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Data Types, Operator And Expression

UNIT 4

Data Types, Operator And Expression

OBJECTIVES

General Objective : To Introduce and Use the data types, operator and
expression in C++ Programming.

Specific Objectives : At the end of the unit you will be able to :

 describe the essential data type : int,char,float and double

 declare constant and variable
 able to use constant and variable
 explain the arithmetic operator types
 explain the arithmetic, relational and logical operator types
 able to used operators to construct expression
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Data Types, Operator And Expression

INPUT 4

We will look at the basic elements

need to construct a C++ program
including the C++ data types, constant,
variable, operator and expression.

4.0 INTRODUCTION TO DATA TYPES, OPERATOR AND

EXPRESSION IN C++ PROGRAMMING.

The C++ character set includes the keyboard characters, namely the
uppercase letter A - Z, the lower letters a – z , the digits 0 – 9 , and other special
characters (such as!, #, [, ] , ,&,<,?, and * ). The blank space is also a character in
the set.
Identifiers are simply references to memory location which can hold values.
They are formed by combining letters (both upper and lowercase), digits and the
underscore( _ ). The first character of an identifier, however, must be a letter. The
blank character is not permitted in an identifier. Although identifiers can be formed
by freely combining the letters, digits and underscores, common sense tells us that
we should give them suggestive names, that is, names that reflect the data items that
they are going to store. Identifiers can be of any length although in practice they
seldom exceed 25 characters.
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Example of valid and invalid identifiers:

Table 4.1
Valid Identifier Invalid Identifier Comment
x “x” Illegal character
Sumx2 2sumx Illegal first character
Hourly_rate Hourly-rate Illegal character -
name name@ Illegal character @
GROSS_PAY GROSS PAY Illegal blank

C++ identifiers are case-sensitive, meaning, lower and uppercase letter in

identifiers are treated as different characters. This means we cannot freely mix the
lower and uppercase letter to refer to the same identifier. For example, identifiers
HOURLY_RATE, Hourly_Rate, Hourly_rate and hourly_rate are all different, they
refer to different memory locations.
Variables are identifiers whose value may change during the course of
execution of a program.
Keywords in C++, also called reserved words, have standard, predefined
meanings and must be used only for their intended purpose. Programmers therefore
should not use these keywords as identifiers.

4.1 Basic Data Types

There are four main data types in programming C++

i. int
ii. char
iii. double
iv. float

For additional of basic data types programming C++ can support another built-in
data types such as short, long, signed and unsigned. The various data types, the
number of bits required to store them, and their range are shown in Table 4.1
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Table 4.2
Data Type C++ Keyword Bits Range
Integer int 16 -32768 to 32767
Long integer long 32 -42994967296 to 4294967295
Short integer short 8 -128 to 127
Unsigned integer unsigned 16 0 to 65535
character char 8 0 to 255
Floating point float 32 Approximately 6 digits of
precision
Double floating double 64 Approximately 12 digits of
point precision

4.1.1 Integer data types - int

Key words int is use to declare variable integer number

Syntax int name_identifier

example : int bilangan ;
int nom1,nom2;

This declaration means that the compiler was asked to hold integer
data name bilangan, nom1 and nom 2. Integer data types is classified as sign
(+) and unsigned (-).For all the computer system, data integer is refer to 0
and 1 bits. There are three types of integer short int, int, long int. The
comparison of this integer range in value.

Short int : -32768 to 32767

Int : -32768 to 32767
Long int ; -2147483648 to 2147483648
Unsigned short int: 65535
Unsigned int: 65535
Unsigned long int : 4294967295
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4.1.2 Character data types - char

Storage word char is use to declare variable character

Syantax char name_identifier

example: char huruf;
char lagi;

This declaration means that variable lagi and huruf will given a
memory storage for character data type. Character variable store printed data
or un printed data in character set of computer includes;
 small and capital letters
 decimal digits (0-9)
 special character

This character represent in 1 byte (8 bit) computer memory. Internal

representative for character value decided by encoder character (ASCII or
EBCDIC) that is used in the computer.

4.1.3 Floating Point data types - float and double

This type can store floating point in computer memory.

