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s
Commission of the European Communities
Final report
DirectorateGeneral
Science, Research and Development
1993
PARI. EURP.
f.j Q EUR 14546 EN
1.
Published by the
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
Directorate-General XIII
Telecommunications, Information Market and Exploitation of Research
L-2920 Luxembourg
LEGAL NOTICE
Neither the Commission of the European Communities nor any person acting
on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of
the following information.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research has been performed by ARBED S A. during the years 1988 to 1990 and
sponsored by C.E.C., the Commission of the European Community (C.E.C. Agreement
N 7210-S A/510).
We want to acknowledge first of all the important financial support from the
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY, as well as the moral support given
during this research by all the members of the C.E.C. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE F6
"LIGHT WEIGHT S TRUCTURES ".
Thanks are also due to all, who by any means may have contributed in this research:
-
M. BoeraeveP.
LIST
OF
SYMBOLS
Width
C
Annexes
E
Effect of action; modulus of elasticity
F F orce; surface; action
I
Moment of inertia
L
Length
M
Moment; bending moment
Newton
R
Resistance; reaction
S
Internal forces and moments
W
Name of American hot-rolled shapes
W
Web; name of transducers
W
Section modulus
LATIN LOWER CASE LETTERS
a
Geometrical data
b
Buckling; width
c
Half width of H profile
d
Length; distance
e F lange thickness; eccentricity
f F lange
h
Height
i
Radius of gyration
k
Coefficient; kilo
1
Length
m
Meter
Plates
r
Radius
t
Thickness
u
Up
w
Web
Coordinate in X axis
y
Coordinate in Y axis
Coordinate in axis
VII
Angle; Ratio
Moment distribution factor; Correction factor
Partial safety factor
Strain; maximal strain
Reduction factor
Buckling reduction factor
Slenderness; load multiplier
Coefficient of correlation
Normal stress
Mechanical characteristics
Reduction factor for buckling
Ratio between end moments
SUBSCRIPT
b
E
k
pl(x,y)
LT
M
min
ml
R
r
red
s
t
uit
y
y
OTHER
SIA
EC
EN
ECCS
FeE
crit
red
ecc
LTB
min
Buckling
Young modulus
Characteristics
Plastic variable according to (x,y) axes
Lateral-torsional
Moment
Minimum
Partial safety factor 1
(according to) axial force
Resistance
Reduced; radius of fillet
Reduction formula
Slide
Tangent
Ultimate (limit state)
Yield
Strong axis
Weak axis
Square
EXP RESSIONS
Swiss society of engineers and architects
Eurocode
Euronorm
European Convention for Constructional Steelwork
Steel grade (yield point)
Critical
Reduced
Eccentricity
Lateral-torsional buckling
Minimum
- V III
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
SUMMARY
Ill
V
LIST OF SYMBOLS
CONTENTS
Vll-viii
Ei-XI
SOMMAIRE - KURZFASSUNG
XIII-XIV
PART I : REPORT
1.
2.
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Purposes
1.2. Description
3
3
TESTING PROGRAMME
2.1. Preselection
4
4
5
5
7
10
12
3.
12
4.
BUCKLING TESTS
4.1. Generalities
4.2. Preparation
12
12
13
4.2.1. Measurements
4.2.2. Supports
4.3. Realization
4.4. Results
13
14
15
16
RESIDUAL STRESSES
17
17
18
5.
- IX -
6.
7.
7.3
19
19
19
20
21
21
24
24
27-31
33
33
33
33
34
34
35
35
36
36
36
38
39
40
43-56
57
59-72
8.
73
9.
CONCLUSIONS
75
10.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
77
FIGURES
1 to 3
4 to 29
30 to 59
60 to 71
72 to 90
Chapter 1 : Introduction
Chapter 2 : Testing Programme
Chapter 4 : Buckling Tests
Chapter 5 : Residual Stresses
Chapter 6 : Numerical Simulations of the Buckling Tests
83-87
89-136
117-148
149-162
163-183
PARTII : ANNEXES
ANNEX A (Al to A53):
ANNEX B (Bl to 16):
ANNEX C (Cl to C47):
ANNEX D (Dl to D32):
XI
187-241
243-260
261-309
311-344
aire
XIII
XIV
PART
REPORT
1.
INTRODUCTION
For normal service conditions, the N-M interaction curves for columns submitted to
compression may be calculated point by point with a non linear finite elements
software as FINELG or CEFICOSS, but on the other hand, they must be plotted in
accordance with the actual european or national standards and prescriptions.
In this context we observed several relatively important divergences between the
different standards and the numerical simulations, as it is shown on the N-M
diagram of figure 1, for an HD 400x400x744 profile.
These differences (up to 50 %) appear above all for the buckling according to the
weak axis and it seems that Eurocode 3 "Unified common rules for steel construction" (1984 version) penalizes the massive columns with its interaction formula
compared to a non-linear method and compared to the results of CEFICOSS numerical
simulations. This is also true to the actual codes in Great Britain, Belgium and
the United States.
1.1.
PURPOSES
In this research we want to check the behaviour of the massive columns like HD
hot-rolled sections (with thicknesses above 40 mm) by a serie of buckling tests
under eccentric loads and to compare the results issued from the actual prescription of Eurocode 3. We want to point out that the actual proposed rules in Eurocode 3 may be too much conservative and so that they don't allow the designers to
use the maximum of the real buckling strength under eccentric loads of the steel
massive columns.
We want to investigate this particular domain of the construction rules not yet
controlled by means of full-scale tests.
We know that a testing programme ( [ l ] , [2]) concerning buckling without eccentricity of these same massive columns has allowed at that time to improve their
classification in the european buckling curves; in the same way another research
[3] has led to a better classification of the profiles with high strength steel
for buckling problems.
1.2.
DESCRIPTION
realization of 9 buckling tests according to the weak axis for thick flanged
HD columns (NM1 to NM9) with uniform moment distributions (NM1 to NM6) and
with bitriangular moment distributions (NM7 to NM9) (fig. 2 and 3).
3 -
b)
The theoretical part of the proposed research consists in drawing the interaction
NM curves relating to results of the tests and according to the Eurocode 3 pres
criptions in order to deduce the practical conclusions of the comparison between
the codes and the reality.
On the other hand, we will take advantage of the test results to check also the
precision of the numerical simulations done with the Finelg software.
2.
TESTIN
G
PRO
G RAMME
PRESE
L ECTION
We chose thick flanged HD profiles available on the ARB ED stock with different
flange thicknesses (over 40 mm), different slenderness ratios (buckling lengths,
...) and different eccentricities. For memory, the slenderness ratio means:
Xr
V*
7tV(E/oy)
where Lb
I
A
E
cy
Yield point
[N/mm*]
Tensile strength
Ultimate
strain
[%]
NM1
NM2;NM7
NM3
NM4
NM5
NM6
NM8;NM11
NM9; NM13
NM10
NM12
372,0
331,0
389,0
345,0
349,5
374,0
384,0
354,5
381,0
310,5
542
530
534
540
524
543
557
527
548
505
29,7
30,4
29,4
29,5
30,4
29,4
27,6
27,7
29,1
32,8
[N/mm*J
With these datas we must choose adequate parameters as the length of the columns
and the eccentricity of the load because the testing apparatus (University of
Bochum - Germany) imposes any limits:
* the distance between the supports of the testing machine is maximum equal to
10 meters;
* the maximal compressive load which can be applied is 20.000,0 kN.
2.2.
2.2.1.
The calculations concern the buckling phenomena according to the weak and the
strong axis, with different bending moment distribution either uniform (usually
more unfavorable) or bitriangular (more realistic in frames) (figure 4).
5 -
M
y,z
y,z
*y,z
pi
piy>
with:
(1
Xy,z Npl
) 2 . *
y,z
y,z
Xy,z * Np!
== 1,10
== 0,66
== 0,66+ 0,44.,
M
H<L
88 Version IO
Basic interaction formula: for strong and weak axis.
N
y,*
M
Xmin. Npl/vnl
y.s
pl
V s
7>/1
with:
Xmin = minimum of Xy and Xz
N
\ * =
y,*
,'
^1
V <1.5
= ^ ( 2 - 4 ) + ( , - 1 ) 0 9 0
W
pl
Vvz
y z
'
- w
y,
y> z
W
w
y,z
Wpi
T,z
, plastic section modulus for the strong and the weak axis
M,
= 1.10
= 1.80
= 1.80 - 0,70.,
with
M,
and -1 < < 1
=
M,
all
the
for
use
9 -
Profiles
Compression
Bending
10,80
10,80
4,79
7,06
7,06
3,20
5,89
5,89
2,77
4,55
4,55
2,23
7,50
7,50
2,99
6,75
6,75
2,79
2.2.3.
a)
Webs ( % ) )
Compression
Results
10
b)
Two examples of Finelg calculations and the comparisons with Eurocode 3 (84 and
89 versions) are shown on the following figures:
* Example NM5:
Section HD 400x400x1086 (or W14xl6x730), buckling according to the weak
axis, uniform moment distribution, buckling length of 8,18 m.
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
* Example NM13:
Section HD 310x310x500, buckling according to the strong axis, bitriangular
moment distribution, buckling length of 8,00 m.
Figure 20:
Figure 21:
Figure 22:
11
Figure 23:
Figure 24:
Figure 25:
Figure 26:
Figure 27:
Figure 28:
Figure 29:
2.3.
DEFINITIVE
SELECTION
The definitive selection for the testing programme appears on figure 9 with the
final parameters for the design of the specimens and the actualized differences
between Finelg numerical simulations and Eurocode 3 rules (November 89 version).
We chose 9 buckling tests according to the weak axis and 4 tests according to the
strong axis, with different moment distributions (uniform and bitriangular), different slenderness ratios, different eccentricities, for different flange thicknesses.
3.
DESIGN OF THE
SPECIMENS
4.
4.1.
BUCHUNG
TESTS
GENERALITIES
12
All the unavoidable geometrical and mechanical initial imperfections are practi
cally inducing the buckling of the columns.
In real beams we meet such imperfections as:
*
*
*
*
*
4.2.
4.2.1.
PREPARATION 7
Measurements
(2)
13
These tolerances are acceptable and will be neglected for the numerical
simulations.
(3)
(4)
(5)
As our supports are hinges (control of this topic in the following chapter
4.2.2.) we can measure the real buckling length of each column (fig. 50).
4.2.2.
Supports
14
* for each applied axial load we had friction between the roller and his
supports, friction which introduced a resistant moment called Ms greater
than the applied moment (= F d);
*
So we obtained two curves (for two diameters of roller; 100 and 200 mm): Ms in
function of (figure 55).
We can see that for the minimal given eccentricity (for NM9 we have 5 cm) the
moment applied at the hinges against friction is always greater than the slide
moment Ms. On the other hand the curves also show that the friction coefficient
decreases when the applied load increases (figure 56).
So that's why in the scope of our tests we can expect a hinge behaviour of the
supports.
We will control this conclusion by measuring the residual plastic deformations
along each column after the tests (see chapter 4.4.).
As pointed out on figure 53, the support behaves like a hinge in the main buck
ling planes (planes perpendicular to the weak axis for NM1 to NM9 and to the
strong axis for NM10 to NM13); but with the halfcylinder of 570 mm length the
columns are fully fixed in the other planes (planes parallel to the weak axis
and to the strong axis respectively).
4.3.
Three transducers were put along each column in each buckling plan to measure
the lateral displacements in function of the applied load (main displacements)
and to control up to collapse that we hadn't biaxial buckling (parasitical
displacements) (figure 59: position of wl to w6 transducers for buckling
according to the weak axis, for example).
15
4.4.
RESULTS [14]
* For buckling according to the weak axis (NM1 to NM9 tests) you can find on
Annexes CI to C18 the curves of load-displacements measured with transducers
wl to w3 (main displacements perpendicular to the weak axis) and with transducers w4 to w6 (parasitical displacements perpendicular to the strong axis)
to control the behaviour for each test NM1 to NM9.
* For buckling according to the strong axis (NM10 to NM 13 tests) you can find on
Annexes C19 to C26 the curves of load-displacements measured with transducers
wl to w3 (main displacements perpendicular to the strong axis) and with transducers w4 to w6 (parasitical displacements perpendicular to the weak axis) to
control the behaviour for each test NM10 to NM13.
* With a uniform moment distribution (NM1 to NM6, NM10, NM11), the tests show as
expected that since the beginning of loading up to collapse the mid-length
main displacements w2 are always superior to the others (wl and w3) which
remain equal during the whole loading.
The w2 maximal values are included between 118 mm and 235 mm. The maximal
parasitical displacement (w4, w5, w6) is equal to 12 mm with usual values not
upper than 3.6 mm and so we can conclude that there are no significant out-ofbuckling-plan displacements.
* For bitriangular moment distribution (NM7 to NM9, NM12, NM13), at the beginning of loading, the mid-length displacements w2 is equal to zero and the
others (wl and w3) remain equal; but at a certain level of loading wl and w3
become different more and more up to the maximal applied load after which the
global behaviour completely changed.
The maximal values of main displacements are included between 200 and 350 mm.
The maximal parasitical displacements (w4, w5, w6) is equal to 10.3 mm with
usual values not upper than 4.0 mm and so we can conclude that there are no
significant out-of-buckling-plan displacements.
* We measured the residual plastic deformations after the tests along each
column to control the correct behaviour of the hinged supports which influences directly the definition of the buckling length (Annexes C27 to C39). These
figures show that there is no opposite curvature at both extremities of each
column submitted to a uniform or a bitriangular moment distribution (the
measurements a, b, c have been already defined on figure 34).
- 16
As it can be seen on Annexes C33, C34, C35, C38 and C39 (residual state after
tests) for the tests with a theoretical bitriangular moment distribution (NM7
to NM9, NM12, NM13) the columns didn't keep this distribution because the
plastic residual deformations are not bi-sinusoidal like at the beginning of
loading. In practice, we have opposite but not equal eccentricities (fig. 49)
and we have different layouts of initial deformations (figures 41 to 43, 46
and 47); these both topics initiate differences between the bending moments
applied at both extremities, differences which are emphasized by - effects
and lead to these residual deformations.
On Annexes C40 to C47 we have some photos of the tests:
-
5.
NM1 specimen at collapse with both end plates and hinges, submitted to a
uniform moment distribution (Annex C40);
detail of end plate and hinged support of a specimen (Annex C41);
detail of the hinged support with the half-cylinder welded to the end
plate, the teflon sheet and the block-support (Annex C42, figure 53);
NM7 specimen with both end plates and hinges at collapse, submitted to a
bitriangular moment distribution (Annex C43);
view of the upper part of the NM7 specimen at collapse (Annex C44);
view of transducers measuring the displacements of the columns according to
both bending axis (main and parasitical displacements: Annex C45; fig. 59);
view of the strain gages measuring the strains of the most loaded part of
the specimens (Annex C46 shows a test according to the strong axis;
figure 58);
view of the residual plastic deformations after testing NM7 and NM9, both
according to weak axis and with bitriangular moment distribution (Annex
C47; Annexes C33 and C35).
RESIDUAL
STRESSES
[g]
METHOD OF
MEASUREMENTS
This "cutting out method" is based on the relaxation of the residual stresses due
to the division of sections into pieces (figures 60 and 61) for which strains are
measured and from which the internal stresses state can be deduced (figure 62).
17
With this process only the longitudinal components of the residual stresses can
be measured but it is clear that they have the main influence in problem of
columns instability.
We measured the residual stresses on 9 profiles (NM1, NM2, NM3, NM4, NM5, NM8,
NM9, NM10, NM12) because several profiles were cut out from the same hotrolled
beams: NM2 = NM7, NM8 = NM11, NM9 = NM13.
The measurements have to be corrected in such a way to obtain an equilibrium of
the stresses over the crosssection because no external loads were applied to the
beams [l3l
1)
the measurements in each cut bar are multiplied by the area of the correspon
ding bar to obtain the load existing in the bar. The sum over the cross
section give an axial load N.
2)
the positions Y and of each bar are well known and we can deduce a resul
ting bending moment on the section according to Y and Z, in other words My
and Mz.
3)
the "as measured" residual stresses are then corrected to residual stresses
with equilibrium by the following formula:
equilibr. = as measured N/A (My.Y)/Iy (Mz.Z)/Iz
5.2.
RESU
L TS
The residual stresses as measured and with equilibrium, the differences between
the residual stresses with equilibrium and as measured are all provided for each
crosssection NM1, NM2, NM3, NM4, NM5, NM8, NM9, NM10 and NM12, on Annexes
Dl to D18. These differences quantify the errors of the measurements.
Given as examples, the Annexes D19 to D30 show the graphical distribution of the
residual stresses over the thickness of each part of profile. The diagrams
concern the graphical distribution for residual stresses as measured and with
equilibrium for NM2, NM4, NM5 specimens. We can mention that the differences
between the values of the residual stresses are more important rather than the
differences of their distribution over the thickness of the flanges.
For the numerical simulations that we want to be simple we introduced the mean
values through the thickness of the residual stresses with equilibrium (fig. 63
to 71).
It , I I
Notice: Signs convention for Annexes Dl to D30: "" is used for tension and, "+
for compression.
18
On Annexes D31 and D32 we have some profiles after cutting out.
6.
NUMERICAL
SIMULATIONS
OF THE BUCKLING
TESTS
[]
The numerical simulations have been carried out with the computer program Finelg
[12] using the finite element method which has been presented in the chapter
2.2.1.
As explained for these simulations we used the socalled GPPAA finite element,
classical beam element of engineers, for plane frames (no shear considered). Non
linear geometrical effects are dealt with through the finite elements using the
corotational Lagrangian formulation taking into account the element curved current
deflection (Modified Marguerre's theory). The columns are made of non linear
material (figures 4 to 7).
As described we chose a simple modelization of this buckling problem (beam finite
elements) to obtain quickly results without too much time for preparation of the
data sets and for running of the software. With this simple approach Finelg
simulations can be easily used as a tool for realistic and safe design.
To be closer to the measurements (only for some cases like NM12 and NM13 too much
on the safe side as shown afterwards) we would have to use shell finite elements
but this would need much more time.
6.1.
MEASURED INITIAL
6.1.1.
IMPERFECnONS
Geometrical imperfections
As explained in the chapter 4.2.1 we took before the buckling tests different
measurements of the geometrical characteristics of the profiles and measure
ments of the initial geometrical imperfections, which strongly influence the
buckling behaviour of the columns.
(1) About the geometry of the sections the dimensions of the profiles (height,
width, web and flange thicknesses) were measured at 5 positions along each
column. For the simulations we took the overall average of each measured
dimension. Figure 30 shows the nominal and measured mean values of the
dimensions of the profiles for each column.
(2)
19 -
of
the
on
for
(3)
About the initial deformation along the columns the measurements were
taken all the 15 cm along each specimen. For the simulations we introduced an approximation of the measured initial deformation which is
an envelope curve of the measurements as given on the following figures:
*
It can be noticed that for buckling according to the strong axis we also
measured along the columns the initial imperfections perpendicular to the
weak axis (figures 44 to 47 for columns NM10 to NM13: the a and b measured
curves); so we controlled before testing with numerical simulations that
biaxial buckling was avoided and so that we didn't need to guide the
columns with intermediate supports [7].
(4)
(5)
About the buckling length of the columns we give it as the measured length
between hinged supports on the figure 50. These values were used for the
simulations.
6.1.2.
of the profiles on
on the figure 48. We
given on the figure
at both extremities
Mechanical imperfections
- 20
About the residual stresses distribution over the NM profiles we used the
residual stresses with equilibrium for the numerical simulations (chapter
5). We calculated the mean values through the thickness as shown on
figures 63 to 71. We compared the distribution of the measured mean
residual stresses with the ECCS recommendations (figure 74).
Finally to simplify the simulations we introduced a similar distribution
to the ECCS one (tri-triangular distribution over each part of a profile)
with extremal values fitted to the measures (figures 75 to 83). We
define the correction factor , as the factor which multiplies the
values of the ECCS residual stresses distribution to obtain proportionally
the residual stresses distribution for the numerical simulations. This
correction factor is provided on figures 75 to 83. F or example if =
1.0 we use the defined ECCS values for the simulations.
6.1.3.
Supports
The supports are assumed to be hinges at both extremities like shown on fig. 51
for the uniform moment distribution and on figure 52 for the bitriangular
moment distribution.
In the previous chapter 4.2.2. we have shown that according to tests results of
the supports (friction properties of the teflon sheets) and in the scope of our
N-M buckling tests we can expect a hinge behaviour of the supports.
We have also controlled this conclusion by measuring the residual plastic
deformations along each column after the tests: no opposite curvature appeared
at both extremities of any column (chapter 4.4.).
6.2.
21
In order to underline the effect of the two most important parameters influencing
the buckling of columns ( y; residual stresses) we decided to introduce 3
different hypothesis for numerical simulations in varying each parameter from
case to case:
Hypothesis 1:
*
22
23
7.
7.1.
EUROCODE
3.
once with the point of view of the designer taking into account the
theoretical yield point decreasing in function of the flange thickness
for FeE 355 (NM1, NM3, NM6, NM8 to NM11, NM13) and FeE 275 (NM2,
NM4, NM5, NM7, NM12) steels (according to Eurocode 3 and EN 10025
(figure 86) (see chapter 3.2.2.1. of EC 3) and with the partial safety
factor m l = 1.10 (as prescribed by chapter 5.1.1. (EC 3) for resis
tance to buckling problems); all the geometrical datas are nominal.
(2)
24
** The comparisons between the Eurocode 3 rules (EC3 Design (1), EC3 Formula
(2)), SIA 161 rules (SIA 161 Formula (3)), the Finelg numerical simulations
(4) and the measured collapse loads (5) appear on figure 7.1.II.
The differences (given in percentages) quantify the excesses (+x%) and the
lacks (x%) of safety issued from the standard rules and the numerical simu
lations according to the measurements of the collapse loads.
> For a Eurocode 3 design (assumption (1)) we obtain quite important safety
margins (from +30 % to +70 %: differences (5)/(l) on fig. 7.1.II)
> A realistic use of the Eurocode 3 formulas (assumption (2)) based on the
measured values of geometry and yield point provide results on the safe
side but still with too much important differences (from +7 % to +25 %:
differences (5)/(3) on figure 7.1.II).
> The differences (5)/(4) show also the good estimation of the real collapse
load with the Finelg numerical simulations using all the measured initial
imperfections: from 2,5 % to +5 % (figure 7.1.II). Differences are bigger
for buckling according to the strong axis and bitriangular moment distri
bution NM12 and NM13 (+7 % and +10 % respectively) but always on the safe
side; as explained for these two cases we would need another modelization
more precise (but more expensive) with shell finite elements.
We tried to understand the safety margin of the realistic use of Eurocode 3
formulas (assumption (2)) (from +7 % to +25 %). With this assumption (2) we
introduced all the possible measured values (geometry, yield point) and we kept
the partial safety factor y^Q = 1,0
So the remaining differences between the measurements and the EC3 formula could
be understood with the two intrinsic parameters. of EC3: the initial deformations
and the residual stresses. On figures 7.1.III and 7.1.IV we draw the initial
deformations of each specimen with the applied bending moments (5) according to
the Eurocode 3 permitted deviation of IVI 000 (4). We also write the correction
factor (3) defined in chapter 6.1.2 as the factor which multiplies of the tri
triangular ECCS residual stresses distribution (figure 74) to approximate the
measured residual stresses distribution (so if = 1,0 we have the measured resi
dual stresses equal to the ECCS values).
