Larsen & Toubro Limited: ECC Division - EDRC (Electrical)

LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED
ECC Division - EDRC (Electrical)
PROJECT: Relocation of Riyam Substation and Transformer

Repair Shop.
TITLE:
EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION FOR
S/S - Riyam
THIS DESIGN IS GENERALLY BASED ON IEEE 80 - 2000
AREA OF CROSS SECTION
REF NO:
PREPARED
CHECKED
APPROVED
SSJ
AKS
DM
PAGE 02 OF 06
DATE
3-03-2016
S = I x SQRT(t) / k
S = AREA OF CONDUCTOR IN Sq.mm
I = EARTH FAULT CURRENT IN AMPS
t = EARTH FAULT CLEARING TIME IN secs.
k = SQRT(( Qc x (B+20)/delta20) x ln ( 1+ (Qf-Qi)/(B+Qi)))
Qc = Volumetric Heat capacity of conductor ( J / oC mm3 )
B = Reciprocal of Temp.Coefft. of Resistivity ( oC )
delta20 = Electrical Resistivity of conductor at 20 oC ( Ohm.mm )
Qi = Initial Temperature of Conductor ( oC )
Qf = Final Temperature of Conductor ( oC )
I=
25000 amps
t=
Qc =
3 sec
0.00345 J / C mm3
B=
delta20 =
234.5 C
0.000020 Ohm.mm
Qi =
40 C
Qf =
700 C
k=
=
S=
=
{ Data for copper conductor }
SQRT( (0.00345x (234.5 + 20) /0.00002) x ln ( 1+ ((700-40 ) / (235 +40) ) )

231.909
25000 x SQRT (3.0) / 231.909
186.72
Sq.mm
Corrosion allowance considered for the conductor in percentage =

Minimum area of cross-section required =
### Sq.mm
Hence conductor size selected is,
300 Sq.mm
CONDUCTOR SIZE CHOSEN IS
50 x 6
Copper Flat
10 %
(Which is the minimum size specified in the specification)
10.01.07 FOR APPROVAL
AKS
AKS
FOR APPROVAL
AKS
AKS
CHKD
APPD
0
No.
DATE
REMARKS
REVISION

ECC - Division EDRC
PROJECT :
MADINAT AL NAHDAH PRIMARY S/S 33/11.5kV
PACKAGE :
SCALE
TITLE :
CODE
DATE
DSND
SSJ
10.01.07
DRWN
CHKD
AKS
10.01.07
APPD
AKS
10.01.07
DRG.No.
EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION - MAIN GRID
SIGN
REV.
1

PROJECT: MADINAT AL NAHDAH PRIMARY S/S 33/11.5kV

TITLE:
REF NO:
PREPARED
CHECKED
APPROVED
SSJ
AKS
AKS
CALCULATIONS ARE BASED ON IEEE 80 - 2000.

DESIGN DATA
System Voltage
=
33 kV
System Grounding
SOLID
Soil Resistivity p
52.1 Ohm.m
Top Layer resistivity ps
5000 Ohm.m
Max. Earth Fault Current (I)
2000 AMPS
Conductor Size
50 x 6 Copper Flat
Equivalent diameter
0.0195 m
Length of Substation
34.93 m
Breadth of Substation
34.93 m
No: of grids in X direction
No: of grids in Y direction
Equivalent Number of grids N=na*nb*nc*nd
=
=
=
=
2.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
factor na = 2*Lc/Lp
factor nb= Sqrt(Lp/4/sqrt(A))
factor nc = (Lx*Ly/A)*e(0.7*A/Lx/Ly)
factor nd = Dm / sqrt(Lx^2+Ly^2)
na
nb
nc
nd
Spacing of conductors D
29 m
Total length of conductors Lc
140 m
139.72 m
Peripheral length of the grid in mtr

Area of Grid
Lp
Ag
### sq.m
Depth of burial h
0.6 m
Depth of Top Layer hs
0.1 m
Total No of electrodes m
14 Nos
Length of electrode
3 m
Total length of electrodes LR
42 m
Maximum length of
Lx
grid conductor in X-Direction
34.93 m
Maximum length of
Ly
grid conductor in Y-Direction
34.93 m
Dm is the max distance bet any two points in
49.40 i.e. Sqrt (34.93^2+34.93^2)
Lr
the grid in mtr

