Calorific Value of Coal

Calorific Value of Coal
Saurabh Priyadarshi
M.Sc. (Geology), MMEAI, MGMI, QCI
Chief Geologist
IPL.
spgetsmail@gmail.com
________________________________________________________________________________
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KP/COAL/004/16 August2012
(ForInternalUseOnly)
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Abstract
Coal is generally analysed to determine its physical, chemical, thermal, mechanical properties like size consist,
proximate values, ultimate values, calorific value and HGI.
Calorific Value (CV) is an important thermal property of coal which indicates the amount of heat energy that
could be liberated on combustion of a specific quantity. The other important thermal properties of coal are
plastic, agglutinating and agglomerating indices. These analyses enable determination of suitable end use
industry like metallurgical, thermal or cement.
This knowledge piece is a scientific compendium ranging from energy or calorie entrapment in coal to its
variation with rank, definition and determination of CV, units of expression and interunit conversion of CV,
understanding effect of analyses bases of CV , role of CV in evolution of coal grading system ,impact of
moisture on CV and impact of CV on coal quantity required for power generation and cost.
Key Words: Coal, Calorific Value, Rank, kcal/kg, UHV, GCV, AR, AD GCV, UHV, Calorimeters.
_________________________________________________________________________________
1. Energy Entrapment.
Coal originates from plant debris buried some
280-350 millions years ago in swamps. The
contemporaneous solar energy irradiated the
plants causing photosynthesis which promoted
cellular entrapment of energy in form of carbon,
hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen.
content, hardness
descending order.
and
Calorific
Each coal
composition.
has
specific
type
value
in
chemical
Low rank coal is low in carbon and high in

oxygen while high rank coal is high in carbon and
low in oxygen.
Prolonged burial of plant debris under dynamic

heat and pressure metamorphosed them into
different ranks of coal which release heat energy
on combustion.
High carbon coal has high heat energy or

calorific value.
This heat energy is called calorific value.
3. Definition of Calorific Value (CV)
2 Types of Coal and Rank
Calorific Value/ CV / heat of combustion (Hc0) is

defined as the amount of heat energy released
The plant debris under varying regimes of heat

and pressure is metamorphosed and transforms
into following four types.
a.
b.
c.
d.
on burning a unit mass of coal in a bomb

calorimeter with oxygen under specific
conditions.
The terms Fuel Content, Heating Value, Heat of

Combustion can be used interchangeably with
Calorific Value.
Lignite,
Sub-bituminous,
Bituminous and
Anthracite.
4. Determination of CV
Each of the above coal type has a specific
degree of coalification / rank, maturity, carbon
CV of coal is determined by two methods.

1. Direct Method.
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2. Indirect Method.
The major difference between GCV/HHV and

UHV/LHV/NCV is the water vapour or latent heat
produced in the former.
4.1. Direct Method 1

A Bomb Calorimeter is used under static
(isothermal) or adiabatic conditions in a lab or a
plant to determine CV.
4.1.3. Why
GCV/HHV?
4.2. Indirect Method 2

In this method the proximate and ultimate
analysis of coal is carried out to determine the
radicals listed in (a) and (b) and inputs of (b) are
used in formula (i) to calculate approximate CV.
b. Ignite coal sample through a cotton

thread connected to an ignition wire
inside the steel container.
c. During combustion, ensure that core
temperature in the Bomb Calorimeter
goes upto 1000oC and pressure upto
approximately 200 bars for few
milliseconds.
a. Proximate analysis: moisture %, ash%,
volatile matter % and fixed carbon % by

difference.
Use : Fixed carbon gives a rough estimate
of coal.
d. Measure the heat and express the heat

units as described in Table 1.
Plant
To measure heat units

produced on burning unit
mass of the coal at constant
volume in oxygen excluding
water vapor.
4.1.2. Difference
UHV/LHV/NCV
between
of CV
b. Ultimate analysis: Carbon %, Hydrogen

