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Accepted Manuscript
A Study on Low Magnetic Permeability Gas Tungsten Arc Weldment of AISI
316LN Stainless Steel for Application in Electron Accelerator
Abhay Kumar, R.K. Soni, P. Ganesh, Rakesh Kaul, V.K. Bhatnagar, Jishnu
Dwivedi, L.M. Kukreja
PII:
DOI:
Reference:
S0261-3069(13)00563-3
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.06.029
JMAD 5569
To appear in:
Received Date:
Accepted Date:
31 March 2013
12 June 2013
Please cite this article as: Kumar, A., Soni, R.K., Ganesh, P., Kaul, R., Bhatnagar, V.K., Dwivedi, J., Kukreja, L.M.,
A Study on Low Magnetic Permeability Gas Tungsten Arc Weldment of AISI 316LN Stainless Steel for Application
in Electron Accelerator, Materials and Design (2013), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.06.029
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Abstract
Low magnetic permeability is an important criterion in selection of the material of construction
of beam pipes and vacuum chambers of electron accelerators for safeguarding against distortion of the
magnetic field. In the modified design of new 20 MeV/30 mA Injector Microtron for the existing
synchrotron radiation sources Indus-1 and Indus-2, AISI 316 LN stainless steel has been identified as
the material of construction of its vacuum chamber. Welding of AISI 316LN stainless steel with
conventional filler alloys like ER316L and ER317L of AWS A5.9 produces duplex weld metal with 38% ferro-magnetic delta ferrite to avoid solidification cracking.
1.0
Introduction
Austenitic stainless steel (SS), because of its good mechanical and corrosion properties, finds
wide ranging applications in a variety of industries. However, use of austenitic SS in certain important
applications requires that the fabricated components must meet the stringent requirement of low
1
residual magnetic permeability. Some of such critical applications include components of particle
accelerators for suppressing distortion of applied magnetic field [1], naval submarines for providing
protection against airborne surveillance as well as against undersea mines [2] and coronary stents for
suppressing unwanted artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [3]. Putatunda et al reported
development of a new austenitic structural steel for potential applications in power generation devices
like components of turbine, generators etc. [4]. Low residual magnetic permeability is one of the major
requirements involved in the design of 20 MeV/30 mA injector microtron operating in authors
laboratory.
The injector microtron is the primary source of electrons for two major electron
accelerators 450 MeV Indus-1 and 2.5 GeV Indus-2 [5, 6].
A cylindrical vacuum chamber is contained within the dipole magnet of the Injector Microtron.
The two ends of the vacuum chamber are the pole faces of the dipole magnet. The vacuum chamber
houses the sub-systems for emission, acceleration, bending and extraction of the electron beam. For
achieving good cathode life, the vacuum chamber is maintained at high vacuum level (pressure = 10-5
Pa). The size of the vacuum chamber is primarily determined by the dimensions of the electron beam
extraction orbit, with some extra radial allowance for minimizing the effect of residual magnetic
permeability (introduced as a result of forming, machining and welding) on the applied magnetic field
distribution. The vacuum chamber of existing injector microtron has multiple ports for its interfacing
with various diagnostic probes, microwave powering, beam probing, evacuation, extraction systems
etc. All these openings are provided with knife-edged flanges for their sealing with copper gaskets.
Important factors governing the choice of material of construction for the vacuum chamber are low
relative magnetic permeability, mechanical strength and manufacturability. The basic requirement of
low magnetic permeability limits the choice of material to either aluminium alloys or austenitic
stainless steels (ASS). The use of aluminium alloys as the material of construction of the vacuum
chamber introduces several complications in its design, necessitating either (i) hard coating of
aluminium knife edge flanges with TiN, CrN or electroless nickel to protect the knife edge from
associated wear effects or (ii) Al/austenitic SS transition joints (achievable through explosion/friction
welding) with the knife edge machined in the austenitic SS part. Moreover, lack of well-versed
vendors in the field of manufacturing of aluminium high vacuum chambers with knife-edged flanges,
introduces practical complications in the fabrication of vacuum chamber. On the other hand, due to
simplified design and availability of established fabrication technology of austenitic SS, AISI 304L SS
was selected as the material of construction of the vacuum chamber of existing Injector Microtron and
welding of the vacuum chamber was carried out by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) using ER 308L
2
SS filler. According to WRC-1992 diagram [7], such a WM (considering about 30% dilution from the
base metal) should carry ferrite number (FN) in the range of 4-18.