Diameter of electrodes d1
15 mm
Duration of Fault Current ts
1 sec
(As per specification)
PAGE 01 OF 04
DATE
3-03-2016

REF NO:
PREPARED
TITLE:
Tolerable Touch Potential

Etouch = ( 1000 + 1.5 * Cs * ps ) * 0.116 / SQRT(ts)
Cs
a
=
=
SSJ
LTO/193/SSSRM/0005 PAGE 01 OF 04
CHECKED APPROVED
DATE
3-03-2016
AKS
AKS
(BASED ON IEEE 80 - 2000 CHAPTER 8)

For body weight of 50 kg
1 - a * { ( 1- p/ps) / ( 2 * hs + a) }
0.09 m
1 - 0.090*{( 1 - 52 / 5000 ) / ( 2 * 0.10 + 0.090 ) }
Cs = 0.6929
Etouch = (1000 + 1.5 * 0.6929 * 5000 ) * 0.116 / SQRT( 1.0 )
=
718.81 Volts
Tolerable Step Potential
Refer Equation-27 of page 23 of IEEE 80 - 2000
Estep = ( 1000 + 6.0 *Cs * ps ) * 0.116 / SQRT(ts)

Estep = (1000 + 6.0 * 0.6929 * 5000 ) * 0.116 / SQRT( 1.0 )
=
2527.25 Volts
Mesh Potential Attainable
For body weight of 50 kg

Refer Equation-91 of page 94 of IEEE 80 - 2000
Emesh = ( p * Km * Ki * I ) / (Lc + Lr)

Km
1/ (2 * ) * { ln[ D^2 /(16 * h * d)+ (D + 2h ) ^2 / (8* D * d) - h / (4 * d) ]

+ Kii / Kh ln[8 / ( * (2 * n-1) ) ] }
for grids with ground rods in perimeter
Kii =
1.00
Kh
ho
Kh
SQRT ( 1+ h/ho)
1.00 m
( reference depth of grid)
SQRT( 1 + 0.600 / 1.0 ) =
1.2649
=
=
=
Km =
1/ (2 * 22/7) * { ln [ 29.0^2/ (16 * 0.600 * 0.02 ) + (29.0 + 2 * 0.600 ) ^2 /( 8 * 29.0 * 0.02) - 0.600/ ( 4 * 0.02) ]
+ 1.00 / 1.2649 * ln [ 8 / (22/7 * (2 * 2.00 - 1 ) ) ] }
= 1.3237
Ki = 0.644 + 0.148 * n
=
0.644 + 0.148 *2
= 0.9400
Emesh = 26*0.4421*2.5680*22500 / (800+56)
= 713.49
Volts
Step Potential Attainable
Estep =
( p * Ks * Ki * I ) / ( 0.75*Lc + 0.85*m*Lr )
Ks
1 / * { 1 / (2 * h) + 1 / (D + h) + 1 / D * (1- 0.5^(n-2) ) }
n
Ks
=
=
=
Estep =
=
2
(Higher of the no.of grids in X & Y direction)
( 1 / 22/7 ) * { 1 / (2 * 0.600 ) + 1 / ( 29.0 + 0.600 ) + 1 / 29.0 * ( 1 - 0.5^(2 - 2 ) }
0.2759
( 52 * 0.2759 * 0.9400 * 2000 ) / ( 0.75 * 139.7 + 0.85 * 14 *3 )
192.35
Volts

PROJECT: MADINAT ALMADINAT AL NAHDAH PRIMARY S/S 33/11.5kV REF NO:

PREPARED
TITLE:
SSJ
CHECKED APPROVED
DATE
3-03-2016
AKS
AKS
Comparison of Tolerable Etouch & Estep and Attainable Emesh & Estep
Tolerable Etouch =
718.81
Volts
Tolerable Estep =
2527.25
Volts
Attainable Emesh =
713.49
Volts
Attainable Estep =
192.35
Volts
Since Attainable Emesh is less than Tolerable Etouch and

