Sidney Poitier

For his daughter, see Sydney Tamiia Poitier.

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox person with
unknown parameter honoric-sux (this message is
shown only in preview).
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox person with
unknown parameter oce (this message is shown only
in preview).

parents remained in Miami for three months to nurse

him to health.[13] Poitier grew up in the Bahamas, then
a British Crown colony. But because of his birth in
the United States, he automatically received American
citizenship.[13] Poitiers uncle has claimed that the Poitier
ancestors on his fathers side had migrated from Haiti[14]
and were probably part of the runaway slaves who had established maroon communities throughout the Bahamas,
[3]
Sir Sidney Poitier, KBE (/pwtje/ or /pwti.e/; including Cat Island. He mentions that the surname
and there were no white Poitiers
born February 20, 1927), is a Bahamian-American actor, Poitier is a French name,
[15]
from
the
Bahamas.
lm director, author and diplomat.
In 1964,[4] Poitier became the rst Bahamian and rst
African-American to win an Academy Award for Best
Actor,[5] for his role in Lilies of the Field.[6] The signicance of these achievements was bolstered in 1967, when
he starred in three successful lms, all of which dealt with
issues involving race and race relations: To Sir, with Love;
In the Heat of the Night; and Guess Whos Coming to Dinner, making him the top box-oce star of that year.[7] In
1999, the American Film Institute named Poitier among
the Greatest Male Stars of classic Hollywood cinema,
ranking 22nd on the list of 25.

Poitier lived with his family on Cat Island until he was

10, when they moved to Nassau.[16][17] He was raised a
Roman Catholic[18] but, later became an agnostic[19] with
views closer to deism.[20]

From 1997 to 2007, he served as the non-resident Bahamian ambassador to Japan.[9] On August 12, 2009,
Poitier was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom,
the United States' highest civilian honor, by President
Barack Obama.[10] In 2016 he was awarded the BAFTA
Fellowship for outstanding lifetime achievement in lm.

but was rejected by audiences. Contrary to what was expected of African American actors at the time, Poitiers
tone deafness made him unable to sing.[24] Determined
to rene his acting skills and rid himself of his noticeable
Bahamian accent, he spent the next six months dedicating himself to achieving theatrical success. On his second attempt at the theater, he was noticed and given a
leading role in the Broadway production Lysistrata, for
which he received good reviews. By the end of 1949,
he had to choose between leading roles on stage and an
oer to work for Darryl F. Zanuck in the lm No Way
Out (1950). His performance in No Way Out, as a doctor treating a Caucasian bigot (played by Richard Widmark), was noticed and led to more roles, each considerably more interesting and more prominent than those
most African American actors of the time were oered.
Poitiers breakout role was as a member of an incorrigible
high school class in Blackboard Jungle (1955).

At the age of 15, he was sent to Miami to live with his

brother. At the age of 17, he moved to New York City
and held a string of jobs as a dishwasher. A Jewish waiter
sat with him every night for several weeks helping him
learn to read the newspaper.[21] He then decided to join
the United States Army during the Korean War where
he became an ocer. After which he worked as a dishlanded him a spot with
Poitier has directed a number of lms, including A Piece washer until a successful audition
[22][23]
the
American
Negro
Theatre.
of the Action, Uptown Saturday Night, Lets Do It Again,
with Bill Cosby; Stir Crazy, starring Richard Pryor and
Gene Wilder; and Ghost Dad, also with Cosby. In
2002, thirty-eight years after receiving the Best Actor 2 Hollywood
Award, Poitier was chosen by the Academy of Motion
Picture Arts and Sciences to receive an Academy Hon- 2.1 Acting
orary Award, in recognition of his remarkable accomplishments as an artist and as a human being.[8]
Poitier joined the North American Negro Chicken Club,

Early life

Sidney Poitiers parents were Evelyn (ne Outten) and

Reginald James Poitier,[11] Bahamian farmers who owned
a farm on Cat Island and traveled to Miami to sell tomatoes and other produce. Reginald worked as a cab driver
in Nassau, Bahamas.[12] Poitier was born in Miami while
his parents were visiting. His birth was two months
premature and he was not expected to survive, but his
1

A scene from the play A Raisin in the Sun. From left: Louis
Gossett, Jr. as George Murchison, Ruby Dee as Ruth Younger
and Poitier as Walter Younger.

