INTRODUCTION:

The title of the third experiment is about movement of material through

membrane. In this experiment, students will study about the effects of materials
movement mechanisms across membrane on plant cell and also for blood cell.
There are three types of liquids that have been used for this experiment which is
distilled water, 0.9% sodium chloride and 15% sodium chloride.

For plant cell, if the solution used is distilled water, its called isotonic solution
because the amount of molecule of water move in and diffuse out is the same. So
the cell dont have any changes after the distilled water was added. If the plant cell
is in a hypotonic solution which is 0.9% sodium chloride, the concentration of water
molecule in the external solution is greater than the cell sap. So, the water molecule
will moves into the cell by osmosis. This can cause the cell to become turgid. If the
plant cell is in a hypertonic solution which is 15% sodium chloride, the concentration
of water molecule in the external solution is less than the cell sap. So, the water
molecule will diffuse out from the cell by osmosis. This can cause the cell to become
flaccid.

For blood, if the solution used is distilled water, its also called isotonic
solution because the amount of molecule of water move in and diffuse out is the
same. So the cell also doesnt have any changes after the distilled water was added.
If the blood cell is in a hypotonic solution which is 0.9% sodium chloride, the
concentration of water molecule in the external solution is greater than the cell. So,
the water molecule will moves into the cell by osmosis, inflating and finally
rupturing the cell. This called cell lysis. If the blood cell is in a hypertonic solution
which is 15% sodium chloride, the concentration of water molecule in the external
solution is less than the cell. So, the water molecule will diffuse out from the cell by
osmosis. This can cause the cell to become shrink and this called crenation.

OBJECTIVES:

To study the effects of material movement mechanisms across membrane of

plant and animal cell

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

This experiment was divided into two, Part A for plant cell (onion) and Part B
for animal cell (blood). For Part A, materials that used to conduct the experiment
were onion, compound

microscope, slides, cover slips, distilled water, 0.9% and

15% sodium chloride. First step in this part is you need to cut a few thin purple
layers of red onion and set it up to 3 slides. Then, after put it on a dry slide, you
need to observe the condition of the onion before three differences solution was
immersed into the slide. After the observation from the microscope under 400X
magnification lens was captured, a wet mount using 2-3 drops of solution (distilled
water, 0.9% NaCl, 15% NaCl) were prepared. The solution was dropped on the onion
tissue on the slide and then the cover slip was installed. After waiting approximately
about 2-4 minutes, the slides was observed under 400X magnification lens and the
structured of the cell was drew.
For Part B, the materials used were blood, compound microscope, slides,
cover slips, distilled water, 0.9% and 15% sodium chloride solution. First, three
slides were set up. Then, a very small amount of blood was dropped on the dry slide
and was observed under 400X magnification lens using compound microscope. After
that, a wet mount using 2-3 drops of solutions (distilled water, 0.9% NaCl, 15%
NaCl) was prepared and the cover slip was installed. After wait approximately
around 2-4 minutes, the slides was observed under 400X magnification lens and the
observation was drew.

DISCUSSION:

Experiment 3 is conduct to study the effect of material movement

mechanisms across membrane on plant and animal cell. There are two parts in this
experiment. Part A is for plant cell by using an onion. Part B is for animal cell by
using blood.

For part A which is plant cell (onion), before make a wet mount, the onion was
observed under the microscope by using dry slide. After added with distilled water
which is isotonic solution, the structure of the cell is still the same. This is because,
the total amount of water molecule that move in and diffuse out from the cell is the
same. Then, after added with 15% of sodium chloride solution which is hypertonic
solution, the structure of the cell become turgid. This is because the concentration
of water molecule in the external solution is greater than in cell and the water
molecule diffuse into the cell by osmosis. Lastly after added with 0.9% of sodium
chloride solution which is hypertonic, the cell become flaccid. This is because the
concentration of water molecule in the external solution is less than the cell and the
water molecule diffuse out from the cell by osmosis.

For part B which is animal cell (blood), the result is the same as Part A. Before
the mount was wet, the blood was observed under the microscope by using dry
slide. After added with the distilled water which is isotonic solution, the structure of
the cell did not change, this is because the amount of water molecule that diffuse in
and out of the cell is the same. After added with 0.9% sodium chloride solution
which is hypotonic solution, the cell become lysis because the concentration of
water molecule in the external solution is greater that than the cell. So the water
moves into the cell by osmosis. But after added the hypertonic solution, the cell

become shrink. This is because, the concentration of water molecule in the external
solution is less than the cell. So the water molecule will diffuse out from the cell by
osmosis.

AFTER LAB QUESTIONS:

1) Characteristic of the material movement mechanism and example:

a) Diffusion :
Diffusion is essentially the movement of molecules from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower concentration as a result of thermal
motion. Example is movement of oxygen across capillary walls.
b) Osmosis :
Osmosis is the net diffusion of water across a membrane. Example is
movement of water in red blood cell that has put in the distilled water.
c) Facilitated diffusion :
Facilitated diffusion moves solutes from a region of higher concentration
to a region of lower concentration until the concentrations become
equalized on both sides of the membrane.
d) Endocytosis :
Endocytosis is a transportation process that requires energy.
e) Exocytosis :
In order to move things from the inside of the cell to the outside,
membrane-bound vesicles in the cytoplasm will fuse with the plasma
membrane and release their contents outside the cell.
f) Active transport :
This form of molecule movement requires energy in order to move solute
against its electrochemical gradient.

2) Based on this experiment :

-Isotonic solution is distilled water
-Hypotonic solution is 0.9% sodium chloride
-Hypertonic solution is 15% sodium chloride

3) -For plant cell, if the solution used is distilled water, its called isotonic
solution because the amount of molecule of water move in and diffuse out is
the same. So the cell dont have any changes after the distilled water was
added. If the plant cell is in a hypotonic solution which is 0.9% sodium
chloride, the concentration of water molecule in the external solution is
greater than the cell sap. So, the water molecule will moves into the cell by
osmosis. This can cause the cell to become turgid. If the plant cell is in a
hypertonic solution which is 15% sodium chloride, the concentration of water
molecule in the external solution is less than the cell sap. So, the water
molecule will diffuse out from the cell by osmosis. This can cause the cell to
become flaccid.
- For blood, if the solution used is distilled water, its also called isotonic
solution because the amount of molecule of water move in and diffuse out is
the same. So the cell also doesnt have any changes after the distilled water
was added. If the blood cell is in a hypotonic solution which is 0.9% sodium
chloride, the concentration of water molecule in the external solution is
greater than the cell. So, the water molecule will moves into the cell by
osmosis, inflating and finally rupturing the cell. This called cell lysis. If the
blood cell is in a hypertonic solution which is 15% sodium chloride, the
concentration of water molecule in the external solution is less than the cell.
So, the water molecule will diffuse out from the cell by osmosis. This can
cause the cell to become shrink and this called crenation.

REFERENCES

1) http://www.biology-online.org/9/3_movement_molecules.htm
2) http://antranik.org/movement-of-substances-across-cell-membranes/
3) Biology lab manual

CONCLUSION:

From this experiment, I can conclude that the effects of material movement
mechanism across membrane on plant and animal cell are different depends on the
solution use. If the solution is isotonic, as an example distilled water, it would not
affect the shape of the cell because the water movement in and out of the cell is the
same. If the solution use is hypotonic solution as an example 0.9% sodium chloride
solution, the shape of the cell will become turgid and if the solution use is
hypertonic solution as an example 15% sodium chloride solution, the shape of the
cell will become flaccid and crenate. The hypothesis is accepted.