25
> A realistic use of the SIA 161 formulas (assumption (3)) also based on the
measured values of geometry and yield point give safe results but still
with too much important differences (from 0,3 % to +46 %: differences (5)
/ (3) on figure 7.1.II). It can be pointed out that these SIA 161 swiss
formulas (3) provide collapse loads closer to the test results in compari
son with the Eurocode 3 formulas (2), especially for uniform moment
distribution tests (from 0,3 % to +22 % for SLA 161 (3) instead of +13 %
to +25 % for Eurocode 3 (2)). The SLA 161 formulas seem to be better than
Eurocode 3 formulas but not for all the cases: greater safety margins are
obtained for buckling tests according to the weak axis with bitriangular
moment distribution (from +24 % to +46 % for SIA 161 (3) instead of +7 %
to 24 % for Eurocode 3 (2)).
On figures 7.1.Ill and 7.1.IV all the measured initial deformations have quite
lower maximal values and sometimes opposite layouts comparing to EC3 limitations;
we have also the correction factor of residual stresses often smaller (8 times)
or equal (4 times) to 1,0 (EC3 distribution). These two differences are favoura
ble to provide a higher real collapse load and they could explain that measure
ments are always on the safe side but Eurocode 3 formulas are still too conserva
tive according to the FLNELG numerical simulations which are themselves closer to
the reality including all the available measurements (initial imperfections).
On figure 7.1.V we compare Eurocode 3 formulas (assumption (3) with all the
measurements) with Finelg results (4) and we can underline the excesses of safety
of EC3 for each specimen:
* from 15 % to 22 % for 8 buckling tests according to strong and weak axis for
uniform moment distribution,
* from 3 % to 25 % for 5 buckling tests according strong and weak axis for
bitriangular moment distribution.
26
PROFILE
NO V1INAL VA LUES
NAME
h/b
MEASURED
BUCKLING
BUCKLING
SLENDERNESS
MOMENT
YIELD
AXIS
LENGTH
RATIO
DISTRIBUTION
POINT
h
'w
EC3
NOMINAL
LOAD
ECCEN.
(1)
[mml
Imm)
[mml
Imm)
[mml
Im]
[N/mm2]
lem)
NM1
HD 400X400X678
484
427
50.5
82.0
15.0
1.13
363.0
WEAK
4.00
0.4574
UNIFORM
8.0
NM2
HD 400X400X678
484
427
50.5
82.0
15.0
1.13
317.0
WEAK
4.00
0.4574
UNIFORM
15.0
NM3
HD 400X400X422
425
409
33.0
52.5
15.0
1.04
368.1
WEAK
4.88
0.5871
UNIFORM
15.0
NM4
HD 310X310X454
415
336
40.5
69.0
15.0
1.24
353.3
WEAK
5.34
0.7799
UNIFORM
15.0
NM5
W14X16X730
569
454
78.0
125.0
15.0
1.25
349.0
WEAK
8.18
0.8338
UNIFORM
15.0
NM6
W14X16X550
514
437
60.5
97.0
15.0
1.18
374.0
WEAK
8.71
0.9716
UNIFORM
15.0
NM7
HD 400X400X678
484
427
50.5
82.0
15.0
1.13
317.0
WEAK
7.46
0.8531
BITRIANGULAR
15.0
NM8
HD 400X400X678
484
427
50.5
82.0
15.0
1.13
374.7
WEAK
8.48
0.9698
BITRIANGULAR
15.0
NM9
HD 310X310X500
427
340
45.0
75.0
15.0
1.26
367.0
WEAK
8.00
1.1551
BITRIANGULAR
5.0
NM10
W14X16X550
514
437
60.5
97.0
15.0
1.18
362.3
STRONG
8.00
0.5246
UNIFORM
18.0
NM11
HD 400X400X678
484
427
50.5
82.0
15.0
1.13
374.7
STRONG
8.57
0.5836
UNIFORM
15.0
NM12
HD 400X400X678
484
427
50.5
82.0
15.0
1.13
305.4
STRONG
8.00
0.5448
BITRIANGULAR
15.0
NM13
HD 310X310X500
427
340
45.0
75.0
15.0
1.26
367.0
STRONG
8.00
0.6248
BITRIANGULAR
15.0
NM1:A:\NMTABL4
51
PROFILE
NAME
ro
co
THICKNES:
t
POINT
Imm]
IN/mm2]
ECCEN.
16)
[ml
DIFFERENCE
DIFFERENCE
COLLAPSE
LOAD
MEAS/EC3
EC3
EC3
SIA
FINELG
MEASURES
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
|5)/(1)
IkNl
[kNl
IkNl
[kNl
[kNl
[%]
MEAS/SIA MEAS./FINELG
(5)/(2)
(5)/(3)
(%l
[%l
NM1
HD 400X400X678
82.0
363.0
WEAK
4.00
UNIF.
NM2
HD 400X400X678
82.0
317.0
WEAK
4.00
UNIF.
15.0
1.00
6890
9058
9222
11086
11005
+ 60
+ 21
+ 19
0.7
NM3
HD 400X400X422
52.5
368.1
WEAK
4.88
UNIF.
15.0
0.77
4838
5634
5201
6793
6998
+ 45
+ 24
+ 19
+3
NM4
HD 310X310X454
69.0
353.3
WEAK
5.34
UNIF.
15.0
1.00
4155
4704
5029
5496
5598
+ 35
+ 19
+2
NM5
W14X16X730
125.0
349.0
WEAK
8.18
UNIF.
15.0
1.86
7883
11282
13032
13740
13398
+ 11
+ 19
+3
c^
NM6
W14X16X550
97.0
374.0
WEAK
8.71
UNIF.
15.0
1.00
7562
8651
9209
9902
9818
+ 13
+7
0.8
NM7
HD 400X400X678
82.0
317.0
WEAK
7.46
BITRI.
15.0
1.00
8959
12640
10844
13048
13473
+ 50
O)
+ 24
+3
HD 400X400X678
82.0
374.7
WEAK
8.48
BITRI.
15.0
0.83
10595
13621
10999
14415
15138
+ 43
+ 11
+ 38
+5
NM9
HD 310X310X500
75.0
367.0
WEAK
8.00
BITRI.
5.0
0.80
8196
9536
8095
11913
11815
+ 44
+ 24
QAS)
0.8
NM10
W14X16X550
97.0
362.3
5TRONG
8.00
UNIF.
18.0
0.77
13190
15332
17374
17556
17318
+ 31
+ 13
v0
1.4
NM11
HD 400X400X678
82.0
374.7
STRONG
8.57
UNIF.
15.0
0.83
11247
13278
15084
15520
15678
+ 39
+ 18
+4
+1
NM12
HD 400X400X678
82.0
305.4
STRONG
8.00
BITRI.
15.0
0.85
11366
14786
14945
15549
16618
+ 46
+ 12
+ 11
+7
NM13
HD 310X310X500
75.0
367.0
STRONG
8.00
BITRI.
15.0
0.80
10358
12240
12402
12852
14130
+ 36
+ 15
+ 14
0.82
12082
13522
13869
16380
16888
+ 40
C +2 5)
+ 22
+3
&
(2) - Eurocode 3 ( 1 9 9 0 ) values are calculated with m l = 1 . 0 and measured values: geometry of the sections,eccentricities of the loads,
CD
fe)
NMI:A:\NMCOMP
co'
c
[%)
[cm]
8.0
(5)/(4)
PROFILE
NOMINAL
MEASURED
BUCK-
BUCKLING
MOM
NAME
FLANGE
YIELD
THICKNESS
t
POINT
[mm]
IN/mm2]
AXIS
NOM-
CORR.
INAL
LINO
LENGTH
DISTRIB
LOAD
FACT.
Measured initial
deformation
Lb
ECCEN.
12)
[m]
I5)
(4)
(3)
COLLAPSE
COLLAPSE
DIFFERENCE
LOAD
LOAD
MEASURES/EC3
EC3
MEASURES
(1)
I6)
[kN]
[kNl
(6MI1)
[%]
(cml
L/2817- 1.4mm
4.0mm
NM1
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
82.0
363.0
WEAK
4.00
UNIF.
8.0
L/2174-1.8mm
L/1880 -2.41mm
4.0mm
NM2
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
82.0
317.0
WEAK
+ 26
13522
0.82
4.00
UNIF.
15.0
1.00
9058
11006
+ 21
6634
6998
+ 24
4704
5698
+ 19
11282
13398
+ 19
8661
9818
+ 13
12640
13473
+7
13621
15138
+ 11
9536
11816
+ 24
4.88mm
NM3
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 4 2 2
62.5
368.1
WEAK
4.88
UNIF.
16.0
0.77
L/1627 -3.0mm
5.34mm
NM4
HD 3 1 0 X 3 1 0 X 4 5 4
69.0
363.3
WEAK
6.34
UNIF.
16.0
1.00
NM6
W14X16X730
125.0
349.0
WEAK
8.18
UNIF.
15.0
1.86
172064-2.8mm
8.18mm
L/8lB0-1mm
L/2045_-4mm
8.71mm
W 14X16X660
97.0
NM7
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
82.0
NM8
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
NM9
HD 3 1 0 X 3 1 0 X 5 0 0
NM6
374.0
WEAK
8.71
UNIF.
16.0
1.00
7.46
BITRI.
16.0
1.00
7.46mm
317.0
WEAK
82.0
374.7
WEAK
8.48
BITRI.
16.0
0.83
76.0
367.0
WEAK
8.00
BITRI.
6.0
0.80
L/4090-2mm
L/1889 -4.81mm
L/4892- 1.69mm
^1
L/4813-1.66mm L/7636-0.99m,)
8.48mm
L/7604-1.13mm
L/2817-3.24mm
(D
8.0mm
L/2417-3.3mm
U2624-3.1mi
NM2:A:\NMIXFFER
NAME
PROFILE
MEASURED
BUCK
BUCKLING
FLANGE
YIELD
AXIS
LENGTH
THICKNESS
POINT
NOMINAL
MOM
NOM
CORR.
INAL
NAME
Lb
LOAD
FACT,
ECCEN.
L/1000
Imi
[N/mm2]
[cm]
EC3
I3)
I LV8000 1 .Omm
8.0mm
NM10
W14X16X550
97.0
362.3
STRONG
8.00
UNIF.
18.0
COLLAPSE
LOAD
(51
(41
(2)
[mtnl
DISTRIB
COLLAPSE
Measured initial
deformation
0.77
DIFFERENCE
MEASURES/ECS
MEASURES
ID
(6)
(6)/(1)
[kN]
IkNI
l%]
+ 13
15332
17318
13278
15678
14786
16618
+7
12240
14130
+ 10
L/BOOO 1 .Omm'
8.57mm'
NM11
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
82.0
374.7
STRONG
8.57
UNIF.
15.0
0.83
173809 2.25mm
CO
O
8.0mm
NM12
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
82.0
305.4
STRONG
8.00
BITRI.
15.0
0.85
L/2402 3.33mm
8.0mm
NM13
HD 3 1 0 X 3 1 0 X 5 0 0
75.0
367.0
STRONG
8.00
BITRI.
15.0
0.80
L/10268 0.78mm
I M i l ? , 1.83mm
1 Rniffl
L/4372
NM2:<t\NMDIFFE1
(1) Eurocode 3 (1990) values are calculated w i t h ^ m l =1.0 and measured values : geometry of the sections,eccentricities of the loads,
buckling lengths and yield points (2) (EC3 FORMULA).
CO
C
(3)
(4)
The permitted deviation of the columns is in accordance with Eurocode 3 : Lb/ 1000 maximal value of a sinusoidal deformation.
(5)
The measured initial deformation is an approximation of the measurements used for Finelg numerical simulations.
CD
PROFILE
NAME
FLANGE
YIELD
THICKNES
t
POINT
Imm]
[N/mm2]
AXIS
NOM
CORR
COLLAPSE
COLLAPSE
DIFFERENCE
LENGTH
LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
MEASURES/EC3
ECCEN.
EC3
FINELG
MEASURES
(6)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(5)/(3)
(51/(4)
(41/(3)
Imi
IkNI
IkNI
IkNI
[%1
[%]
[%]
NM1
HD 400X400X678
82.0
363.0
WEAK
4.00
UNIF.
Icml
8.0
NM2
HD 400X400X678
82.0
317.0
WEAK
4.00
UNIF.
15.0
1.00
9058
11086
11005
+ 21
0.7
+ 22
NM3
HD 400X400X422
52.5
368.1
WEAK
4.88
UNIF.
15.0
0.77
5634
6793
6998
+ 24
+3
+ 21
NM4
HD 310X310X454
69.0
353.3
WEAK
5.34
UNIF.
15.0
1.00
4704
5496
5598
+ 19
+2
+ 17
NM5
W14X16X730
125.0
349.0
WEAK
8.18
UNIF.
15.0
1.86
11282
13740
13398
+ 19
(5)
+ 22
NM6
W14X16X550
97.0
374.0
WEAK
8.71
UNIF.
15.0
1.00
8651
9902
9818
+ 13
NM7
HD 400X400X678
82.0
317.0
WEAK
7.46
BITRI.
15.0
1.00
12640
13048
13473
15.0
0.83
13621
14415
15138
+ 11
+5
0.82
13522
16380
16888
C)
+3
+ 21
( ^
0.8
+3
+ 15
..)_____.
+6
NM8
HD 400X400X678
82.0
374.7
WEAK
8.48
BITRI.
NM9
HD 310X310X500
75.0
367.0
WEAK
8.00
BITRI.
5.0
0.80
9536
11913
11815
+ 24
0.8
NM10
W14X16X550
97.0
362.3
STRONG
8.00
UNIF.
18.0
0.77
15332
17556
17318
+ 13
1.4
+ 15
15520
15678
+ 18
+1
+ 17
"(5
NM11
HD 400X400X678
82.0
374.7
STRONG
8.57
UNIF.
15.0
0.83
13278
NM12
HD 400X400X678
82.0
305.4
STRONG
8.00
BITRI.
15.0
0.85
14786
15549
16618
+ 12
+7
+5
NM13
HD 310X310X500
75.0
367.0
STRONG
8.00
BITRI.
15.0
0.80
12240
12852
14130
+ 15
"
+5
NM2:A:\NMCOMP1
CD
FINELG/EC3
MEASURES/FINELG
Remarks:
(Q
C
DIFFERENCE
DIFFERENCE
COLLAPSE
INAL
LING
into account;more precise measured mechanical characteristics () (6) are considered measured residual stresses have been introduced
proportionally to the correction factor according to the ECCS distribution .
7.2.
N-MINTERACTION
CURVES
In general the N-M interaction curve that we can draw for a member is composed of
parts describing different phenomena to which correspond different formulas
(figure 7.2.O.):
1)
2)
3)
4)
buckling strength;
resistance_of cross-sections;
bending resistance;
laeralorsional buckling strength.
It can be pointed out that for the tests NM1 to NM11 it is the buckling formulas
which give the minimal collapse axial load and, that for the tests NM12 and
NM13 it is the resistance of crosssections which provides the lowest values of
the collapse load already for applied eccentricities greater or equal to 5 cm
(figures 7.2.XII and 7.2.XIII).
7.2.1.
Buckng strength
7.2.1.1.
[ill)
The buckling strength is defined by the following interaction formula for one
buckling plane, if the buckling is prevented outofplane and if it is not
necessary to check lateraltorsional buckling:
Nd , 1
u).Md
+
s^SLO
NK/yR
M
i_2k MR/rR
R = MRy = Mpiy, but M Ry < 1 + 0 , 2 - M ly, f o r buckling according to the strong axis
MR = M^ = Mpl2,
Nd, M
max:
' iMd.max
33
= 0,6 + 0,4
M d, mi
, but > 0,40
"M d, max
Nk:
,
cr*
2=
buckling
according
in
the
to
considered
the
axis
of
plane
strong
of cross-sections .
Chapter 5.2.3.2.:
For doubly symmetrical rolled H and I profiles with uniaxial bending and
compression, the influence of the axial force may be neglected if the axial
force is not greater than the limiting value given in the following table.
Otherwise, the plastic moment must be reduced by the appropriate formula from
the table.
Bending about the strong
axis
sections
HEA ; HEB
HEM 100 to
HEM 600 *
I sections
(IPE) *
Limiting
value "
0.1 Npl
0,2 Npl
f
Reduction
formula
Mred = U l M p l ( l )
Limiting
value"
Reduction
formula
Hed = Mpl 1 I
0,18 Npl
0,36 Npl
(
NT 0,36
Md = Mpl
1
V
Npi
^
0,8
)j
0,64
fi
7.2.2.2.
Chapter 5.4.8.1.:
35
P^ N ~ M P^
axial
Nd
M plZiN = M p l 2 , for ^
Mpiz,N = M p l z
<
( Nd
' 1 /
_
d
N pl /y R
A.
A
, rrr. > - 7 -
Bending
resistance
In general the design bending moment would not exceed the plastic bending
moment M p j = W p i fy.
So for given eccentricities (ecc.) at both end of the columns, we could not
obtain an ultimate axial load greater than (Mp]/ecc).
7.2.4.
Lateral-torsional
bucklin
g stren
g th
For columns submitted to bending according to the strong axis we must control
if the lateral-torsional buckling is a potential failure mode.
7.2.4.1.
*M uy
where:
%yr = ( ^ g )
1 +
- 36
li
^uy
M =
For single span beams with IPE or HE -sections (or profiles with similar
dimensions) and knife-edge supports at both top and bottom flanges, the
following value may be assumed:
E b t
c
Ki,M = > 66
1 h
For
Name
LB
<250
235
b t
lh
btf
250 235
fy
no check is necessary
[cm]
(My)LT
=* -Mply
ply
M
[kN-cm]
[kN-cm]
(4)
(MyHest
= Ntest eccy
[kN-cm]
(5)
(1)
(2)
NMIO 800
97,0
162
(3)
0,5599 0,9788 683.562,0
669.075,0
311.724,0
NM11 857
118,5
157
528.828,0
235.170,0
NM12 800
110,6
192
531.511,0
249.270,0
NM13 800
134,0
160
334.682,0
211.950,0
On the table the values (1) are always lower than the values (2); this fact means
that no check is necessary. For N-M interaction curves we don't take into account the
lateral-torsional buckling phenomenon.
On the other hand for our 4 tests according to the strong axis NM10 to NM13 the
ultimate bending moment reached during the test (My)test (5) is always lower than the
lateral-torsional buckling moment ( M y ) ^ (4).
37
7.2.4.2.
^TI^LT^lJ [ M
where -^ =
E/f
for
lateraltorsional
buckling
is
XLT=[^EWpl.y/Mcr]*
For a beam of uniform crosssection, the elastic critical moment for lateral
torsional buckling of doubly symmetrical crosssections is given for end
moment loading by:
Mcr = C!
2
(kL)
where G
It
Iw
Iz
L
C!
and
kw
i2
_k
kw.
(kL) 2 GI t
2 EI
E
2(1 + )
torsion constant
warping constant = (I z (h tf)2)/4
second moment of area about weak axis
length of beam between points which have lateral restraint
factor depending on the loading conditions and end restraint
conditions (table F l . 1. [ i l ] )
effective length factor refering to outofplane bending end
conditions (from 0,5 to 1,0)
effective length factor refering to warping end conditions (from
0,5 to 1,0)
38
kw
NM10
0,5
0,5
NM11
0,5
NM12
NM13
xLT
7.338.482
23,4
0,31
857
4.663.251
26,0
0,35
3,149
800
16.058.098
14,0
0,17
3,149
800
7.869.174
16,0
0,21
C1
[cm.
[kNcm]
800
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
As shown on the table the relative slenderness xLT is lower than 0,40
and consequently the lateral-torsional buckling is not a potential failure
mode.
7.2.4.3.
C.fwhereC = (
y
0
z - ^ - ))0,45
,45 and = (
1 + 4'5
V
"crD
yf
P'
W
crD W y
- 39
Names
c r (E C3-90)
[kN-cm]
NMIO
7.338.482
0,3052
0,9979
NM11
4.663.251
0,3424
0,9964
NM12
16.058.098
0,1845
0,9998
NM13
7.869.174
0,2110
0,9996
Comments
dark shaded areas between the N-M interaction curves of E urocode 3 (90
version) and SIA 161 (90 version);
light shaded areas between the N-M interaction curve of Finelg numerical
simulations and the closest standard curve issued from E urocode 3 (90
version) or SIA 161 (90 version).
40 -
for the bitriangular moment distribution and for both bending axis especi
ally more for the weak axis (weak axis: NM7 to NM9; strong axis: NM12,
NM13) the formulation of 90 version is better, closer to reality than the
84 version.
41
plastic
critical <>
2) Resistance
ross-sections ( R)
M12and NM13)
3) Bending
esistance
( Mpl/ecc.)
M plastic
> 0,4 , for E C3 ) ( N, T )
Bending about
the strong axis
0,1 Npl
0,18 Npl
Bending about
the weak axis
0,2 Npl
0,36 Npl
sections
I sections
Npl
minimum
where Aw is the web area
NM2:A:\IMTER
Figure 7.2.0
43 -
N M
COLUMN
[MN]
- 400400678
- WEAK AXIS
- YIELD POINT = 363 N/mm2
- BUCKLING LE NGTH L = 4,0 m
-7'
<*f
-<4-r
UNIFORM
MOMENT
DISTRIBUTION
e = 100 cm
0
(Q
C
-^
CD
ro
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
3 (1984)
_.*-.
3,000
Mpl = 2689,3
M Y [kNm]
EUROCODE 3 (1990) E UROCOD
E
2,500
E
FIN LG
_._._._
TESTS RE SULTS
NM2A:A:\DESNM1
1,000
2,000
1,500
MY [kNm]
EUROCODE 3 (1990) E UROCOD
E
3 (1984)
____^____.
_.._....._
2,500
Mpl = 2406,3
E
FIN LG
E
T STS RE SULTS
NM2A:A:\DESNM2
[MN]
2,000
1,000
(Q
C
-^
<D
Mpl= 1626,8
MY [kNm]
EUROCODE 3 (1990)
EUROCODE 3 (1984)
_.._.._0..._.._
FINELG
TESTS RESULTS
NM2A:A:\DESNM3
NM INTERACTION:
N M 4
COLUMN
[MN]
600
I
co'
c
n
CD
800
1,000
MY [kNm]
1,600
Mpl= 1426,2
EUROCODE 3 (1990)
EUROCODE 3 (1984)
FINELG
_.._.......
1,400
TESTS RESULTS
NM2A:A:\DESNM4
NM INTERACTION : N M 5 COLUMN
[MN]
2,000
CO*
ro
<
5,000
MY [klMm]
I
C
-^
CD
3,000
EUROCODE 3 (1990)
EUROCODE 3 (1984)
_____^
......