%, Nitrogen %, Oxygen % & Sulphur %.
Table 1: Expression of Heat
Laboratory.
than
b. GCV/HHV assumes that the all water

vapors or latent produced during
combustion are condensed and can be
recovered.
a. Take about 1g of coal sample in a

crucible and place inside a Bomb
Calorimeter filled with 30 bar of oxygen
(Quality: technical oxygen 99.98%).
To measure heat units

produced on burning unit
mass of the coal at constant
volume in oxygen including
the heat of condensation of
steam/ water vapour.
less
a. UHV/LHV/NCV assumes that all water

vapors or latent heat produced during
combustion leave uncondensed and can
not be recovered.
4.1.1. Procedure.
Objective of Test
UHV/LHV/NCV
Because
NB: The term Bomb is misleading but is generally used for

such equipment. Technically, the term decomposition
vessel is more appropriate. CV can also be determined by
other apparatus like Solution Calorimeter, Differential
Scanning Calorimeter, Titration Calorimeter, Gas
Calorimeter
and
Reaction
Calorimeter.
Test
Facility
is
Dulong Equation: CV = (144.4 %[C]) + (610.2 % [H])(65.9 % [O]) + (0.39 % [O]2)
Expression of Heat
(CV/Heat Units )
(i)
4.3. Does CV vary with Analyses Methods?

The CV determined directly is greater and closer
to the real figure as compared to indirect method
since direct method accounts for all vapors or
heat of condensation.
GCV/HHV
5. Expression of CV.
NCV/LHV/UHV
GCV/HHV
The CV of a substance is generally expressed by

the units- calories/ per gram.
In Asia, Australia and New Zealand, SI system of
kcal/kg is used.
and
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In Europe and the Americas following units are in
vogue. (Table 2).
The bases are suffixed to the analyses either

as a superscript or within braces.
Table 2: Expression of CV.

SN
System
Eg:
Unit
Acronym
f-p-s
Btu/lb
British thermal unit per pound.
2.
MKS
MJ/kg
Mega Joule per kilogram.
3.
MKS
kcal/kg
kilocalorie per kilogram
4.
MKS
kJ/kg
kilo Joule per kilogram
kcal/kg
MJ/kg
0.004187
kcal/kg
MJ/kg
1.8
kJ/kg
4.187
kcal/kg
238.8
Btu/lb
429.9
kcal/kg
Braces
GCV (adb)/UHV (arb)
d. MAF (Moisture and Ash Free) or DAF

(Dry and Ash Free): The coal samples
exclude Total Moisture and ash forming
minerals.
MJ/kg
Btu/lb
MAF
c. DB (Dry Basis): The coal sample is

exclusive of Total Moisture (surface and
inherent) but contains ash forming
minerals.
By Factor
Btu/lb
DB
b. AD (Air Dry) or MF (Moisture Free): The

coal sample contains only Inherent
Moisture and ash forming minerals.
Table 3: Interunit Conversion Factors.

Multiply
MF
a. AR (As received): The coal sample is

analyzed as received. It contains Total
Moisture (surface and inherent) and ash
forming minerals.
The CV of coal expressed in different units is

interconvertibel (Table 3).
To
AD
GCV /GCV /GCV /GCV /GCV /

DAF
AR
MF
AD
GCV
or UHV
/UHV
/UHV
DB
MAF
DAF.
/UHV /UHV / UHV
6.1. Meaning of Bases.
5.1. Interunit Conversion 3
From
AR
Superscripts:
0.5556
Btu/lb
MJ/kg
7. Evolution of Coal Grading in India
0.002326
kJ/kg
Kcal/kg
kJ/kg
.23884
GCV
(Kcal/kg)
NCV
(Kcal/kg)
Equation:
GCV=NCV+53H
(ii)
Where H = % of hydrogen
present in the coal sample
including hydrogen of
moisture and of water of
constitution.
Indian coals have been graded on basis of ash

and moisture content using several methods
since 1924. As the methods were dated, Indian
government advised CFRI in 1962 to study the
prevalent grading system and recommend a
suitable method commensurate with times.
7.1. CFRI Study
CFRI undertook an extensive study of Indian
coal Industry and practices and came out with
their recommendations. Some of the aspects of
the study are as follows.
6. Bases of Coal Analyses.

Coal analyses is reported under different
conditions or bases like AR, AD, MF, DB,
MAF and DAF.
7.1.1. Distribution: Indian coals are distributed

mostly along the Central and Eastern basins (Fig
14).
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Fig 14: Distribution of Indian Coal
Table 5: Pre 1962 Mining Scenario.