Attainable Estep is less than Tolerable Estep, the design is safe.
The minimum conductor to be buried in ground for meeting the Touch and Step potential can be calculated as follows:
Emesh(tolerable) =
( p * Km * Ki * Ig ) / ( Lc + Lr )
( Lc + Lr )
( p * Km * Ki * Ig ) / Emesh(tolerable)
=
=
(52.1 * 1.3237 * 0.9400 * 2000.000 ) / 718.813

180.37 Mtr
Estep(tolerable) =
( p * Ks * Ki * Ig ) / ( 0.75*Lc + 0.85*Lr )
(0.75 * Lc+0.85* Lr ) ( p * Ks * Ki * Ig ) / Estep(tolerable)

=
(52.1 * 0.2759 * 0.9400 * 2000.000 ) / 2527.254
10.69
Mtr
**
Actual conductor buried is 281m which greater than the minimum required length Hence the design is safe

REF NO:
PREPARED
TITLE:
SSJ
CHECKED APPROVED
DATE
3-03-2016
AKS
AKS
CACULATION OF GROUNDING RESISTANCE

BASED ON IEEE 80-2000 CHAPTER 14
RESISTANCE OF GROUND RODS
Re =
p / (2 * m * * l ) * [ln (8 * l / d) - 1 + 2 * K1 * l / SQRT(A) * (SQRT(m)-1)^2 ]
K1 =
Re =
1.37
Refer Fig 25A page 67 IEEE 80 - 2000
52 / (2 * 14 * 22/7 * 3 ) * [ ln (8 * 3 / 15 / 1000 )) - 1 + 2 * 1.37 *
(3 / sqrt(1220)) * (sqrt (14)-1)^2 ]
2.6983
Ohms
RESISTANCE OF GROUND GRID

Rs =
p / ( * Lc) * [ ln (2 * Lc / h') + K1 *( Lc / SQRT(A)) - K2 ]
K1 =
1.37
K2 =
h' =
5.7
Refer Fig 25B page 67 IEEE 80 - 2000
SQRT(d * h)
SQRT(0.02 * 0.60)
=
0.1083
( 52 / (22/7 * 139.72)) * [ ln ( 2 * 139.72 / 0.1083 ) + 1.37 *
( 139.72 / sqrt (1220.10 )) - 5.7 ]
0.9119
Ohms
Rs =
=
MUTUAL RESISTANCE BETWEEN GROUND GRID AND GROUND RODS

Rse =
p /( * Lc) * [ln (2 * Lc / l) + K1 * (Lc / SQRT(A)) - K2 + 1]
K1 =
1.37
K2 =
Rse =
5.7
52 / (22/7 * 139.72) * [ln (2 * 139.72 / 3 ) + 1.37 *
0.63644
( 139.72 / sqrt (1220.10 )) - 5.7 + 1]

Ohms
COMBINED RESISTANCE OF GROUND GRID AND GROUND RODS

Rg =
Rg =
(Re * Rs - Rse^2 ) / ( Re + Rs - 2 * Rse)

( 2.6983 * 0.9119 - 0.6364^2 ) / ( ( 2.6983 * 0.9119 - 2 * 0.6364 )
0.8794
Ohms
CONCLUSION
Hence the design adopted meets the specification requirement with respect to
i) STEP & TOUCH POTENTIAL
ii) COMBINED RESISTANCE OF GRID & GROUND RODS < 1.0 OHM
NOTE
The conductors shall be uniformly distributed in substation area leaving the space for Building.
Earth mat conductor as per above calculation shall be laid in s/s around the building adopting the calculated
spacing.

REF NO:
PREPARED
CHECKED
APPROVED
SSJ
AKS
AKS
TITLE:
DATE
3-03-2016
S/S -CONDUCTOR SIZING

THIS DESIGN IS GENERALLY BASED ON IEEE 80 - 2000
AREA OF CROSS SECTION
S
= I x SQRT(t) / k
S = AREA OF CONDUCTOR IN Sq.mm