Magnetic permeability
316LN SS was much lower (< 1.01) and a post-weld annealing further brought down its magnitude to
1.004 [17]. Both the reports did not provide details of filler used in their respective studies. European
Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) has reported development of a special high Mn, high N
ASS P506 (C: 0.03%; Cr: 19-19.5%; Ni: 10.7-11.3%; Mn: 11.8-12.4%; Mo: 0.8-1%; Si: 0.5%; N:
0.3-0.35%; Fe: Bal) capable of maintaining low relative magnetic permeability ( 1.005) in the base
metal as well as in its welds down to cryogenic temperatures [1,18]. The alloy exhibits complete
austenite stability against -ferrite precipitation in autogenous welds as well as against its
transformation to strain-induced martensite during deformation at low temperatures.
2.0
associated with welding of ASS is solidification cracking. Sulphur, phosphorus, boron, niobium,
titanium and silicon have been identified as the most harmful alloying elements responsible for
enhancing cracking sensitivity of stainless steel welds [19,20]. These elements strongly partition
themselves into the liquid metal and form low melting point eutectics with Fe, Cr and Ni. During the
course of solidification, solidifying grains reject S and P into the remaining melt and as a result of this,
the remnant liquid metal is enriched with S and P, leading to formation of low melting point eutectics.
Towards the end of solidification, solidifying grains are separated by a thin melt layer and under the
influence of welding-induced thermal stresses, cracking occurs along the grain boundaries [20].
Although, B content in stainless steel welds are recommended to be limited to very small quantities
[21], the element displays an interesting influence on solidification cracking susceptibility of the
austenitic stainless steel welds. An experimental study performed by Shinoda et al [22] on the welds of
boron-modified 304 stainless steel has demonstrated that the hot cracking susceptibility is high for
boron additions of about 02%, but is decreased when the boron content is increased to 05%.
Solidification cracking at 0.2% B is attributed to the suppression of ferrite precipitation and formation
of low melting point grain boundary films whereas reduced solidification cracking susceptibility at
higher B content (B 05%) is mainly caused by healing of cracks by the abundant amount of lowmelting-point eutectic liquid of (Cr, Fe)2B and -Fe [23].
Important factors controlling solidification cracking susceptibility of ASS weld are:
concentration of crack promoting elements, particularly S and P [24, 25], restraint, chemical
composition and microstructure of the WM. Scherrer et al, in their path-breaking patent, claimed that
crack-resistant weld deposits would be produced if the chemical composition of the WM is adjusted to
4
form 5 - 35 % -ferrite in the WM [26]. Since then, the presence of -ferrite in the WM is considered
essential to avoid solidification cracking in the austenitic SS welds.
Chemical compositions of
commercial ASS fillers are usually engineered to obtain 3-8% -ferrite in the room temperature
microstructure of the resultant WM [13,14]. Many reasons have been proposed to account for the
enhanced solidification cracking resistance of the duplex microstructure of austenitic SS welds. Some
of the important factors are [20,27,28]: (i) higher solubility of S and P in delta ferrite (than in austenite)
leaving little segregation of S and P in the grain boundary region, (ii) irregular path offered by duplex
/-ferrite structure helps in arresting the crack, (iii) lower surface energy of /-ferrite causes its
reduced wettability by eutectic films as compared to / or / interface, (iv) presence of -ferrite
results in larger interface area due to its solid-state transformation to austenite resulting in a reduced
concentration of impurity elements at grain boundaries, (v) greater ductility of -ferrite at high
temperature (as compared to austenite) facilitates stress relaxation, (vi) lower coefficient of thermal
expansion of -ferrite (with respect to austenite), leading to reduced shrinkage stress, (vii) narrower
solidification temperature range for primary ferrite welds (with respect to primary austenite welds),
(viii) presence of ferrite refines grain size of the solidified WM resulting in improved mechanical
properties and cracking resistance, (ix) higher coefficient for impurity diffusion in ferrite (with respect
to austenite) allows faster homogenization in ferrite, (x) volume contraction associated with -ferrite to
transformation reduces tensile stresses close to the crack tip. In this respect, many diagrams have
been proposed for predicting room temperature weld microstructure [19]. These diagrams have been
found extremely useful in identifying the chemical composition of weld fillers for controlling resultant
WM microstructure with desired amount of -ferrite, which in turn, governs solidification cracking.