Scenario
Mining Method
Quality
Average quality
4
5
Key Consumers
Key Parameter
monitored by
Consumers
Derivation 1
Derivation 2
Study Observations
Approximately 85% of coal came
from underground and rest from
open cast mines.
Qualities of Underground coals were
superior.
Ash%=:20-25; Moisture%=2-5; GCV
(kcal/kg) = 5000-5550.
Railways(steam locomotives)
Loss of heat by steam engines
through ash in coal.
The constant 8900 came from the
highest dmmf CV of coking coals of
Jharia coalfield.
The factor 138 comes from low
moisture and ash level.
7.2. CFRI Recommendation
7.1.2. Characteristics: Indian coals are of drift

origin which causes widespread variation in
quality. Indian coals range from sub-bituminous
to bituminous and lignite rank.
Some other characteristics are mentioned
Table 4.
SN
1
Based on the study of Indian Coal Industry and

associated aspects, CFRI recommended UHV
system for coal grading for Indian coal (specific
formula for high and low moisture coals)
in
High moisture coals

UHV = 8900 138(A+M)
Table 4: Coal Characteristics.
(iii)
Where A: Ash % and M: Moisture %
SN
Characteristics
Drift origin.
Drift origin ensures inclusion of mineral matter during

coalification.
Due to mineral matter, ash content is high.
Ash content ranges from 35% to 50%.
The inherent ash content is intricately embedded in coal

and cant be removed normally.
Removal of inherent ash content in coal requires coal

beneficiation.
The washability curves of coal show that reduction of ash

below a certain level results in generation of proportionate
rejects, reduction of yield due to NGM and is costly.
Low moisture low volatile coal

UHV = 8900 138(A+M) 150(19.0- VM)
(iv)
Where A: Ash % and M: Moisture %, VM: Volatile Matter %
Where ash and moisture % are determined as

per IS: 1350-1959 standards after equilibrating
coal sample at 60% relative humidity and 40C
temperature.
NB: 1.In case of coal with moisture less than 2% and volatile content less
than 19%, the UHV shall be the value arrived as above, reduced by
150 kcal/kg for each 1% reduction in volatile content below 19%
fraction pro-rata.
8. Correlation between UHV and GCV 5 ?

Indian government advised MoC in 2001-2003 to
determine whether any correlation exists
between GCV and UHV of Indian Coal in order to
firm up a valid scientific reason to migrate from
prevalent CFRI recommended UHV system to
the international practice of GCV system of coal
grading.
NGM: Near Gravity Material
7.1.3. Mining Scenario

The pre 1962 mining industry scenarios are
listed in Table 5.
CFRI undertook study of six major coal fields of

India, i.e. MCL, SECL, WCL, CCL, NCL and
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SCCL.In the process 103 ROM samples were
drawn for analyses and study.
To nullify the effect CFRI developed a co relation

between GCV and UHV
GCV=2111+0.6812x UHV
The analyses of coalfield wise samples are

presented in (Table 67/2)
Table 67/2:
Analyses.
Coalfields
Coalfield
Weighted
NB: India continued with the UHV system even after the GOI instituted two
major studies well up to December 2011.
Average
9. UHV System Coal Grading System in India.
Moist%
Ash%
Ash+Moist%
GCV
60%RH
60%RH
60%RH
kcal/kg
UHV
Government of India classified Indian Non

Coking (NC) coals into 7 grades on basis of UHV
for marketing in India through notifications.
(Table 7)
kcal/kg
Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg
Min Max Avg
WCL
1.5
9.1 5.3 18.9 60.8 39.9 27.4 65.7 46.6 2104 5379 3742 167 5119 2476
SECL
2.2
9.1 5.7 15.0 43.2 29.1 21.0 50.0 35.5 3555 6345 4950 2000 6002 4001
NCL
5.2
10 7.6 17.4 42.4 29.9 24.6 48.0 36.3 3541 5545 4543 2276 5505 3891
MCL
2.5
8.3 5.4 30.0 52.8 41.4 34.8 57.8 46.3 2585 4460 3523
CCL
0.8
8.4 4.6 23.5 46.5 35.0 27.1 52.0 39.6 3280 5635 4458 1724 5160 3442
SCCL
4.5
8.9 6.7 17.1 46.5 31.8 24.9 41.6 33.3 3311 5681 4496 1779 5464 3622
This was in vogue till December 2011
924 3380 2152
Table 7: UHV System