Mpl = 4609.1
FINELG
TESTS RESULTS
NM2A:A:\DESNM6
CD
4,000
2,000
MY [kNm]
Mpl = 3 5 0 6 , 8
(Q
C
-i
CD
ro
3 (1984)
-*-
FIN
E LG
-.-o--
TESTS RE SULTS
NM2:A:\DESNM6
Ol
1,000
1,500
,500
Mpl = 2402,1
MY [klMm]
(Q
C
3,000
-*
CD
ro
3 (1984)
--*-
FIN
E LG
-...-..e--
TESTS RE SULTS
NM2A:\OESNM7
NM INTERACTION : N M
8 COLUMN
[MN]
Npl = 32.44
HD 400400'678
WEAK AXIS
YIELD POINT = 374,7 N/mm'
BUCKLING LENGTH L = 8,48 m
ff
BITRIANGULAR
MOMENT
DISTRIBUTION
=50cm
= 100cm
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
MY [klMm]
(O*
3,000
3,500
Mpl = 2857,1
c
CD
k)
EUROCODE 3 (1990)
EUROCODE 3 (1984)
FINELG
...0
TESTS RESULTS
NM2A:A:\DESNM8
9 COLUMN
[MN]
Npl = 2 3 , 0 9 /
Ol
IO
1,500
1,000
MY [kNm]
ca'
c
-^
CD
ro
3 (1984)
-*-
-..-e--
2,000
Mpl = 1618,0
FIN
E LG
TESTS RE SULTS
NM2:A:\DESNM9
N M INTERACTION : | \ | M
1 0 COLUMN
[MN]
UI
2,000
8,000
4,000
MX [kl\lm]
Mpl = 6 9 9 9 , 4
CO
C
(D
S)
EUROCODE 3 (1990)
EUROCODE 3 (1984)
.e
FINELG
TESTS RESULTS
NM2A:\DESNM10A
NM INTERACTION : M 1 1 COLUMN
[MN]
1,000
(O
C
t
(0
6,000
3,000
2,000
MX [klMm]
EUROCODE 3 (1990) E UROCODE
3 (1984)
____^___.
Mpl = 5707,7
FIN
E LG
_.._.._.._
-A
TESTS RE SULTS
NM2A:A:\DESNM11A
1 2 COLUMN
[MN]
Ol
1,000
6,000
2,000
Mpl = 4633,1
MX [klMm]
(
C
-
CD
vj
3 (1984)
FIN
E LG
--e--
TESTS RE SULTS
NM2A:A:\DESNM12A
NM INTERACTION : N M 1 3 COLUMN
[MN]
Ol
OJ
1,000
2,000
MX [klMm]
CO
C
CD
EUROCODE 3 (1990)
ro
X
4,000
Mpl = 3546,4
EUROCODE 3 (1984)
FINELG
...e....
TESTS RESULTS
NM2A:A:\DESNM13A
7.3.
The NM interaction formulations of Eurocode 3 and SIA 161 are too conservative
as it is highlighted in the previous chapters as well for the collapse loads
(chapter 7.1.) as for the complete NM interaction curves (chapter 7.2.).
In view of the NM interaction curves (figures 7.2.1 to 7.2.XIII) it appears that
the excess of safety is already important in the case of centered axial load
(eccentricity = 0) and of course that this excess goes on as the eccentricities
increase.
A) Consequently the first idea to improve the NM formulas consists in improving
the bucklingdependent term which exists in the codes formulas: , the buck
ling reduction factor calculated with the same formula in both codes (Euro
code 3 and SIA 161) and depending on the selection of the buckling curves for
I shapes. So for each NM specimen we propose to take the buckling curve
upper than the one imposed by the codes as follows:
NAME
PROFILE
NAME
NOMINAL
NOMINAL
FLANGE
h/b
BUCK
LING
AXIS
THICKNESS
t
Imm]
NM1
NM2
HD 4O0X4OOX678
HD 400X400X678
Buckling
curvei
Imposed
by
the code
EC3
82.0
1.13
82.0
1.13
SIA 161
SIA 161
Imposed
by
the codes
EC3
RPS
new
proposals
SIA 161
EC3
SIA 161
WEAK
0.859
0.859
0.897
0.897
WEAK
0.859
0.859
0.897
0.897
NM3
HD 400X400X422
52.5
1.04
WEAK
0.783
0.783
0.835
0.835
NM4
HD 310X310X454
69.0
1.24
WEAK
c "
0.660
0.660
0.723
0.723
NM5
W14X16X730
125.0
1.25
WEAK
0.524
0.600
0.600
0.661
NMS
W14X16X550
97.0
1.18
WEAK
0.540
0.540
0.597
0.597
NM7
HD 400X400X678
82.0
1.13
WEAK
0.613
0.613
0.675
0.675
NM8
HD 400X400X678
82.0
1.13
WEAK
0.541
0.598
0.598
NM9
HD 310X310X500
75.0
1.28
WEAK
0.439
0.439
0.484
0.484
NM10
W14X16X550
97.0
1.18
STRONG
0.866
0.866
0.911
0.911
NM11
HD 400X400X678
82.0
1.13
STRONG
0.837
0.837
0.890
0.690
NM12
HD 400X400X678
82.0
1.13
STRONG
0.856
0.856
0.904
0.904
NM13
HD 310X310X500
75.0
1.26
STRONG
0.815
0.815
0.873
0.873
57
0.541
) On the other hand for the SIA 161 (90 version) formula we propose to change
the coefficient as follows:
= coefficient taking into account the distribution of the moments for a
linear diagram along the beam (chapter 7.2.1.2.),
= 0,6 + 0,4
Md, m i n
Md, max
C) In the codes formulas there are the partial safety factor of the material,
Y m l (Eurocode 3) and the resistance factor YR (SIA 161), which must be
taken equal to 1,10 in both codes. The NM formulas are already too safe and
applying this value of 1,10 will lead to "oversafe" results. So we proposed
the value of safety factors equal to 1^0 in the scope of these tests
results.
AU these proposals are introduced in the scope of these 13 compression tests
of thick flanges (52 mm < tf < 125 mm) hotrolled H shapes and more deve
lopments (tests, calculations...) would be necessary to control our conclusi
ons or to extend them to other H profiles.
58
NOMINAL
PROFILE
FLANGE
NAME
Ol
CD
YIELD
THICKNESS
t
POINT
(mm)
|N/mm2]
AXIS
NOM-
DIFFERENCE
DIFFERENCE
COLLAPSE
INAL
LINO
LENGTH
(6)
Im)
LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
FINELG
MEASURES
MEAS/EC3
MEAS/SIA MEAS./FINELG
LOAD
LOAD
EC3
EC3
SIA
ID
12)
(3)
(4)
15)
(5)/|1|
(5)/(2)
|5)/(3)
IkNI
IkN]
IkN)
IkN)
IkN)
[%1
1%1
1%)
13852
14186
16380
16888
+ 37
+ 22)
+ 19
+3
NM1
HD 400X400X678
82.0
363.0
WEAK
4.00
UNIF.
NM2
HD 400X400X678
82.0
317.0
WEAK
4.00
UNIF.
15.0
1.00
6977
9204
9356
11086
11005
+ 58
+ 20
+ 20
-0.7
NM3
HD 400X400X422
52.5
368.1
WEAK
4.88
UNIF.
15.0
0.77
4966
5796
6040
6793
6996
+ 41
+ 21
+ 16
+3
NM4
HD 310X310X454
69.0
353.3
WEAK
5.34
UNIF.
15.0
1.00
4312
4887
5176
5496
5598
+ 30
+ 15
+8
+2
NM5
W14X16X730
125.0
349.0
WEAK
8.18
UNIF.
15.0
1.86
8370
12151
13519
13740
13398
C+60)
+ 10
-1
+9
0.82
12356
NM6
W14X16X550
97.0
374.0
WEAK
8.71
UNIF.
15.0
1.00
7956
9025
9561
9902
9618
( + 23J
NM7
HD 400X400X678
82.0
317.0
WEAK
7.46
BITRI.
15.0
1.00
9252
13082
12820
13048
13473
+ 46
NM8
HD 400X400X678
82.0
374.7
WEAK
8.48
BITRI.
16.0
0.83
11146
14598
13162
14415
15138
+ 36
NM9
HD 310X310X500
75.0
367.0
WEAK
8.00
BITRI.
5.0
0.80
8957
10459
9262
11913
11815
NM10
W14X16X550
97.0
362.3
3TR0NG
8.00
UNIF.
18.0
0.77
13478
15692
17798
17556
NM11
HD 400X400X678
82.0
374.7
STRONG
8.57
UNIF.
15.0
0.83
11578
13720
15568
NM12
HD 400X400X678
82.0
305.4
5TR0NG
8.00
BITRI.
15.0
0.85
11366
14786
NM13
HD 310X310X500
75.0
367.0
STRONG
8.00
BITRI.
15.0
0.80
10357
12240
-0.8
+5
+3
+4
+ 15
+5
+ 32
+ 13
Qi)
-0.8
17318
+ 28
+ 10
(,,)
-1.4
15520
15678
+ 35
+ 14
+ 0.7
+1
14945
15549
16618
+ 46
+ 12
+ 11
+7
12403
12852
14130
+ 36
+ 15
+ 14
<t!i>
09
NM1:A:\NMC0MP2
thickness (according to EN 10025) (EC3 DESIGN). RPS new proposal for N-M interaction formula.
CD
On)
+3
(2) - Eurocode 3 (1990) values are calculated with ml =1.0 and measured values: geometry of the sections,eccentricities of the loads,
1%)
(cm)
8.0
CO
(5)/(4)
buckling lengths and yield points ay (EC3 FORMULA). RPS new proposal for N-M interaction formula.
(3) - SIA 161 (1990) values are calculated with mr = 1.0,and measured values : geometry of the sections,eccentricities of the loads,
buckling lengths and yield points ay (SIA FORMULA) RPS new proposal for N-M interaction formula.
(4) - the numerical simulations with FINELG have been carried out with assumptions of geometrically and materially non linear columns .
For the hypothesis 3 of figure 89 :measured initial geometrical imperfections (geometry of the section,initial deformation,eccentricity) are taken
into account;more precise measured mechanical characteristics (ay) (6) are considered;measured residual stresses have been introduced
proportionally to the correction factor according to the ECCS distribution .
NM INTERACTION : N M
1 COLUMN
[MN]
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
Mpl = 2689,3
(Q
C
(D
EUROCODE 3 (1990)
RPS New proposal
Actual Rule
EUROCODE 3 (1984)
>|<
Actual Rule
FINELG
TESTS RESULTS
,,
MY [kNm]
: A:\DESNM1
fC>
2 COLUMN
[MN]
HD 400*400*678
WEAK AXIS
YIELD POINT = 317 N/mm'
BUCKLING LE NGTH L = 4,0 m
,500
Mpl = 2406,3
Tl
'
c
-t
CD
Actual Rule
FIN
E LG
E
T STS RE SULTS
MY [kNm]
'
/ \ = Finelg simulations (with measured eccentricities : ecc up = 14,93 cm ; ecc down = 14,73 cm )
NM9:A:\DESNM2
INTERACTION : N M 3 COLUMN
[MN]
1,500
1,000
Mpl= 1626,8
(Q
C
CD
EUROCODE 3 (1990)
RPS New proposal
0
Actual Rule
EUROCODE 3 (1984)
SIA 1 6 1 (1990)
>fs
RPS New proposal
0
Actual Rule
FNELG
A;
2,000
MY [kNm]
T E S T S RESULTS
I
NMS A:\DESNM3
NM INTERACTION:
NM
COLUMN
[MN]
20
Npt = 2 0 , 5 0 /
1,600
(Q
EUROCODE 3 (1990)
RPS New proposal
EUROCODE 3 (1984)
*"
CD
Actual Rule
Actual Rule
FINELG
TESTS RESULTS
Ar
Mpl = 1426.2
MY [kNm]
"P
/ A = Finelg simulations (with measured eccentricities : ecc up = 15,26 cm ; ecc down = 14,75 cm )
NM9:A:\DESNM4
1,000
co'
c
CD
2,000
5,000
Mpl = 4609,1
Actual Rule
>|<
0-
Actual Rule
FINE LG
E
T STS RE SULTS
-,,
MY [kNm]
vj
CO
NM9:A:\DESNM6
4,000
1,000
Mpl = 3506,8
co
c
-
Actual Rule
fc
3 (1984)
Actual Rule
FINE LG
-
E
T STS RE SULTS
M
MY [klMm]
CD
/ \ = Finelg simulations (with measured eccentricities : ecc up = 15,35 cm ; ecc down = 15,26 cm )
CO
NM8:A:\DSNM8
INTERACTION : N M 7 COLUMN
[MN]
>
1,000
1,500
,500
2,000
Mp,=24o2,i
(Q*
EUROCODE 3 (1990)
RPS New proposal
EUROCODE 3 (1984)
>|<
Actual Rule
FINELG
TESTS RESULTS
3,000
MY
[kNm]
(D
<
Actual Rule
\=
Finelg simulations (with measured eccentricities : ecc up = 15,01 cm ; ecc down = 12,43 cm )
NM9:A:\PEDESNM7
INTERACTION N M
8 COLUMN
>
2,500
1,000
IQ
C
O
KJ
13,000
Mp,=2857.i
EUROCODE 3 (1990)
RPS New proposal
0
Actual Rule
EUROCODE 3 ( 1 9 8 4 )
SIA 161 (1990)
>|<
RPS New proposal
0
Actual Rule
FINELG
MY
3,500
[kNm]
TESTS RESULTS
/ \ = Finelg simulations (with measured eccentricities : ecc up = 14,78 cm ; ecc down = 12,68 cm )
NM9:A:\PEDESNM8
NM INTERACTION:NM 9 COLUMN
16
[MN]
Npl = 2 3 , 0 9 /
05
00
2,000
MY [kNm]
31
ca'
c
EUROCODE 3 (1990)
RPS New proposal
CD
Actual Rule
\=
EUROCODE 3 (1984)
SIA 161 (1990)
*
RPS New p r o p o s a l 0
Actual Rule
FINELG
TESTS RESULTS
aioncouLia
NM9:A:\PEDESNM9
NM INTERACTION : N M
1 0COLUMN
[MN]
7'
4
UNIFORM
MOMENT
DISTRIBUTION
O
CD
8,000
Mpl = 6999,4
(Q
C
(D
EUROCODE 3 (1990)
EUROCODE 3 (1984)
>|<
Actual Rule
A =
FINELG
TESTS RESULTS
MX [klMm]
Actual Rule
Finelg simulations (with measured eccentricities : ecc up = 17.79 cm ; ecc down = 18.16 cm )
NM9:\DESNM10A
NM INTERACTION : N M 1 1 COLUMN
[MN]
35
HD 4 0 0 4 0 0 * 6 7 8
STRONG AXIS
Npl = 32.29
30
Ncrt = 28.22p
UNIFORM
MOMENT
DISTRIBUTION
>l
1,000
6,000
2,000
Mpl = 5 7 0 7 , 7
(Q
EUROCODE 3 ( 1 9 9 0 )
RPS New proposal
EUROCODE 3 ( 1 9 8 4 )
SIA 161 ( 1 9 9 0 )
^
RPS New proposal
0
(D
vj
Actual Rule
Actual Rule
FINELG
A
TESTS RESULTS
MX [klMm]
CA)
ecc up = 1 5 , 0 3 cm ; ecc d o w n = 1 4 , 9 8 c m )
NM9: A:\DESNM11 A
12
COLUMN
[MN]
1,000
(Q
C
CD
Actual Rule
2,000
/ \ =
5,000
4,000
3,000
Mpl = 4633,1
3 (1984)
-Q-
Actual Rule
FINE LG
6,000
MX [klMm]
E
T STS RE SULTS
Finelg simulations (with measured eccentricities : ecc up = 14.99 cm ; ecc down = 14.90 cm )
NM9:A:\DESNM12A
NM INTERACTION : N M 1 3 COLUMN
[MN]
1,000
I
C'
4,000
MPI=3546.4
EUROCODE 3 (1990)
RPS N e w proposal
CD
Actual Rule
EUROCODE 3 (1984)
>|<
Actual Rule
FINELG
TESTS RESULTS
MX
NM9:A:VDESNM13A
[kNm]
8.
STATISTICAL
EVALUATION
(ANNEX OF EUROCODE
3)
After discussion during a meeting of the F6 Executive Committee, TNO B uilding and
Construction Research was asked to consider the safety of the concerned EC3 design
regulations with the method described in Annex of EC3 [15]. This method is based
on a statistical analysis oftest results.
In the report [16] the results of the statistical analysis of the 13 NM tests are
given. We just copy out the conclusions of the report [l6l:
The resistance of the members can be written as followed:
* m i n A W p l , f yk
N
(for specimens 1 to 9)
R d = W , + y(k e yA A)
pi,
mn^
'm
XminAWpl,yfyk
N
2AW
N
R d = W. + (k e y A)
p i , y ^y y * m i n ^
Rd= 2 W
p l j
nl.vfvk
+ e (A+2bt
'm
(for specimens 12 and 13)
f)
'm
NRd'WM*
+
^min^y^M
NRd^m/YM)
zNRd^m/YM)
=1
pl,
i y ^
=1
pi,iy%)
N
= M
kyNRdWt^
xmi^y^M
%d(?*nAM)
pl,y
pl,Rd
/(I(0,5a))
.pi , Rd
This means that the regulations in Eurocode 3 are safe when y*m./~Wi ^ 1
unsafe when */ > 1
73
an
For the specimens 1 to 11, where failure was due to buckling, the factor 7* m
varies between about 1.05 and 1.25, dependent on the coefficient of variation
taken into account for the variables and k. When these coefficients of
variation are low enough (i.e. lower than 0.10), then the statistical analysis
shows that the concerned design regulation in Eurocode 3 can be considered as
safe. The coefficient of correlation is high (about 0.98), which means that the
formula fits well with the real buckling behaviour.
For the specimens 12 and 13, which failed due to reaching the ultimate resistance,
the factor 7* m is about 1.05. This means that the statistical analysis shows
that the concerned design regulation is safe. The coefficient of correlation p,
which is equal to 1.0, shows that the formula completely describes the actual
resistance of a member loaded by compression combined with bending.
74
9.
CONCLUSIONS
for the bitriangular moment distribution and for both bending axis especially
more for the weak axis (weak axis: NM7 to NM9; strong axis: NM12 to NM13) the
Eurocode 3 formulation of 90 version is quite better, closer to reality than
the 84 version.
75 -
If we compare the N-M interaction curves issued from Eurocode 3 (90 version) and
SIA 161 (90 version), we conclude the following items:
* for the uniform moment distribution and for both bending axis (weak axis: NM1
to NM6; strong axis: NM10, NM11) the formulation of SIA 161 code is better,
closer to reality than the Eurocode 3;
*
106-RPS/CHAN/CK
76
10.
BIBLIO
G RAPHY
[1 ]
Products n 279282 BE
Buckling of thickflanged Isection columns
Joint research program of the ARB ED S.A. and the Stahlwerke PeineSalz
gitter A6 companies / February 9th, 1982.
[2 ]
Prfbericht N 820387
Knickversuche an IProfilen mit Flanschdicken t = 97 mm aus dem Werkstoff
St 523.
Versuchsanstalt fr Stahl, Holz und Steine. Universitt (TH) Karlsruhe
(August 30th, 1985).
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
77
[IO]
[ll]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[lo]
[l6]
[17]
78
FIGURES
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
INTERACTION DIAGRAM
HP 400 X 400
N-M
X 744
WEAK AX,S
23,5 KN/cm 2
YIELD POINT
N[KN]
20000
non linear method
ex: DIN 18800)
CEFICOSS (no strain hardening)
EUROCODE 3 (1984 version)
(interaction
10000
L = 4,00m
formula)
20000
10000
85
M[KNm]
Figure 1
M=N-e
scale 1 : 20
Figure 2
86
M=N-e
M=N-e
scale 1:20
Figure 3
- 87 -
CHAPTER
2:
TESTING PROGRAMME
=1
BM=1.10(EC3,1984)
B M , = 1.10(EC3,1989)
Equivalent uniform moment
factors
uniform
moment
distribution
M = Ne
W,t
=1
>
M = Ne
bltriangular
moment
distribution
91
Figure 4
11
"
!
10
()
7
6
5
4
2
1
6
1
M=ANe
bitriangular moment
distribution
0.3oy(lfh/b>1.2)
0.5oy(tfh/b<1.2)
Residual stresses
0.3 oy
0.5 oy
Figure 5
92
GEOMETRICAL IMPERFECTIONS
Sinusodal initial deformations have been introduced
in numerical simulations for both types of loading
A M
L/1000
10
L/1000
r . .
^4+*
<n
m
,
AN
AN
Uniform moment
Bitriangular moment
distribution
distribution
Figure 6
93
E = 21000 kN/cm2
Et = 2.10kN/cm 2
= 35.5 kN/cm2
OJ =51.0 kN/cm2
atQ
. O
[N/mm2]
FeE 355
355
335
/
305
EN 10025 (EC3)
40
EN 25
100
Figure 7
- 94
PROFILE
h/b
NAME
STEEL
BUCKLING
BUCKLING
SLENDERNESS
MOMENT
LOAD
COLLAPSE
COLLAPSE
DIFFERENCE
QUALITY
AXIS
LENGTH
RATIO
DISTRIBUTION
ECCEN.
LOAD
LOAD
FINELG / EC3
FINELG
EC3
Icml
lto|
Ito)
!%1
5.0
1896
1669
+ 13.6
1858
1637
+ 13.5
Imi
|mm|
co
on
UNIFORM
NM1
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
1.13
82.0
FeE 355
WEAK
4.00
0.471
NM2
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
1.13
82.0
FeE 355
WEAK
4.00
0.471
NM3
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 4 2 2
1.04
52.5
FeE 355
WEAK
4.88
0.604
HD 3 1 0 X 3 1 0 X 4 5 4
1.24
69.0
FeE 355
WEAK
5.34
0.802
UNIFORM
NM4
15.0
W14X16X730
1.25
125.0
FeE 355
WEAK
8.18
0.900
UNIFORM
15.0
NM5
NM6
W14X16X550
1.18
97.0
FeE 355
WEAK
8.71
1.000
NM7
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
1.13
82.0
FeE 355
WEAK
7.46
0.880
NM8
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
1.13
82.0
FeE 3 5 5
WEAK
8.48
1.000
NM9
HD 3 1 0 X 3 1 0 X 5 0 0
1.26
75.0
FeE 355
WEAK
8.00
1.189
NM10
W14X16X550
1.18
97.0
FeE 3 5 5
STRONG
8.00
0.540
NM11
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
1.13
82.0
FeE 3 5 5
STRONG
8.57
0.600
NM12
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
1.13
82.0
FeE 3 5 5
STRONG
8.00
0.561
NM13
HD 3 1 0 X 3 1 0 X 5 0 0
1.26
75.0
FeE 355
STRONG
8.00
0.643
15.0
15.0
UNIFORM
15.0
.
NMEC3:A:\HAPPORT3\FINR3
Remarks : the numerical simulations with FINELG have been carried out with assumptions of geometrically
and materially non linear columns. ECCS residual stresses have been introduced but there were no initial deformations.
CO
CD
00
PROFILE
h/b
MEASURED
YIELD
NAME
BUCKLING
AXIS
BUCKLING
LENGTH
SLENDERNESS
MOMENT
RATIO
DISTRIBUTION
COLLAPSE
COLLAPSE
DIFFERENCE
LOAD
LOAD
FINELG / EC3
FINELG
EC3
[cml
Ito]
Itol
[%1
LOAD
ECCEN.
