S.

13

Thermodynamics (November-2012, Set-2) JNTU-Kakinada

Code No.: R21032/R10
II B.Tech. I Semester Regular Examinations

November - 2012

Set-2
Solutions

THERMODYNAMICS
( Common to ME, AE, AME, MM )

Time: 3 Hours

Max. Marks: 75
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
---

1.

2.

(a)

Establish the first law of thermodynamics from the Joules experiment. (Unit-II, Topic No. 2.4)

(b)

Briefly explain the macroscopic and microscopic view points. (Unit-I, Topic No. 1.3)

(c)

The energy in Joule (J) of a closed system can be expressed as E = 100 + 50 T + 0.04 T2. The heat absorbed is
given by Q (in Joule) = 5000 + 20 T. Temperature is in K. Calculate the work done during a process when the
temperature rises from 500 K to 1000 K. (Unit-I, Topic No. 1.4)

(a)

State and prove Carnots theorem. (Unit-III, Topic No. 3.3)

(b)

A house is to be maintained at a temperature of 20C by means of a heat pump pumping heat from the
atmosphere. Heat losses through the walls of the house are estimated at 0.65 kW per unit of temperature
difference between the inside of house and atmosphere.
(i)

If the atmospheric temperature is 10C, what is the minimum power required to drive the pump?

(ii) It is proposed to use the same heat pump to cool the house in the summer. For the same room temperature,
the same heat loss rate, and the same power input to the pump, what is the maximum permissible atmospheric
temperature? (Unit-II, Topic No. 2.5)
3.

Calculate the changes of entropy per kg of air in the following cases,

(i)

Air expands isothermally from 6 bar to 3 bar

(ii)

Air is compressed to half the volume at constant pressure and

(iii) Heat is supplied to air at constant volume till the pressure becomes three fold.
What would be the change in entropy of the air undergoes the above three processes in sequence. Take Cp = 1.005
kJ/kgK and Cv = 0.720 kJ/kgK. (Unit-III, Topic No. 3.4)
4.

5.

(a)

Using the Maxwells relations, obtain the expression for the difference of specific heats at constant pressure
and constant volume in terms of the derivatives of properties. Hence show that CP CV is always positive.
(Unit-V, Topic No. 5.3)

(b)

With the help of a schematic diagram, explain the measure of steam quality using the separating and throttling
calorimeter. (Unit-IV, Topic No. 4.5)

(a)

Explain the law of corresponding states. Hence briefly explain the significance of compressibility chart.
(Unit-V, Topic No. 5.3)

(b)

Two vessels A and B, each of volume 3 m3 may be connected together by a tube of negligible volume. Vessel
A contains air at 7 bar, 95C and vessel B contains air at 3.5 bar, 205C. Find the change of entropy when A is
connected to B. Assume the mixing to be complete and adiabatic. (Unit-VI, Topic No. 6.1)

( JNTU-Kakinada )

B.Tech. II-Year I-Sem.

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2013

S.14
6.

(a)

Define the following properties,

(i)

Humidity ratio

(ii) Dew point temperature and

(iii) Relative humidity (Unit-VI, Topic No. 6.2.1)

7.

(b)

Cooling water enters the cooling tower at a rate of 1000 kg/hr and 70C. Water is pumped from the base of the
tower at 24C and some makeup water is added afterwards. Air enters the tower at 15C, 50% RH, 1.01325 bar
and leaves the tower saturated at 34C, 1 bar. Calculate the flow rate of dry air in kg/hr and the makeup water
required per hour. (Unit-VIII, Topic No. 8.3)

(a)

An engine working on Otto cycle has an air standard efficiency of 56% and rejects 544 kJ/kg of air. The pressure
and temperature of air at the beginning of compression are 0.1 MPa and 60C respectively. Compute,
(i)

The compression ratio of the engine and

(ii) Maximum pressure in the cycle. (Unit-VII, Topic No. 7.1.1)

(b)
8.

Explain the simple Rankine cycle with the help of a schematic and T-S diagram. (Unit-VIII, Topic No. 8.1)

Write short notes on the following,

(a)

Clausius inequality (Unit-III, Topic No. 3.4)

(b)

Clausius - Clapeyron equation (Unit-IV, Topic No. 4.3)

(c)

Equivalence of Clausius and Kelvin-Plank statements of second law of thermodynamics. (Unit-III, Topic No. 3.2)

B.Tech. II-Year I-Sem.