Grade
Coalfield wise analyses were studied by CFRI

.From the study, CFRI inferred that intra coal
field scatters between GCV and UHV is far less
than that in inter coal field. (Fig 2 7/2)
A
B
Fig 2 7/2: Scatter Pattern of GCV and UHV

C
Scatter :GCV and UHV in Indian Coalfileds
6000
5000
4950
4543
3742
4001
2476
3622
SECL
NCL
874.5
WCL
1015.5
2152
1370.5
3442
652.5
1000
3523
3891
949
2000
4496
4458
3000
1265.5
kcal/kg
4000
MCL
CCL
SCCL
CoalMines
Intra Mine Diff between GCV and UHV(kcal/kg)
Exceeding 5600
but not
exceeding 6200
Exceeding 4940
but not
exceeding 5600
Exceeding 4200
but not
exceeding 4940
Exceeding 3360
but not
exceeding 4200
Exceeding 2400
but not
exceeding 3360
Exceeding 1300
but not
exceeding 2400
Corresponding
Ash%
+
Moisture %
at (60% RH &
O
40 C)
Not exceeding
19.5
19.6 to 23.8
23.9 to 28.6
28.7 to 34.0
34.1 to 40.0
40.1 to 47.0
47.1 to 55.0
Gross
Calorific
Value GCV (Kcal/
Kg)
(at 5% moisture
level)
Exceeding 6454
Exceeding 6049
but not exceeding
6454
Exceeding 5597
but not
exceeding. 6049
Exceeding 5089
but not Exceeding
5597
Exceeding 4324
but not exceeding
5089
Exceeding 3865
but not
exceeding. 4324
Exceeding 3113
but not exceeding
3865
NB: 1.Coal from Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, and Nagaland are
not graded. 2. Coking coal used for steel industry grade-I (ash<15%) and
grade-II (ash 15-18%).3. Further classification for semi-coking, weakly coking
coal is done on ash %age and UHV.
CFRI further evaluated their inference and

attributed the scatters to the prevalent (UHV)
grading system, wherein;
10. Conversion
Under UHV system UHV-GCV- NCV can be
converted from one to another using the
following equations:
UHV system assumes that Ash and

Moisture values are mostly similar
intracoalfiled but varies inter coalfields.
Useful
Heat
Value (UHV)
(Kcal/Kg)
UHV=
8900138(A+M)
Exceeding 6200
Inter Mine GCV(kcal/kg)
Inter Mine UHV(kcal/kg)
(v)
UHV= 8900 - 138(A+M)

GCV= (UHV + 3645 -75.4 M)/1.466
NCV = GCV - 10.02M
GCV system considers organic and

petrographic composition of coal is
almost similar intracoalfiled but varies
with intercoalfiled.
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(UHV, GCV and NCV are in kcal/kg, (A is % Ash; M is % Moisture).
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11. GCV System of Coal Grading in India.
Comparative standout differences between

UHV regime and Present Mining Practices
presented (Table 9.) .The appreciation of
comparatives will facilitate resolution of
dilemma.
From January 20126 Coal India Limited (CIL)

migrated from Useful Heat Value (UHV) system
of grading, marketing and pricing non-coking
(NC) coal in vogue since 1979 to Gross Calorific
Value (GCV) system from 1st January 2012.
Table 9: Differences.
SN
1
Under GCV system the NC coals have been

classified into 17 bands of 300 KCal/Kg each
ranging from 7000 kcal/kg to 2200 kcal/kg (Table
8 7/1).vis--vis 7 grades in the erstwhile UHV
system.
Table 8 7/1 GCV System.

SN
Grade
2.1
2.2
2.3
Kcal/kg
GCV( Min)
GCV(Max)
G1
7000
G2
6701
7000
G3
6401
6700
G4
6101
6400
G5
5801
6100
G6
5501
5800
G7
5201
5500
G8
4901
5200
G9
4601
4900
10
G10
4301
4600
11
G11
4001
4300
12
G12
3700
4000
13
G13
3400
3700
14
G14
3101
3400
15
G15
2801
3100
16
G16
2501
2800
17
G17
2201
2500
the
are
the
the
UHV Regime
The figure 8900 in the
formula {UHV= 8900 138(A+M)}
came
from
highest dmmf CV of coking
coals of Jharia coalfield
only.
Coal quality presumably
consistent.
Ash%:
20-25
Moisture%:
2-5
GCV(kcal/kg):
50005550
Figure 138 in the formula
{UHV= 8900 - 138(A+M)}
applicable to low range of
moisture and ash.
Coal primarily consumed
by
steam
engine
of
railways-one of the most
inefficient steam generation
equipment.
UHV determined indirectly
by deducting ash and
moisture.
UHV employed in India
only for coal grading.
Present Mining Practice

