzymes - catalyze production of substance

MOLECULE MOVEMENT & CELL
Passive transport - no energy required
- Move due to gradient
-move to equalized gradient
Diffusion Osmosis -special form of diffusion
-selectively permeable membrane
Isotonic- cell size does not change
-equal inside and outside of cell

12/07/15
CELL GROWTH & REPRODUCTION
Chromosome structure
chromatin - DNA complex wiyh proteins
chromatids
chromosomes
centromere - each pair of chromatids is
joined by this
cell division
other cell divide rarely/never

Hypotonic-solutes n cell more than outside

-brain cell

-cell swell and burst

-spinl cord cell

Hypertonic - solutes greater outside cell

- Cell shrink
Facilitated diffusion - differentially permeable
membrane
-no energy is used

-cardiac cell
mitosis-somatic/body cell
3 MAIN REASON(IMPORTANCE)
growth
repair/healing

Filtration - movement of substance due to gravity

asexualreproduction

Glomerulus
Active transport- molecular movement

Meiosis - sex cell/gamete/germ cell/egg/sperm

-requires energy (against gradient)

Somatic cell - a body cell; a cell whose genes are

not passed through

-example is sodium potassium pump

Germ cell - genes are passed through

Endocytosis - movement of large material

Diploid-(2N) 46

haploid- (N) 23

-particles

-sex cell

-organism

-normal

-large molecule

Characteristic of mitosis

 the dna remains identically the same

*fertilization restores the diploid state (N+N=2N)

*zygote - a fertilized egg (2N)

Cell cycle-the process of growth development and

reproduction
Interphase-most cycle is called by this
3 stages (G1, S, G2)

MEIOSIS BOTTOM LINE

process to make haploid gametes
chromosome # is cut in half (2N-N)
occurs in ovaries and testes

G1 - growth;
S- (DNA replication) synthesis phase

2 cell division
increase genetic variation

G2 preparation for mitosis

*prior to meiosis.........interphase

*mitotic

Interphase - DNA replication

Prophase - chromosomes condense

meiosis 1

-start of cell division

-nuclear envelopes disappear
Metaphase - chromosomes a line in the middle
Anaphase - the centromeres divide
-pulled to the opposite poles

Prophase I - DNA coils into chromosomes, the

nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear, the
mitotic spindle forms, and synapsis (crossing-over)
occurs.
Metaphase I - Tetrads line up randomly along the
midline, spindle fibers attach to the centromere of
each homologous chromosome.

Telophase - nucleus actually divides

-chromosomes are at the poles of

Anaphase I - Homologous chromosomes move to

the opposite poles of the cell

the cell
-nuclear envelope reform around the
2 sets of chromosomes

Telophase I - The chromosomes reach the opposite

end of cell and cytokinesis begins
meiosis II

Cytokinesis - division of cytoplasm

Cleavage furrow - animal cell
Cell plate - plant cell
12/09/15
Meiosis -produce reproductive cell

Prophase II - Spindle fibers form and begin to move

the chromosomes toward the midline of the dividing
cell.
Metaphase II -Chromosomes move to the midline
of the dividing cell, facing opposite poles of the
dividing cell

-23 chromosomes
Meiosis I & II
Homologous chromosomes - eukaryotic cells have
pair
Gametes-sex cells

Anaphase II - The chromatids seperate and move

toward opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase II - A nuclear membrane forms around
the chromosomes in each of the 4 new cells.

X - Female

Photosynthesis - the food making process in green

plants that uses sunlight

-only 1 egg is made

Calvin Cycle

Y male
-4 sperm are made

12/11/15