( JNTU-Kakinada )

S.15

Thermodynamics (November-2012, Set-2) JNTU-Kakinada

SOLUTIONS TO NOVEMBER-2012, SET-2, QP

Q1.

(a)

Establish the first law of thermodynamics from the Joules experiment.

Nov.-12, Set-2, Q1(a)

Answer :
For answer refer Unit-II, Q10.
(b)

Briefly explain the macroscopic and microscopic view points.

Nov.-12, Set-2, Q1(b)

Answer :
For answer refer Unit-I, Q9.
(c)

The energy in Joule (J) of a closed system can be expressed as E = 100 + 50 T + 0.04 T2. The
heat absorbed is given by Q (in Joule) = 5000 + 20 T. Temperature is in K. Calculate the work
done during a process when the temperature rises from 500 K to 1000 K.
Nov.-12, Set-2, Q1(c)

Answer :
Given that,
T1 = 500 k
T2 = 1000 k
E = 100 + 50 T + 0.04 T2
Q = 5000 + 20 T
Workdone during the process is given by,
W = Q E
= Q E
W = (5000 + 20 T) dT (100 + 50 T + 0.04 T2) dT
Applying limits T1 to T2, We get
W =

T2

T1

(5000 + 20 T ) dT

T2

T1

(100 + 50 T + 0.04 T 2 ) dT

2
2

T2
T2
T3
T
T
5000
20

100
50
0
.
04
+
+

=
2
2
3

T1
T1

(T 2 T12 )
(T22 T12 )
(T 3 T13 )
+ 0.04 2
W = 5000 (T2 T1 ) + 20 2
100 (T2 T1 ) + 50

2
2
3

Substituting the values of T1 and T2 in above equation, we get,

(1000 2 500 2 )
(1000 2 500 2 )
(1000 3 500 3 )
5000
(
1000

500
)
+
20

100
(
1000

500
)
+
50

+
0
.
04

W =
2
2
3

= [10 106] [ 30.467 106]

= (10 30.467) 106

W = 20.467 10 3 kJ
Therefore, work done, W = 20.467 103 kJ.

( JNTU-Kakinada )

B.Tech. II-Year I-Sem.

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2013

S.16
Q2. (a) State and prove Carnots theorem.
Answer :

Nov.-12, Set-2, Q2(a)

For answer refer Unit-III, Q14.

(b) A house is to be maintained at a temperature of 20C by means of a heat pump pumping heat
from the atmosphere. Heat losses through the walls of the house are estimated at 0.65 kW
per unit of temperature difference between the inside of house and atmosphere.
(i) If the atmospheric temperature is 10C, what is the minimum power required to drive
the pump?
(ii) It is proposed to use the same heat pump to cool the house in the summer. For the same
room temperature, the same heat loss rate, and the same power input to the pump, what
is the maximum permissible atmospheric temperature?
Answer :
Nov.-12, Set-2, Q2(b)
Given that,
Ti = 20C
= 20 + 273
= 293 K
T0 = 10c
= 10 + 273
= 263 K
Qi = 0.65

kW
T
K
Sink (House)
To' = 20C

Sink (House)
Ti = 20C

Q' o

Qi

Heat
pump

Qo
Source
To = 10C

Figure (i): Supplying Heat to House

(i)

Heat
pump

Q'i
Source
Ti'

Figure (ii): Extracting Heat from House

The minimum power required is given by,

W=

Qi
(C . O . P). HP

... (1)

Where,
(C.O.P)H.P =

Ti
293
=
293 263
Ti To

(C.O.P)H.P = 9.767

B.Tech. II-Year I-Sem.

( JNTU-Kakinada )

S.17

Thermodynamics (November-2012, Set-2) JNTU-Kakinada

And

Ti ' = 30.003 + 293

Qi = 0.65

kW
T
K

T0' = 323.003 K

= 0.65 (Ti To)

= 0.65 (293 263)
Qi = 19.50 kW
Therefore, Substituting above values in equation (1),
We get,

Therefore, maximum permissible atmospheric

temperature, Ti ' = 323.003 K.
Q3.