Poitier was the rst male actor of African descent to

be nominated for a competitive Academy Award (for
The Deant Ones, 1958). He was also the rst actor
of African descent to win the Academy Award for Best
Actor (for Lilies of the Field in 1963). (James Baskett
was the rst African American male to receive an Oscar, an Honorary Academy Award for his performance as
Uncle Remus in the Walt Disney production of Song of
the South in 1948, while Hattie McDaniel predated them
both, winning as Best Supporting Actress for her role in
1939s Gone with the Wind, making her the rst person
of African descent to be nominated for and receive an
Oscar). His satisfaction at this honor was undermined by
his concerns that this award was more of the industry congratulating itself for having him as a token and it would
inhibit him from asking for more substantive considerations afterward.[25] Poitier worked relatively little over
the following year; he remained the only major actor of
African descent and the roles oered were predominantly
typecast as a soft-spoken appeaser.[26]
He acted in the rst production of A Raisin in the Sun
on Broadway in 1959, and later starred in the lm version released in 1961. He also gave memorable performances in The Bedford Incident (1965), and A Patch of
Blue (1965) co-starring Elizabeth Hartman and Shelley
Winters. In 1967, he was the most successful draw at
the box oce, the commercial peak of his career, with
three popular lms, Guess Whos Coming to Dinner; To
Sir, with Love and In the Heat of the Night. The last lm
featured his most successful character, Virgil Tibbs, a

2 HOLLYWOOD

Poitier (left) at the 1963 March on Washington, alongside actors

Harry Belafonte and Charlton Heston

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, detective whose subsequent

career was the subject of two sequels: They Call Me Mister Tibbs! (1970) and The Organization (1971).
Poitier began to be criticized for being typecast as overidealized African American characters who were not permitted to have any sexuality or personality faults, such as
his character in Guess Whos Coming To Dinner. Poitier
was aware of this pattern himself, but was conicted on
the matter. He wanted more varied roles; but he also felt
obliged to set an example with his characters, by challenging old stereotypes as he was the only major actor of
African descent being cast in leading roles in the American lm industry, at that time. For instance, in 1966, he
turned down an opportunity to play the lead in an NBC
production of Othello with that spirit in mind.[27]
In 2001, Poitier received an Honorary Academy Award
for his overall contribution to American cinema. With
the death of Ernest Borgnine, in 2012, he became the
oldest living man to have won the Academy Award for
Best Actor.[28] On March 2, 2014, Poitier appeared with
Angelina Jolie at the 86th Academy Awards, to present
the Best Director Award. He was given a standing ovation. Jolie thanked him for all his Hollywood contributions, stating we are in your debt. Poitier gave a brief
acceptance speech, telling his peers to keep up the wonderful work to warm applause.

2.2

Directing

Poitier directed several lms, the most successful being

the Richard Pryor-Gene Wilder comedy Stir Crazy, which
for many years was the highest grossing lm directed by a
person of African descent.[29] His feature lm directorial
debut was the Western, Buck and the Preacher, in which
Poitier also starred, alongside Harry Belafonte. Poitier
replaced original director, Joseph Sargent. The trio of
Poitier, Cosby, and Belafonte reunited, with Poitier again
directing, in, Uptown Saturday Night. He directed Cosby
in Lets Do It Again, A Piece of the Action, and Ghost Dad.
Poitier directed the rst popular dance battle movie, Fast
Forward in 1985.

2.3

Recording

Poitier recorded an album with the composer Fred Katz

called Poitier Meets Plato, in which Poitier recites passages from Plato's writings.[30]

Poitier receives the Presidential Medal of Freedom from U.S.

President Barack Obama in 2009.

