Effective height of column

Height between points of contraflexure of the buckled column

End conditions
1

The end of the column is connected monolithically to beams on either side which are at least as
deep as the overall dimension of the column in the plane under consideration

The end of the column is connected monolithically to beams or slabs on either side which are
shallower than the overall dimension of the column in the plane under consideration.It simulates
a semi-fixed condition.

The end of the column is connected to member which,while not specifically designed to provide
restraint to rotation of the column,still provides some nominal restraint.It simulates a hinged end
condition.

The end of the column is unrestrained against both lateral movement and rotation. It simulates
free end of a cantilever in an unbraced structure.

Value of for unbraced column

End condition
at top
1
2
3

End condition at bottom

1
0.75
0.8
0.9

2
0.8
0.85
0.95

3
0.9
0.95
1

Value of for braced column

End condition
at top
1
2
3
4

1
1.2
1.3
1.6
2.2

End condition at bottom

2
3
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.8
1.8
0
0
0

Minimum Eccentricity
emin

>=

l
D

Unsupported length of column in mm

Lateral dimension in the direction under consideration in mm

Short column

l/500 + D/30

When emin does not exceed 0.05D,column can be designed by following equation
Pu

0.4fcuAc+0.67*fyAsc

if p is percentage of steel in column section then,

Ag

bD

Ac
Asc

Ag-pAg/100
pAg/100

Therefore,
Pu/fcubD

0.4+(p/100fcu)*(0.67fy - 0.4fcu)

Reinforcement requirement
1
2
3
4
5
6

Minimum reinforcement 0.8% of cross sectional area

Min. bars in circular columns shall be 6
Spacing of longitudinal bars shall not exceed 300mm
If the spacing of longitudinal bars exceeds 75mm, provide ties to bind the bars
Diameter of lateral ties shall not be less than one-fourth of the dia. Of largest longitudinal bar.
Pitch(centre to centre distance) of ties should not exceed:
the least lateral dimension of column
16 times smallest dia. Of lonitudinal bars
48 times dia. Of lateral ties

Short column under axial load and uniaxial bending

Pu-Mu graph
1
Compression control region : Entire section under compression
2
Tension control region : Part of section under tension
3
Minimum eccentricity region
Design & Construction of design chart
Design
Percentage of reinforcement
p/fcu

Material properties
Fcu
40 N/mm2
Fy
415 N/mm2
w(con)
24 KN/m3
Esteel
200000 N/mm2

Pu/(fcu*b*d)
Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) ( from table)

Member Properties
Clear height
Width
Length
End Condition

2.95 m
0.35 m
1.5 m
1
1.2

Moment carrying capacity around shorter dim

Moment carrying capacity around Largest dim
Mx/Mux
My/Muy

Effective height
Le/Ll
Coefficient of effective cover
Effective Cover to reinforcement

2.5075 m
7.1642857143 Short column
0.0333333333
0.05 m

Loads

Design Load
P/Puz
Alpha
Check for biaxial bending

Factored load
1.4dl + 1.6LL

10870 KN

Reduction factor due to selenderness

Cr
1
Min. Eccentricities
Min. Eccentricity along largest dimension
Min. Eccentricity along least dimension

0.7
0.6
0.5
Pu/Fcubd
0.4

0.02 m
0.0175 m

Moments
Min. Eccentric Moment around least dimension
Min. Eccentric Moment around largeset dimension
Actual Moment around least dimension
Actual Moment around largest dimension

0.3
0.2
0.1

217.4 KNm
190.225 KNm
2852 KNm
133 KNm

0
0.02

Data for design curve

Max. strain in steel

Percentage of steel
p/fcu
Case-1 When eccentricity is less than emin
Design tensile strength of Steel
Pu/(fcu*b*d)
Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.00180525
3%
0.075

361.05 N/mm2
0.5951575
0.029757875

Case-2 When neutral axis lies outside the section

Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Coefficient for area of stress block(k1)
a
Coefficient of Distance of CG of force of compression from extreme fibre(k2)
Area of stress block(A)
Percentage of steel
3%
Max. strain at the highly compressed fibr
Strain at top level
Stress in top steel
Strain at Bottom level
Stress in Bottom steel

0.0032765957
0.0028510638
361.05
0.0005957447
119.14893617

1.1
0.384468
12.92168
0.442841
23068.09 mm2

0.04

Stress in top Concrete

Stress in bottom concrete

17.84
4.9183159801

Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.5560084039

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.0526425343

Case-3 When neutral axis lies inside the section

1) Tenssile stress is 0( neutral axis passes through the bottom steel)
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Percentage of steel
3%
Strain at top level
0.0033793103
Stress in top steel
361.05
Stress in top Concrete
17.84
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.966667