19.50
W =
9.767

W = 1.997 kW
(ii)

(C.O.P)Ref =

(C.O.P)Ref =

[QT

'
si

Ti ' T0'

= 293 K

(
= 0.65 (T

Heat removed, Qo' = 0.65 Ti ' To'

Qo'

'

293

CP = 1.005 kJ/kg K

CV = 0.720 kJ/kg K
(i)

P1 = 6 bar
P2 = 3 bar

0.65(Ti 293)
1.997

Equating equations (2) and (3), we get

(Ti' 293) 2

... (3)

For isothermal process, temperature is constant, i.e.,

T1 = T2
From ideal gas equation, we have,

0.65(Ti' 293)
1.997

P1V1 P2V2
=
T1
T2
P1V1 =P2V2

= 0.65

(Ti' 293) 2 =

293 1.997
0.65

(Ti' 293) 2 = 900.186

(Ti' 293) =

900.186

Ti' 293 = 30.003

( JNTU-Kakinada )

Air Expands Isothermally from 6 Bar to 3 Bar

Given that,

'

293 1.997

Nov.-12, Set-2, Q3

Given that,

Qo'
(C.O.P)Ref =
W

(Ti 293)

Air is compressed to half the volume at

constant pressure and

m = 1 kg

Thus,

'

(ii)

What would be the change in entropy of the

air undergoes the above three processes in
sequence. Take C P = 1.005 kJ/kgK and
CV = 0.720 kJ/kgK.

... (2)

Ti' 293

293

Air expands isothermally from 6 bar to

3 bar

Answer :

293

(C.O.P)Ref =

(i)

(iii) Heat is supplied to air at constant

volume till the pressure becomes three
fold

Therefore, minimum power required, W = 1.997 kW

Heat pump for summer
We know that,

T0'

Calculate the changes of entropy per kg of

air in the following cases,

[Q T1 =T2]

P1 V2
=
P2 V1

Substituting P1 and P2 values in above equation,

6 V2
=
3 V1

V2 = 2 V1

B.Tech. II-Year I-Sem.

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2013

S.18
Therefore, change in entropy is given by,

V
P
(S)1 = S2 S1 = 2.3 m CV log 2 + C P log 2

V1
P1

2V
3
= 2.3 1 0.720 log + 1.005 log 1
6
V1

(ii)

= 2.3 1[ 0.217 + 0.303]

= 2.3 1 0.086
(S)1 = S2 S1 = 0.198 kJ/kg-K
Air is Compressed Half the Volume at Constant Pressure
Given that,
V2 = 0.5 V1
P1 =P2
Therefore, change in entropy is given by,

P
V
(S)2 = S2 S1 = 2.3 m CV log 2 + C P log 2
P1
V1

Substituting, m = 1, P1 = P2 and V2 = 0.5 V1 in above equation, we get,

P
(S)2 = S2 S1 = 2.3 1 0.720 log 2
P2

(iii)

0.5V1

+ 1.005 log
V1

= 2.3 1 [ 0 + ( 0.303)]
(S)2 = S2 S1 = 0.696 kJ/kg-K
Heat Supplied to Air at Constant Volume Till the Pressure Becomes Three Forth
Given that,
V1 = V2
P2 = 3P1
Change in entropy is given by,

P
(S)3 = S2 S1 = 2.3 m CV log 2

P1

V
+ C P log 2

Substituting, m = 1, V1 = V2 and P2 = 3P1 in above equation, we get,

3P
V
(S)3 = S2 S1 = 2.3 1 0.720 log 1 + 1.005 log 2
P
1
V1

= 2.3 1 [ 0.344 + 0]

(S)3 = S2 S1 = 0.791 kJ/kg-K

The change in entropy of the air if it undergoes all the above three processes in sequence is given by,
(S)T = (S)1 + (S)2 + (S)3
= 0.198 0.696 + 0.791

(S )T = 0.293 kJ/kg - K

B.Tech. II-Year I-Sem.

( JNTU-Kakinada )

Thermodynamics (November-2012, Set-2) JNTU-Kakinada

Q4.