The diagrams developed by Schaeffler, Delong and Welding Research Council are some of the most
prominent diagrams widely used for estimating the room temperature -ferrite content of the WM [19].
However these diagrams do not take into account the effect of solidification rate on the primary mode
of solidification which is considered essential to identify the risk of solidification cracking in various
compositions.
Since, the solidification cracking in ASS welds occurs before its complete solidification, the
cracking resistance of the WM is primarily influenced by the sequence of micro-structural evolution
during the course of solidification and not by its room temperature microstructure. Masumoto et al
reported that primary ferrite mode of solidification, rather than residual ferrite content after welding, is
essential to suppress cracking in ASS welds [29]. It is now well known that welds made with primary
austenite mode of solidification are prone to the solidification cracking whereas those solidifying with
5
primary ferrite mode exhibit enhanced resistance against solidification cracking [27]. Control of
primary mode of weld solidification is obtained by controlling the chemical composition of the filler.
Kujunpaa et al reported an abrupt increase in cracking propensity in duplex SS WM as its Creq/Nieq
ratio (where Creq and Nieq are defined according to Schaffler diagram) drops below 1.5 [25]. The
observed effect is attributed to the transition in primary mode of solidification from ferrite to austenite.
Based on the research work carried out to review the role of -ferrite in suppressing
solidification cracking, it has been suggested that a higher Mn content in the WM is an effective way to
obtain completely austenitic sound welds [30]. The beneficial effect of Mn is attributed to the fact that
it encourages ferrite solidification at high temperatures while promoting its rapid transformation to
austenite at lower temperatures [31,32]. In addition, high Mn content of the ASS weld also serves to
tie up S to form higher melting MnS- eutectic, in place of crack-promoting iron/nickel sulphide
[19,33,34].
Dixon demonstrated that ferrite-free welds with exceptionally low sensitivity to the
undertaken with an objective to evaluate high Mn filler for obtaining crack-free non-magnetic ASS
weldments of AISI 316LN SS by GTAW. The scope of the study also included effects of machining
and forming operations on the magnetic permeability of AISI 316LN SS and its comparison with AISI
316L SS, another candidate material for the construction of vacuum chamber of particle accelerators.
3.0
Experimental study
The experimental study was performed a plate of AISI 316 LN SS. Table-1 presents chemical
composition of the substrate (in wt%), as determined by chemical analysis. The chemical composition
of the substrate conformed to nominal chemical composition of AISI 316 LN SS [36]. The substrate
was subjected to magnetic permeability measurements in different processing conditions, including
untreated, machined, plastically deformed and welded conditions. In order to introduce effect of
machining a 10 mm thick piece of AISI 316 LN SS was machined down to 8 mm thickness. The
machined specimens were subsequently subjected to bending with machined tools of different radii of
curvature to generate controlled plastic strains of 4%, 5.3%, 8%, 10% and 40%. On the other hand,
weld specimens were prepared by machining a V-notch in a 40 mm thick plate of AISI 316 LN SS. A
higher Mn adaptation of W 18 16 5 N L was selected as the filler for GTAW of AISI 316LN SS [37,
6
38]. The said filler is an adaptation of ER317L with higher Mn content. The chemical composition of
filler wire (in wt%) is presented in Table 2, while Table 3 summarizes experimental welding
parameters used for the study. Welded specimens were characterized by radiographic examination,
magnetic permeability measurements, -ferrite measurements and chemical analysis by vacuum arc
emission spectroscopy, optical and scanning electron microscopy, tensile and guided bend tests.
4.0
4.1.
Non-destructive testing
Visual and macroscopic examination of the weldment revealed no surface defects. The SS
weldment was subjected to different non-destructive tests, including dye penetrant test and X-ray
radiographic examination. Dye penetrant test, performed on the top surface of the weld, exhibited no
surface cracks. X-ray radiographic examination was performed in single wall single image mode with
DIN 6-ISO-12 image quality indicator (IQI). The resultant radiograph, with the sensitivity of 250 m,
did not bring out any internal defects in the weld metal.
4.2.