This
figure
8900
is
irrelevant today as coal is
excavated from several
coalfields, i.e. Mahanadi, Ib
valley, North Karanpura
etc..
Coal quality varies.
Ash%:
Moisture%:
GCV(kcal/kg):
>20-45
6-11
35005000
Weightage factor of 138 is
not applicable to present
day high range of moisture
and ash.
Coal consumed by modern
industries which use more
efficient stoker fired system.
GCV determined directly by

a bomb calorimeter.
GCV employed almost
globally for coal grading.
12.2 .Comparison: UHV vs. GCV
In UHV system the coal is classified into

7 grades ranging between 600 to 1100
kcal/kg while in GCV system coal has
been classified into 17 bands of 300
kcal/kg each; which is much narrower
than UHV system.
Due to narrow calorific bandwidth in GCV

system the variation in coal quality shall
be far less than coals received under
UHV system
Due
to
narrow
GCV
bandwidth
consumers can chose coals of desired
grade and not end up paying for a coal in
large grade band.
The graphic differences between GCV

and UHV grading system is presented in
Fig 3 7/1 .
12. Grading Dilemma: GCV or UHV?

Coal is a complex substance. An understanding
of coal, its exploitation and usage is necessary to
resolve the dilemma as the DNA of any mineral
grading system is encrypted in its origin, geology
petrography, quality, mining technology and end
use etc.
12.1. UHV Regime vs. Present Mining Practice 5
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Fig 3 7/1: Difference: GCV vs. UHV
Comparison: GCV vs.UHV Grade System
8000.00
The combustible material in coal remains

unchanged right from the point of release
(mines/stockyard/purchase point) to the point of
consumption (power plant/steel plant/cement
plant etc) except for Total Moisture (TM) %.
Rs/MT
Grade
7000.00
GCV(New ) Min
GCV(New ) Max
6000.00
UHV(Old) Max
UHV(Old) Min
kcal/kg
5000.00
GCV(Old) Min
GCV(Old) Max
4000.00
3000.00
TM in coal comprises Inherent Moisture (IM) and

Surface Moisture(SM). IM is locked up in the
molecular structure of coal and can be removed
only by heating to temperature over 1000C. SM
lies on surface of coal and can be removed by
evaporation/prolonged exposure to atmosphere.
2000.00
1000.00
0.00
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
G7
G8
G9 G10 G11 G12 G13 G14 G15 G16 G17

Bands
Presence of moisture in any form reduces the CV

of coal as shown in Table 10.
12.3. Dilemma Resolved: Its GCV

From discussions in SN 11.1 and 11.2 it is
concluded that UHV system is dated and out of
sync with present day mining practices. Figures
and tables highlight GCV as an unbiased and
contemporary system in terms of geology and
consumer.
Table 10: Effect of Moisture on CV of Coal.

Metrics
Total Moisture(TM) %
Inherent Moisture (%)
Surface Moisture (%)
Calorific Value
GCV(kcal/kg)
GCV system is relevant, scientific, ensures

conservation of mineral and provides value for
money to consumer as well as the supplier.
12.4 India: Globally Aligned Coal Grading.
India embraced GCV grading system in 2012 after 33 long years and aligned itself with global
coal grading system
Remarks
Point of
Release
(PoR)
12.0
2.0
10.0
4000
1. TM and
GCV are
determined
in lab.
2. TM and
GCV are
reported
on
AR
basis.
12.5. Should India Continue with GCV?
Point of Consumption
(PoC)
8.0
2.0
6.0
PoC
{(100-TM )/(100-TM
PoR
PoR
}*GCV
(ix)
={(100-8)/(10012)}*4000
=4181.81
1. TM and GCV are
determined in lab.
Coal is spread out and
air dried to remove
Surface Moisture.
2. GCV is determined
by
applying
Total
Moisture
Correction
and reported on AD
basis.
From the above example it is observed that CV

of coal at point of release with high moisture is
lower than at the point of consumption due to
reduction in moisture which causes increase in
combustibles per kilogram.
GCV considers the potential energy /intrinsic

energy for expression of energy content in coal
which is an important physical principle.
India should hold on to the GCV system and not
relent to cartels. India shall do well to voice its
scientific temper by seeking coal supplies for
industry specific use based on Ash, Moisture,
Sulphur, HGI and HGI values.
14. Effect of Calorific Value on Coal Quantity and