I = EARTH FAULT CURRENT IN AMPS
t = EARTH FAULT CLEARING TIME IN secs.
k = SQRT(( Qc x (B+20)/delta20) x ln ( 1+ (Qf-Qi)/(B+Qi)))
Qc = Volumetric Heat capacity of conductor ( J / oC mm3 )
B = Reciprocal of Temp.Coefft. of Resistivity ( oC )
delta20 = Electrical Resistivity of conductor at 20 oC ( Ohm.mm )
Qi = Initial Temperature of Conductor ( oC )
Qf = Final Temperature of Conductor ( oC )
I=
25000 amps
t=
Qc =
3 sec
0.00345 J / C mm3
B=
delta20 =
234.5 C
0.000020 Ohm.mm
Qi =
40 C
Qf =
700 C
k=
=
S=
=
{ Data for copper conductor }
SQRT( (0.00345x (234.5 + 20) /0.00002) x ln ( 1+ ((700-40 ) / (235 +40) ) )

231.909
25000 x SQRT (3.0) / 231.909
186.72
Sq.mm
Corrosion allowance considered for the conductor in percentage =

Minimum area of cross-section required =
### Sq.mm
Hence conductor size selected is,
300 Sq.mm
CONDUCTOR SIZE CHOSEN IS
50 x 6
Copper Flat
20 %
(Which is the minimum size specified in the specification)

ECC DIVISION-EDRC(ELECTRICAL)
CONSTRUCTION GROUP
PROJECT:
CLIENT:
CONSULTANT:
TITLE:
Construction of 2x20 MVA, 33/11kV ALNAHDAH Primary S/S & 33kV Line
Muscat Electricity Distribution Company
Energoprojekt - Entel LLC
PREPARED CHECKED APPROVED DATE
DOCUMENT NO:
Direction
East
SSJ
Avg.
Resistivit
y (Ohmm)
68.90
North
West
AKS
AKS
22.12.06
200.00
46.83
68.90
46.83
###
42.31
100.00
46.83
42.31
68.90
0.00
42.31
.
South
105.98
105.98
.
Area of the polygon

Radius of eqv. Circle
Avg. Soil Resistivity
8497
52.01
52.01 ohm-m
The lowest resistivity outcome in all the samples is 35.18 ohm-meter in the West
direction. Hence corrosion allowance of 15 % to be considered as Per CBAP
guidelines.
Remarks:
1. Polygon drawn for the average Resistivity values available in N,E,W,S directions.
Resultant Resistivity is calculated as the equivalent radius of the polygon area.
2. Calculations are based on IS:3043
3. Formula used is
Re sistivity=
where
307124533.xls
2sr
if ( d<s/20)
4sr
1+
{(
2s
( ss)+(4dd)
) ( (ss)+(dd))}
if (ds/20)
s - distance b/w spikes

d - depth of the spike
r - earth resistance
PageNo.8of10

CONSTRUCTION GROUP
PROJECT:
CLIENT:
CONSULTANT:
TITLE:
DOCUMENT NO:
PREPARED CHECKED APPROVED DATE
SSJ
AKS
AKS
22.12.06
200.00
100.00
46.83
42.31
68.90
0.00
105.98
307124533.xls
PageNo.9of10

CONSTRUCTION GROUP
PROJECT:
CLIENT:
CONSULTANT:
TITLE:
PREPARED CHECKED APPROVED
DATE
DOCUMENT NO.
Sl No.
SSJ
Earth
Earth
resistance resistivity
()
(-m)
AKS
AKS
22.12.06
Average
Value
(-m)
Direction
Remarks
Distance
between
spikes
Depth of
Spike (m)
2
5
10
250
250
250
2.2
0.97
0.72
55.29
60.95
90.48
68.9
East
2
5
10
250
250
250
2.14
0.64
0.37
53.78
40.21
46.49
46.83
North
2
5
10
250
250
250
2
0.66
0.28
50.27
41.47
35.18
42.31
West
2
5
10
250
250
250
3.7
1.64
0.97
92.99
103.04
121.89
105.98
South
307124533.xls
PageNo.10of10

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LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED

ECC Division - EDRC (Electrical)

PROJECT: Relocation of Riyam Substation and Transformer

{ Data for copper conductor }

SQRT( (0.00345x (234.5 + 20) /0.00002) x ln ( 1+ ((700-40 ) / (235 +40) ) )

Corrosion allowance considered for the conductor in percentage =

10.01.07 FOR APPROVAL