6 Honors and awards

1958 British Academy Film Award for Best Actor
in a Leading Role for The Deant Ones

Business

From 1995 to 2003, he served as a member of the board

of directors of The Walt Disney Company.[31]

1958 Silver Bear for Best Actor (Berlin Film Festival) for The Deant Ones[40]
1963 Academy Award (Oscar) for Best Actor in a
Leading Role for Lilies of the Field
1963 Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama for Lilies of the Field

Diplomatic service

1963 Silver Bear for Best Actor (Berlin Film Festival) for Lilies of the Field [41]

In April 1997, Poitier was appointed ambassador of the

Bahamas to Japan, a position he held until 2007. From
2002 to 2007, he was concurrently the ambassador of the
Bahamas to UNESCO.[9]

1974 Knight Commander of the Order of the British

Empire (KBE)

In March 2014, he swore in the new mayor of Beverly

Hills, California, Lili Bosse, in a ceremony at the Wallis
Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts.[32]

1992 AFI Life Achievement Award

1982 Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award[42]

1995 Kennedy Center Honors

Personal life

1997
Appointed
Ambassador to Japan

non-resident

Bahamian

1999 SAG Life Achievement Award

Poitier was rst married to Juanita Hardy from April
29, 1950, until 1965. He has been married to Joanna
Shimkus, a Canadian former actress of LithuanianJewish and Irish descent, since January 23, 1976. He
has four daughters with his rst wife and two with
his second: Beverly,[33] Pamela,[34] Sherri,[35] Gina,[36]
Anika,[37] and Sydney Tamiia.[38]
In addition to his six daughters, Poitier has eight grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.[39]

2000 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor

in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special for The Simple Life of Noah Dearborn
2001 NAACP Image Award - Hall of Fame Award
2001 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album
Rick Harris, John Runnette (producers) and Sidney Poitier for The Measure of a Man

10
2002 Honorary Oscar For his extraordinary performances and unique presence on the screen and
for representing the industry with dignity, style and
intelligence
2009 Presidential Medal of Freedom[43]
2011 Film Society of Lincoln Center Gala Tribute[44] honoring his life and careers
2016 BAFTA Fellowship

Filmography

7.1

Actor

7.2

Director

7.3

Television

Works about Poitier

8.1

Autobiographies

Poitier has written three autobiographical books:

This Life (1980)

REFERENCES

David Hampton, an impostor who posed as Poitiers

son David in 1983, which inspired a play and a
lm, Six Degrees of Separation

10 References
[1] Full Biography New York Times. 2015. Retrieved July
23, 2015
[2] Sidney Poitier Biography AETN UK. The Biography
Channel. 2005 - 2011. Retrieved July 23, 2015
[3] Because Poitier is a citizen of The Bahamas, a
Commonwealth realm, this is a substantive (as opposed
to honorary) knighthood, which entitles him to the style
Sir. However, Poitier employs the title only in connection with his former ocial ambassadorial duties.
[4] Bill Goodykoontz, Gannett Chief Film Critic (2014-0225). Oscar win proved Sidney Poitier was second to
none. Usatoday.com. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
[5] James Baskett won an Honorary Academy Award, for his
performance in Walt Disney's Song of the South (1946).
The award was not competitive. See Awards for James
Baskett, Internet Movie Database
[6] Awards for Sidney Poitier at the Internet Movie Database
[7] Top Ten Money Making Stars. Quigley Publishing Co.
Retrieved August 30, 2009.

The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography

(2000)

[8] "''Sidney Poitier awards: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' awards database. Awardsdatabase.oscars.org. 2010-01-29. Retrieved 2014-08-10.

Life Beyond Measure letters to my GreatGranddaughter (2008, an Oprahs Book Club selection).

[9] Sir Sidney Poitier, best known Bahamian, honored. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

Poitier is also the subject of the biography Sidney

Poitier: Man, Actor, Icon (2004) by historian Aram
Goudsouzian.[45]
Poitier wrote the novel Montaro Caine, released in May
2013.

8.2

Movies about Poitier

[10] Sidney Poitier, Sen. Ted Kennedy Among 16 Who Receive Medal of Freedom. Washingtonpost.com. 200908-13. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
[11] Sidney Poitier Film Reference biography. Filmreference.com. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
[12] Davis Smiley interviews Sidney Poitier Archived November 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
[13] Adam Gourmand, Sidney Poitier: Man, Actor, Icon
(2004), p.8.

