The Series Circuit

A series circuit has more than one resistor (anything that uses electricity to do
work) and gets its name from only having one path for the charges to move along.
Charges must move in "series" first going to one resistor then the next. If one of the
items in the circuit is broken then no charge will move through the circuit because
there is only one path. There is no alternative route. Old style electric holiday lights
were often wired in series. If one bulb burned out, the whole string of lights went off.
Below is an animation of a series circuit where electrical energy is shown as
gravitational potential energy (GPE). The greater the change in height, the more
energy is used or the more work is done.

In this animation you should notice the following things:

The battery or source is represented by an escalator which raises charges to a

higher level of energy.
As the charges move through the resistors (represented by the paddle wheels)
they do work on the resistor and as a result, they lose electrical energy.

The charges do more work (give up more electrical energy) as they pass
through the larger resistor.

By the time each charge makes it back to the battery, it has lost all the energy
given to it by the battery.

The total of the potential drops ( - potential difference) across the resistors is
the same as the potential rise ( + potential difference) across the battery. This
demonstrates that a charge can only do as much work as was done on it by the
battery.

The charges are positive so this is a representation of Conventional

Current (the apparent flow of positive charges)

The charges are only flowing in one direction so this would be

considered direct current ( D.C. ).

The following rules apply to a series circuit:

1. The sum of the potential drops equals the potential rise of the source.

2. The current is the same everywhere in the series circuit.

3. The total resistance of the circuit (also called effective resistance) is equal to
the sum of the individual resistances.

Ohm's Law may be used in a series circuit as long as you remember that you can use
the formula with either partial values or with total values but you can not mix parts
and totals.

Series Circuits
A series circuit is a circuit where there is only one path from the source through all of
the loads and back to the source. This means that all of the current in the circuit
must flow through all of the loads.
One example of a series circuit is a string
of old Christmas lights. There is only one
path for the current to flow. Opening or
breaking a series circuit such as this at any
point in its path causes the entire circuit
to "open" or stop operating. That's because
the basic requirement for the circuit to
operate a continuous, closed loop path is
no longer met. This is the main disadvantage of a series circuit. If any one of the light
bulbs or loads burns out or is removed, the entire circuit stops operating. Many of
today's circuits are actually a combination of elements in series and parallel to
minimize the inconvenience of a pure series circuit.
Let's take a closer look at how a series circuit operates and the way resistance affects
the current flow.
Consider a simple series circuit consisting of a 120 volt outlet as the source, a switch,
and a 60 watt light bulb. When the switch is
open, the light cannot operate since the
circuit is not complete. There isno closedloop path for the current to flow through the
circuit. When the switch is closed, the light
bulb operates since the current flows through
the circuit. The bulb glows at its full
brightness since it receives its full 120 volts
and has the design current flow (Figure 1).
If two light bulbs are connected to the circuit
in series, the resistance of the circuit
doubles (Figure 2). The current flow is now
half of what it was when only one lamp was in the circuit as before. The voltage
across each lamp is now 60 volts due to the reduced current flow. Each bulb is
operating at only one-half its intended voltage, which will reduce its brightness. Since
each bulb is the same size, they each see equal voltage drop.
If we add a third 60-watt bulb to the
circuit, then each bulb will receive a
third of the total circuit voltage, or 40
volts (Figure 3). Each bulb will

produce even less light than before because we continue to add more resistance to
the circuit each time we add a bulb.
To further demonstrate how changing resistance in series affects current flow and
voltage across each bulb, let's replace the third bulb with a 10-watt bulb (Figure 4).
What will happen? The 10watt bulb will glow brightly
but the other two will barely
produce light.The 10-watt
bulb has such a large
resistance compared to the
other two 60-watt bulbs that
the 10-watt bulb gets the
highest percentage of the
voltage. The position of the
bulbs in the circuit does not
matter. It's the resistances
that determines how much voltage each of the bulbs will ultimately receive. In this
arrangement, the 10-watt bulb receives 110 volts, and each of the 60-watt bulbs is
receiving 5 volts. The 5 volts received by the 60-watt bulbs makes them barely glow,
while the 110 volts received by the 10-watt bulb makes it glow at close to, but not all
of, its full, intended brightness."