Chemical analysis
Local chemical analysis measurements were conducted by vacuum arc emission spectrometry
on the machined transverse cross-section of the weldment. Table 4 presents the chemical composition
(in wt%) at different locations in WM as well as in the base metal. Chemical composition of the base
metal and WM largely corresponded to reported compositions of the AISI 316 LN SS and filler alloy
W Z 18 16 5 N L, respectively. For the WM compositions presented in Table-2, Schaffler diagram
[19] predicts a completely austenitic room temperature microstructure with 0% ferrite. On the other
hand, in Delong, WRC-1988 and WRC-1992 diagrams [19,7], WM compositions fell beyond the
limiting value of Nieq. Moreover, the magnitude of Nieq [10], estimated for base metal and WM (refer
Table 4), suggest complete stability of magnetic permeability during cold working at room temperature
(as Nieq >19). On the other hand, value of adapted factor A (as defined by Small and Pehlke [11]) for
AISI 316 LN SS, worked out to be -6.45 and -6.61 (> -8.5), thereby indicating no -ferrite formation in
its autogenous weld. The value of adapted factor A [11] for the WM worked out to be in the range of 3.51 to -3.91 which precludes -ferrite formation in WM as well as in inter-mixing zone where value of
A is likely to lie in between the two extremes of -6.61 and -3.51.
4.3.
In-order to evaluate the effect of plastic deformation on the relative magnetic permeability of
AISI 316LN SS, measurements were performed on (i) 10 mm thick base metal in solution annealed
condition, (ii) machined specimen - after machining 2 mm surface layer, (iii) pre-deformed specimens
with total plastic strain of 4%, 5.3%, 8% and 40% (achieved by bending the specimen) and (iv) welded
specimens. Similar measurements were also made on equivalent specimens of AISI 316L SS. These
measurements were made with Ferromaster Permeability meter. The text relative magnetic
permeability is termed as magnetic permeability in the following text. The results of magnetic
permeability measurements are summarized in Fig. 2. AISI 316 LN SS specimen, in solution annealed
condition, displayed a magnetic permeability of 1.004.
permeability was noticed after machining of a thin surface layer which is attributed to the removal of
temper rolled layer with possible presence of small amount of strain-induced martensite. Similar effect
was also displayed by AISI 316L SS specimen. Formation of significant amount of stain-induced
martensite is reported on the machined surface of AISI 304L and 304 stainless steel specimens [39,40].
Absence of any adverse effect of machining on the magnetic permeability of AISI 316L and AISI
316LN SS specimens is attributed to enhanced stability of austenite in these alloys. Related literature
on the subject also reports little effect of grinding/machining on magnetic permeability of 316L [41]
and 316 LN SS [12]. On the other hand, AISI 316L and 316 LN SS specimens displayed different
response against plastic deformation. In the case of AISI 316 LN SS, it was noticed that after 4%
plastic strain, the decrease in magnetic permeability is regained to solution annealed condition and
subsequent straining upto 40% did not bring about any further change in its magnetic permeability,
which remained confined in the range of 1.0025 - 1.0035. This is in sharp contrast to about 4.6 % rise
in the magnetic permeability of AISI 316L SS from 1.073 (in solution annealed condition) to 1.122
after 10% plastic strain. Manjaana et al [42] reported formation of ferro-magnetic martensite phase
after a deformation of about 25% true strain in AISI 316 LN SS. However, the amount of was very
small (0.18 volume% at a true strain of 60%) when compared to the reported data for AISI 304, 304L,
316 and 316L stainless steels. A related study in this regard also reported little effect of machining and
forming on magnetic permeability of AISI 316 LN SS [12]. On the other hand, magnetic permeability
value of the WM of AISI 316 LN SS remained below 1.005 (magnetic permeability of base metal in
solution annealed condition) at all locations in the weld, although a marginal rise in magnetic
permeability was noticed towards the fusion boundary region. Since, magnetic permeability of an
8
austenitic SS weldment is primarily controlled by chemical composition of the filler used, there are
widely different reports on magnetic permeability of AISI 316 LN SS weldment. On one hand, Jiang et
al [16] reported large increase in magnetic permeability of AISI 316 LN SS weldment, while many
other researchers reported significantly lower magnetic permeability (< 1.01) [12,17], although these
literature did not make mention o the chemical of the filler used.
development of completely austenitic and yet crack-free SS welds [32,35,43], although with fillers of
different chemical compositions than used in this study.
compositions, fillers used in all these studies (including the present one) carried higher Ni, Mn and N
contents than used in conventional austenitic SS alloys.
4.4.
Ferrite Scope M-0701. Ferrite measurements, taken at four different sites in the WM exhibited zero
ferrite number (FN), indicating completely austenitic non-magnetic WM.