Sidney Poitier, an Outsider in Hollywood (Sidney [14] Bio - Sidney Poitier. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
Poitier, an outsider Hollywood). Documentary
lm by Catherine Arnaud. Arte, France, 2008, 70 [15] Sidney Poitier: Man, Actor, Icon. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
minutes.
Sidney Poitier: One Bright Light. American Masters,
PBS. USA, 2000. 60 minutes.[46]

[16] Sidney Poitier. Oprah Presents Master Class. Season

1. Episode 7. April 22, 2012. Oprah Winfrey Network.
Archived from the original on December 4, 2014.
[17] Poitier, Sidney. The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography. (2000). New York. HarperCollins.

See also
List of African American rsts

[18] Winfrey, Oprah (October 15, 2000). Oprah Talks to

Sidney Poitier. The Oprah Winfrey Show. Retrieved
September 16, 2010. I come from a Catholic family.

[19] Sidney Poitier (2009). Life Beyond Measure: Letters to

My Great-Granddaughter. HarperCollins. p. 84. ISBN
978-0-06-149620-2. The question of God, the existence
or nonexistence, is a perennial question, because we don't
know. Is the universe the result of God, or was the universe always there?

[38] Advice For Upn: Get Rid Of 'Abby' - New York

Daily News. Articles.nydailynews.com. 1969-08-09.
Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved
2014-08-10.

[20] Sidney Poitier (2009). Life Beyond Measure. HarperCollins. pp. 8586. ISBN 978-0-06-173725-1. I don't
see a God who is concerned with the daily operation of
the universe. In fact, the universe may be no more than a
grain of sand compared with all the other universes.... It
is not a God for one culture, or one religion, or one planet.

[40] Berlinale 1958: Prize Winners. berlinale.de. Retrieved

April 1, 2010.

[21] Sidney Poitier: Man, Actor, Icon (2004) Aram Goudsouzian, University of North Carolina Press ISBN 9780-8078-2843-4 p44
[22] Poitier, Sidney. The Measure of a Man. (2000). New
York: HarperCollins Publishers
[23] Chenrow, Fred; Chenrow, Carol (1974). Reading Exercises in Black History. Elizabethtown, PA: The Continental Press, Inc. p. 46. ISBN 0-8454-2108-5.
[24] Goudsouzian; Sidney Poitier; p 69, 133
[25] Harris, Mark (2008). Pictures at a Revolution: Five Films
and the Birth of a New Hollywood. Penguin Press. pp.
589.
[26] Harris 2008, p.812

[39] Sidney Poitier children and grandchildren

[41] Berlinale 1963: Prize Winners. berlinale.de. Retrieved

2010-02-14.
[42] Hollywood Foreign Press Association - Cecil B. DeMille Award Jan 2015 Archived August 12, 2014, at the
Wayback Machine.
[43] President Obama Names Medal of Freedom Recipients,
White House Oce of the Press Secretary, July 30, 2009
[44] Film Society of Lincoln Center honors the life and career
of Sidney Poitier, Lincoln Center of the Performing Arts,
May 2, 2011
[45] Goudsouzian, Aram. 2004. University of North Carolina
Press. ISBN 978-0807828434
[46] Sidney Poitier: One Bright Light at the Internet Movie
Database

11 External links

[27] Harris 2008, p.161

[28] Lauren Moraski (July 10, 2012). Ernest Borgnines death
makes Sidney Poitier the oldest living best actor Oscar
winner. Celebrity Circuit. CBS News. Retrieved July
27, 2012.
[29] Black Enterprise. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2014-0810.
[30] Goudsouzian, Aram; Sidney Poitier: Man, Actor, Icon,
The University of North Carolina Press, 200, page 395
[31] Actor Takes Center Stage as Disney Trial Grinds On
New York Times article 12 August 2004
[32] New Mayor Lili Bosse Wants Beverly Hills to be the
Healthiest City in the World. Beverly Hills Courier. 26
March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
[33] Poitier-Henderson Holds Book Signing - WLBT 3 - Jackson, MS:". Wlbt.com. 2014-08-06. Retrieved 2014-0810.
[34] The New York Times > New York Region > Hundreds
Mourn Ossie Davis in Harlem
[35] Daughters of King, Malcolm X Also Have a Message.
Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. 1988-04-09. Retrieved 2014-0810.
[36] Atlanta News, Sports, Atlanta Weather, Business News |
ajc.com. Nl.newsbank.com. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
[37] Dan Shaw (1994-05-21). Chronicle - New York Times.
Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2014-08-10.