(a)

S.19

Using the Maxwells relations, obtain the expression for the difference of specific heats at
constant pressure and constant volume in terms of the derivatives of properties. Hence show
that CP CV is always positive.
Nov.-12, Set-2, Q4(a)

Answer :
From entropy relations, we have,

V
dP
Tds = CPdT T
T P

... (1)

P
dv
Tds = CVdT + T
T V

... (2)

Equating equations (1) and (2), we get,

P
V
CPdT T
dP = CVdT + T dv
T V
T P
P
V
(CP CV)dT = T
dv + T
dP
T V
T P

P
v
T
T

dP
T V
T P
+
dv
dT =
(C P CV )
(C P CV )
We know that,
T
T
dV +
dP
dT =
V P
P V

Comparing the coefficients of dV and dP in above two dT equations, we get,

P
T

T V
T

=
(C P CV )
V P
V
T

T
T P
=
(C P CV ) P V

... (3)

... (4)

From equation (4),

V
T

T P
C P CV =
T

P V

V P

CP C V = T
T P T V

( JNTU-Kakinada )

... (5)

B.Tech. II-Year I-Sem.

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2013

S.20

But, from relations of thermodynamic variables, we have,

P T V
= 1

T V v P P T
P

=
T V T

1
V

P P T

P
V P

T V
T P v T

... (6)

Substitute equation (6) in equation (5), we get,

2

v P

C P CV = T
T P V T
As volume expansivity () =

... (7)

1 V
1 V

and isothermal compressibility (K ) =

T
V T P
V P T

... (8)

Equation (7) can be expressed in terms of and K as,

TV 2 2
vK T

C P CV =

C P CV =

[Use equation (8)]

TV 2
KT

V
P
is always positive and
is negative for a substance.
Since
T P
V T
Thus, CP CV will be always positive.
(b)

With the help of a schematic diagram, explain the measure of steam quality using the separating and throttling calorimeter.
Answer :
Nov.-12, Set-2, Q4(b)
Control valve
Thermometer
Inlet of
wet steam
Throttling calorimeter

Water
Gauge
Separating
calorimeter
Manometer
Outlet of
dry steam

Figure: Separating and Throttling Calorimeter

B.Tech. II-Year I-Sem.

( JNTU-Kakinada )

Thermodynamics (November-2012, Set-2) JNTU-Kakinada

S.21

The combined separating and throttling calorimeter is shown in figure. It employs a steam which passes through a
tube directed by a control valve. Initially, steam enters the separating calorimeter where in maximum amount of moisture is
separated and is calibrated by a water gauge. Then, the dry steam coming from a separating calorimeter is sent to a throttling
calorimeter where it is throttled. The exhaust steam is collected from an outlet port and its dryness fraction is measured.
Let, x = Actual dryness fraction of steam
x1 = Dryness fraction of steam at separating calorimeter
x2 = Dryness fraction of steam at throttling calorimeter
Then, actual dryness fraction of steam,
x = x1 x2

x=

M . x2
M +m

Q x1 = M + m

Merit
This method is employed for measurement of quality even though the wet steam is not sufficient to take it to a super
heated region.
Demerits
1.
In this method, the separating calorimeter cannot separate water particles from wet steam completely.
2.
This method is not suitable for very wet steam.
Q5. (a) Explain the law of corresponding states. Hence briefly explain the significance of compressibility
chart.
Answer :
Nov.-12, Set-2, Q5(a)
Law of Corresponding States
It states that gases behave in similar direction if they are applied with reduced temperature and pressures beyond
their critical point.
Compressibility charts are used for determining the compressibility factor Z which is a function of temperature and
pressure.
Significance of Compressibility Chart
For answer refer Unit-VI, Q26, Topic: Uses of Compressibility Chart.
(b) Two vessels A and B, each of volume 3 m3 may be connected together by a tube of negligible
volume. Vessel A contains air at 7 bar, 95C and vessel B contains air at 3.5 bar, 205C. Find
the change of entropy when A is connected to B. Assume the mixing to be complete and
adiabatic.
Answer :
Nov.-12, Set-2, Q5(b)
Given that,
VA = 3 m3
PA = 7 bar
TA = 95C = 95 + 273
= 368 K
PB = 3.5 bar
TB = 205C = 205 + 273
= 478 K
Assume,
CP = 1.005 kJ/kg K
Cv = 0.720 kJ/kg K
R = 0.287 kJ/kg K

( JNTU-Kakinada )

B.Tech. II-Year I-Sem.