Unit Cost of electricity.
Such secondary parameters should remain

contemporaneous with mining practice and end
usage.
Coal provides energy to heat up boilers in a

power plant. The energy comes from CV of coal.
Hence CV of coal plays an important role in
design of boiler-turbine-generator and in firming
up quantity and quality requirements and in
13. Effect of Moisture on Calorific Value.
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estimation of
generation.
cost
per
unit
of
10765/20000=.538 kg /hr
electricity
(xii)
Hence for 1000 MW/hr, coal quantity will be
Eg: Sample calculation for a 1000MW coal fired

power plant (All figures in 11.1 to 11.7 are
assumed)
.538 x1000 x1000 = 538000 kg/hr = 538000/1000=530.8 T/hr. (xiii)
14.5. Coal Cost.
14.1. CV of Coal / Energy Content
Coal cost includes all expenses starting from

mining to delivery of coal to the power plant.
20000 kJ/kg* or 4760 kcal/kg GCV

(*Where 1kJ=.238 kcal).
Coal of CV 20,000 kJ or 4760 GCV (which is G9

as per GCV grading system introduced in India
from January 2012) is marketed at Rs 1844/MT
14.2. Power Plant Efficiency.

In a power plant, energy conversion takes place
in 2 stages
Hence the cost of coal required for 1000 MW

Power Plant/hr will be
Ist Stage: Boiler and Combustion Efficiency:
530.8 t x Rs 1844 /hr = Rs 978795.20
Efficiency of 88% on GCV basis. (This is the
(xiv)
normal value for a well optimized power plant.)
14.6 Unit cost of electricity generation.
2nd Stage: Steam Cycle Efficiency:
A 1000 MW Power Plant produces 10, 00,000

units of electricity. Hence the cost of coal per unit
will be
Modern Rankine cycle adopted in coal fired

power plants have efficiencies ranging between
32 % to 42%.This depends on steam parameters
like pressure and temperature. Higher steam
pressures and temperatures in the range of 230
bars and 6000C respectively have efficiencies
around 42%. For calculation lets consider
Rs 978795.2/10, 00,000 = Rs 0.9787. (xv)
15. Conclusion
This KP is a one stop shop for all those who wish to
know and those who need to specifics of mineral
exploration, mine planning, geology, quality control
and HSE. The present article is yet another
contribution to the KYC (KYC (KNOW YOUR COAL)
series.
Efficiency of 38%.
Hence overall Power Plant Efficiency

38% of 88%=33.44%
(x)
14.3. Heat Rate.
_______________________________________
Heat rate is the amount of heat required to

produce one unit of electricity. One KW is
equivalent to 3600 / kJ/ hr.If energy conversion is
100% efficient then 3600 kJ will be required to
produce one unit of electricity.
References.
1. IKA Working of Bomb Calorimeter.
2. Properties of Coal.
3. Coal Conversion facts.
4. Coal Initiative Report.
5. CFRI Diamond Jubilee Conference.
6.2nd Ver. Coal Price 2012.
7. Tables and Graphs.
8. Revised Coal Price.
Considering a Power Plant Efficiency of 33.44 %

the heat rate would be
3600/33.44%=10765 kJ / kW / hr (xi)
14.4. Coal Quantity

For producing 1 KW / hr with coal of CV 20,000
kJ/kg, coal quantity will be
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Acronyms
Term
Expression
CV
Calorific Value
HGI
Hard grove Index
1g
one gram
oC
Zero degree centigrade
percent
GCV
Gross Calorific Value
HHV
Higher Heating Value
NCV
Net Calorific Value
LHV
Lower Calorific Value
UHV
Ultimate Heating Value
(f-p-s
foot-pound-second
MKS
Meter, Kilogram, Second
Btu
British thermal unit
MJ
Mega Joule
Lb
pound
Kg
kilogram
kJ
kilo Joule
SI
System Internationale
Released by email on 21st September 2012-09-2012

To: All BD Team Members
CC: CEO, VP (ATPP), VP (NTPP),
NB: All readers are requested to email their feedbacks.
TH
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