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0.1
0.05
f (kHz)
xc(t)
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-2
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10
t (ms)
|X ( f )|
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f (kHz)
xc(t)
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Show that the system below acts as an envelope detector for a bandpass
signal. Verify that the system can indeed demodulate an AM wave.
(Hint: Consider a general bandpass signal
x c ( t ) cos ( ct ) + x s ( t ) sin ( ct ) .
Show that the output is the envelope
narrowband signal.)
( A / 2)
x 2c ( t ) + x 2s ( t ) . Assume a
x ( t ) = x c ( t ) cos ( ct ) + x s ( t ) sin ( ct )
On the top path:
x c ( t ) cos ( ct )
x c ( t ) cos ( ct ) + x s ( t ) sin ( ct )
A
cos ( ct + )
+ x s ( t ) sin ( ct )
Mixer
x c ( t ) cos ( ) Squarer
x
t
cos
+
x
t
sin
(
)
(
)
(
)
( )
c
s
2
( A / 2)
( A / 4 )
2 x c ( t ) x s ( t ) cos ( ) sin ( )
x s ( t ) sin ( )
x ( t ) = x c ( t ) cos ( ct ) + x s ( t ) sin ( ct )
On the bottom path:
x c ( t ) cos ( ct )
x c ( t ) cos ( ct ) + x s ( t ) sin ( ct )
A
sin ( ct + )
+ x s ( t ) sin ( ct )
Mixer
x c ( t ) sin ( ) Squarer
x
t
sin
+
x
t
cos
(
)
(
)
(
)
( )
c
s
2
( A / 2)
( A / 4 )
+2 x c ( t ) x s ( t ) cos ( ) sin ( )
+ x s ( t ) cos ( )
x 2c ( t ) cos 2 ( ) + x 2s ( t ) sin 2 ( )
On the top path: A / 4
2 x c ( t ) x s ( t ) cos ( ) sin ( )
2
2
2
2
x
t
sin
+
x
t
cos
(
)
(
)
(
)
( )
c
s
2
On the bottom path: A / 4
+2
x
t
x
t
cos
sin
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
c
s
2
2
2
2
x
t
cos
+
x
t
sin
(
)
(
)
(
)
( )
c
s
2
2
2
2
A /4 2
=
A
/
4
x
t
+
x
(
)
c
s (t )
2
2
2
x
t
sin
+
x
t
cos
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
s
c
Square
Rooter
( A / 2 ) x 2c ( t ) + x 2s ( t )
AM: x c ( t ) = Ac 1 + x ( t ) cos ( ct )
x ( t ) = A 1 + x ( t ) cos ( ct ) = A / 2 1 + x ( t ) 1 + cos ( 2 ct )
2
c
2
c
(A
(A
2
c
2
c
)
/ 2 ) 1 + x ( t )
2
c
/ 2 1 + x ( t ) 1 + cos ( 2 ct ) A / 2 1 + x ( t )
2
LPF
Square
Rooter
2
c
Ac / 2 1 + x ( t )
DSB: x c ( t ) = x ( t ) cos ( ct )
x 2c ( t ) = x 2 ( t ) cos 2 ( ct ) = x 2 ( t ) (1 / 2 ) 1 + cos ( 2 ct )
x 2 ( t ) (1 / 2 ) 1 + cos ( 2 ct ) LPF
x 2 ( t ) / 2
Square
Rooter
x ( t ) / 2
x2 (t ) / 2 = x (t ) / 2
2
H( f ) =
1
f
f
1 + jQ 0
f0 f
H (180MHz ) =
1
= 0.00225e j1.5685
180 20
1 + j50
20 180
H (180MHz ) dB = 52.96 dB
Five messages with bandwidths 1 kHz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 4 kHz and 4 kHz
respectively are to be time-division multiplexed. You have a 4 input
multiplexer with a maximum sampling rate of 8 khz and a 32 kHz clock.
Design a system, in block diagram form, that will multiplex these signals
plus an 8 kHz marker.
BW (kHz) Min. fs
1
1
2
4
4
1 kHz
1 kHz
2000
2000
4000
8000
8000
fs = 2 kHz
M =2
2
Marker
4 kHz
2 kHz
4 kHz
fs = 8 kHz
M =4
fs = 4 kHz
M =2
32 kHz
Clock
0.1s + 100
,
s
an amplifier with gain K a = 10 and a VCO with K v = 2 MHz/volt are used to
make a phase-locked loop. Using the linearized model of a phase-locked loop
find the closed-loop system poles. Is this phase-locked loop stable?
An analog multiplier, a filter with transfer function H ( s ) =
0.1s + 100
Y( s )
sK a H ( s )
s
=
=
( s ) s + 2 K a K v H ( s ) s + 2 10 2 10 6 0.1s + 100
s
Y( s )
s ( s + 1000 )
s ( s + 1000 )
=
=
( s ) s 2 + 2 10 2 10 6 ( 0.1s + 100 ) s 2 + 4 10 6 s + 4 10 9
10s
A stable phase-locked loop is locked. The input signal's phase suddenly jumps
up by a small amount. Describe the sequence of events in the system that makes
it settle to a new locked state with the new input signal phase.
The first thing that happens is that the phase of the input signal lags the VCO
output signal less than previously. This causes the lowpass filter output to move
to a more positive voltage. That more positive voltage drives the VCO to raise
its output signal frequency. That tends to make the phase difference return to
quadrature (or near quadrature). That lowers the output of the lowpass filter
reducing the VCO output signal's frequency. Eventually the lowpass filter's
output signal returns to its original value with the VCO output again leading the
input signal by approximately 90.
A stable phase-locked loop is locked. The input signal's frequency suddenly drops
by a small amount. Describe the sequence of events in the system that makes it
settle to a new locked state with the new input signal frequency.
The first thing that happens is that the phase of the input signal starts lagging the
VCO output signal more than previously. This causes the lowpass filter output to
move to a more negative voltage. That more negative voltage drives the VCO to
lower its output signal frequency. That tends to make the phase difference return
to quadrature (or near quadrature) at a lower frequency of the VCO output.
Eventually the loop is locked again with the VCO output frequency matching the
input signal's frequency and with the lowpass filter's output signal at a lower
voltage.