POINT
[mm|
[ml
[N/mm2l
EC3
NM1
HO 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
1.13
82.0
372
WEAK
4.00
0.4574
UNIFORM
8.0
1696
1208
+ 40.3
NM2
HO 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
1.13
82.0
331
WEAK
4.00
0.4574
UNIFORM
15.0
1122
874
+ 2B .4
NM3
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 4 2 2
1.04
52.5
3B9
WEAK
4.88
0.5B71
UNIFORM
15.0
694.2
484
+ 43.5
NM4
HD 3 1 0 X 3 1 0 X 4 5 4
1.24
69.0
345
WEAK
5.34
0.7799
UNIFORM
15.0
532.1
416
+ 28.1
NM5
W14X16X730
1.25
125.0
349.5
WEAK
8.18
0.8338
UNIFORM
15.0
1425
972
+ 46.6
NM6
W14X16X550
1.18
97.0
374
WEAK
8.71
0.9716
UNIFORM
15.0
994.8
756
+ 31.5
NM7
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
1.13
82.0
331
WEAK
7.46
0.B531
BITRIANGULAR
15.0
1417
1125
+ 25.9
NM8
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
1.13
82.0
384
WEAK
8.48
0.9698
BITRIANGULAR
15.0
1513
1060
+ 42.8
NM9
HD 3 1 0 X 3 1 0 X 5 0 0
1.26
75.0
354.5
WEAK
8.00
1.1551
BITRIANGULAR
5.0
1192
820
+ 45.5
NM10
W14X16X550
1.18
97.0
381
STRONG
8.00
0.5246
UNIFORM
18.0
1802
1319
+ 36.6
NM11
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
1.13
82.0
384
STRONG
8.57
0.5836
UNIFORM
15.0
1551
1125
+ 37.9
NM12
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
1.13
82.0
310.5
STRONG
8.00
0.5448
BITRIANGULAR
15.0
1594
1694
5.9
NM13
HD 3 1 0 X 3 1 0 X 5 0 0
1.26
75.0
354.5
STRONG
8.00
0.6248
BITRIANGULAR
15.0
1260
1214
+ 3.6
CD
Remarks : the numerical simulations with FINELG have been carried out with assumptions of geometrically
and materially non linear columns. ECCS residual stresses have been introduced and the initial
sinusodal deformations have a maximal amplitude of L/1000 ; the measured mechanical
characteristics are considered.
CQ
CD
Eurocode 3 values are calculated with $ m1= 1.1 and the a decreasing in function of the
flange thickness.
Range of sections : b (width) > 340 mm ; h (height) > 425 mm
NM:\A:\HAPP0HT3:FINR
co
^1
(Q
C
CD
NM5
BUCKLING
J.
: :
'
I s
\
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
axis
7 7
9 9
s \
1 0 1 0 I l r - 1 1 j 2 l 2 13
s I
DEFORMEE
V U E EN
DEPL=
MULT=
REAC=
(Q
C
CD
PLAN
20 . O
9.5 0
O . 14-3E + 05
L.
NM5
BUCKLING
co
co
+
1'
HD
4 0 O X 4 O 0 X 1 086/l_ = 8 . 1 8 m / e = 1 5 c m / N = l 5 0 0 k N / F e E 3 5 5 / w e k
+ !
3 '
+
4
'
io:
+
ii!
exis
_12J
DIAGRAMME
VUE
EN
MULT =
REAC =
CO
c
CD
N3
Lx
DE
MZ
PLAN
9 . 50
0.143E+05
DMAX=
0.396E+06
ELEMENT
7 (
7)
I
NM5
BUCKLING
o
o
8
i-
a. _
I
_
.J
I
_ _ J L _ _ J U
I
a.
I
_
.1. _
I
_
IO
I
_i_
I
a.
11
I
-A.
12
I
j
I
J
DIAGRAMME
V U E EN
MULT =
REAC =
Y
(
c
CD
CO
L:
DE
PLAN
9 . 50
0.143E+05
DMAX=
0.142E+05
ELEMENT
7 (
8)
'
NM5
iP
MPIHIIfl'!
k.*ii.
Mil.
co
c
*
CD
P>>
ARBEDRPS
!6/3/9
DESFIN U5.
axis
3
85
78
71
64
57
5
42
35
8
1
14
7
PLASTIFICATION
SCHEMA~D"MOTO
9.50
MULT=
0.143E+05
REfC=
NM5
100
92
85
78
71
64
y 57
'1
f
5
42
o
)
t*.
28
21
14
7
(Q
C
-
CD
SCHEM DE MOTO
ai
fRBE D-RPS
26/03/90
E
D SFIN U5.2 I
MULT=
REAC=
9.50
0.143E+05
NM5
CQ
C
CD
O)
DESFIN U5.2~"l
PLASTIFKATION
SCHEM"DE~Mf5
MULT=
9.50
REAC=
0.143E+05
NM5
mm
1
1
a
3
'3
O
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
10
10
11
11
12
IE
"
, ,
axis
1
92
85
78
71
64
57
^f
> . . .
i i-..
PLASTIFICATION
(O
CD
42
35
28
21
14
7
SCHEMP~D~MT
V
'S
HRBEDRPS
fi/f13/'Rn
DESFIN Uc o
MULT=
REHC =
3.5
0.143E+05
NM5
23635.9
INTERACTION
[KN]
HD 400x400x1086
LENGTH im) = 8.2
20000.
N-M-DIAGRAM
WEAK AXIS
\
15000.
h- e
s&
\
v.J
FIN
E Lli
Diff=46.6%
L = 8.18m
o
en
\X_jJ
10000.
/
^ \
r -v
\ E C 3 1989 \ E C 3 1984
~
\
\
'
'
Moment uniform
distribution
5000.
ca'
c
CD
CXI
0.0
1000.
2000.
3000.
1
4000.
4079.6
r^>
v^
M [KNml
NM5
NM 5
* DATE
: 29-HAR-1990 08:29:48 *
HD 4 0 0 x 4 0 0 x 1 0 8 6
PROFILNAHE
HOEHE
[cm]
56.90
BREITE
[cm]
45.40
STEGDICKE
[cm]
7.80
FLANSCHDICKE
[cm]
12.50
RADIUS
[cm]
1.50
MOMENTENVERTEI LUNGSFAKTOR
MOMENTENVERTEI LUNGSFAKTOR
HOMENTENVERTEILUNGSFAKTOR
MOMENTENVERTE ILUNGSFAKTOR
X-ACHSE
Y-ACHSE
X-ACHSE
Y-ACHSE
EC3
EC3
EC3
EC3
1984 >
1984 >
1989 >
1989 >
RELATIVE SCHLANKHEIT
RELATIVE SCHLANKHEIT
X-ACHSE
Y-ACHSE
>
>
0.4786
0.8338
1.1000
1.1000
1.1000
1.1000
:d
:d
:d
:d
0.7944
0.5592
|E [cm] |
000 HD
001 HD
002 HD
003 HD
004 HD
005 HD
006 HD
007 HD
008 HD
009 HD
010 HD
011 HD
012 HD
013 HD
014 HD
015 HD
H pur HD
PROFIL
STRECKG. L [cm]| NX [KN] NY [KN]
400x400x1086
30.50 818.0| 33575.3 23635.9
400x400x1086
30.50 818.0] 32070.1 22034.7
400x400x1086
30.50 818.0| 30711.9 20677.1
400x400x1086
30.50 818.0| 29477.8 19504.5
400x400x1086
30.50 818.0| 28350.0 18477.0
400x400x1086
30.50 818.0| 27314.2 17566.3
400x400x1086
30.50 818.0| 26358.5 16751.7
400x400x1086
30.50 818.0| 25473.3 16017.3
400x400x1086
30.50 818.0| 24650.4 15350.8
400x400x1086
30.50 818.0| 23883.1 14742.5
400x400x1086
30.50 8 1 8 . 0 | 23165.6 14184.5
400x400x1086
30.50 818.0| 22492.9 13670.4
400x400x1086
30.50 8 1 8 . 0 | 21860.5 13194.8
400x400x1086
30.50 818.0| 21264.9 12753.4
400x400x1086
30.50 818.0| 20702.8 12342.4
400x400x1086
30.50 818.0| 20171.1 11958.5
400x400x1086
0.
30.50 818.0|
0.
MX[KNnO MY[KNm]| NX89 [KN] NY89 [KN] MX89 [KNm] | MY89 [KNm]
0.0
0.0|
30523.0
21487.2
0.0|
KY |
KX
0.0
0.00
0.00|
320.7
220.3|
28796.6
19769.1
288.0|
197.7
1.48
1.79|
614.2
413.5|
27304.3
18305.5
546.1|
366.1
1.46
1.72|
884.3
585.1|
25995.5
17043.6
779.9|
511.3
1.44
1.67|
1134.0
739.1|
24834.2
15944.5
993.4|
637.8
1.42
1.63|
1365.7
878.3|
23793.7
14978.5
1189.71
748.9
1.40
1.59|
1581.5
1005.1|
22854.0
14123.0
1371.21
847.4
1.38
1.561
1783.1
1121.2)
21999.4
13359.8
1540.0|
935.2
1.37
1 -531
1972.0
1228.1|
21217.8
12675.0
1697.4|
1014.0
1.36
1 -511
2149.5
1326.8|
20499.0
12098.6
1844.9|
1088.9
1.34
1.49|
2316.6
1418.4|
19835.1
11609.7
1983.51
1161.0
1.33
1.47|
2474.2
1503.7|
19219.4
11165.4
2114-11
1228.2
1.32
1.451
2623.3
1583.4|
18646.3
10759.2
2237.6|
1291.1
1.31
1.431
2764.4
1657.9|
18111.1
10386.1
2354.41
1350.2
1.30
1.42|
2898.4
1727.9|
17609.9
10041.7
2465.41
1405.8
1.29
1 -411
3025.7
1793.8|
17139.3
9722.6
2570.9|
1458.4
1.29
1.39|
8299.5
4079.6|
0.
0.
8299.5J
4079.6
1.28
1.38|
Figure 19
106
BUCKLING
HD
3 1 O X 3 1 0 X 5 0 0 / L = 8 . O O m / e = 1 5 c m / N = 1 3 0 0 k N / F e E 3 5 5 / s tr . ax.
bl-t
10 . 0
9.67
7 . 50
I
l
I
I
1
1
1
5 . 00
g
/
/
P i
2 . 50
/
/
/
/
/
(O
C
CD
ro
/
r
1 /
/
/
/
/
'
. '
Ml
_/i
l
'
'
'
'
1
1
1
__^_*
1
I
'
1
'
'
'
'
' 0 . 2 5
0 . 5 0
' 0 . 7 5
' 1| . 0 0
I
I
I
I
I
I
'
'
'
COURBE
.
PD
5. 2
NM13
BUCKLING
HD
310X310X500/L=8.00m/e=l5om/N=1300kN/FeE355/str.
ax. b
' '
t
o
00
hi
-'
2
7~*TT|"~.
It
10
11
rr
12
TZ~
f*
13141516
31413117
DEFORMEE
L - * ~
VUE
EN
DEPL=
MULT=
REAC=
PLAN
75.0
9.67
0.126E+05
Y
CO
C
CD
Lx
NM13
BUCKLING
HD
310X310X500/L=8.00m/e=l5om/N=l300kN/FeE355/str.
Il 2 3 4!
5 ',
==r^
11
12
13141516
- - - _ _
* - - - * -
'
'
" i i
DIAGRAMME
V U E EN
MULT =
REAC =
CD
DE
PLAN
9 . 67
0 . 126E+05
DMAX=
0.19+06
ELEMENT
16 ( 17)
Y
(
C
bl-t
o
CD
ax.
NM13
BUCKLING
HD
1 2 3 4
| _| _| _| _|
310X310X500/L=8.00m/e=l5om/N=l300kN/F eE355/str.
,
1
1
1
m^
1
1
ex.
bl-t
11
12 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6
10
_ _ - _ 1 1 1 I
1
| _| _| _| _|
1
DIAGRAMME
VUE
EN
MULT =
REAC =
CQ
C
CD
L.
DE
PLAN
9 . 67
0 . 1 2 6 E + 05
DMAX=
0.126E+05
ELEMENT
16 (
17)
I
NM13
10
92
85
78
71
64
57
58
42
35
28
21
14
7
co
c
^siFiamoN
SCHM~D~MOTO
*
'
Y
I PIRB EDRPS
27/03/90
DESFIN U5.2 I
MULT=
REHC=
9 67
0.126E+05
NM-
100
92
85
78
71
64
57
50
42
35
28
21
14
7
CQ
C
i
CD
ro
en
ARBED-RPS
27/03/90
DESFIN U5.2 I
PLASTIFICATION
SCHEMA DE MOTO
MULT=
9.67
REAC=
0.126E -05
NM13
100
92
pis 85
78
m
'
71
64
57
50
42
35
28
21
14
7
V.''
co
c
I ARBED-RPS
27/03/90
DESFIN U5.2 I
PLASTIFICATION
SCHEMA DE MOTO
MULT=
9.67
REAC=
0.126E -05
.13
14
i^i
w.
100
32
;#i;- l-:i r .- ;
oc
78
71
64
57
50
42
35
28
21
14
I~l
t'
CQ
PLASTIFICATION
SCHEMA~D~MT
C
CD
ro
^\~7
I PRBED-RPS
E7/03/90
DESFIN U5.2 I
MULT=
REfiC=
9.67
0.126E+05
NM 13
17581
,f
\ [KN]
HD 310x310x500
LENGTH y
15000.
\
FINELG
" \
v
= 8.0
STRONG AXIS
YIELD POINT [kN/cm2] = 3 3 . 5
B
LAMDA AR = 0.625 B ETA 1984 = 0.44 B ETA 1983 = 2.50
/L
^>
_Diff.3.6%
10000.
EC31984\
EC 3 1989
L = 8.00 m
.
(* e *
X
5000.
\ .
\
<'
c^
CD
00
/
O.C
750.
1500.
2250.
'
Moment bitriangular
\^
3000.
distribution
3304.9
*
u"
M [KNm
NM13
DATE
HD 3 1 0 x 3 1 0 x 5 0 0
PROFILNAME
HOEHE
[cm]
2.70
BREITE
[cm]
34.00
STEGDICKE
[cm]
4.50
FLANSCHDICKE [cm]
7.50
[cm]
1.50
RADIUS
NM 13
29HAR1990 09:05:25 *
MOMENTENVERTEILUNGSFAKTOR
HOHENTENVERTEILUNGSFAKTOR
MOMENTENVERTEILUNGSFAKTOR
MOMENTENVERTEILUNGSFAKTOR
X-ACHSE
Y-ACHSE
X-ACHSE
Y-ACHSE
RELATIVE SCHLANKHEIT
RELATIVE SCHLANKHEIT
X-ACHSE
Y-ACHSE
0.4400
0.4400
2.5000
2.5000
0.6248
1.1551
:b
: c
:b
:c
0.8244
0.4558
|E [cm] |
000 HD
001 HD
002 HD
003 HD
004 HD
005 HD
006 HD
007 HD
008 HD
009 HD
010 HD
011 HD
012 HD
013 HD
014 HD
015 HD
M pur |HD
PRO
F IL
STRECKG. L [cm]| NX [KN] NY [KN] |MX[KNm]
310x310x500
33.50 8 0 0 . 0 | 17581.3
9719.1 |
0.0
310x310x500
9387.1 |
33.50 8 0 0 . 0 | 16831.5
168.3
310x310x500
9084.0 | 322.9
33.50 8 0 0 . 0 | 16145.3
310x310x500
8789.0 | 465.4
33.50 8 0 0 . 0 | 15514.4
310x310x500
8491.8 | 597.3
33.50 8 0 0 . 0 | 14931.9
310x310x500
8205.3 | 719.6
33.50 8 0 0 . 0 | 14392.0
310x310x500
7930.6 | 833.4
33.50 8 0 0 . 0 | 13890.1
310x310x500
7668.1 | 939.6
33.50 8 0 0 . 0 | 13422.2
310x310x500
12984.6
7417.8 | 1038.8
33.50 8 0 0 . 0 |
310x310x500
7179.5 | 1131.7
33.50 8 0 0 . 0 | 12574.6
310x310x500
6952.7 | 1218.9
33.50 8 0 0 . 0 | 12189.4
310x310x500
6737.1 | 1301.0
33.50 800.0] 11826.8
310x310x500
11485.0
6532.1 | 1378.2
33.50 8 0 0 . 0 |
310x310x500
11162.0
6337.2 | 1451.1
33.50 8 0 0 . 0 |
310x310x500
6151.8 | 1519.9
33.50 800.0| 10856.4
310x310x500
5975.4 | 1585.0
33.50 800.0| 10566.7
310x310x500
0
.
0.
33.50 800.0|
| 3304.9
0.0|
15983.0
8835.6
0.0]
93.91
15802.2
8727.2
158.0]
181.7|
15610.0
8609.5
312.2]
263.7|
15405.9
8482.0
462.2|
339.7|
15189.7
8344.3
607.6|
410.3|
14961.1
8195.9
748.1|
475.8|
14720.2
8036.9
883.2|
536.8|
14467.4
7867.5
1012.7|
593.4|
14203.2
7688.3
1136.3|
646.2|
13928.4
7500.3
1253.6|
695.3|
13644.2
7305.1
1364.4|
741.1|
13352.0
7104.2
1468.7|
783.9|
13053.4
6899.6
1566.41
823.8|
12750.2
6693.3
1657.5|
861.3|
12444.2
6487.4
1742.21
896.3|
12137.3
6283.5
1820.6|
1500.9|
0.
0.
3304.9|
[KNm]
0.0 |
87.3 |
172.2 |
254.5 |
333.8 |
409.8 |
482.2 |
550.7 |
615.1 |
675.0 |
730.5 |
781.5 |
827.9 |
870.1 |
908.2 |
942.5 |
1500.9 |
**
0.00]
0.22
0.19|
0.22
0.20|
0.23
0.211
0.25
0.23|
0.26
0.241
0.27
0.26|
0.28
0.27|
0.29
0.29|
0.31
0.311
0.32
0.32|
0.34
0.341
0.35
0.36|
0.37
0.38|
0.38
0.40|
0.40
0.42]
0.41
0.441
Figure 29
116
KY
0.00
CHAPTER
BUCKLING TESTS
4:
PROFILE
NAME
MEASURED
NOMINAL
MEASURED
NOMINAL
MEASURED
NOMINAL
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
NOMINAL
NM1
HD 400X400X678
484.00
480.65
427.00
424.43
50.50
48.86
82.00
80.07
15.00
NM2
HD 400X400X678
484.00
481.65
427.00
426.65
50.50
50.33
82.00
81.12
15.00
NM3
HD 400X400X422
425.00
425.95
409.00
408.31
33.00
33.16
52.50
51.91
15.00
NM4
HD 310X310X454
415.00
414.97
336.00
336.62
40.50
40.85
69.00
69.13
15.00
NM5
W14X16X730
569.00
564.27
454.00
452.60
78.00
76.87
125.00
124.31
15.00
NM6
W14X16X550
514.00
509.81
437.00
432.96
60.50
57.81
97.00
97.16
15.00
NM7
HD 400X400X678
484.00
481.19
427.00
426.54
50.50
50.50
82.00
81.00
15.00
NM8
HD 400X400X678
484.00
483.87
427.00
424.46
50.50
52.04
82.00
82.18
15.00
NM9
HD 310X310X500
427.00
423.71
340.00
338.76
45.00
44.91
75.00
74.33
15.00
NM10
W14X16X550
514.00
515.47
437.00
436.05
60.50
58.55
97.00
97.63
15.00
NM11
HD 400X400X678
484.00
481.69
427.00
424.58
50.50
52.00
82.00
81.79
15.00
NM12
HD 400X400X678
484.00
480.27
427.00
428.75
50.50
49.37
82.00
81.20
15.00
NM13
HD 310X310X500
427.00
423.59
340.00
338.57
45.00
45.13
75.00
74.27
15.00
*
(Q
C
CD
GO
O
MEASURED
NOMINAL
H-
CO
C
-
CD
CO
PROFILE
BUCKLING
MEASURE:D VALUES
NAME
AXIS
OF THE PROFILE
h
mm
mm
mm
CALCULATED VALUES
OF THE PROFILE
' w
mm
Ix
cm2
cm
NM1
HD 400X400X678
WEAK
480.65
424.43
48.86
80.07
838.21
18.6059
NM2
HD 400X400X678
WEAK
481.65
426.65
50.33
81.12
854.89
18.5935
NM3
HD 400X400X422
WEAK
425.95
408.31
33.16
51.91
532.66
NM4
HD 310X310X454
WEAK
414.97
336.62
40.85
69.13
NM5
W14X16X730
WEAK
564.27
452.60
76.87
NM6
W14X16X550
WEAK
509.81
432.96
NM7
HD 400X400X678
WEAK
481.19
NM8
HD 400X400X678
WEAK
NM9
HD 310X310X500
WEAK
NM10
W 14X16X550
NM11
ly
c m
11.0506
Wx
Wy
cm3
cm3
Wplx
Wply
cm3
cm3
12074.26
4823.35
14898.47
7408.59
11.1013
12272.34
4938.75
15176.18
7590.93
17.2738
10.5245
7462.72
2889.94
8818.61
4419.54
580.38
16.0003
8.7185
7161.10
2621.11
8855.91
4036.69
124.31
1369.83
20.5703
11.8796
20544.12
8542.46
26697.91
13206.61
57.81
97.16
1025.64
19.2574
11.3426
14921.65
6095.42
18827.03
9376.35
426.54
50.50
81.00
854.12
18.5718
11.0940
12244.46
4929.09
15142.90
7577.45
483.87
424.46
52.04
82.18
865.85
18.6129
11.0193
12398.54
4953.83
15370.16
7625.03
423.71
338.76
44.91
74.33
629.06
16.1531
8.7699
7747.55
2856.36
9672.70
4408.67
STRONG
515.47
436.05
58.55
97.63
1040.85
19.4779
11.4083
15321.40
6213.30
19319.23
9562.39
HD 400X400X678
STRONG
481.69
424.58
52.00
81.79
B61.88
18.5309
11.0230
12288.47
4933.06
15232.68
7592.78
NM12
HD 400X400X678
STRONG
480.27
428.75
49.37
81.20
855.15
18.5648
11.1858
12273.50
4991.16
15170.58
7662.47
NM13
HD 310X310X500
STRONG
423.59
338.57
45.13
74.27
628.97
16.1428
8.7599
7738.81
2851.07
9663.32
4401.83
NM1:A:\0EOMET.DRW
PROFILE
NAME
l
TOLEFANCE
NOMIN.
NOMIN.
MEAS.
t f
tW
b
TOLERANCE
ALLOW.
MEAS.
NOMIN.
MEAS.
TOLERANCE
ALLOW.
MEAS.
|mm]
|mm|
|mm|
|mm|
|mm|
|mm|
|mm|
|mm|
|mm]
|mm|
NOMIN.
|mm|
MEAS.
|mm|
TOLERANCE
ALLOW.
MEAS.
|mm|
|mm]
NOMINAL
NM1
HD 400X400X678
484.0
|mm|
480.6
3.4
427.0
424.4
2.6
50.5
48.9
(1.6)
82.0
80.1
1.9
15.0
NM2
HD 400X400X678
484.0
481.6
2.4
427.0
426.6
0.4
50.5
50.3
+ 1
0.2
82.0
81.1
0.9
15.0
NM3
HD 400X400X422
425.0
425.9
+ 0.9
409.0
408.3
0.7
33.0
33.2
+ 1
+ 0.2
52.5
51.9
0.6
15.0
NM4
HD 310X310X454
415.0
415.0
0.00
336.0
336.6
+ 0.6
40.5
40.8
+ 0.3
69.0
69.1
+ 0.1
15.0
NM5
W14X16X730
569.0
564.3
4.7
454.0
452.6
1.4
78.0
76.9
+ 1
125.0
124.3
0.7
15.0
NM6
W14X16X550
514.0
509.8
(.)
