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Argument vs description vs explanations
1. In Egypt, Persia, and Japan, orris powder was made from the dried root of the iris and used
prodigiously in the art of perfumery. Orris has an odor not of iris but of violets. Until the recent
development of chemical scents, most violet-perfumed products were made from orris, it being
cheaper to produce than violet extract. Orris also has the ability to strengthen the odors of other
perfumed substances and has been used for centuries as a fixative in the manufacture of powders
and perfumes.
Orris came to prominence in Europe during the excesses of the French court prior to the Revolution.
It was used to mask the unpleasant smells of stale body odor prevalent in high society, since bathing
was considered unhealthy. One story tells of an argument between Louis XIV and his mistress
Madame de Montespan that concluded with the lady telling the king that, for all her faults, she didnt
smell as badly as he.
Orris powder was employed to scent and preserve the odoriferous and often lice-infested coiffures of
the French aristocracy. Orris was mixed with flour to make a stiffener, so that the hair could be
molded into fanciful sculptures studded with ribbons, pearls, beads, and artificial flowers.
Large quantities of Iris germanica var. florintina are grown in Mexico today for their roots, which are
shipped to France for use in the cosmetic industry.
The second passage
2. When the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched the Hubble
Space Telescope in 1990, the general public and scientists in the aerospace field both held high
hopes. . . . But blurry images caused by a flawed mirror sent those hopes crashing to Earth. The
U.S. Congress demanded an explanation for the failure. . . . Stress and health problems afflicted
many NASA engineers. It was traumatic, says the former director of NASAs astrophysics division,
Charles Pellerin, who oversaw the launch of the Hubble. Nobody could see how to fix the problem.
Well, nobody except Pellerin. He not only had insight on how to solve the problem but found the
funding and resources to repair the telescope, for which he received NASAs Outstanding
Leadership Medal. But his real reward came over the next decade when the telescope provided
spectacular images and important discoveries about stars, galaxies and other cosmic phenomena.
What was the secret of Pellerins success? Dozens of other people at NASA had high IQs and worldclass technical knowledgethey were, after all, rocket scientists. So what gave Pellerin the edge?
What made him persist until the telescope was fixed when others felt overwhelmed by the
challenge? His mind perceived reality differently. He reframed the situation as an unfinished project,
not a failed one. He never lost sight of the potential for a positive outcomea space telescope that
worked. He saw how that positive future could happen as the result of technical solutions
corrective optics-package repairs performed by a crew of astronautsthat were possible with a
rearrangement of funding and resources that already existed within NASA. By reassessing the
situation, recognizing the potential and envisioning the repaired telescope, he was able to help
orchestrate the unfolding of events that changed the future.
3. Some argue that file sharing is actually good for artists, because it is in effect promoting their work
...
[However,] when recorded music is not paid for, there are clear and obvious implications for those
who create the musicsongwriters, performers and the record companies that make the actual
sound recording. Consequently, since the rewards to production of music has gone down, it would
seem reasonable to conjecture that the result will be less music, and less diversity of music, in the
future. At a minimum, the possibility of recording artists and songwriters earning a living from selling
their music is diminished. It is difficult to compete with free.