0.47670375

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.080023225

2) Tenssile stress some percentage of design stress of steel

Coefficient of tensile stress
0.4
Percentage of steel
3%
Stress in tensile steel
144.42 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel
0.0007221
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.801339

0.363028285

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.1133810958

3) First Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es)

Percentage of steel
3%
Stress in tensile steel
361.05 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel
0.00180525
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.222893903

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.148204577

0.637733

4) Final Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es + 0.002)

Percentage of steel
3%
Stress in tensile steel
361.05 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel
0.00380525
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)

0.463137

Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.160039407

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.145562303

5) Depth of neutral axis in kD

Percentage of steel
3%
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Strain in top steel
0.0030333333
Stress in top steel
361.05
Pu/(fcu*b*d)
Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.08331
0.129960536

6) When axial force is 0, steel beam

Percentage of steel
Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

3%
0.0967098214

0.25

Unbraced Column design

Design
Percentage of reinforcement
p/fcu

Material properties
Fcu
25 N/mm2
Fy
415 N/mm2
w(con)
24 KN/m3
Esteel
200000 N/mm2

Pu/(fcu*b*d)
Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) ( from table)

Member Properties
Clear height
Width
Length
End Condition

Effective height
Le/Ll
Coefficient of effective cover
Effective Cover to reinforcement

2.9999940155 m
0.1499996984 m
0.1499996984 m
1
1.2
2.5499949132 m
17.000000275 Selender column
0.1
0.0149999698 m

Loads
Factored load
1.4dl + 1.6LL

Moment carrying capacity around shorter dim

Moment carrying capacity around Largest dim
Mx/Mux
My/Muy
Design Load
P/Puz
Alpha
Check for biaxial bending

#VALUE! KN

Reduction factor due to selenderness

Cr
0.833333327
Min. Eccentricities
Min. Eccentricity along largest dimension
Min. Eccentricity along least dimension

0.007499985 m
0.007499985 m

Moments
Min. Eccentric Moment around least dimension
Min. Eccentric Moment around largeset dimension
Actual Moment around least dimension
Actual Moment around largest dimension

#VALUE! KNm
#VALUE! KNm
#VALUE! KNm
KNm
C olumn Interaction C hart
0.7
0.6
0.5
Design
Curve

Pu/Fcubd
0.4

Design
Pu/fcubd

0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

Mu/Fcubd2

Data for design curve

Max. strain in steel

Percentage of steel
p/fcu
Case-1 When eccentricity is less than emin
Design tensile strength of Steel
Pu/(fcu*b*d)
Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.00180525
2%
0.08

361.05 N/mm2
0.61352
0.030676

Case-2 When neutral axis lies outside the section

Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Coefficient for area of stress block(k1)
a
Coefficient of Distance of CG of force of compression from extreme fibre(k2)
Area of stress block(A)
Percentage of steel
2%
Max. strain at the highly compressed fibr
Strain at top level
Stress in top steel
Strain at Bottom level
Stress in Bottom steel
Stress in top Concrete
Stress in bottom concrete

0.0032765957
0.0029787234
361.05
0.0005957447
119.14893617
11.15
3.0739474876

Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.5708581668

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.0593876549

1.1
0.384468
8.076053
0.442841
1441.753 mm2

Case-3 When neutral axis lies inside the section

1) Tenssile stress is 0( neutral axis passes through the bottom steel)
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Percentage of steel
2%
Strain at top level
0.0031111111
Stress in top steel
361.05
Stress in top Concrete
11.15
Pu/(fcu*b*d)
Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.9

0.46396
0.0966784

2) Tenssile stress some percentage of design stress of steel

Coefficient of tensile stress
0.4
Percentage of steel
2%
Stress in tensile steel
144.42 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel
0.0007221
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.3507787222

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.1300241384

3) First Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es)

Percentage of steel

2%

0.746074

Stress in tensile steel

361.05 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel
0.00180525
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Pu/(fcu*b*d)
Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.593751

0.20929053
0.167830753

4) Final Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es + 0.002)

Percentage of steel
2%
Stress in tensile steel
361.05 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel
0.00380525
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.150770827

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.163522442

5) Depth of neutral axis in kD

Percentage of steel
2%
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Strain in top steel
0.0021
Stress in top steel
361.05
Pu/(fcu*b*d)
Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.08554
0.149392