437.0
433.0
4.0
60.5
57.8
+ 1
(2.7)
97.0
97.2
+ 0.2
15.0
NM7
HD 400X400X678
484.0
481.2
2.8
427.0
426.5
0.5
50.5
50.5
0.00
82.0
81.0
1.0
15.0
NM8
HD 400X400X678
484.0
483.9
0.1
427.0
424.5
2.5
50.5
52.0
82.0
82.2
+ 2
+ 0.2
15.0
NM9
HD 310X310X500
427.0
423.7
C" 2
340.0
338.8
1.2
45.0
44.9
+ 1
0.1
75.0
74.3
0.7
15.0
NMIO
W14X16X550
514.0
515.5
1.5 ' 4 3 7 . 0
436.0
1.0
60.5
58.5
C 2.)
97.0
97.6
+ 0.6
15.0
NM1 1
HD 400X400X678
484.0
481.7
2.3
427.0
424.6
0.6
50.5
52.0
+ 1
(+
82.0
81.8
0.2
15.0
NM12
HD 400X400X678
484.0
480.3
3.7
427.0
428.7
1.7
50.5
49.4
+ 1
(.,.}
82.0
81.2
0.8
15.0
NM13
HD 310X310X500
427.0
423.6
(T3.)
340.0
338.6
1.4
45.0
45.1
+ 1
75.0
74.3
0.7
15.0
(+
1.5)
1.5)
+ 0.1
NM1:A.\NMIOH
CD
CO
PROFILE
NAME
FLANGE
PARALLELISM
WEB
ECCENTRICITY
WEB
DEFORMATION
dl,TOLERANCE
d2,T0LERANCE
d3,T0LERANCE
ALLOW.
1.5%b
Imml
N3
CQ
C
MEAS.
ALLOW.
MEAS.
ALLOW.
MEAS.
(mm|
Imm]
Imml
|mm|
(mm)
NM1
HD 400X400X678
6.4
-3.15
3.5
1.78
2.0
-0.30
NM2
HD 400X400X678
6.4
-1,45
3.5
2.78
2.0
-0.35
NM3
HD 400X400X422
6.1
-2.5
3.5
-3.30
2.0
(^2.90 )
NM4
HD 310X310X454
5.0
1.75
3.5
-0.78
2.0
0.45
NM5
W14X16X730
6.8
0.6
3.5
;.15 )
2.0
0.33
NM6
W14X16X550
6.5
3.5
-2.53 .
2.0
0.35
NM7
HD 400X400X678
6.4
-1.8
3.5
-0.73
2.0
-0.3
NM8
HD 400X400X678
6.4
0.55
3.5
1.38
2.0
-0.58
NM9
HD 310X310X500
5.1
0.35
3.5
-2.42
2.0
-0.28
NM10
W14X16X550
6.5
1.5
3.5
-4.8
2.0
0.25
NM11
HD 400X400X678
6.4
-2.45
3.5
1.43
2.0
-0.23
NM12
HD 400X400X678
6.4
-3.25
3.5
(4.68)
2.0
-0.43
NM13
HD 310X310X500
5.1
-0.75
3.5
(3.78^
2.0
-0.28
dl
2.4
d2 = ( b l - b 2 )
=(k1 +k2)/2
i
tf
/2
CD
CO
CO
NMI A\NMIOL?
b1
b2
O)
Reference line f
r, t t t t t t t t t t
1 F
load axis
buckling according to
the weak axis :
a,b
buckling according to
the strong axis :
c;a,b
>
Figure 34
- 123
Deformation [mm]
5
N-
^3
-N
7,8
cm
8,3
cm
1
- 0<fc
-1
-2
-3
-4
(Q
C
-t
CD
en
H M V * MUITIAIINMIDOEF
Deformation [mm]
5
l
i
l
i
measured measured approximation for permitted deviation
points a
points b
finelg calculation
EC3: L/1000
4
.3
...""
L...
14,7
cm
...o/ y "
.''
1
* " "
V\\,
14,9
*^
""'..
*rkA
J 0
cm
' '.
/'
's.
ja'
's
Ol
'
S
.0
'" I.
.1
y'
'
..er'
'.
*
...
0
co
c
-^
CD
en
j ._.n
I:
5
Length [m]
MMI A>MIT1AltNMIHDFr
Deformation [mm]
15,0
cm
^
;
\ZJi^o-
14,9
"Sij^?
cm
l
,-""
*-+-+~\
^
,
-1
)
O)
"O...
I
0
TF^C
'r
'
>
/' S
s
'
'v.
-3
"
tzf*'
'
-2
"
y--t-
.a""'
'13.
-4
^
-Q
-5
-6
-1
o
0
C
co
II
Length [m]
Buckling length : 4 , 8 8 m
H** 1-AMNtlF*l\NMinO(f
Deformation [mm]
0
14,7
3
2
cm
15,3
0<
)
cm
*.,
' ; >
'
" \
y'
...
y"
'.
'.
VI
'.
'
S,"
y
,"'
y"
"""'SX\.
if
..y
'y'
'"^.
">..
& . . ^
1 i""
6
7
o
0
(Q
-
CD
GO
OD
i:
5
Length [m]
NM1.A.tMUmtNM4BOCF
Deformation [mm]
4
.3
EJ
ro
CD
0
CO
CD
co
x:
5
Length [m]
* n n Mt. BO t
Deformation [mm]
4
N-
15,3
cm
ro
co
CO
CD
MM I A tmiTiAlWMSBDtF
Deformation [mm]
measured
points a
4
.3
12,4
cm
cm
15,0
4
c
t
CD
Length [m]
Deformation [mm]
4
.3
cm
14,8
0
(Q
C
*
CD
5
Length [m]
>
NM IzltllMlTlAKNMfltttCf
Deformation [mm]
5
I
I
I
measured measured approximation for permitted deviation
points a points b finelg calculation
EC3: L/1000
4
.3
4,3
cm
1
0
"t".
" ^ ^ sJ^'V
"'t
-2
7*'
N^X
V"o...
-1
<
.+*''',''v,' * "
'o
-4
V ^
~~^'"
-3
nr'"'
S
...
'
/
r^Te?"'
V^s
''
cm
3,9
y'
s'
'> *
s'
\
y'
-5
L.
-6
. J '
ja'"
"!3 . . ^
lr
.' ''
)
(Q
c^
CD
00
**"'
II
Length [m]
MINIIIAUNMVnOF
Deformation [mm]
5
co
Deformation [mm]
4
.3
15,0
cm
+ -.\
j '
15,0
--^.^.^'
i---
'
l a g .
&&'
----
i-----'
C 1 Q
-1
measured
points b
~7f.
1
0
+- + -
measured
points a
f+*1
VX /
'&---- \
" " -
" + '
-2
t*
cm
y'
*v^ ^ - + - ^
'"n.
y'
y'
-3
y'
-4
y'
'ra.
-5
's.
-6
y'
tl
y'
y''
-7
'S.
.
CD
s'
.FI''
~~'iq.
-8
ca
c
s'
5
Length [m]
Deformation [mm]
5
4
~3
14,9
cm
1
0
-1
en
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
to
c
CD
II
C
5
Length [m]
Deformation [mm]
5
measured
points a
N-
measured
points b
1
permitted deviation
EC3: L/1000
15,1
cm
-;
co
(35
cm
14,9
co
c
CD
5
Length [m]
b
c
Bp
L
P
mm
NM 1
1100
NM 2
NM 3
NM 4
1098
1100
1102
NM 5
NM 6
NM 7
1101
1102
NM 10
NM 11
NM 12
1101
1101
NM 13
1103
1100
mm
P
mm
B
P
mm
a
P
mm
b
P
mm
880
880
1102
1101
881
880
419
485
880
880
1099
1101
1099
880
880
880
1101
880
1099
1100
1100
UP
DOWN
UP
Nr
NM 8
NM 9
879
880
1101
881
880
879
879
879
1099
1099
1100
880
880
880
878
880
880
1100
1101
1103
882
878
881
DOWN
a
p
mm
b
P
mm
C
P
mm
p
mm
f
P
mm
202.5
198.5
417
485
602
672
419
485
195.4
195.6
199
197.7
222.5
235
159.4
229
234.2
161
497
529
477
682
676
664
603
672
681
677.5
663
532
473
491
185.5
158
186
198.2
672
648
488
186.5
488.5
464
673
373
184.9
198.9
648
462
199.4
184.5
199.2
381
487
409
187.5
345
227.8
195.7
228
115.6
200.1
226.8
113.3
465.5
423
229.2
648
568
412
650
568.5
410
199.1
227.8
112.5
198.6
228.5
108.8
411
412
416.5
227.3
217.5
268.5
156.9
156.5
189.8
161.8
164.5
191.6
230
223.9
269
414
412.5
418
414
413
418
465
428
227.5
230.6
158.5
160.6
188.1
160.3
162.2
188.1
mm
d
P
mm
673
610
673
422
485
198
196
492
535
474
680
683
664
682
682
666
499
537
476
487
674
675
187.1
184.8
343
227.9
225.1
224.8
266.5
374
379
487
409
412
415
416
609
e
p
mm
'P
mm
P
mm
495
222.7
271.8
227
231.3
226.8
231.5
157.7
NM 1: A:\NMIMPERF
NM1 -NM 9
Buckling according to the weak axis
bp-
dp
(Q
C
CD
00
,l I
f.:
NM 1 0 - N M 13
Buckling according to the strong axis
PROFILE
BUCKLING
NAME
AXIS
LOAD
OF THE PROFILE
ECCENTRICITIES
down
up
tf
mm
mm
mm
mm
[cm]
[cm]
ECCENTRICITIES
[cm]
HD 400X400X678
WEAK
480.6
424.4
48.9
80.1
7.76
8.33
NM2
HD 400X400X678
WEAK
481.6
426.6
50.3
81.1
14.72
14.93
15
NM3
HD 400X400X422
WEAK
425.9
408.3
33.2
51.9
14.96
14.86
15
NM4
HD 310X310X454
WEAK
415.0
336.6
40.8
69.1
14.75
15.26
15
NM5
W14X16X730
WEAK
564.3
452.6
76.9
124.3
15.21
15.19
15
NM6
W14X16X550
WEAK
509.8
433.0
57.8
97.2
15.26
15.35
15
NM7
HD 400X400X678
WEAK
481.2
426.5
50.5
81.0
12.43
15.01
15
NM8
HD 400X400X678
WEAK
483.9
424.5
52.0
82.2
12.68
14.78
15
NM9
HD 310X310X500
WEAK
423.7
338.8
44.9
74.3
4.33
3.86
NM10
W14X16X550
STRONG
515.5
436.0
58.5
97.6
18.16
17.79
18
NM11
HD 400X400X678
STRONG
481.7
424.6
52.0
81.8
14.98
15.03
15
NM12
HD 400X400X678
STRONG
480.3
428.7
49.4
81.2
14.90
14.99
15
NM13
HD 310X310X500
STRONG
423.6
338.6
45.1
74.3
15.13
14.90
15
*NM1-NM9
*NM10-NM13
NM1:A:\NM,N.3.DRW
(Q
C
Lp- -fp- h
b + t w + a P + bp+ Cp+ d p - 2 * L,
e =
CD
Nominal
NM1
Remarks
MEASURED
MEASURED VALUES
e =
PROFILE NAME
DISTANCE BETWEEN
THE PLATES
[m]
MEASURED LENGTH
BETWEEN HINGED
SUPPORT
[m]
NM1
HD 400X400X678
3.62
4.00
NM2
HD 400X400X678
3.62
4.00
NM3
HD 400X400X422
4.5
4.88
NM4
HD 310X310X454
4.96
5.34
NM5
W14X16X730
7.8
8.18
NM6
W14X16X550
8.33
8.71
NM7
HD 400X400X678
7.08
7.46
NM8
HD 400X400X678
8.10
8.48
NM9
HD 310X310X500
7.62
8.00
W14X16X550
7.62
8.00
NM11
HD 400X400X678
8.19
8.57
NM12
HD 400X400X678
7.62
8.00
NM13
HD 310X310X500
7.62
8.00
_ NM10
= 2 * ( 2 * 70 ) = 280 mm
= 2*50
= 100 mm
= 380 mm
' BUCKLING
70
70
50
V/////////////////////////////////////
NM1:A:\NMLENGTH
Figure 50
139 -
k
4g
/
I
3
rl
I
* * 1
scaie .
,,e.
/
Figure 51
140
IVUN-e
M = N-e
scale 1: 20
Figure 52
141
buckling length
IV)
The equilibrium is : Ms = F sd
Figure 54
- 143
10
Axial load [MN]
friction test for
r = 200 mm
....A--
Figure 55
144
Ms
* p
Pi
Mapplied
Ms = =
[kN]
100
500
1000
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
15000
17000
19000
Fs
[kN]
= 100 m m = 200 m m
2,8
5,5
4,3
8,5
5,7
12,3
7,7
21
10
27
14,3
30
18,7
31,4
23
32,1
27,2
33
31
36,4
38
/
= 100 m m = 200 m m
0,275
0,280
0,085
0,086
0,062
0,057
0,042
0,031
0,027
0,020
0,020
0,019
0,016
0,019
0,013
0,018
0,011
0,018
0,010
0,018
0,010
/
Figure 56
145
Buckling tests
Set up of strain gages for buckling according
to the weak axis
Uniform moment distribution :
L/2
IV2
JL L
\\
100 mm
.100 mm
Hprofile
+ 200 mm
100 mm
100 mm
>L
Hprofile
+ 200 mm
y-\
100 mm
>>
146
Buckling tests
Set up of strain gages for buckling according
to the strong axis
Uniform moment distribution
2 15 = 30 strain gages
per column
147
Buckling tests
Measurements of lateral displacements :
for each column,6 transducers
W4W6
il
11
"i"
"i
"i"
"i"
"i"
ll
<i
L/4
"M
Mi
"
"
Mi
'ii
'iL.
"i"
Mi
'il
I'M
'M
"i"
Mi
lil
I'M
L74
"M
Ml
'M
"
'iL
Ml
'il
'il
lil
Ml
Ml
lil
ijl
Ml
Ml
lil
"M
Ml
"i
Ml
lii
Mi
Mi
lil
M'
L/4
<W3
Ml
Ml
Ml
M'
Mi
Ml
Mi
Ml
M'
Mi
_i_
L/4
II
W2
I'
148
Figure 59
CHAPTER
5:
RESIDUAL STRESSES
m 3}
o m
m
S
>
O
H
m
o
7J
O
2
(I)
ro
m
C/)
(Q
C
CD
following on
Figure 61
RESIDUAL STRESSES
. CUTTING OUT OF PIECES
. POINTS OF MEASUREMENTS
Vi
t
11
t
a . JS
H*S AS
Vi
i fl
2 3J-
- a
SX
>
<(<- 5J
litt
lit. -J5J
V M 5> Ili
2M
5-1
1
I'M
3 3
W14x16x730
av
H* Sif
- -iW
ft- !
lil
is*
81
i
?(
O.
i. J
stif- (&
S Sfl-
jtf *
*1
5J
,
3J.
.m
^ > * ) J4I.
B l i 5 f * f * .Mf
.&
y H
if 3}
y J*
J-ifl.
^
5
S
io
o
JO
a i^
*: 55
3 W
-SS H i
1 5
i 35
It
te
jo
1>
3oV-.
.ioT
3c-.
3<
>
^o
| * 5 ****>
ico
Mt
>
AA-.
(D
S 9J
r = 15 mm
-*
WW
in
a = 78 mm
Ato
SO
-*f
t JO IS *> JM < b
156j n u a
* J.
4* *
- * &
-fl
3>*
3U
o
3SO
00
3II
3H
xf^
; -r
! iS
3-H6
3tt-
.ffiaS
J35
i A i i \ 1
^o
ao
SrMJ 1 * B B
* *
* VC i n - Uf
iv
S s s e
1 ut
"
in
CM
-m
t
-
-<*.!
J
-*S1
'
6 28 mm
*> V .
Y
-44
ff!
MS 4
JJS.
a i M.
a^O1) vM V
ida*
J KB U ! -
iS-i
3 x 39,3 mm
6 x 28 mm
b = 454 mm
Figure 61
152
^(LgLj^/lOO
*
B
=(LrLV
A
A
(
I
fc'"
6
1
<
T/3
<
T/3
>
0
<
T/3
= 205000
(L4 C +L 4 F L3 C L 3 F )
2*100
12,Cf
en
N/mm 2
Figure 62
153
,y^
^\
J
vO
m
co
>
\
LH
t
>
= tension
( 0 = compression
Figure 63
154
= tension
Q = compression
- 155 -
Figure 64
_
0
= tension
= compression
156
Figure 65
= tension
Q = compression
Figure 66
- 157
= tension
Q = compression
158
Figure 67
= tension
Q = compression
Figure 68
159
86
^n.
= tension
Q = compression
Figure 69
160
= tension
Q = compression
161
Figure 70
108
>
28
76
= tension
Q = compression
162
Figure 71
CHAPTER
6:
PROFILE
NAME
MEASIJRED
tf
tw
SAMPLES
YIELD
POINTS
02
YIELD POINT
(1)
O)
[mm]
[mm]
[N/mm2]
NM1
HD 400X400X678
48.86
80.07
A1
A2
A3
366.0
360.0
365.5
NM2
HD 400X400X678
50.33
81.12
A1
A2
A3
317.5
316.2
TENSILE
[N/mm ! ]
MAXIMAL
STRAIN
\
[N/mm2]
ult
[%]
363.0
560
560
560
26.2
25.9
27.7
317.0
524
523
521
32.6
30.6
32.1
371.5
364.5
350.8
368.1
532
529
511
30.0
30.1
31.7
NM3
HD 400X400X422
33.16
51.91
A1
A2
A3
NM4
HD 310X310X454
40.85
69.13
A1
A2
A3
354.9
351.7
351.7
353.3
547
549
548
28.6
28.7
30.7
NM5
W14X16X730
76.87
124.31
A1
A2
A3
345.7
352.3
330.0
349.0
543
550
530
26.7
28.4
27.7
NM6
W14X16X550
57.81
97.16
A1
A2
A3
I
I
1
374.0
543
543
29.4
29.4
81.00
A1
A2
A3
317.5
316.2
317.0
524
523
521
32.6
30.6
32.1
373.9
375.5
370.2
374.7
551
558
561
29.9
28.7
28.6
NM7
HD 400X400X678
50.50
NM8
HD 400X400X678
52.04
82.18
A1
A2
A3
NM9
HD 310X310X500
44.91
74.33
A1
A2
A3
'374.0
360.0
355.4
367.0
552
545
537
27.7
28.3
29.1
NM10
W14X16X550
58.55
97.63
A1
A2
A3
364.6
360.0 .
346.2
362.3
549
546
533
26.5
25.6
27.9
NM11
HD 400X400X678
52.00
81.79
A1
A2
A3
373.9
375.5
370.2
374.7
551
558
561
29.9
28.7
28.6
NM12
HD 400X400X678
49.37
81.20
A1
A2
A3
302.3
308.5
309.3
305.4
504
513
508
31.6
31.0
NM13
HD 310X310X500
45.13
74.27
A1
A2
A3
374.0
360.0
355.4
367.0
552
545
537
27.7
28.3
29.1
NM1:A:\NMMECHAN
A2
ult
165
[%]
Figure 72
Figure 73
166
Residual stresses
(where ay = 23,5 kN/cm2)
Qcompression
0 traction
Figure 74
NU1A\RESOUAL
167 -
= tension
Q = compression
Figure 75
168
= tension
0
= compression
Figure 76
169
= tension
= compression
Figure
170
= tension
0
= compression
Figure 78
171
= tension
Q = compression
Figure 79
172
= tension
Q = compression
Figure 80
173
@ = tension
Q = compression
Figure 81
- 174
= tension
= compression
Figure 82
175
= tension
0
= compression
Figure 83
176
=.
11
10
()
()
10
5
4
3
2
1
=.
bitrianguiar moment
distribution
Figure 84
177
OtO
(>
E = 210000 N/mm2
Et = 21.0 N/mm2
cry = 355 N/mm2
<rt = 510 N/mm2
Figure 85
- 178
[N/mm2]1
355
FeE 355
335
295
275
FeE 275
255
225
EN 10025
EC3-
100
40
NM5:A:\NMNOMIN
Figure 86
179
(N-M) INTERACTION :
COMPARISON BETWEEN FINELG SIMULATIONS (HYPOTHESIS 1) AND MEASURED COLLAPSE LOADS
NUMBERS
PROFILE
NAME
MEAS.
t
MEASURED BUCKLING
YIELD
AXIS
BUCKLING
LENGTH
MOMENT
MEASURED
COLLAPSE
COLLAPSE
DIFFERENCE
LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
MEAS./FINELG
FINELG
MEASURES
(2)/(D
(2)
[kN]
[%]
DISTRIBUTION
ECCEN.
FLANGE
00
POINT
[mm]
[N/mm2]
[m]
down
up
[cm]
[cm]
(1)
[kN]
NM1
HD 400X400X678
80.1
372
WEAK
4.00
UNIFORM
7.757
8.332
16596
16888
+ 1.7
NM2
HD 400X400X678
81.1
331
WEAK
4.00
UNIFORM
14.725
14.925
11496
11005
-4.3
NM3
HD 400X400X422
51.9
389
WEAK
4.88
UNIFORM
14.962
14.862
7040
6998
-0.6
NM4
HD 310X310X454
69.1
345
WEAK
5.34
UNIFORM
14.750
15.262
5406
5598
+3.5
NM5
W14X16X730
124.3
349.5
WEAK
8.18
UNIFORM
15.210
15.190
14280
13398
-6.2
NM6
W14X16X550
97.2
374
WEAK
8.71
UNIFORM
15.257
15.345
9738
9818
+0.8
NM7
HD 400X400X678
81.0
331
WEAK
7.46
BITRIANGULAR
12.430
15.010
13426
13473
+0.3
NM8
HD 400X400X678
82.2
384
WEAK
8.48
BrTRIANGULAR
12.680
14.780
14725
15138
+2.8
NM9
HD 310X310X500
74.3
354.5
WEAK
8.00
BrTRIANGULAR
4.330
3.860
11925
11815
-0.9
NM10
W14X16X550
97.6
381
STRONG
8.00
UNIFORM
18.162
17.787
18373
17318
-5.7
NM11
HD 400X400X678
81.8
384
STRONG
8.57
UNIFORM
14.976
15.031
15989
15678
-1.9
NM12
HD 400X400X678
81.2
310.5
STRONG
8.00
BrTRIANGULAR
14.897
14.987
15755
16618
+5.5
NM13
HD 310X310X500
74.3
354.5
STRONG
8.00
BITRIANGULAR
15.126
14.901
12404
14130
+ 13.9
(Q
C
CD
00
Remark : (1) - the numerical simulations with FINELG have been carried out with assumptions of the geometrically and
and materially non linear columns .
For the hypothesis 1 : - measured initial geometrical imperfections (geometry of the section, initial
deformation, eccentricity) are taken into account
- the measured mechanical characteristics () are considered
- ECCS residual stresses have been introduced
(NM) INTERACTION :
COMPARISON BETWEEN FINELG SIMULATIONS (HYPOTHESIS 2) AND MEASURED COLLAPSE LOADS
NUMBERS
PROFILE
NAME
YIELD
AXIS
BUCKLING
LENGTH
MOMENT
>
oo
oo
LOAD
DISTRIBUTION
ECCEN.