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2013

S.22
From gas equation, we have,
For vessel A
Mass, mA =

mA =

PAV A
RT A
7 3 10 2
0.287 368

mA = 19.883 kg
For Vessel B
mB =

PBVB
RTB

[Q VA = VB = 3 m3]

3.5 3 102
0.287 478

mB = 7.654 kg
Total mass, m = mA + mB
= 19.883 + 7.654
m = 27.537 kg
Since, there is adiabatic mixing the internal energy must be equal.
UA= mA CV TA
= 19.883 0.720 368
UA = 5268.2 kJ
UB = mB CV TB
= 7.654 0.720 478
UA= 2634.201 kJ
We know that,
UA + UB = (mA + mB) CV T
5268.2 + 2634.201 = (19.883 + 7.654) 0.720 T
7902.401 = 19.827 T

T = 398.575 K
Therefore, final temperature, T = 398.575 K
Final pressure can be obtained by equation,
P V = mRT
P=

mRT
(V A + V B )
27.537 0.287 398.575
3+ 3

P = 524.998 kPa
Therefore pressure, P = 524.998 kPa

B.Tech. II-Year I-Sem.

( JNTU-Kakinada )

Thermodynamics (November-2012, Set-2) JNTU-Kakinada

S.23

Change in entropy is given by,

For Vessel A

T
P
(S)A = mA C P ln T R ln P
A
A

398.575
524.998

= 19.883 1.005 ln 368 0.287 ln

7 10 2

= 19.883 (0.163)
(S)A = 3.241 kJ/kg K
For Vessel B

T
(S)B = mB C P ln T
B

P
R ln

PB

398.575
524.998
0.287 ln

= 7.654 1.005 ln
478
3.5 10 2

= 7.654 ( 0.299)

(S ) B = 2.289 kJ/kg - K
Total change in entropy is,
(S) = (S)A + (S)B
= 3.241 + ( 2.289)

(S ) = 0.952 kJ/kg - K .
Q6.

(a)

Define the following properties,

(i)

Humidity ratio

(ii) Dew point temperature and

(iii) Relative humidity
Nov.-12, Set-2, Q6(a)

Answer :
(i)

Humidity Ratio
For answer refer Unit-IV, Q20, Topic: Specific Humidity.

(ii)

Dew Point Temperature

For answer refer Unit-VI, Q19, Topic: Dew Point Temperature.

(iii)

Relative Humidity
For answer refer Unit-VI, Q20, Topic: Relative Humidity.
(b)

Cooling water enters the cooling tower at a rate of 1000 kg/hr and 70C. Water is pumped
from the base of the tower at 24C and some makeup water is added afterwards. Air enters
the tower at 15C, 50% RH, 1.01325 bar and leaves the tower saturated at 34C, 1 bar. Calculate
the flow rate of dry air in kg/hr and the makeup water required per hour.
Nov.-12, Set-2, Q6(b)

( JNTU-Kakinada )

B.Tech. II-Year I-Sem.

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2013

S.24

Q7.

Answer :
Given that,
Mw = 1000 kg/hr
T1 = 15C, T3 = 70C
T2 = 34C T4 = 24C
P1 = 1.01325 bar
P2 = 1 bar
R.H = 50%
From psychrometric chart,
At, T1 = 15C, R. H = 50%
h1 = 28.44 kJ/kg, w1 = 0.0052
v1 = 0.822 m3/kg
At, T2 = 34C
h2 = 122.46 kJ/kg
w2 = 0.0344 kg/kg dry air
2 = 0.917 m3/kg
At, T3 = 70C
h 3 = hf
= 293 kJ/kg
At, T4 = 24C
h 4 = hf
= 100.6 kJ/kg
(i)