Syntax : double name_identifier

Example: double pendapatan_bersih,cukai_pendapatan;
double nilai;

Memory storage that use for variable pendapatan_bersih be able to

store floating point data. But int and char data types only can be stored
according to computer types. The three floating points data in C++ such as;

1. float
2. double
3. long double
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The comparison of the three types are range value and digits.

Float : 1.175494e-38 to 3.402823e+38 (6 place decimal )

Double : 2.225074e308 to 1.797693e+308 (15 place decimal)
Long double : 3.362103e-4932 to 1.189731e+4932 (19 place dec.)

4.2 Declaring Constant

Constant are values that do not change during program execution. They can be of
type integer, character or floating point. To declare a constant, use the keyword const
as in the example

Const int days_of_week=7;

Constants data type identifier

4.2.1 Integer constant

Integer constant can be further categorized into four types-short integer,

integer,unsigned integer and long integer.
Examples of integer constants
 Short integer constant:
-99 -35 0 45 320
 Integer constants:
9999 -1 0 555 32767
 Unsigned integer constants:
1 256 1000 60000
 Long integer constants:
222 0 33333 9999999

A constant can also be identified as being long by tagging a l or a L to

the end of the number, For example , the constants 212L and 323l. will be
viewed by C++ as long constants.
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4.2.2 Character and string Constants

A character constant is any character enclosed between two single quotation

marks (‘ and ‘ ). When the several characters are enclosed between two
double quotation marks (‘ and ‘ ), it is called a string. Examples of character
and string constants;

i. Character constants:
‘$’ ‘*’ ‘ ‘ ‘z’ ‘G’

ii. String constants:

“Name:” “Telephone No:” “Postcode:”

iii. Floating Point Constants

A floating point constant is a decimal number that contains the
decimal point (.) or the exponent ( e or E ) or both. Here are some examples
of floating point constants.
5.0 0.005 2000.0 987.123
5e-3 0.01e-2 0.2345E8 1.23E4

4.3 Declaring Variables

All variables in a program must be declared prior to their use. The declaration takes
the form

Type variable_list;

Data types variable identifier

Examples of variable declarations.

Int x, y, z;
Short small_number;
Long big_number;
Unsigned positive_number;
Char ch;
Float amount, rate;
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Variables may be initialized by assigning constants to them either at the time of their
declaration or at a later time.

Example of variable initialization and declaration

int m, n=10;
float rate, total = 0.0;
char response= ’n’;
char color{6}=’green’;
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Data Types, Operator And Expression

Activity 4A

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE

NEXT INPUT…!

4.1 State 4 main data types and C++ keyword ?

a. Data types__________________ Keywords___________
b. Data types__________________ Keywords___________
c. Data types__________________ Keywords___________
d. Data types__________________ Keywords___________

4.2 Write an expression to declare constant and variable?

a. constant :________________________
b. variable: ________________________
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Feedback To Activity 4A

4.1.
a. Data types: integer Keywords : int
b. Data types : character Keywords: char
c. Data types : double Keywords : double
d. Data types : floating point Keywords ; float

4.2.
a. constant : const Int hourly_rate
b. variable: Int a, b, c
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Data Types, Operator And Expression

INPUT 4

4.4 The Operators

C++ is very rich in built-in operators. Operators trigger some computations when
applied to operands in an expression. There are several general classes of operators.
But for now, we will present just the arithmetic, relational, logical and assignment
operators.

4.4.1 Arithmetic Operators

There are seven arithmetic operators in C++ as shown in Table 4.3

Table 4.3
Operator Action
- Subtraction
+ Addition
* Multiplication
/ division
% Modulus division
- Decrement
++ increment
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Data Types, Operator And Expression

Examples of operation involving integer variables. With a=7 and b=2, the
expression on the values on the right.

Table 4.4
Expression Value
a–b 5
a+b 9
a*b 14
a/b 3
a%b 1
a-- 6
a-- 3

Note: You can assign a positive or negative number to a variable by

using a unary +

or - . Example:
a = -20 // assigns ‘a’ a negative 20
b = +20 // assigns ‘b’ a positive 20 ( + sign normally not
needed)

Unary operators operate on single value. Thus the size of operator is a unary
operator. So are the decrement and increment operator.