POINT
0)
(Q
C
MEASURED
[mm]
[N/mm2]
[m]
COLLAPSE
COLLAPSE
DIFFERENCE
LOAD
LOAD
MEAS./FINELG
FINELG
MEASURES
(2)/(1)
down
up
[cm]
[cm]
(1)
[kN]
(2)
[kN]
[%]
NM1
HD 400X400X678
80.1
363.0
WEAK
4.00
UNIFORM
7.757
8.332
16272
16888
+3.8
NM2
HD 400X400X678
81.1
317.0
WEAK
4.00
UNIFORM
14.725
14.925
11086
11005
0.7
NM3
HD 400X400X422
51.9
368.1
WEAK
4.88
UNIFORM
14.962
14.862
6728
6998
+4.0
NM4
HD 310X310X454
69.1
353.3
WEAK
5.34
UNIFORM
14.750
15.262
5496
5598
+1.9
NM5
W14X16X730
124.3
349.0
WEAK
8.18
UNIFORM
15.210
15.190
14265
13398
6.1
NM6
W14X16X550
97.2
374.0
WEAK
8.71
UNIFORM
15.257
15.345
9738
9818
+0.8
NM7
HD 400X400X678
81.0
317.0
WEAK
7.46
BTRIANGULAR
12.430
15.010
12964
13473
+3.9
NM8
HD 400X400X678
82.2
374.7
WEAK
8.48
BITRIANGULAR
12.680
14.780
14477
15138
+4.6
NM9
HD 310X310X500
74.3
367.0
WEAK
8.00
BTRIANGULAR
4.330
3.860
12238
11815
3.5
NM10
W14X16X550
97.6
362.3
STRONG
8.00
UNIFORM
18.162
17.787
17556
17318
1.4
NM11
HD 400X400X678
81.8
374.7
STRONG
8.57
UNIFORM
14.976
15.031
15504
15678
+ 1.1
NM12
HD 400X400X678
81.2
305.4
STRONG
8.00
BITRIANGULAR
14.897
14.987
15497
16618
+7.2
NM13
HD 310X310X500
74.3
367.0
STRONG
8.00
BITRIANGULAR
15.126
14.901
12824
14130
+ 10.2
Remark : (1) the numerical simulations with FINELG have been carried out with assumptions of the geometrically and
and materially non linear columns.
For the hypothesis 2 : measured initial geometrical imperfections (geometry of the section, initial
deformation, eccentricity) are taken into account
more precise measured mechanical characteristics (cr) are considered (3)
ECCS residual stresses have been introduced
PROFILE
NAME
MEAS.
t
FLANGE
MEASURED
YIELD
BUCKLING
AXIS
BUCKLING
LENGTH
MOMENT
CQ
CO
CD
LOAD
DISTRIBUTION
POINT
ECCEN.
(3)
CO
MEASURED
|mml
[N/mm2]
Im]
down
up
[cm]
lem]
CORRECTION
COLLAPSE
COLLAPSE
DIFFERENCE
FACTOR
LOAD
LOAD
MEAS./FINELG
FINELG
MEASURES
(2)/(1)
(4)
(1)
(2)
IkNI
IkNI
[%]
NM1
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
80.1
363.0
WEAK
4.00
UNIFORM
7.757
8.332
0.82
16380
16888
+3
NM2
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
81.1
317.0
WEAK
4.00
UNIFORM
14.725
14.925
1.00
11086
11005
-0.7
NM3
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 4 2 2
51.9
368.1
WEAK
4.88
UNIFORM
14.962
14.862
0.77
6793
6998
+3
NM4
HD 3 1 0 X 3 1 0 X 4 5 4
69.1
353.3
WEAK
5.34
UNIFORM
14.750
15.262
1.00
5496
5598
+ 2
NM5
W14X16X730
124.3
349.0
WEAK
8.18
UNIFORM
15.210
15.190
1.86
13740
13398
-2.5
NM6
W14X16X550
97.2
374.0
WEAK
8.71
UNIFORM
15.257
15.345
1.00
9902
9818
-0.8
NM7
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
81.0
317.0
WEAK
7.46
BITRIANGULAR
12.430
15.010
1.00
13048
13473
+3
NM8
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
82.2
374.7
WEAK
8.48
BITRIANGULAR
12.680
14.780
0.83
14415
15138
+ 5
NM9
HD 3 1 0 X 3 1 0 X 5 0 0
74.3
367.0
WEAK
8.00
BITRIANGULAR
4.330
3.860
0.80
11913
11815
-0.8
NM10
W 14X16X550
97.6
362.3
STRONG
8.00
UNIFORM
18.162
17.787
0.77
17556
17318
-1.4
NM11
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
81.8
374.7
STRONG
8.57
UNIFORM
14.976
15.031
0.83
15520
15678
+1
NM12
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
81.2
305.4
STRONG
8.00
BITRIANGULAR
14.897
14.987
0.85
15549
16618
+7
NM13
HD 3 1 0 X 3 1 0 X 5 0 0
74.3
367.0
STRONG
8.00
BITRIANGULAR
15.126
14.901
0.80
12852
14130
+ 10
Remark : (1) - the numerical simulations with FINE LG have been carried out withassumptions of the geometrically
and materially non linear columns .
For the hypothesis 3 : - measured initial geometrical imperfections (geometry of the section, initial
deformation, eccentricity) are taken into account
- more precise measured mechanical characteristics ( )vare considered (3)
- measured residual stresses have been introduced proportionally to the
correction factor according to the E CCS distribution (4)
NM1:A:\NMTABL3
(NM) INTERACTION :
COMPARISON B ETWEEN FIN ELG SIMULATIONS AND MEASURED COLLAPSE LOADS
NUMBERS
PROFILE
NAME
MEAS.
YIELD
MEAS.
YIELD
BUCKL.
AXIS
MOM.
DISTR.
CORREC.
FACTOR
POINT
POINT
(6)
(7)
(5)
|N/mm2| |N/mm2|
00
COLLAPSE
COLLAPSE
COLLAPSE
LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
FINELG
FINELG
FINELG
COLLAPSE
DIFFERENCE
DIFFERENCE
DIFFERENCE
LOAD
MEAS./FINELG
MEAS./FINELG
MEAS./FINELG
(Hyp. 2)
(Hyp. 3)
(Hyp. 1)
(Hyp. 2)
(Hyp. 3)
MEASURES
(Hyp. 1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(4)/(1)
(4)/(2)
(4)/(3)
IkNI
IkNI
IkNI
IkNI
l%l
1%I
1%I
NM1
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
372.0
363.0
WEAK
UNIF.
0.82
16596
16272
16380
16888
+ 1.7
+ 3.8
+3
NM2
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
331.0
317.0
WEAK
UNIF.
1.00
11496
11086
11086
11005
4.3
0.7
0.7
NM3
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 4 2 2
389.0
368.1
WEAK
UNIF.
0.77
7040
6728
6793
6998
0.6
+ 4.0
+3
NM4
HD 3 1 0 X 3 1 0 X 4 5 4
345.0
353.3
WEAK
UNIF.
1.00
5406
5496
5496
5598
+ 3.5
+ 1.9
+ 2
NM5
W14X16X730
349.5
349.0
WEAK
UNIF.
1.86
14280
14265
13740
13398
(S>
9902
9818
+ 0.8
+ 0.8
0.8
C9
NM6
W14X16X550
374.0
374.0
WEAK
UNIF.
1.00
9738
9738
NM7
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
331.0
317.0
WEAK
BITR.
1.00
13426
12964
13048
13473
+ 0.3
+ 3.9
+3
NM8
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
384.0
374.7
WEAK
BITR.
0.83
14725
14477
14415
15138
+ 2.8
+ 4.6
+ 5
NM9
HD 3 1 0 X 3 1 0 X 5 0 0
354.5
367.0
WEAK
BITR.
0.80
11925
12238
11913
11815
0.9
3.5
0.8
NM10
W14X16X550
381.0
362.3
STRUNG
UNIF.
0.77
18373
17556
17556
17318
5.7
1.4
1.4
NM11
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
384.0
374.7
STRONG
UNIF.
0.83
15989
15504
15520
15678
1.94
+ 1.1
+1
NM12
HD 4 0 0 X 4 0 0 X 6 7 8
310.5
305.4
STRONG
BITR.
0.85
15755
15497
15549
16618
+ 5.5
+ 7.2
+7
NM13
HD 3 1 0 X 3 1 0 X 5 0 0
354.5
367.0
STRONG
BITR.
0.80
12404
12824
12852
14130
(+13.9)
(+10.2)
<W>
Remarks : The numerical simulations with FINELG have been carried out with assumptions of the geometrically and materially
non linear columns.
For the 3 hypothesis, measured initial geometrical imperfections (geometry of the section, initial deformation, eccentricity)
(Q
CD
CO
ECCS residual stresses have been introduced for the hypothesis 1 and 2.
For the hypothesis 3, measured residual stresses have been used proportionally to the correction factor (5) according
to the ECCS distribution.
NM 1: A:\NMTABL6
PART
ANNEXES
II
ANNEX
A (Al TO A53):
NM 1
3
2
1
4
2
1
cb 600x450x70
1100x880x70
HD 400x400x678
1= 3620
Dimensions
Designation
eo. Nbre.
n h
Division
Fi t L I i t K l r l t b
'e
4112kg
"594
1064
2454 kq
St "52 J
St 52
St 52
O b s e r v a l ions
Mat
Echelle1:1
16
Dessine.NOESENA. D a t e 28.12 89
Modificat ions
Service
Indice
Plpmpnt
NM 1
s d o c u m e n t r e s t e n o t r e p r o p r i t et ne peut t r e r e p r o d u i t ni c o m
u n i q u des t i e r s d'une m a n i r e q u e l c o n q u e sans n o t r e a u t o r i s a t i o n
s^
sID
Recherches
a
b
c
d
e
Nom
4/
Date
! 3.5
Numero du plan
90001
Service
RPS
A1
189
Wlll"l|i|
ny ' ui
! il
''''
.V25
li
l!
NM1
'HUM'
! I
t> 20
b. 20
'~'
LU20
t, 20
V25
,liliiiii,i;'i.
' "';
"lili K
Jkl
_80!
190
'
A2
NM1
LO
LO
W
5
880
7x110
_4
_+._
55
_.4_._
f = 70
CD
-i
LO
I
h
SCHNITT DD M 1=5
A3
191
NM1
SCHNITT AA
M M
82
//
CS)
I .
\
12_ 1 7 ~
i r
SCHNITT B B
M VI
SCHNITT CC M 1:1
A4
192
t^ 20
L 20
CD
LO
CO
V25
IMilill
lilllllllilj
ninnali
\
80
>
Ol
liliiiiYhihlN
I i!
NM 2
,150
TT
o
m
150
3848 kg
3
2
1
4
2
1
>i 500x300x70
1100x880x70
HD 400x400x678
Rep. Nbre.
Division
c
o
330
1= 3620 mm
Dsignation
Dimensions
St 52
Mat.
1:1
1:5
Observations
Echel e :
to
1064
2454 kq
Service
Elment
Indice
NM 2
Nom
Date
a
b
1k.
sID
Recherches
d
e
Numro du plan
90002
Service
RPS
A6
194
NM 2
SCHNITT DD M 1 = 5
A7
195
NM 2
SCHNITT AA
82
SCHNITT
BB
50,5-
SCHNITT CC
M TI
A8
196 -
NM 2
A9
197
300
200
100
V37/450
co
00
o
o
oo
tri
LD
V 25
44 nmiim
o
r-~-
li
billin Hi'
Un umin.nliliK
_Z
"7,
V42
ll|lilliiHiitV
>
IO
NM 3
150
150
3151kg
3
2
1
2
2
1
Rep.
Nbre.
1 = 4500mm
Dsignation
Division
Dimensions
n . . , EUROPEAN RESEARCH
N 7 2 1 0 / S A 510
1064
1899 kg
St 52
St 52
Mat
Echel e
Observations
1:1
1=5
D e s s i n e NOESEN .
c
o
Date
3.1.09
Modificat ions
to
c
(
Ol
185
St 52
=t3 380x450x70
c*3 1100 580 73
HD 400x400x422
Elment
Service
NM 3
Indice
Date
Nom
Ce d o c u m e n t
r e s t e n o t r e p r o p r i t e t ne p e u t t r e r e n r o r i u i t
ni c o m
m u n i q u e a d e s t i e r s d u n e m a n i r e q u e l c o n q u e s a n s n o t r e a u t o r i s a t ion
m^
SiD
m.
Recherches
d
e
N u m e r o du p l a n
90003
Service
RP.S.
199
A11
NM 3
^^W^^
4...
^20/290
o
-4
O
LA
I
_.|
"
LO
LO
SCHNITT DD M 1 = 5
A12
200
NM 3
- 201
A13
NM 3
SCHNiT AA M V \
SCHNffT B B
MM
SCHNITT CC
202
AU
D
380
17
V25
& 17/425
LT
V26/30
V:
flihifrill 11 III n mun n i JjjjLf
l i l
olii
^Z
V25
LU
>
ai
NM 4
150
LO
150
3563 kg
3
2
1
2
2
1
50045070
qfa 1100x080x70
HD 310x310x454
Rep. N b r e .
I = 4960 mm
Desi g n a t i o n
Division
Dimensions
m
ai
Q
1064
2252 kq
Mat
Observations
Echelle 11
15
D e s s i n e NOESEN A.
5
a
c
247
St 52
St 52
St 52
Date
..1.90
M o d i f i c a t ions
Elment
Service
NM
Indice
Nom
Date
a
b
Ce d o c u m e n t
r e s t e n o t r e p r o p r i t e t ne p e u t t r e r e p r o d u i t
ni c o m
d
e
N u m e r o du p l a n
s^
=D
Recherches
90004
Service
RPS
A16
204
NM 4
890
55
37
IP
in
55
7110
!
H
I
I
!
!~
|__
_._i
_..(.
-i-
O
LA
LO
H
X
C7\
t> 20/425
O
LO
H
C3
Lrt
LO
I
+
-f
"
SCHNITT DD M15
205
A17
3)
k 20/425
o
LO
IV)
Oi
V25
=a
i
I
V26/500
i i i i i l i l H l l l l V l l l H l l l l l l l l l l l l l l U l l l ifcv
50
>
00
NM 4
SCHNITT AA M TI
207 -
19
NM 5
J50
HF
9832 kg
3
2
1
4
2
1
450x300x70
1100x880x70
W 14x16x730
Rep. Nbre.
Division
l = 760 mm
Dsignation
Dimensions
(A
1064
8471
Observat ions
Mal
Echelle : 1=1
B
1:
Objet'
Dessine :N0ESEN A.
c
o
ra
c
297
St 52
St 52
St 52
D a t e . ^ 1 . 90
M o d i f i c a t ions
Service
Elmonl
Indice
NM >
>
O
Dat e
Nom
a
b
3^ ^
=ID
Recherches
d
e
Numero du plan
90 005
Service
RPS
208
A20
NM 5
SCHNITT DD MV5
A21
209
NM 5
70
20
30
20
SChMITTAA M 1=1
210 -
A22
300
200
o
o
IO
k 15/400
LT>
(D
o
LO
V 26
llllillll/lllhlliyililllillilK
\lilllllllllli|llllUI Thr
' 11 HI IX
(D
>
CO
Ol
150
NM 6
o
co
50
5179 Kg
3
2
1
2
2
1
600x450x70
1100x580x70
W 1416*550
Rep. Nbre.
Division
c
o
ra
c
m
1= 8330
Dsignation
297
St 52
St 52
St 52
Dimensions
1064
6818 kg
Observations
Mat
1:5
E c h e l l e ;1 '^
Fi*.ni.
W!
Indice
>
a
Ce d o c u m e n t r e s t e n o t r e p r o p r i t e t ne p e u t t r e r e p r o d u i t ni c o m
m u n i q u des t i e r s d'une m a n i r e q u e l c o n q u e sans
AS^ ak
Nom
Date
a
b
d
e
Numro du plan
=n?
Recherches
90 006
Service
RPS
A24
212
NM 6
LO
Ht
880
55
7*110
37
_.|
C7N
O
O
O
LO
LO
f~
SCHNITT DD M 1 = 5
A25
213
NM 6
* SCHNITT AA M 1:1
214 -
A26
b. 26/425
)
Ol
V 25
s.
St"
V 26/600
>
to
>
NM 7
6161kg"
4
2 2
.1, 1.
. 3
Rep.
450x300x73
=t 1100x080 70
HD 400x400x675
Nbre.
Dsignation
M
O
Q
Dimensions
Division
c
o
i^TDBO
RECHERCHES
THICK
COLUMNS SUB MITTED TO B UCKLING
St 52
S>.52
5 t 52
297
104.
40O
Mat
Observations
EchelleVI
15
Desrs'in:NOESENA. D a t e
S .190
Modifications
Indice
Elment:
Service
NM y
a
b
Nom
Date
A/
4ti.lt,
d
e
Numro du plan
90007
F^
= r a
Recherches
Service
RPS
A28
216
NM 7
150
300
200
.100
<
V22IUX)
V25
d _ V 2 6 _
50
150
29
217
NM 7
Q80
55
in
LT
i55_
7x110
,37
& "f f
o
10
o
LO
1/1
in
_..
i
SCHNiTDD M 1 = 5
A30
218
300
200
100
o
o
V 22 im
o
LH
I\3
CO
V25
/lllllilllllllliilllllllllll
ii
uniu
ini
V26
mumm]
EH
^4
R
150
>
V2
num
NM 7
70
20
30
SCHNITT A A
20
M 1=1
3>ET/)ILB
- 220
A32
NM 8
6853 kg
3
2
1
4
2
1
ch 450x300x70
cfc3lXX)x<580x70
HD 400x400x675 .
Rep. Nbre.
Division
l = 5100
Designation
Dimensions
510
Ohjpt
c
o
Ubservat ions
Mat
1:
Echelle : "'
1:
Dessin :N0ESN A.
D a t e . 5.1.90
Modifications
ra
c
297
1064
5492
St 52
St 52
St 52
Service
Flempnt
Indice
NM 8
o
O
5^
=ID
L
a
b
c
d
e
Nom
Date
A/
? 5.S>
Numero du plan
908
Service
RPS
Recherches
221
A33
NM 8
150
300
200
vjSipo
V25
V26
~AV
5 0
(Ti
150 r
222
A34
NM 8
880
55
in
in
155
7x110
37
70^
. 3 U
7 0 -i
^26
V 26
-s
y y,
<D
CD
LO
LO
A__
...
..
CD
CD
>
t',
V25
V25
*s
2~
^ 20/290
<D
CD
in
\s
>
<
s N\
\
\\
. . \\
\
.W
\
^
CD
LD
^" .
in
>
V
U8U
SCHNITT DD M 1 = 5
A35
223
NM 8
70
SCHNITT A A
M 1=1
fL4LB
- 224
A36
300
200
100 <
t
o
o
V 22 7400
IO
IO
Ol
V25
/ U l i i i
lilillilliJlinliiilllllllllX
+50
>
GO
V26
150
00
NM 9
150
50
5424 kg
3
2
1
4
2
1
500x500x70
c3 00?070
HD 310x310x500
Rep. Nbre.
Division
Dsignation
.
Dimensions
1064
3810 kq
Observations
Mat
Echell e :
1=1
1:5
c
o
c
M
1=^20
550
St 52
St 52
St 52
Modifications
Service
FI
Indice
NM 9
a
b
c
d
e
A/
Date
4. i.So
Numro du plan
=ID
Ik
Nom
Recherches
90009
Service
RPS
226
A38
NM 9
880
55
LO!
LO
55
7 110
37
'
..\
LD
I
V25
V25
LO
LO
A39
227
NM 9
70
SCHNITT A A M 1=1
228
A40
_fc_24/475
o
o
LTl
fc>24/475
IO
(O
V35/500
V25
V35/500
*
25
50
>
CO
180
NM 10
180
7631 H3
3
2
1
4
2
1
1=7620
Designation
Rep. Nbre.
Dimensions
e
n h | P t
Division
c
o
ra
c
W
41
330
52
52
300x500x70
1100x580x70
W 14x16x550
1064
6237 kg
St 52
0 bservat ions
Mat
Echelle : 1:1
1=5
Dessin :N0ESEN
Date.B..1.90
Modifications
NM 10
Service
Indice
S^
=13
a
b
c
d
e
Date
Nom
4(.3.9
Numero du plan
90 010
Service
R.RS.
Recherches
230
A42
NM 10
55
in
LD
880
55
7x110
4-
15
4-
70
_. + ._
70
267
<<
_15
++
W2
"i
I
t
CO
"t"
LD
in
'T"
1~
I
43
231
NM 10
70
232
A44
>
<)
>
V 32/450
O
d
co
c5
c
Li
90
V 25
/
V25
IJ'
>
s4
>
V42
U4
NM 11
J 150
CD
rr\
rn
co
IJ
J 150
6 94'' kg
3
2
1
4
2
1
=> 500x300x70
11008070
HD 400x400x678
Rep. Nbre.
c
o
re
c
t
a
a
1 = 8190
Dsignation
Dimensions
Division
330
St 52
St 52
St 52
10 64
5553 kg
Mat
Observat ions
Echelle : ' :2
TSO
Flftm.nt
Service
Indice
NM 11
Nom
Date
a
b
5^
=ID
*
Recherches
234
d
e
umro du plan
90011
Service
RPS
A46
NM 11
fc20/290
V25
^20/290
-4
IX.
235
A47
NM 12
150
o
VD
_i
**
150
6560 kg
3
2
1
Rep. jNbre.
Division
0 h
,
) e
c
o
1 = 7620 mm
Dsignation
Dimensions
DIAGRAMS
FR THICK
S T " 52
33
ST 52
ST 52
64
5166
Mat
Echel e '
Destin:*
Date
Modifications
IB
C
Observations
Service
Indice
Elment
NM 12
Nom
Date
3.So
A/
b
s document reste notre proprit et ne peut t r e reproduit ni com
uniqu des tiers d'une manire quelconque sans notre autorisation
E k
=o
Recherches
d
e
Numro du plan
90 012
Service
RPS
A48
236
NM 12
/-'
,'
'
/y
/>
HD 400x400x678^/
/.
/
LAGERACHS
49
237
NM 13
150
D"
il
150
5149 kg
3
2
1
4
2
1
500x250x70
=*= 1100x890x70
HD 310x310x500
Rep. Nbre.
l = 7620
Dsignation
n h i
Division
Dimensions
275
St 52
St 52
St 52
1064
3810 kq
Mat
Observations
Echelle
: M
1=5
Dessine : NOESEN A. D a t e
c
o
11.190
M o d i f i c a t ions
IO
FI.Mn.nl
Service
ID
f
Indice
N M 13
Nom
A/
Date
4i. J. s.
b
Ce d o c u m e n t reste notre proprit et ne peut t r e reproduit ni com
muniqu des tiers d'une manire quelconque sans notre autor isat ion
s^
sID
Recherches
d
e
Numro du plan
90013
Service
RPS
A50
- 238
NM 13
880
55
55
7 110
J-l
+
i
r 70^
V 40/200
LO
V 40/ 2 00
in
_.+._
in
V20/45d)
V 20/450
f
V25
J,
o
m
CM
tn
o
m
in
_.|__
340
un
>n
SCHNITT DD M 15
A51
239
NM 13
70
SCHNITT AA M M
A52
240
2 50
150
400
o
o
V 20/450
(D
ro
*
o
o
LTI
V25
it
V 2E
N20/25 )
=V
50
V40/200
1150 f
>
ANNEX
GEOMETRICAL
B (Bl TO B16):
MEASUREMENTS
BEFORE THE
TESTS
L,
L,
L,
L,
5 cm
5 cm
5 measured sections along each column.
o-
o-
3 mm
<S>
Height of section :
<
external
3 measures
|c2
internal (c)
2 measures
per measured section
h2
h3
hi
-^
Width of section :
2 measures
per measured section
\.