An engine working on Otto cycle has

an air standard efficiency of 56% and
rejects 544 kJ/kg of air. The pressure
and temperature of air at the beginning
of compression are 0.1 MPa and 60C
respectively. Compute,
(i) The compression ratio of the engine
and
(ii) Maximum pressure in the cycle.
Nov.-12, Set-2, Q7(a)

Answer :
Given that,
P1 = 0.1 MPa

P1 = 100 kPa
T1 = 60C = 60 + 273
= 333 K
Q = 544 kJ/kg
cycle = 56%
= 0.56
We know that,
(i)
Compression Ratio
cycle= 1

1
(rp ) 1

0.56 = 1

1
(rp ) 1
1

[Q = 1.4]

Mass flow rate of dry air is given by,

m& a =

m& w (h3 h4 )
( h2 h1 ) ( w2 w1 )h4

0.56 = 1

m& a =

1000 (293 100.6)

(122.46 28.44) (0.0344 0.0052) 100.6

0.56 = 1

m& a = 2112 .371 kg hr

Therefore, mass flow rate dry air, m& a= 2112.371 kg/hr
(ii)

(a)

Make up water required,

m& make up = m& a(w2 w1)

= 2112.271 (0.0344 0.0052)

m& make up = 61.678 kg hr

Therefore, mass flow rate of make-up water,

m& make up = 61.678 kg/hr

B.Tech. II-Year I-Sem.

1
(r p ) 0.4

(rp )1.41
1
(rp ) 0.4

= 1 0.56

1
= 0.44
(r p ) 0.4
(rp)0.4 =

1
0.44

(rp)0.4 = 2.273

rp = 7.789
Therefore, compression ratio, rp = 7.789

( JNTU-Kakinada )

S.25

Thermodynamics (November-2012, Set-2) JNTU-Kakinada

Since, we have,

But,

Assume

Q R = 0.287 kJ kgK
Cv = 0.72 kJ kg -

RT1
V1 = P
1

V1 =

P2 V1
=
P1 V2
P2
= (rp)
P1

0.287 333
100

V1 = 0.956 m3/kg

P2
= (7.789)1.4
100

V1
Compression ratio, rp =
V2
7.789 =

P2 = 1770.412 kPa

0.956
V2

Substituting the above values in equation (1), we get,

V2 = 0.123 m3/kg

P3 0.123 1.770 0.123

=
756.236
1511.792

The temperature at the heat supplied region is given

by,

756.236 P3 = 1.770 1511.792

P3 = 3.538 MPa
1.41

P2 = 1.770 MPa

For Otto cycle, V3 = V2 = 0.123 m3/kg

V2 7.789 = 0.956

T2 V1

=
T1 V2

0.956
T2

=
333 0.123

Therefore, maximum pressure, P3 = 3.538 MPa

T2 = 333 (7.772)0.4

Pressure (P)

T2 = 756.236 K
Heat rejected by the engine,
Q = CV (T3 T2)
544 = 0.720 (T3 756.236)
755.556 = T3 756.236

3
2

Pr = C

T3 = 755.556 + 756.236

T3 = 1511.792 K

Volume (V)

Therefore, T3 = Tmax = 1511.792 K

Figure: P.V Diagram for Otto Cycle

Maximum temperature, T3 = 1511.792 K

(ii)

(b)

Maximum Pressure
We know that,

P3V3 P2V2
=
T2
T3

( JNTU-Kakinada )

... (1)

Explain the simple Rankine cycle with

the help of a schematic and T-S diagram.
Nov.-12, Set-2, Q7(b)

Answer :
For answer refer Unit-VIII, Q1.

B.Tech. II-Year I-Sem.

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2013

S.26
Q8.

Write short notes on the following,

(a)

Clausius inequality

(b)

Clausius Clapeyron equation

(c)

Equivalence of Clausius and Kelvin-Plank statements of second law of thermodynamics.

Nov.-12, Set-2, Q8

Answer :
(a)

Clausius Inequality
For answer refer Unit-III, Q20.

(b)

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
For answer refer Unit-IV, Q18.

(c)

Equivalence of Clausius and Kelvin-Planck Statements of Second Law of Thermodynamics

For answer refer Unit-III, Q13, Topic: Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements.

B.Tech. II-Year I-Sem.

( JNTU-Kakinada )