6) When axial force is 0, steel beam

Percentage of steel
Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

2%
0.115536

Data for design curve

Material properties
Fcu
25 N/mm2
Fy
415 N/mm2
w(con)
24 KN/m3
Esteel
200000 N/mm2

Max. strain in steel

Percentage of steel
p/fcu
Case-1 When eccentricity is less than emin
Design tensile strength of Steel

0.00180525
2%
0.08

361.05 N/mm2

0.431197

0.25

Pu/(fcu*b*d)
Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.61352
0.030676

Case-2 When neutral axis lies outside the section

Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Coefficient for area of stress block(k1)
a
Coefficient of Distance of CG of force of compression from extreme fibre(k2)
Area of stress block(A)
Percentage of steel
2%
Max. strain at the highly compressed fibr
Strain at top level
Stress in top steel
Strain at Bottom level
Stress in Bottom steel
Stress in top Concrete
Stress in bottom concrete

0.0032765957
0.0032765957
0
0.0005957447
0
1.338
-6.738052512

Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.4024683464

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.0085155656

1.1
0.384468
8.076053
0.442841
17301.07 mm2

Case-3 When neutral axis lies inside the section

1) Tenssile stress is 0( neutral axis passes through the bottom steel)
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Percentage of steel
2%
Strain at top level
0.0035
Stress in top steel
0
Stress in top Concrete
1.338
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.35554

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.02801

2) Tenssile stress some percentage of design stress of steel

Coefficient of tensile stress
0.4
Percentage of steel
2%
Stress in tensile steel
0 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel
#DIV/0!
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

#DIV/0!

#DIV/0!

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

#DIV/0!

3) First Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es)

Percentage of steel
2%
Stress in tensile steel
0 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel
#DIV/0!
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

#DIV/0!

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

#DIV/0!

#DIV/0!

4) Final Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es + 0.002)

Percentage of steel
2%
Stress in tensile steel
0 N/mm2
Strain in tensile steel
#DIV/0!
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

#DIV/0!

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

#DIV/0!

5) Depth of neutral axis in kD

Percentage of steel
2%
Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k)
Strain in top steel
0.0035
Stress in top steel
0
Pu/(fcu*b*d)

0.08554

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.03341

6) When axial force is 0, steel beam

Percentage of steel

2%

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

Derivation of basic equations

Case : 1

e<=emin

Pu

0.446*fcu*bD+(fsc-fcc)Asc
0.446*fcu*bD+(fsc-fcc)*pbD/100

Pu/(fcubD) 0.446+(p/100fcu)*(fsc-0.446fcu)
Mu/fcubD2 0.05pu/fcubD

#DIV/0!

0.25

Case : 2

Neutral axis lies outside the section

reinforcement

3%
0.075

T
25

0.51761905
( from table)

0.09

ng capacity around shorter dimension

ng capacity around Largest dimension
1.005996
0.287566

2835 KNm
661.5 KNm

Nos
33

14352.19 KN
0.757376
1.92896
1.10194891

change size or reinforcement

C olumn Interaction C hart

0.7
0.6
0.5
Pu/Fcubd
0.4

Design Curve
Design Pu/fcubd

0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

Mu/Fcubd2

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

Pu/(fcu*b*d)

p/fcu

Design(Pu/fcubd)

0.02975788
0.05264253

0.5951575
0.5560084

0.075
0.075

0.517619
0.517619

0.08002323
0.1133811
0.14820458
0.1455623
0.09670982

0.47670375
0.36302829
0.2228939
0.16003941
0

0.075
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.075

0.517619
0.517619
0.517619
0.517619
0.517619

reinforcement

T
0

2%
0.08
#VALUE!

( from table)

#REF!

ng capacity around shorter dimension

ng capacity around Largest dimension

#REF! KNm
#REF! KNm

#VALUE!

393.1859 KN
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

#VALUE!

Nos
#DIV/0!

Design
Curve
Design
Pu/fcubd

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

Pu/(fcu*b*d)

p/fcu

Design(Pu/fcubd)

0.030676
0.05938765

0.61352
0.57085817

0.08
0.08

#VALUE!
#VALUE!

0.0966784
0.13002414
0.16783075
0.16352244
0.115536

0.46396
0.35077872
0.20929053
0.15077083
0

0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

Pu/(fcu*b*d)

p/fcu

Design(Pu/fcubd)

0.030676
0.00851557

0.61352
0.40246835

0.666667
0.666667

0
0

0.02801
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!

0.35554
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!

0.666667
0.666667
0.666667

0
0
0

#DIV/0!
0

#DIV/0!
0

0.666667
0.666667

0
0