Ocial publisher web page

Poitier breaks new ground with Oscar win (BBC,
April 13, 1964)
The Purpose Prize: Sidney Poitier The Purpose
Prize: Sidney Poitier
Overview of Sidney Poitiers life
Sidney Poitier at the Internet Movie Database
Artist of the Month: Sidney Poitier at Hyena Productions

12

12
12.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Sidney Poitier Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Poitier?oldid=707829873 Contributors: Koyaanis Qatsi, Ap, Ed Poor,

Danny, Karen Johnson, William Avery, Ben-Zin~enwiki, Orcalover, Rbrwr, Kchishol1970, IZAK, Jacquez, Andrewman327, WhisperToMe, Tpbradbury, Furrykef, Dimadick, Bearcat, Robbot, Alrasheedan, RedWolf, Stephan Schulz, Naddy, ZekeMacNeil, Wally, Saforrest,
JackofOz, Wereon, Decumanus, Josh Martin, Rossrs, Gamaliel, Ssd, Sesel, Wmahan, Keith Edkins, Mineminemine, Beland, Lynda Finn,
Necrothesp, Beginning, Kaisersanders, Sam, Klemen Kocjancic, D6, Freakofnurture, Discospinster, Paulo Oliveira, Qutezuce, FrickFrack,
Xezbeth, Mani1, Bender235, ESkog, CanisRufus, Lycurgus, Kwamikagami, Remember, Deanos, Orlady, Causa sui, Bobo192, Stesmo,
Holgate, IronHelix, B Touch, Darwinek, Maxl, MPerel, Mareino, Wayfarer, LtNOWIS, Ben davison, Alyeska, Philip Cross, Craigy144,
Walkerma, Saga City, G026r, Cburnett, Sketchee, Grenavitar, AN(Ger), Ghirlandajo, Redvers, Btornado, Japanese Searobin, Brookie,
Angr, Woohookitty, Shreevatsa, Candice, Dowew, NuclearFunk, Al E., Hughcharlesparker, Zzyzx11, Hgd4th, Emilianodelau, Dysepsion,
Rachel1, DavidCane, Kbdank71, Kane5187, Noirish, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Koavf, Pazuzu413, TheRingess, Jamaal, The wub, TBHecht, MarnetteD, FuriousFreddy, Qaqaq, FlaBot, Ground Zero, JdforresterBot, Alhutch, Sergio1, Thefourdotelipsis, Y2j420, Srleer,
Russavia, Gareth E. Kegg, Chobot, VolatileChemical, Bgwhite, YurikBot, Splintercellguy, RussBot, Adamtheo, GusF, Tenebrae, Imladros, Flyguy33, NawlinWiki, Cmart514, Welsh, Howcheng, Andland, Yoninah, Cholmes75, Blitterbug, Zwobot, Davidpatrick, Bantosh,
Wknight94, Walterk29, Joshmaul, J. Van Meter, Arthur Rubin, Rms125a@hotmail.com, Jogers, Karas peter@yahoo.com, Whobot, Rotten
Bastard~enwiki, Garion96, Jonathan.s.kt, Bibliomaniac15, The Claw, SmackBot, PoloShot, Scott197827, David Kernow, Brianyoumans,
Flibirigit, Delldot, Arniep, Alsandro, Hmains, Ghosts&empties, Scaife, Jprg1966, Master of Puppets, Fplay, MalafayaBot, Viewnder,
Scwlong, George Ho, Tsca.bot, Professor Von Pie, DRahier, Sumahoy, Flibbert, Addshore, Masalai, The Moving Finger Writes, Qylecoop, Quixada, Invincible Ninja, Bulldog123, Tehw1k1, Zadignose, Rodrigogomespaixao, Bejnar, Murph24, Clown in black and yellow,
Gloriamarie, BrownHairedGirl, Runaway Slave, SuperTycoon, Jzummak, Steamboatmickey, Dustin Pearson, Hemmingsen, Syrcatbot, The
Man in Question, 16@r, Phbasketball6, Makyen, Noah Salzman, SQGibbon, Luokehao, 2T, Ryulong, Alphaman11, Levineps, Torourkeus,
Clarityend, Encyclopaedia Editing Dude, CapitalR, DavidOaks, Courcelles, Charleenmerced, Tawkerbot2, HRH, RattleandHum, Heqs,
SilenceDoGood, Filiep, Vaughan Pratt, Joey80, Anthony22, Drinibot, Asc85, Womzilla, Jimknut, Djus, ShelfSkewed, Sbpat21, Colorfulharp233, Slazenger, Cydebot, Comar4, Slp1, Treybien, SyntaxError55, Gogo Dodo, Sullivan9211, ST47, Lugnuts, DumbBOT, Ameliorate!, Ward3001, Thijs!bot, TonyTheTiger, Paul Arnott, Mojo Hand, Skymasterson, Frank, SGGH, Tellyaddict, QuasyBoy, Massimo
Macconi, JustAGal, Davidhorman, Mentisto, CPWinter, ErinHowarth, Dr. Blofeld, ABCxyz, Jhawk1024, Trezjr, Zigzig20s, Jessiejames,
Leevclarke, Aaronhumes, Richard Poole, Klow, Deective, Postcard Cathy, Epeeeche, Andonic, MegX, Vgmaster, Demophon, .anacondabot, Wildhartlivie, Magioladitis, Connormah, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, JamesBWatson, Lizzysama, KConWiki, Ali'i, BilCat, Allstarecho,