4.5.
transverse cross-section of the welded specimen. Figure 3 presents macro-etched cross-section of the
welded specimen. Cross-section of the multi-pass weld did not reveal any defects. Micro-hardness
measurements, carried out with a load of 0.98 N, showed that the micro-hardness of WM (181 - 201
VHN) was quite similar to that of the base metal in solution-annealed condition (184 - 214 VHN). For
metallographic examination, welded specimens were electrolytically etched with 10% oxalic acid.
Base metal exhibited an equi-axed austenite microstructure without any carbides, as shown in Fig. 4.
No cracks were observed in the weld region, although a few isolated lack of fusion regions were
noticed between successive weld passes. The WM exhibited typical cellular/dendritic microstructure.
Due to the absence of remnant delta-ferrite in the room temperature weld microstructure, WM did not
display typical signatures of primary ferrite mode of solidification in the form of a lathy or vermicular
ferrite, as shown in Fig. 5. However, vermicular ferrite microstructure, representing primary ferrite
mode solidification, was noticed in small localized regions of WM, as shown in Fig. 6.
4.6.
Mechanical testing
Welded SS plate was characterized by tensile and guided bend tests under different
configurations, including face, root and side bend. The test specimens were fabricated as per Section
IX of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code [44]. Figure 7 presents stress-strain curve of the tensile
test performed on the welded specimen. The results of tensile test were: tensile strength = 613 MPa;
yield strength = 406 MPa and % elongation (50 mm gauge length) = 34. Failure of these specimens
occurred in the WM. A closer examination of the fracture surface of tensile tested specimen under
scanning electron microscope revealed typical dimpled appearance (Fig. 8), indicating extensive plastic
deformation preceding failure. In order to determine the effect of plastic deformation introduced during
the tensile test on magnetic permeability of the WM, one of the fractured tensile specimens was
subjected to magnetic permeability measurements at four different places on the gauge length of
fractured welded specimen. At all the four places magnetic permeability values were found to be
1.005, indicating no effect of plastic deformation on magnetic permeability of the WM. Keeping in
view the high value of Nieq (as proposed by Takemoto [10] of WM (24.27 - 24.88), the results of
magnetic permeability measurements are on the expected lines. Guided bend tests, in longitudinal face
and root bend, transverse face bend and side bend configurations, were performed on the welded
specimens as per Section IX of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code [44]. The specimens were tested with
a 150 kN servo-hydraulic universal testing machine in stroke-control mode at the rate of 10 mm/min.
Macroscopic examination of the convex surface of the bend tested specimens revealed that except for
the longitudinal face bend specimen, all other bend tested welded specimens did not exhibit any
defects. Moreover, in the longitudinal face bend specimen, length of linear defect (2 mm) noticed on
the convex surface of welded specimen was found to be within the specified acceptance limit of 3.2
mm. Figure 9 presents photo-macrographs of convex surface of the guided bend specimens tested in
different configurations. The results of bend test demonstrate soundness and ductility of gas tungsten
arc welds made with the high Mn filler.
5.0 Conclusions
In the light of the results of the present investigation, it is inferred that AISI 316LN SS, in the
solution annealed condition, is a suitable choice for fabrication of vacuum chamber of upgraded
Injector Microtron. The formed component made of AISI 316LN SS is not required to be solution
annealed after the final forming operation to obtain low magnetic permeability, thereby greatly
10
simplifying the fabrication process. Gas tungsten arc welding of AISI 316LN SS with a high Mn
adaptation of W 18 16 5 N L filler produced a crack-free non-magnetic welds with acceptable
mechanical properties.
Besides Injector Microtron, the output of the study also provides useful inputs for the design of
austenitic SS vacuum chambers for future indigenous accelerators, which was primarily hampered by
the need to maintain 3 - 8 % ferro-magnetic -ferrite in the WM to avoid solidification cracking.
Acknowledgement
Authors are thankful to Mr. V. K. Lal for his contribution in welding the test coupons. Authors
also thank Mr. D. C. Nagpure and Mr. Ram Nihal Ram for their assistance during various stages of the
investigation. They express their sincere thanks to Mr. R S Sandha, Mr. Brahmanand Sisodia and Mr.
Ravi Choudhary for procurement of raw materials and characterization equipment used in this
investigation.
References:
[1]
Sgobba S., Materials for high vacuum technology: An overview, CERN Report, CERN-TS2006-04, In: CAS - CERN Accelerator School and ALBA Synchrotron Light Facility : Course
on Vacuum in Accelerators, Platja d'Aro, Spain, 16 - 24 May 2006, pp.117-44
[2]
[3]
[4]
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2005: 26: 534-544.