4.4.2 Relational Operators

There are six relational operators and three logical operators in C++ are
shown in Table 4.5 and Table 4.6
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Table 4.5
Operator Meaning
< Less than
<= Less than or equal
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal
== Equal
!= Not equal

The result of evaluation of a relational operation is either

true(represented by 1) or false (represented by 0). For example, if a = 7 and b
= 5, then a < b yields 0 and a != b yields 1.

4.4.3 Logical Operators

There are three logical operators in C++ are shown in Table 4.6

Table 4.6
Operator Meaning
&& AND
|| OR
! NOT

The result of the logical operations on a and b are summarized as Table 4.7:

Table 4.7
a||b a&&b !a
a b either a or b Both a and b Produces the
must be true Must be true opposite relation
0 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0
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Data Types, Operator And Expression

*Hierarchy of Operators
The hierarchy of operator precedence form highest to lowest is summarized
below:

Table 4.8
Operator Category Operator
Unary - -- ++
Arithmetic multiply, devide, remainder + / %
Arithmetic add and subtract + -
Relational operators < <= > >=
Equality operators == !=
Logical AND &&
Logical OR ||

4.5 The Expression

Expression in C++ are formed by properly combining operators, variables and

constants. We have already seen some examples of simple arithmetic and logical
expression. As algebra, C++ expression can be complex. Parentheses can be used to
force the order of evaluation. An expression may also contain spaces for readability.
Examples of expressions.

Gross_pay – deductions
(basic_pay + hours * rate) – (socso + premium + loan)
(b * b – 4 * a * c) > 0
(gender = = ‘m’) && (age > 20)
(gender = = ‘m’ || gender = = ‘f’ ) && age >= 21
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Data Types, Operator And Expression

Activity 4B

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE

NEXT UNITS…!

4.3 Classify the operators given below:

- , +, &&, ++ , <= , ! , * , !=, % , = =

4.4 Write an expression to mention the arithmetic relational and logical

operators?
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Feedback To Activity 4B

4.3.
a. arithmetic operators : - , + , ++ , *
b. logical operators : && , !
c. Relational operators : <= , != , = =

4.4.
( a + b * 2 ) – (x + y + z) – arithmetic
(sex = = ‘m’ || sex = = ‘f’ ) && age >= 21
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Data Types, Operator And Expression

KEY FACTS

1. To construct a C++ program, we have to look at basic elements of data types,

identifiers and constant and variable declaration.

2. The arithmetic, relational and logical operators is to trigger some computations

when applied to operands in an expression .
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Data Types, Operator And Expression

SELF-ASSESSMENT

You are approaching success. Try all the questions in this self-assessment section
and check your answers with those given in the Feedback on Self-Assessment 14
given on the next page. If you face any problems, discuss it with your lecturer.
Good luck.

Question 4-1

Write a statement (or comment) for the sentence below;

a. State the program to determine three integer number.
b. Declare the variables x , y, z and hasil as integers type.
c. Show the message where the user can input the three integers.
d. Read three integers value from keyboard and save every value into
variables x , y and z.
e. Calculate the multiplication integer that store in variable x,y ,z and
variable hasil
f. Print “Hasil darab ialah” followed by variable hasil.

Question 4-2

Using the statement that you write in statement for question no.1, write the complete
program to calculate and printed multiplication of the three integers.
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Feedback To Self-Assessment

Have you tried the questions????? If “YES”, check your answers now.

Question 4-1
a. // Program to determine three integer multiplication
or
/* Program to determine three integers multiplication*/
b. int x, y, z, hasil;
c. cout << “Enter three integers number:”;
d. cin >> x >> y >> z;
or
cin >> x;
cin >> y;
cin >> z;
e. hasil = x * y * z;
f. cout << “Multipication is :” << hasil;

Question 4-2
/* Program to determine three integer multiplication*/
# include <iostream.h>
int x, y, z, hasil;
void main( )
CONGRATULATIONS
{ !!!!…..May success be
cout << “Enter 3 integer number:”; with you always….
cin >> x >> y >> z;
hasil = x * y * z;
cout << “Multipication is :” << hasil;
}