Gerry D, Spellmaster, Enquire, Esanchez7587, Doinelita, Flami72, Jjaazz, PhantomS, MartinBot, SuperMarioMan, Anaxial, BrassTacks,
AlexiusHoratius, Wiki Raja, Tgeairn, J.delanoy, Trusilver, Bellagio99, Jkinhart, Riptor820, Cop 663, Salih, Damnnecoee, Darkspots,
Naniwako, Belovedfreak, Vegan4Life, Richard D. LeCour, Biofoundationsoanguage, Nolacee, Nikki311, Packerfansam, Widders, Storyliner, JingaJenga, Wikiaddict8962, OneHappyHusky, VolkovBot, CWii, Johnfos, Pleasantville, Afgraldor, Bovineboy2008, Chienlit,
WOSlinker, Albertitors, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Maximillion Pegasus, GroveGuy, Malakaville, Wnl71, Pip1623, Snowbot, Urbanrenewal,
Just Jim Dandy, Exit EMERGENCYx, Fizbin, Troy86, Msw1002, Yaksar, Add7800, WJRichardson9, Gustav von Humpelschmumpel,
Cosprings, Ponyo, Fjykbgv, DerbyCountyinNZ, Dusti, Euryalus, BotMultichill, thelwold, Gerakibot, Skylark42, Alex Middleton, Flyer22
Reborn, Exert, Simonrowe22, Arbor to SJ, Inspector Lee, COBot, MichiganCharms, Rossmctavish, Pinkadelica, Struway2, Chris fardon, Martarius, ClueBot, Foxj, All Hallows Wraith, Icarusgeek, Monkeytheboy, Plastikspork, Drmies, Niceguyedc, Trivialist, Eversman,
Ktr101, Jumbolino, Abrech, Cadpah, Mceizia2, Huntthetroll, Dutzi, Wallersound, 6afraidof7, Levent, Muro Bot, Ure, Lord Cornwallis,
ClanCC, DumZiBoT, Romanov1918, RexxS, Verify67, WillOakland, Avoided, Jenomite, Good Olfactory, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Killerfoot, Manuel Trujillo Berges, Hubschrauber729, Ronhjones, Mr. Wheely Guy, Startstop123, Versesome, This is Paul, Mr Hall of England,
Glane23, Lihaas, Favonian, JGKlein, 5 albert square, Pvisi111, Tassedethe, Ondewelle, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Zorrobot, Digby scallops,
Legobot, Pointer1, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Legobot II, Mystic meg is bleeding love, Peter Stuyvesant, TheMovieBu, AnomieBOT, JackieBot,
Ipatrol, AdjustShift, Justme89, Sam Ferry, Materialscientist, ArthurBot, Blaister, Cliftonian, Tad Lincoln, GrouchoBot, Shaniafan, Cresix, Crotchety Old Man, FrescoBot, Anna Roy, Wonderwoman*pop, Bobjoebiden, Adam9389, D'ohBot, Masterknighted, DivineAlpha,
Jameslu1000, Redrose64, JIK1975, Venividiwplwiki, I dream of horses, HRoestBot, LittleWink, Tinton5, Stateofthings, Ajw786, Frank
the rabbit, Kgrad, TobeBot, WandaRMinstrel, Ffowei, Anthony Winward, CarpeDiem00, Abie the Fish Peddler, Igor Fedenko, Risk34,
EmausBot, And we drown, Orphan Wiki, Gored82, Dudy001, Yinzland, Eshia1, Jeudegobelets, Coolcook00, RNAlonto, ZroBot, Illegitimate Barrister, NathanielTheBold, Truthsort, Jordancelticsfan, Mustafaalmas, Lacon432, SporkBot, Wikignome0530, Erianna, Baneer,
BHillbillies, Teamshae, ChuispastonBot, Rusted AutoParts, ClueBot NG, AQuixoticLife, YousufMiah, Inkowik, KIRILL1995, Mr. D.
E. Mophon, Sirkh1, Widr, Chris65536, Vincelord, Haemmerli, RakiSykes, Asalrifai, Chocoagogo, WNYY98, BG19bot, Murry1975,
Marshabud, Neptunes Trident, DisneyChicago99, JephthahsDaughter, ERJANIK, Mottengott, Mythic Writerlord, Orangestwo, Monkelese, Erchpiglet, BattyBot, The Illustrious Potentate, Ninmacer20, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, EbonyHistory, Mophista, MadGuy7023,
Kennykfc, Laggan Boy, DavidESpeed, Makecat-bot, John Richards (USA), ScouseScholar, James1420, VIAFbot, Bulba2036, Choor
monster, Bettyboop330, TheRubbishStar, BreakfastJr, PMChi, BenStein69, DavidLeighEllis, ArmbrustBot, Robert4565, Monochrome
Monitor, Sheldonisawesome, Ginsuloft, Ministre d'tat, AMintern, Ebernardez, UY Scuti, Charge2charge, Savvyjack23, Lolomygurl, AdventurousMe, Placenage, Marcelo Armando, Matheus6666, HMSLavender, Jegr9, Johnnyboy6400, Hakarinuka, Mmsood99, KasparBot,
Srednuas Lenoroc, Cep2004 and Anonymous: 574