B1
- 245 -
w
/
L,
L,
L,
/4
5 cm1-1
5 cm
5 measured sections along each column.
Web thickness :
r + 5 mm
3 measures
per measured section
(from the results of the figure 3
(web measures) calculation with
the mean value of the flange
widths (figure 1)
- * !
-2
r + 5 mm
-i>-
-^
->-
Flange thickness :
4 measures
per measured section
B2
246
L,
L,
L/
5 cm
5 cm
r + 5 mm
Web eccentricity
and web deformation :
down <>
6 measures
per measured section
r + 5 mm
3 mm
I
4
>|
[c2
J L
h3
h2
2 measures (c1,c2)
per measured section
hi
B3
247
Column Nr. NM 1
Profile HD 400x400x678
Measured sections
Nominal
value
1
2
3
4
80,3
79,9
80,4
79,3
80,4
79,8
80,5
79,5
80,6
79,8
80,4
79,6
80,6
79,7
80,7
79,6
80,4
79,8
80,6
79,4
1
2
424,6
424,3
424,5
424,7
424,4
424,3
424,6
424,0
424,1
424,8
1
2
3
189,1
189,0
189,3
189,2
189,1
189,8
189,8
189,5
190,0
187,4
187,2
187,9
189,2
189,3
190,0
1
2
3
186,8
186,0
184,9
186,1
185,9
185,4
187,2
186,7
186,3
188,3
187,5
187,6
186,5
186,4
185,7
50,5
Web thickness
[mm]
1
2
3
48,5
49,4
50,2
49,3
49,6
49,4
47,3
48,1
48,0
48,6
49,6
48,8
48,7
48,7
48,7
484
External height
[mm]
h 1
h 2
h 3
483,0
480,2
478,2
483,2
480,2
478,3
483,6
480,4
478,2
484,3
480,5
478,0
483,2
480,2
478,2
320
Internal height
[mm]
C 1
C 2
322,2
320,2
322,0
319,6
322,2
319,4
321,9
319,5
322,3
320,0
82
Flange thickness
[mm]
Flange width
[mm]
Web
eccentricity up
188,25 and web
deformation down
[mm]
427
B4
248 -
Column Nr. NM 2
Profile HD 400x400x678
Measured sections
Nominal
value
1
2
3
4
80,6
81,7
81,8
80,3
80,9
82,1
81,7
80,3
80,9
82,1
81,6
80,1
80,9
81,9
81,3
80,3
80,6
81,7
81,7
79,9
1
2
426,8
426,1
426,9
426,2
426,9
426,0
427,5
426,3
427,5
426,3
1
2
3
189,0
189,4
189,4
190,3
189,7
189,7
191,3
190,4
190,4
191,0
190,2
189,9
190,8
190,0
190,0
1
2
3
187,3
187,3
187,3
186,2
186,2
186,3
185,0
185,3
185,1
186,0
186,1
186,1
186,3
186,2
186,1
50,5
Web thickness
[mm]
1
2
3
50,1
49,7
49,7
50,0
50,6
50,5
50,1
50,7
50,9
49,9
50,6
50,9
49,8
50,7
50,8
484
External height
[mm]
h 1
h 2
h 3
483,1
481,8
479,7
483,5
481,5
479,8
483,5
481,7
479,9
483., 6
481,7
479,7
433,7
481,7
479,8
320
Internal height
[mm]
C 1
C 2
321,2
318,4
321,2
318,4
321,0
31-8,4
321,4
318,3
321,2
318,3
82
Flange thickness
[mm]
Flange width
[mm]
Web
eccentricity up
188,25 and web
deformation down
[mm]
427
B5
249 -
Column Nr. NM 3
Profile HD 400x400x422
Measured sections
Nominal
value
Flange thickness
[mm]
1
2
3
4
52,4
51,7
52,7
51,3
52,4
51,8
52,3
50,8
52,3
51,8
52,1
50,8
52,3
52,0
52,5
51,1
52,0
51,8
52,8
51,2
Flange width
[mm]
Web
up
eccentricity
and web
deformation down
[mm]
1
2
408,3
408,3
408,2
407,7
408,8
407,8
408,8
407,8
408,7
408,1
1
2
3
187,3
186,8
187,0
188,9
184,4
188,5
187,9
187,0
186,9
186,8
185,6
185,4
184,9
184,2
184,1
1
2
3
188,7
188,5
188,6
186,6
186,4
186,4
187,9
187,9
188,3
188,9
189,2
189,6
191,2
191,1
191,2
33
Web thickness
[mm]
1
2
3
32,3
33,0
32,7
32,4
37,1
33,0
32,5
33,4
33,1
32,6
33,5
33,3
32,3
33,1
33,1
425
External height
[mm]
h 1
h 2
h 3
429,0
425,6
424,5
428,9
425,0
423,9
428,3
424,9
423,5
423,8
425,3
423,8
428,1
425,3
424,4
320
Internal height
[mm]
C 1
C 2
323,6
322,4
323,9
321,9
323,9
321,6
324,0
321,3
323,6
322,1
52,5
409
188
B6
250
Column Nr. NM 4
Profile HD 310X310X454
Measured sections
Nominal
value
1
2
3
4
69,9
69,1
68,2
69,4
69,4
69,2
68,3
69,8
69,7
69,2
68,3
69,6
68,7
69,0
68,5
69,9
69,2
69,0
68,3
69,9
1
2
336,2
337,0
336,3
337,1
336,2
337,0
336,0
337,1
336,2
337,1
1
2
3
147,1 146,8
147,2
147,5
147,5
147,5
147,6
147,8
148,1
147,3
147,7
147,9
147,6
147,7
148,1
1
2
3
148,4
148,3
148,7
148,9
148,5
148,8
148,2
147,6
148,0
147,8
147,3
148,4
148,1
147,7
148,1
40,5
Web thickness
[mm]
1
2
3
41,1
40,8
40,4
41,0
41,0
40,4
40,8
41,2
40,5
41,4
41,5
40,2
40,9
41,2
40,4
415
External height
[mm]
h 1
h 2
h 3
412,3
413,2
415,3
411,9
413,3
415,4
412,1
413,6
415,5
412,2
413,6
415,4
432,0
413,4
415,3
277
Internal height
[mm]
C 1
C 2
274,3
276,1
274,2
276,3
274,1
276,2
274,1
276,2
274,4
276,2
69
Flange thickness
[mm]
Flange width
[mm]
Web
eccentricity up
147,75 and web
deformation down
[mm]
336
- 251
Column Nr. NM 5
Profile W 14x16x730
Measured sections
Nominal
value
Flange thickness
[mm]
1
2
3
4
124,0
124,6
124,3
123,9
124,0
124,4
124,7
123,9
124,0
125,0
124,5
123,5
124,4
125,1
124,5
123,4
124,2
125,0
124,6
123,8
Flange width
[mm]
Web
eccentricity up
and web
deformation down
[mm]
1
2
452,3
451,3
452,2
451,8
452,4
452,0
453,5
453,3
453,9
453,3
1
2
3
190,5
190,4
190,0
191,6
191,8
191,2
193,1
193,4
193,3
189,9
190,3
190,1
192,8
192,7
192,3
1
2
3
184,4
184,4
185,0
183,1
183,2
183,8
183,0
182,8
183,1
185,9
186,0
186,2
183,7
183,7
184,3
78
Web thickness
[mm]
1
2
3
76,9
77,0
76,8
77,3
77,0
77,0
76,1
76,0
75,8
77,6
77,1
77,1
77,1
77,2
77,0
569
External height
[mm]
h 1
h 2
h 3
563,2
562,4
564,4
563,8
564,0
564,9
564,0
564,2
564,8
564,8
564,6
564,7
565,0
564,4
564,8
319
Internal height
[mm]
C 1
C 2
316,2
316,3
315,8
316,6
316,0
316,8
316,3
316,5
316,8
315,7
125
454
188
B8
252
Column Nr. NM 6
Profile W 14x16x550
Measured sections
Nominal
value
1
2
3
4
96,8
97,3
96,3
98,3
96,7
97,3
96,9
98,2
96,9
97,5
96,6
97,7
97,2
97,4
96,5
97,6
96,7
97,4
96,4
97,5
1
2
432,2
433,1
433,0
433,0
433,1
432,7
433,8
432,6
434,0
432,1
1
2
3
184,2
184,8
184,4
184,8
185,4
185,8
186,5
186,9
187,7
186,3
186,6
186,9
186,7
186,3
187,2
1
2
3
189,8
189,4
189,4
189,6
189,0
189,0
189,9
189,5
189,3
189,4
188,6
188,2
189,0
188,3
188,0
60,5
Web thickness
[mm]
1
2
3
58,6
58,4
58,8
58,6
58,6
58,2
56,5
56,5
55,9
57,5
58,0
58,1
57,3
58,4
57,8
514
External height
[mm]
h 1
h 2
h 3
507,9
509,8
512,7
507,7
509,5
512,2
507,7
509,7
512,0
508,0
509,6
511,8
507,6
509,4
511,6
320
Internal height
[mm]
C 1
C 2
315,2
316,9
315,3
316,8
315,2
316,6
315,2
316,4
315,5
316,6
97
Flange thickness
[mm]
Flange width
[mm]
Web
eccentricity up
188,25 and web
deformation down
[mm]
437
B9
253
Column Nr. NM 7
Profile HD 400x400x678
Measured sections
Nominal
value
1
2
3
4
80,6
82,1
81,4
79,3
80,0
82,1
81,9
79,8
80,9
82,0
81,2
79,7
80,9
82,2
81,9
79,7
80,8
82,2
81,6
79,6
1
2
426,9
426,3
427,1
426,1
427,0
425,9
427,0
426,1
427,0
426,0
1
2
3
187,7
187,3
187,3
187,8
187,1
187,0
187,9
187,3
187,2
188,9
188,4
188,5
188,7
188,1
188,3
1
2
3
188,6
188,7
188,8
188,8
188,8
188,7
188,5
188,5
188,3
187,6
187,4
187,4
187,7
187,7
187,3
50,5
Web thickness
[mm]
1
2
3
50,3
50,6
50,5
50,0
50,7
50,9
50,0
50,6
50,9
50,0
50,7
50,6
50,1
50,7
50,9
484
External height
[mm]
h 1
h 2
h 3
482,6
480,7
479,6
483,2
480,6
480,0
482,2
480,2
479,6
483,2
481,3
480,0
483,4
481,4
479,8
320
Internal height
[mm]
C 1
C 2
321,2
319,5
320,7
318,1
321,1
317,9
321,0
318,3
321,0
318,4
82
Flange thickness
[mm]
Flange width
[mm]
Web
eccentricity up
188,25 and web
deformation down
[mm]
427
B10
254
Column Nr. NM 8
Profile HD 400x400x678
Measured sections
Nominal
value
82
Flange thickness
[mm]
Flange width
[mm]
Web
up
eccentricity
and web
188,25
deformation down
[mm]
427
1
2
3
4
82,8
82,8
81,7
80,9
81,9
82,9
83,3
81,7
81,7
81,9
82,9
82,3
81,5
81,6
83,1
82,6
81,7
80,9
83,1
82,3
1
2
425,2
423,9
425,6
424,4
424,4
423,1
425,2
424,3
424,5
424,0
1
2
3
187,4
187,3
187,2
187,8
187,6
187,7
187,3
187,4
187,8
187,3
187,2
187,9
187,3
187,1
187,4
1
2
3
185,9
184,9
184,0
186,2
185,3
184,3
185,8
184,9
183,9
185,9
185,2
184,2
183,9
185,1
184,5
51,2
52,3
53,3
51,0
52,1
53,0
50,6
51,4
52,0
51,5
52,3
52,6
53,0
52,0
52,3
'
50,5
Web thickness
[mm]
1
2
3
484
External height
[mm]
h 1
h 2
h 3
484,3
482,3
485,4
484,6
482,5
484,7
484,4
482,2
484,8
484,1
483,0
484,8
484,6
482,1
484,3
320
Internal height
[mm]
C 1
C 2
320,2
317,4
320,2
316,8
320,1
316,8
319,9
316,7
320,0
316,8
B11
255
Column Nr. NM 9
Profile HD 310x310x500
Measured sections
Nominal
value
Flange thickness
[mm]
1
2
3
4
74,4
74,3
74,0
75,1
74,3
74,0
73,7
74,6
74,4
74,5
74,0
75,0
73,9
73,9
74,0
74,4
74,2
74,8
74,4
74,6
Flange width
[mm]
Web
up
eccentricity
and web
deformation down
[mm]
1
2
338,4
339,0
338,6
338,8
338,6
338,8
338,6
339,2
338,7
338,9
1
2
3
145,2
144,2
144,0
146,5
145,4
144,8
145,4
145,0
144,3
145,9
145,3
144,7
145,4
143,9
144,0
1
2
3
148,3
148,8
149,6
148,2
148,6
149,5
148,2
148,9
149,7
147,8
148,6
149,7
148,6
149,1
150,1
45
Web thickness
[mm]
1
2
3
45,2
45,7.
45,1
44,0
44,7
44,4
45,1
44,8
44,7
45,2
45,0
44,5
44,8
45,8
44,7
427
External height
[mm]
h 1
h 2
h 3
424,1
423,4
424,1
423,4
422,9
423,4
423,8 423,7
422,9
423,7
423,5
424,5
424,1
423,5
424,6
277
Internal height
[mm]
C 1
C 2
276,2
275,5
275,9
275,2
275,8
275,0
275,7
274,9
275,9
274,6
75
340
147,5
B12
256
Column Nr. NM 10
Profile W 14x16x550
Measured sections
Nominal
value
1
2
3
4
97,3
97,3
97,4
98,3
97,5
97,7
97,6
98,9
96,2
97,0
97,7
98,9
97,5
96,7
97,4
99,1
97,8
96,9
97,4
98,3
1
2
436,6
436,2
436,6
436,1
436,4
436,2
436,3
435,9
435,3
434,9
1
2
3
186,0
185,8
185,8
185,1
184,7
184,4
185,4
184,8
184,4
185,8
184,7
184,0
183,9
183,4
183,0
1
2
3
192,2
192,0
192,5
192,8
192,7
193,0
192,5
192,8
193,7
191,9
192,4
193,5
192,7
192,7
193,7
60,5
Web thickness
[mm]
1
2
3
58,4
58,6
58,1
58,4
58,9
58,9
58,4
58,7
58,2
58,4
59,0
58,6
58,5
59,0
58,4
514
External height
[mm]
h 1
h 2
h 3
514,1
514,4
516,9
514,3
514,7
517,2
514,3
514,7
517,3
514,5
514,9
517,3
514,8
515,2
517,5
320
Internal height
[mm]
C 1
C 2
320,4
321,3
320,1
321,4
320,2
321,5
320,4
321,4
320,3
321,7
97
Flange thickness
[mm]
Flange width
[mm]
Web
eccentricity up
188,25 and web
deformation down
[mm]
437
B13
257
Column Nr. NM 11
Profile HD 400x400x678
Measured sections
Nominal
value
1
2
3
4
82,2
81,9
81,3
81,2
81,8
81,2
82,3
81,8
81,7
81,2
82,5
81,8
81,6
81,5
82,3
82,0
81,3
81,5
82,5
82,1
1
2
425,1
423,3
425,3
423,8
425,0
423,7
425,5
424,3
425,8
424,0
1
2
3
187,5
187,0
186,8
186,5
185,9
185,9
187,3
186,9
187,3
188,4
187,7
187,9
187,2
187,0
187,5
1
2
3
186,1
185,4
184,9
187,2
186,6
186,2
185,8
185,2
184,5
185,7
185,1
184,6
185,4
184,8
184,1
50,5
Web thickness
[mm]
1
2
3
50,6
51,8
52,5
50,8
52,0
52,4
51,2
52,2
52,5
50,8
52,1
52,4
52,3
53,1
53,3
484
External height
[mm]
h 1
h 2
h 3
483,7
481,8
479,6
433,9
482,2
479,3
483,4
481,9
478,5
483,6
482,2
479,5
484,0
482,3
479,5
320
Internal height
[mm]
C 1
C 2
320,0
316,7
319,8
316,4
319,7
316,5
320,0
316,7
320,0
317,1
82
Flange thickness
[mm]
Flange width
[mm]
Web
eccentricity up
188,25 and web
deformation down
[mm]
427
B14
258
Column Nr. NM 12
Profile HD 400x400x678
Measured sections
Nominal
value
82
Flange thickness
[mm]
Flange width
[mm]
Web
up
eccentricity
and web
188,25
deformation down
[mm]
427
1
2
3
4
81,4
80,4
81,3
81,9
81,4
80,2
81,3
81,8
81,6
80,6
81,3
81,6
81,5
80,1
81,2
81,0
81,3
80,3
81,9
81,9
1
2
429,2
429,1
428,8
428,6
428,8
428,3
428,6
428,4
428,9
428,8
1
2
3
192,0
192,0
193,0
191,8
192,1
193,0
192,3
192,7
193,8
192,8
193,3
194,4
193,5
194,0
195,5
1
2
3
187,8
187,6
187,0
187,6
187,2
186,6
186,7
186,3
184,9
186,6
185,8
185,0
185,8
185,0
184,1
49,3
49,5
49,1
49,3
49,4
49,1
49,5
49,5
49,8
49,1
49,4
49,1
49,5
49,8
49,2
50,5
Web thickness
[mm]
1
2
3
484
External height
[mm]
h 1
h 2
h 3
482,8
480,2
478,0
482,5
480,3
477,3
482,1
480,1
478,1
482,7
480,5
477,9
483,7
480,7
477,2
320
Internal height
[mm]
C 1
C 2
320,0
315,9
319,9
315,3
319,3
315,9
319,8
316,0
320,5
316,2
'
15
- 259
Column Nr. NM 13
Profile HD 310x310x500
Measured sections
Nominal
value
Flange thickness
[mm]
1
2
3
4
74,2
73,8
74,0
74,0
74,5
73,9
74,8
74,8
74,4
73,6
73,9
74,3
74,8
73,5
74,5
74,9
74,1
73,6
74,3
74,5
Flange width
[mm]
Web
up
eccentricity
and web
deformation down
[mm]
1
2
339,0
338,6
338,6
338,3
338,6
338,4
338,9
338,4
338,6
338,3
1
2
3
151,1
150,8
150,3
150,2
150,4
149,4
150,2
150,1
149,0
149,8
149,4
148,4
151,1
150,1
149,2
1
2
3
142,9
143,6
143,0
142,7
143,3
143,4
142,7
143,6
144,0
143,6
144,4
144,4
144,0
143,6
142,5
45
Web thickness
[mm]
1
2
3
44,8
44,4
45,5
45,5
44,7
45,6
45,6
44,8
45,5
45,2
44,8
45,8
43,3
44,7
46,7
427
External height
[mm]
h 1
h 2
h 3
423,6
423,1
423,6
424,1
423,7
423,9
423,7
423,1
423,1
424,6
423,6
423,8
424,3
422,8
422,8
277
Internal height
[mm]
C 1
C 2
275,3
275,9
274,9
275,9
275,2
275,6
275,0
275,7
275,6
275,4
75
340
147,5
B16
- 260 -
ANNEX
C (Cl TO C47):
THE TESTS)
Load [ MN ]
20
O
fi)
**$
15
Q.
1=
Q.
ro
MMI
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co
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CD _ L
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co
3 o
10
S
&
Transducer W1
(/>
5
|
%
o
40
60
80
100
120
Displacements [ mm ]
main displacement perpendicular to the weak axis
140
O
<
fi)
Transducer W3
*" ^/*
Transducer W2
3
(
^
oc
2
(0
Load [ MN ]
20
O
0)
Q.
-15
Q.
C/>
D)
O
>
t*
-10
3
iH
(/>
o
c
(/>
0,5
0,5
Displacements [ mm ]
parasitical displacement perpendicular to the strong axis
b
b
o
^^
TT
0)
<7>'
3
(Q
^+
0)
Load [ MN ]
O
Q)
o.
Q.
Q>
IO
OJ
Ol
3
(D
3
CO
o
c
"~
"^
to
c
o
O)
ro
(0
GO
40
60
80
100
Displacements [ mm ]
main displacement perpendicular to the weak axis
120
Ml
3
(
CD
CO
<
CD
TT
Load [ MN ]
12
ert
O
0)
Q.
:j._:
10
*
' l"
0)
33
4
2
---it
0,5
Transducer W4
3
^^
0)
O
Transducer W5
Ml
ro
TT
Q)
<
^
o
b
>
CD
C
O
"2.
.^1
ro
t *:
0,5
Transducer W6
1.5
Displacements [ mm ]
parasitical displacement perpendicular to the strong axis
(D
0)
(
-+
0)
Load [ MN ]
O
03
Q.
TD
0>
00
IO
>
(D
(D
3
5"
o
c
<
t
O
50
100
Displacements [ mm ]
200
CD
c
o
OD
co
o
s
(D
0)
PT
0)
3
(
(D
(0
Load [ MN ]
-10
O
>
o.
ro
</>
G
Q)
ro
33
OD
3
-
0)
Displacements [ mm ]
parasitical displacement perpendicular to the strong axis
00
O
J)
*"
o
c
<
(D
0)
CD
'*
Q)
c
o
3
(Q
(0
O
Q>
CL
CD
C
O
D ) <*>
ro
co
MMI
2 b
(Q
S
"
0)
(D
3
3"
o
c
<
100
150
Displacements [ mm ]
main displacement perpendicular to the weak axis
250
TT
Q)
c"
Load [ MN ]
6
O
>
4
ro
o
D
c
o
CO
"*
> co
O o
co
o
4*
3
*
CO
o
c
-1
co
O
00
0
4
Displacements [ mm ]
parasitical displacement perpendicular to the strong axis
*" ^
S:
Q)
TT
Q)
co"
*"
3
(Q
CO
Load [ MN ]
-14
O
fi)
Q.
-12
Q.
t
c
o
-8
Q> 01
-6
3 5
-10
ro
"S*
(D
3
-4
O
C
-2
0
250
Displacements [ mm ]
main displacement perpendicular to the weak axis
TT
<
(D
CD
(Q
<D
t
Load [ MN ]
14
O
)
o.
CD
MB
""
ro
T5
> ro
O
o
CD O)
(O
o
o
o
Displacements [ mm ]
parasitical displacement perpendicular to the strong axis
* ^.^
^
TT
(D
0)
3
(Q
O
<
C
O
PT
Q)
t
Load [ MN ]
10
Q.
8
7
(fl
a M
6
ro
> f*
Ci
(D
(>
O
3
(D
3
^+
4
3
2
1
O
CD
C
O
-^
Transducer W3
<
50
50
100
150
200
Displacements [ mm ]
main displacement perpendicular to the weak axis
250
MS
>
(D
Q)
Q)
3
(
(0
Load [ MN ]
12
-10
O
D
~t^
ir
6
*'>'
$.
'
i.
ro
Transducer W5
o
c
<
Transducer W4
,/ 1
Transducer W6
3
Displacements [ mm ]
parasitical displacement perpendicular to the strong axis
ro
MM
(0
" *
ro
D) Ui
O b
O)
o
3 lo
(D
3
0)
(!)