[5]
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26]. Available from: http://www.rrcat.gov.in/technology/accel/accind1.html.
[6]
rrcat.gov.in [Internet]. Indore: Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology; [cited 2012 Oct
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modification of the WRC-1988 diagram. Weld J 1992; 71: 171s-8s.
11
[8]
Lacombe P, Baroux B, Beranger G (editors). Stainless steels. Les Editions de Physique Les
Ulis; 1993. p. 593-611, 695-731.
[9]
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[22] Shinoda T, Miyake H, Matsuzaka T, Matsumoto T, Kanai H. Hot cracking susceptibility of
boron modified AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel welds. Mater Sci Technol 1992; 8: 913-21.
[23] Matsumoto T, Shinoda T, Miyake H, Matsuzaka T, Kanai H. Effect of Low-Melting-Point
Eutectic on Solidification Cracking Susceptibility of Boron-Added AISI 304 Stainless Steel
Welds. Weld J 1995; 74(12): 397s-405s.
[24] Suutala N, Takalo T, Moisio T. The Relationship between Solidification and Microstructure in
Austenitic and Austenitic-Ferritic Stainless Steel Welds. Metall Trans A 1979; 10: 512-4.
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microstructure in austeniticferritic stainless steel welds. Weld J 1979; 9: 5576.
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cracking susceptibility of type 304L and 316L stainless steel welds. IJEST 2012; 4: 2206-2212.
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Welding Society 1972; 41: 1306-14.
[30] Araki Y, Sano H, Kominami M, Oikawa H. Study on Cr-Ni austenitic filler metal containing
Mn. Trans Jap Weld. Soc 1982; 13: 32-40.
[31] Kujanapa VP. Effects of steel type and impurities in solidification cracking of austenitic
stainless steel welds. Metal construction 1985; 17: 40R-46R.
[32] Dixon BF. Control of magnetic permeability and solidification cracking in welded nonmagnetic steel. Weld J 1989; 68: 171s-80s.
[33] Matsuda F, Nakagawa H, Katayama S, Arata Y. Solidification crack susceptibility in weld
metal of fully austenitic stainless steels (Report VII) - effect of Mn and N on solidification
crack resistance. Trans JWRI 1982; 11: 79-85.
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13
[36] ASTM International: An American National Standard. ASTM A240/A240M 02a: Standard
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[37] International Standard ISO 14343: 2009(E): Welding consumables Wire electrodes, strip
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Available
from:
http://www.mip-
14
Cr
Ni
16-18 10-14
17.727 12.3
Mn
< 2.0
1.625
Si
< 0.75
0.385
Mo
2-3
2.492
S
< 0.03
0.0002
P
< 0.045
0.019
N
0.1-0.16
0.1249
Fe
Bal
Bal
Cr
18.7
Ni
17
Mn
5.1
Si
0.4
Mo
4.0
S
< 0.01
P
0.01
N
0.15
Fe
Bal
Diameter of filler
wire
2.5 mm
Polarity
Current
DCEN
90-140 A
Ar flow
rate
6 lpm
Welding
speed
25 mm/min
Table-4: Chemical composition (in wt.%), as determined by vacuum arc emission spectrometer
at different locations in weld metal (WM) and base metal (BM)
BM:
Site1
BM:
Site2
WM:
Site1
WM:
Site2
WM:
Site3
C
0.03
Cr
Ni
Mn
Si
Mo
N
B
17.82 12.35 1.66 0.399 2.55 0.102 0.0015
S/P
S: 0.0010
P: 0.023
0.024 17.75 12.35 1.65 0.401 2.54 0.103 0.0015 S: 0.0017
P: 0.023
0.0081 18.49 17.43
5
0.36 4.06 0.112 0.0021 S: 0.0099
P: 0.013
0.01 18.39 17.04 4.76 0.36 3.98 0.109 0.0022 S; 0.0090
P: 0.015
0.0082 18.47 16.99 4.75 0.365 3.97 0.11 0.0022 S: 0.0092
P: 0.015
*As defined by Takemoto [5]; **As defined by Small and Pehlke [6].
15
Fe
Bal
Nieq*
26.62
A**
-6.45
Bal
26.54
-6.61
Bal
33.62
-3.50
Bal
33.09
-3.71
Bal
33.03
-3.91
16
Figure1
Figure2
Figure3
Figure4
Figure5
Figure6
Figure7
Figure8
Figure9
Highlights