12.2

Images

File:A_Raisin_in_the_Sun_1959_2.JPG Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/A_Raisin_in_the_Sun_
1959_2.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: eBay item Original artist: Friedman-Abeles, New York
File:AmericaAfrica.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/AmericaAfrica.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Created using Image:Flag of the UNIA.svg and Image:Map of USA without state names.svg. Original artist: Created by
Edward Deutsch (Jndrline)
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

12.3

Content license

File:Poitier_Belafonte_Heston_Civil_Rights_March_1963.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/
Poitier_Belafonte_Heston_Civil_Rights_March_1963.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This media is available in the holdings of
the National Archives and Records Administration, cataloged under the ARC Identier (National Archives Identier) 542061. Original
artist: U.S. Information Agency. Press and Publications Service. (ca. 1953 - ca. 1978)
File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_War.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Seal_of_
the_United_States_Department_of_War.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://etc.usf.edu/ Original artist: United States Department of War (1880-1947)
File:Sidney_Poitier-NPS.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Sidney_Poitier-NPS.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.nps.gov/features/malu/feat0002/wof/Sidney_Poitier.htm Original artist: United States Department of
the Interior National Park Service
File:Sidney_Poitier_PMF.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Sidney_Poitier_PMF.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: White House video (around 29:10) Original artist: The White House
File:US_flag_48_stars.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/US_flag_48_stars.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work based on PD info Original artist: Created by jacobolus using Adobe Illustrator.
File:Video-x-generic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

12.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0