0)
>
c
o
TT
3
(Q
(D
(/>
*~ ^ 7 *
Q)
fi)
(7>"
Load [ MN ]
O
0>
.
"Euo
D
C
O
0)
O o
O)
co
)
-J
3 5o
D)
TT
Q)
O
C
<
O
CO
-25
25
50
75
Displacements [ mm ]
main displacement perpendicular to the weak axis
Load [ MN ]
14
O
0)
)
vi
CD
"
*~*
fi)
o
b
3
o
3
o
c
<
(D
(0
10
Displacements [ mm ]
parasitical displacement perpendicular to the strong axis
co
vi
TT
3
(Q
(D
*- _^**
k
o
fi>
TT
fi)
Load [ MN ]
O
fi)
Q.
CD
0)
ro
ro
ro
b
lo
o
00
D
t
Ol
50
100
150
200
250
Displacements [ mm ]
main displacement perpendicular to the weak axis
300
-
<
Q)
3
(
C
O
TT
Q)
Buckling test
NM 8
(weak axis)
( 22.06.90 )
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
Transducer W4
Transducer W5
-2
-*-
-3
Transducer W6
-2
Displacements [ mm ]
parasitical displacement perpendicular to the strong axis
C16
- 278
Load [ MN ]
12
O
o>
-10
Q.
(f
8
)
vi
(O
6
^
*H*
2
*
vi
100
bk
00
MB
200
2
(O
^s
TransducerW1
(f
Transducer W2
O
C
>
Transducer W3
300
Displacements [ mm ]
main displacement perpendicular to the weak axis
<f
400
CO'
c
o
TT
3
(Q
Buckling test
NM 9
(weak axis)
(21.06.90)
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
-5
- 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0
Displacements [ mm ]
parasitical displacement perpendicular to the strong axis
C18
280
Load [ MN ]
O
fi)
o.
ro
* ^ B
c/>
fi)
ro
IO
O
O b
(D co
(D
3
o
c
(D
0)
*>
3
(
fi)
(/)
O
CD
50
100
Displacements [ mm ]
main displacement perpendicular to the strong axis
c
o
3
(Q
(D
(
-*
Buckling test
NM 10
(strong axis)
( 26.06.90 )
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
Displacements [ mm ]
parasitical displacement perpendicular to the weak axis
C20
282
Load [ MN ]
16
14
Q>
Q.
12
CD
C
O
Q.
10
TT
s
ro
oo
CD j o
CD
3
CO
O
3 2
2
O
ro
(Q
<
C/>
0
0
50
100
150
200
Displacements [ mm ]
main displacement perpendicular to the strong axis
250
S"
</>
&
3
(
0>
5'
Buckling test
NM 11
(strong axis)
( 29.06.90 )
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
Displacements [ mm ]
parasitical displacement perpendicular to the weak axis
C22
284
Load [ MN ]
O
D)
o.
w"
"S.
Q) ^
i O
CD o
ro
UI
c
o
ro
CD
3
co
O
C
O
3
(
0)
X
<
O
ro
CD
t"
50
100
150
200
Displacements [ mm ]
main displacement perpendicular to the strong axis
250
3
(Q
Buckling test
NM 12
(strong axis)
( 27.06.90 )
Displacements [ mm ]
parasitical displacement perpendicular to the weak axis
C24
- 286
Load [ MN ]
O
0>
o.
(
"D ro
00
0>
O
L
I
+-
ro
vi
o
(D (O
o
3
O
C
-
CD
<
Transducer W3
0)
-^
3
CO
0)
t
200
't/T
Transducer W2
-f
Transducer W1
CD
mim m
Displacements [ mm ]
main displacement perpendicular to the strong axis
250
O
Ml
(Q
(D
(0
Buckling test
NM 13
(strong axis)
( 28.06.90 )
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
-K
-8
-6
Transducer W6
-4
-2
Displacements [ mm ]
parasitical displacement perpendicular to the weak axis
C26
288 -
Deformation [ mm ]
200
(/>
150
Q> O
*
c O
o
7? C
-50
3 3
( 3
^VH^
-100
-150
Measured point a
Measured point b
-200
50
MVI
a? ,_,. 0)
100
ro
OD
co
Length [ m ]
Distance between the extremity plates : 3,615 m
</>
Deformation [ mm ]
200
2J
(D
150
100
<D I T
50
IO
IMN
Q.
C
Q)
0)
sVi
1
co
o
50
7="
ta
100
Measured point a
(D
t
to
150
Measured point D
(D
+
MB
200
0
Length [ m ]
CO
. . . . . 1
O
3
Deformation [ mm ]
200
150
ro
co
.
0) O
h C
100
50
co
50
100
mim m
3
(
150
Measured point a
Measured pomi o
200
0
o
ro
ID
4
Length [ m ]
D)
3"
^
(D
O D)
O (0
M B
TT C
i-
...
3 O
3
Deformation [ mm ]
200
ID
150
0)
MBB
fi)
3?
100
<D
- (D
O
c O
o C
50
IO
co
-50
3 3
( 3
a
<D
-100
^4
*H+fK
s/
-150
-+
CO
4
Length [ m ]
^*
HB
O
Q.
(D
O
t
Measured point b
t-*
fi>
(0
Measured point a
-200
0
o.
c
o
O
3
Deformation [ mm ]
200
ID
150
0> O
100
3"
IO
s.
-50
MHB
-100
-+++-+-M- H - H ^
+*+* * *
-150
Measured point a
| Measured point b
>
-200
0
o
c0)
mernrn
fi)
co o w
TT c O
3
3 3
CO
50
CO
Length [ m ]
Distance between the extremity plates : 7,80 m
>
Ol
Deformation [ mm ]
200
co
150
Q)
100
K^
^k. U
-50
"+-K,
fc*+
100
H=H-^-
dd
co
m*
3"
-
O
O (A
PT C O
50
CO
* * *
mimm
(O
A ^ L
Measured point a
150
Measured point b
>
3
D)
1-4
marnrn
O
3
200
0
O
ho
4
5
Length [ m ]
Deformation [ mm ]
200
J3
^fH
150
100
50
IO
co
F
^
(/>
S.
*A^* * * *
0)
50
w
)
^.Z
100
150
Measured point a
Measured point o
200
o
o
HM
Q.
C
CD 3 " Q)
"*
4
Length [ m ]
5*
( ^
3
TB
O
3
Deformation [ mm ]
200
3D
a
"*
CO
Ol
ii
0)
</>
va
cCD
>
(
00
0
o
4
Length [ m ]
Deformation [ mm ]
200
co
150
mim m
Q.
0) O
C
t
3"
*
O
O
100
co
7s
50
)
CO
vi
Jr
100
X^**"'
150
200
0
o
3 3
( 3
MB
50
4
Length [ m ]
Measured point a
Measured point b
10
co
D)
CO
3
2.
MM
O
3
Deformation [ mm ]
200
13
Measured point a
150
Measured point b
50
-4
*i+m H - H 4 - H B - R - h h = H = H - H -4=*==4
-50
CD
i*^
* *
Q)
Mt t M
Q)
co
SS o
-t
** o 3
* * * * * * $
-150
-h
c 2.
&
-100
Q)
Measured point c
fej
-200
(/>
100
INJ
CD
00
(D
MS
O
3
Length [ m ]
Distance between the extremity plates : 7,62 m
Deformation [ mm ]
200
150
Measured point b
50
1 t 1 1 1 1
1L1 1 1
f ' T T T ' t ff HtHTr ttT
. I
l i
f i l. i=k t=t=*=*=*=:+=fc i i i
T ' r r i r
1 1 1 1 1
rf t M
l i
*
cQ)
s
0)
t*
MMI
3 3
CD
CD S
* * * * *
100
' ,'<***iM* ) * * * * * *
* * * ^
150
200
0
Length [ m ]
) h
. *
50
0)
c 2.
l 1 1 1 1 1
(O
ID
<D
100
to
co
1
1
Measured point a
o
3
Deformation [ mm ]
200
150
Measured point b
100
HMS
c
Q)
w-m
c 2.
t 11 H t 11 f H4++H H U M ' I M H Hafc*
50
?*
100
"*
!pf
i&
o
co ^
200
0
Q)
CO
UHI
i?
fc
*m&
150
co
O
)
SS
50
o
o
Measured point a
Length [ m ]
Distance between the extremity plates : 7,62 m
Deformation [ mm ]
200
J3
Measured point a
150
50
co
o
Measured point b
100
Measured point c
c 2.
0 %H+t U H Ht t m 11 t M t HfHH
150
CDS
tf
*
%
co ^
o
3
CD
0)
3 3 Q.
200
c0)
H M
50
100
0)
Length [ m ]
Distance between the extremity plates : 7,625 m
C 40
302
C 41
- 303
C 42
304
C 43
305
C 44
- 306 -
C 45
307 -
C 46
308 -
309
C 47
ANNEX
D (Dl TO D32):
RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS OF N M 1 COLUMN : TABLES OF VALUES
66
45
-11
10
26
-60
-60
106
105
138
58
10
40
-109
131
19
-11
33
-35
6S
-96
-110
-86
131
60
19
-27
-44
76
-23
-3S
-114
-93
-113
78
47
76
78
-35
-14
-21
-101
10
41
64
74
98
74
75
58
15
133
28
-74
-65
-HO
-54
-123
-74
-24
66
48
40
-54
39
94
46
-28
-62
-S
-117
-48
-206
-137
-52
49
43
41
30
-25
43
SS
-to
-66
-30
-127
-16
-200
-106
1C3
95
30
-50
-4
59
39
-15
-14
25
-62
-61
-106
105
139
60
13
41
-104
96
14
-16
29
58
-70
98
-110
-85
133
63
11
23
-22
-29
71
-26
-3S
115
-94
-113
-77
-45
78
81
-31
-10
-15
-9S
13
44
68
60
133
82
84
69
27
HI
36
16
-64
-54
->2S
-42
103
55
-18
-51
-47
-104
35
52
78
29
-55
17
-113
-2
-60
.10
et
64
57
-36
-21
-192
-123
27
66
60
59
-11
-5
-185
-90
19
120
'13
49
-30
17
110
313 -
RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS OF N M 1 C O L U M N : TABLE S OF V A L U E S
-7
-5
-4
-4
-3
-2
-1
-0
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
-5
-4
-3
-3
-2
-1
-0
2
3
S
6
7
i
9
10
11
7
10
11
11
12
13
14
15
15
17
18
19
10
11
12
12
13
15
16
16
17
12
19
20
10
11
IZ
13
13
14
15
14
17
17
ia
19
20
21
NM2:A:\MEASUR1
314
D2
RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS OF NM 2 COLUMN : TABLES OF VALUES
109
89
SI
27
35
-22
-117
-76
-a?
40
16
43
91
104
93
112
111
31
47
-7S
-165
-111
-123
71
-12
15
28
92
10
92
1S1
101
46
-101
-153
-133
-US
64
-6
17
43
19
133
-v.
-3
-2
-5
-13
-11
-24
-49
119
54
-31
-26
-78
-103
-209
-21
-I
-73
-52
-39
53
S9
87
103
50
-68
-21
-37
-77
-165
-157
-14
58
-11
17
64
87
150
69
-34
42
-2
31
100
-103
-76
-17
33
70
72
124
112
92
54
30
38
-115
-73
-86
-38
18
45
100
10
98
116
115
35
SI
-74
-161
-107
-119
-67
-9
19
31
96
111
97
157
106
52
12
96
-147
-127
-140
-59
-63
22
53
24
118
60
-25
8
10
9
2
6
5
-29
142
77
-8
55
80
-186
-195
-162
-51
-2
17
75
111
109
127
75
-43
13
53
141
-133
124
-35
12
41
106
110
176
95
24
-6
75
-77
50
43
56
95
97
141
D3
RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS OF NM 2 COLUMN : TABLES OF VALUES
7
9
11
12
14
16
17
19
20
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
22
22
22
22
22
22
25
25
24
24
24
24
24
24
24 .
24
24
24
24
23
23
26
26
26
26
26
26
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
NM2:A:\MEASUR21
D4
316
RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS OF NM 3 COLUMN : TABLES OF VALUES
42
14
60
25
18
-58
-29
-34
-30
-82
-48
-52
28
47
33
59
55
23
-48
-32
-15
2?
-108
-121
-42
-90
-47
-35
-53
11
55
-15
38
-125
-53
-54
-53
-40
-24
-25
-18
-51
-34
44
-44
22
44
38
20
-26
-63
-64
-120
-105
-123
35
-127
-32
-34
-2
-35
88
36
34
-26
-20
-69
-37
-121
-S9
-81
19
-22
13
-28
16
13
79
j3
34
82
44
40
-37
-8
-15
-9
-42
-28
20
-32
47
44
S3
79
73
45
-25
-10
50
-87
-100
-41
-69
-44
-14
-33
32
75
58
-103
-31
-33
-2
-14
1
1
8
-25
-9
34
-18
52
74
69
SO
-S3
-34
-90
76
-94
64
-98
-4
-7
27
-7
115
67
66
11
33
-39
-90
-59
-SI
49
42
45
41
108
D5
RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS OF NM 3 COLUMN : TABLES OF VALUES
22
22
22
21
21
21
21
21
21
20
20
20
20
20
19
19
19
22
22
22
22
22
22
21
21
21
21
21
20
20
20
20
20
29
29
28
28
28
28
22
23
23
2
21
25
26
26
27
27
28
28
31
31
30
30
30
30
30
29
29
29
31
31
31
31
31
30
30
30
30
30
30
D6
318 -
RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS OF NM 4 COLUMN : TABLES OF VALUES
94
J?
-23
-26
-37
-32
13
10
27
37
-0
29
-17
25
10
59
-19
55
72
-1
-40
-91
-12
50
30
-11
-7
31
97
19
60
59
73
M
72
10
-22
52
SI
-1
-19
133
105
-71
-55
69
-7
-51
-33
-35
-44
39
25
23
-14
-40
-29
-35
-66
-25
51
69
16
-74
104
-23
-5
41
14
26
52
-19
20
97
10
50
49
61
6
59
-24
-34
31
39
19
37
Si
-14
99
-71
-a
D7
RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS OF NM 4 COLUMN : TABLES OF VALUES
-13
-12
-10
-9
-a
-7
-S
-4
-2
-15
-14
-12
-11
-10
-9
-a
-7
-6
-4
-3
-10
-10
-11
-12
-12
-13
-13
-14
-21
-JO
-IS
-17
-16
-15
14
13
-12
10
-9
-22
-20
-1
-ia
-17
-16
-15
14
12
-11
-10
NM2:A:\MEASUR41
D 8
320
RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS OF NM 5 COLUMN : TABLES OF VALUES
-35
-72
-30
-52
-50
-159
-94
-45
15
-20
-38
-15
-62
37
-58
-110
-6
11
54
-201
-94
17
56
20
28
179
44
59
-48
12
30
-38
-112
-201
-13
-31
-44
53
39
51
109
38
-18
-14
-70
-56
-H3
-221
-94
-21
-114
18
37
55
98
-111
-92
-53
-47
-71
-70
-74
-58
-72
-54
-53
-75
-44
-77
-112
-107
76
-12
-38
37
-143
-105
-134
-104
-137
-104
61
-80
-9
79
38
-5
23
-41
17
-94
-74
-104
-55
-79
-18
-2
-67
23
75
61
-58
14
-35
57
-38
-37
-51
-S7
-28
11
-21
20
75
143
35
-20
-39
15
17
5-i
27
73
54
37
27
57
-12
44
27
107
-47
31
25
49
25
-1
97
-0
-53
49
65
-34
-151
-48
52
42
99
42
48
218
125
117
-11
47
84
15
-41
-152
W'
14
95
80
91
147
94
139
37
40
-17
-4
-94
-174
-50
22
-72
59
77
93
135
-45
-47
-8
-24
-28
-29
-32
-18
-32
-17
-14
-38
28
-41
-74
-73
120
51
29
-104
70
103
-75
108
-78
34
-55
15
101
81
34
43
20
59
-41
-73
-25
-52
23
-44
45
94
102
-1
52
92
20
-2
23
-3
35
41
94
94
107
93
72
177
48
11
-10
42
42
25
29
75
47
91
D9
RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS OF NM 5 COLUMN : TABLES OF VALUES
61
59
58
56
55
53
51
49
48
46
45
43
42
40
61
59
58
57
55
54
52
SO
48
46
45
43
42
41
39
60
58
57
55
54
52
51
49
47
45
44
42
41
39
38
ss
57
55
54
53
51
49
47
45
44
42
41
39
38
37
46
44
4S
43
43
41
42
40
40
38
39
37
37
36
36
34
42
41
39
37
35
33
31
29
28
26
25
23
22
42
41
40
38
37
35
34
32
30
28
26
25
24
22
21
11
40
38
37
35
34
32
30
28
27
25
24
22
21
19
40
38
37
34
33
31
2?
27
25
24
22
21
20
18
NM2:A:\MEASUR61
322
D10
RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS OF NM 8 COLUMN : TABLES OF VALUES
24
12
31
38
41
109
103
77
105
63
29
43
67
31
(0
55
61
165
113
113
119
17
59
65
153
46
11
31
40
90
13
127
96
IM
16
21
58
36
42
34
72
64
34
5
18
62
59
5
11
12
31
19
84
51
10
135
190
107
100
12
10
33
69
79
135
H2
154
23
43
50
1*
11
33
12
28
45
41
93
82
96
29
46
25
26
56
35
25
16
15
19
20
87
79
52
78
34
37
62
77
77
43
10
22
36
40
142
88
86
91
12
35
93
100
165
59
22
13
20
113
101
.71
79
14
41
62
94
11
16
60
99
92
63
35
49
30
80
10
56
56
21
77
102
146
39
69
60
54
37
55
17
32
58
17
40
49
103
109
119
15
28
33
79
11
36
84
16
10
60
48
60
40
19
71
52
D11
RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS OF NM 8 COLUMN : TABLES OF VALUES
10
12
13
15
17
19
20
22
24
27
29
31
32
3*
11
12
14
16
19
21
23
25
26
28
30
31
33
35
11
13
15
17
18
20
22
25
27
29
31
32
34
36
'25
26
27
27
28
29
30
31
32
21
23
26
28
30
31
33
35
37
38
40
42
44
45
22
23
25
27
29
30
32
34
36
37
39
41
43
44
46
22
26
28
29
31
33
35
36
38
40
42
43
45
47
D12
324
RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS OF N M 9 COLUMN : TABLES OF VALUES
-26
-1
-53
-12
-7
24
67
-97
-53
-9
-45
-6S
-79
-132
-71
-2S
-12
-12
-60
-26
15
9
37
77
21
-9
17
60
-23
IS
-34
-7
60
-20
-63
30
65
14
-19
-15
-16
-24
-SS
-57
36
-34
-12
30
32
34
-21
-50
25
56
99
39
-64
-25
19
-17
-36
-50
-103
-42
33
18
-52
36
-3
36
27
52
90
31
-1
21
63
-19
22
-30
-3
65
-15
-58
36
70
15
-18
-15
15
-23
-86
-55
-34
-32
-9
D13
RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS OF NM 9 COLUMN : TABLES OF VALUES
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
33
33
33
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
23
23
20
18
1
13
11
8
3
D14
326
RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS OF NM 10 COLUMN : TABLES OF VALUES
97
29
(9
41
17
-56
41
91
101
19
117
40
35
1*
-84
-60
-86
-21
44
88
25
-33
93
14
'5
i6
-115
-39
-139
-14
13
68
14
37
53
89
141
-51
-37
-33
16
-9
30
-ti
-48
-0
59
27
-3
-33
-41
-63
-109
55
-23
7*
18
38
-0
-35
-84
-59
21
57
-0
66
35
-11
44
-49
49
51
39
91
44
102
33
52
'3
-15
67
56
40
89
99
16
-6
121
44
38
12
-82
-59
-86
-25
42
86
21
-37
97
18
-2
44
-114
-39
139
-16
. 10
65
-18
-41
-52
-38
-34
18
-11
-32
-51
-51
-83
60
27
-4
-35
-44
-66
113
-59
-30
47
82
134
10
74
18
37
-J
-39
-88
64
61
21
61
49
76
64
-7
32
-15
-48
55
43
32
83
D15
RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS OF NM 10 COLUMN : TABLES OF VALUES
-1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-0
-1
-2
-3
-3
-4
-0
-1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-1
1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-5
-6
-7
-7
-4
-4
-5
-6
-7
-1
-2
-4
-s
-5
-6
-7
-7
D16
328
RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS OF NM 12 COLUMN : TABLES OF VALUES
,,,
61
107
12
3*
57
,27
il
55
1
27
-3
"74
"
'3'
24 -104 -91
51
58
"10
la
-87
gl
30
,33
3S
"
IM
125
11
69
-6
53
13
21
-1
-50
-24
-63
-2
-29
-26
38
52
75
93
88
22
28
54
81
58
63
83
79
109
63
21
97
87
62
41
28
75
17
32
37
58
66
69
63
73
51
83
39
22
95
20
56
68
114
72
14
17
-29
25
33
57
-7
35
24
-25
22
81
111
31
32
27
77
29
-11
98
57
32
-17
-27
-1
130 102
47
11
110
98
38
29
71
61
-1
106
-75
-48
-87
26
52
-48
-60
74
"
68
64
-2
-51
62
59
90
45
63
38
18
-50
53
-39 -53
-58
39
44
50
**
2*
59
16
-1
73
-13
-11
36
49
96
54
J -14
-19 -18
3
D17
RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS OF NM 12 COLUMN : TABLES OF VALUES
30
-30
-29
29
-28
-28
27
-26
-26
-25
-25
-24
-24
23
-22
-30
-29
-29
-21
-28
-27
27
-26
-25
-25
-24
-24
-23
-23
-22
-30
-29
-29
28
-27
-27
26
-26
-25
-25
-24
-23
-23
-22
-22
-25
25
24
-24
-24
-23
-23
-22
-22
-25
-25
-24
-24
-23
-23
-22
-21
-21
-20
-20
-19
-19
18
18
25
-24
-24
-23
-23
-22
-22
-21
-20
-20
-19
-19
-18
-18
-17
-25
-2*
-24
-23
-22
-22
-21
21
-20
20
-19
-18
-18
-17
-17
D18
330
upper flange
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
_L_J
L_l I L
RBCDEFGH
SI
S2
lower flange
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
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co
c
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m
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lower flange
upper flange
200
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RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS
NM2
RBCDEF&H I JKLMN
3'JL
333
D21
RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS
NM2
RBCDEFGH I JKLMNO
R L D [ r G H ! J U
7:
334
0
x :
D22
upper flange
lower flange
100
80
60
UO
20
0
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m
>
c
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m
S
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R B C D E F G H
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upper flange
m
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m
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RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS
NM4
250 ^
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D25
337
RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS
NM4
B 'CD E F G H !
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338
D26
upper flange
lower flange
200
200
100
100
m
>
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m
S
m
7
100
00
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SI
S2
200
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upper flange
lower flange
200
200
m
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100
100
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100
200
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100
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RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS
341 -
D 29
RESIDUAL STRESSES
MEASUREMENTS
30
- 342
RESIDUAL STRESSES
D 31
RESIDUAL STRESSES
PROFILE AFTER CUTTING-OUT
344
D 32
VL
FRANCE
NORGE
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L-2985 Luxembourg
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