Gtechref

GRIDGENR
Technical Guide
copyright 2001, 2002 by Landmark Graphics Corporation
Part No. 159675 R2003.4
This publication has been provided pursuant to an agreement containing restrictions on its use. The publication is also
protected by Federal copyright law. No part of this publication may be copied or distributed, transmitted, transcribed,
stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any human or computer language, in any form or by any means,
electronic, magnetic, manual, or otherwise, or disclosed to third parties without the express written permission of:
Landmark Graphics Corporation

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P.O. Box 42806, Houston, Texas 77242, USA
Phone: 713-839-2000
FAX: 713-839-2401
Web: www.lgc.com
Trademark Notice
Landmark, the Landmark logo, 3D Drill View, 3D Drill View KM, 3DVIEW, Active Field Surveillance, Active
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DataStar, DBPlot, Decision Suite, Decisionarium, DecisionDesktop, DecisionSpace, DepthTeam, DepthTeam
Explorer, DepthTeam Express, DepthTeam Extreme, DepthTeam Interpreter, DESKTOP-PVT, DESKTOP-VIP,
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3D, ProMAX 3DPSDM, ProMAX MVA, ProMAX VSP, pStaX, QUICKDIF, RAVE, Real Freedom, Reservoir
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Performance, TOW/cs, TOW/cs The Oilfield Workstation, Trend Form Gridding, Turbo Synthetics, VIP, VIP-COMP,
VIP-CORE, VIP-DUAL, VIP-ENCORE, VIP-EXECUTIVE, VIP-Local Grid Refinement, VIP-POLYMER, VIPTHERM, WavX, Web OpenWorks, Well Editor, Wellbase, Wellbore Planner, WELLCAT, WELLPLAN,
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Note
The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a
commitment by Landmark Graphics Corporation. Landmark Graphics Corporation assumes no responsibility for any
error that may appear in this manual. Some states or jurisdictions do not allow disclaimer of expressed or implied
warranties in certain transactions; therefore, this statement may not apply to you.

Table of Contents
Preface
About This Manual

Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Operating Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mouse Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mouse Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GRIDGENR Prompts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Special Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Key Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motif Window Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xii
xii
xiii
xiv
xiv
xv
xv
Other Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi

New Terminology/Emphasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
Related Manuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Chapter 1
GRIDGENR File Types

Chapter 2
Grid Generation and Array Interpolation

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21
Computation of Z-Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21
Computation of Transmissibilities and Pore Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-23
The Sloping Fault Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-24
Chapter 3
Method for Estimating Volumetrics

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-27
Geometry of the Trilinear Solid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-27
R.2003.4 - Landmark
iii
Table of Contents
GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE
The Volumetric Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-29

Chapter 4
GRIDGENR Import Format

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
GRIDGENR Reference Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34
Zone Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-35
Reservoir Simulation Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37
Tielines Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-38
LGR Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Null Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LGREF Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CARTREF Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RADZREF Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RADXREF Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RADYREF Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LGMOD Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-39
4-39
4-39
4-40
4-41
4-42
4-43
4-44
Well Data (Vertical Wells Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-44

WELLTRACES Data (Deviated Wells Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-45
WELLPERF Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-46
Contour/Fault Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-49
Point Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-50
Mesh Grid Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-51
Sample Import File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-53
Chapter 5
System and Model Limits

Model Size Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-55
System Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-56
Appendix A
Upscaling of Permeability
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-57
Transmissibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-57
Half-Block Transmissibilities from Continuous
Distribution of Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-59
Half-Block Transmissibilities from Discrete
Distribution of Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-60
iv
Landmark - R.2003.4
Table of Contents
Approximate Calculation of Transmissibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Half-Block Transmissibilities by Renormalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Half-Block Transmissibilties by Harmonic Summation . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Parallel-Tube Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Series-Slice Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Harmonic Average of Parallel-Tube and SeriesSlice Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-66
6-66
6-69
6-69
6-70
6-71
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-72
Subject Index
R.2003.4 - Landmark
Table of Contents
vi
Landmark - R.2003.4

List of Figures
Preface
About This Manual

Figure 0-1: Mouse Button Arrangement and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
Chapter 1
GRIDGENR File Types

Chapter 2

Figure 2-1: Z-Value Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22
Figure 2-2: Result of Z Value Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-23
Figure 2-3: No Correction Applied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-25
Figure 2-4: Quadratic Correction Applied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-25
Figure 2-5: Linear Correction Applied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-26
Chapter 3

Figure 3-1: The Bilinear Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28
Figure 3-2: The Trilinear Solid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28
Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Appendix A
Figure 5-1: Coarse Block with Arbitrary Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-57
Figure 5-2: Transmissibility Between Two Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-58
R.2003.4 - Landmark
vii
List of Figures
Figure 5-3: Block with Continuous Permeabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-59

Figure 5-4: Problems Used to Solve for Half-Block Transmissibilities . . . . . . . 6-59
Figure 5-5: Subdivision of a Coarse Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-60
Figure 5-6: Discrete Problems Used to Solve for Half-Block
Transmissibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-62
Figure 5-7: Schematic of Discrete Problems Used to Solve for Half-Block
Transmissibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-63
Figure 5-8: Equivalent Electrical Network for TXL (NX=8, NZ=7) . . . . . . . . . 6-64
Figure 5-9: Detail of Network for Single Elemental Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-65
Figure 5-10: First Level of Renormalization for NX = NY = NZ = 16 . . . . . . . . 6-67
Figure 5-11: Network Problem for Calculating TX in Reducing 2x2x2
Collection of Blocks to a Single Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-67
Figure 5-12: Second Level of Renormalization for NX = NY = NZ = 16 . . . . . 6-68
Figure 5-13: Third Level of Renormalization for NX = NY = NZ = 16,
to Obtain TXL for the Coarse Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-68
Figure 5-14: Equivalent Electrical Network for TXL Computed by Series-Slice
Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-70
Subject Index
viii
Landmark - R.2003.4

List of Tables
Preface
About This Manual

Table 0-1: Typical Mouse Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Table 0-2: Names and Locations of Common Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
Table 0-3: Window Operation Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Chapter 1
GRIDGENR File Types

Table 1-1: Common File Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19
Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Table 5-1: UNIX Commands for Determining System Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-56
Appendix A
Subject Index
R.2003.4 - Landmark
ix
List of Tables
Landmark - R.2003.4
Preface
About This Manual

Purpose
This manual provides a reference to the technical features of the
Landmark Grid Generator (GRIDGENR) software and all of its related
utilities. The manual does not provide a guide to using the software, and
should be used only as a supplement to the GRIDGENR Users Guide.
Audience
This manual is intended for use by reservoir engineers or other technical
personnel who are trying to describe reservoir structure and properties in
a format that can be used by reservoir simulation software such as the
Landmark line of VIP simulators. This manual assumes you have a basic
familiarity with computers. Experience with the X Window System/Motif
interface is especially helpful as is some familiarity with the technical
requirements of reservoir simulators.
Organization
The manual is arranged in a user guide format with step-by-step
procedures covering all aspects of program operation. The chapters are
arranged in the following order:
R.2003.4 - Landmark
Chapter 1 - Setting Up the System explains how to set environment

variables for GRIDGENR and configure the printer and digitizer.
Chapter 2 - GRIDGENR File Types explains the meaning of all the file
extensions used with GRIDGENR.
Chapter 3 - Grid Generation and Array Interpolation explains how

GRIDGENR computes and interpolates data during array calculationf.
Chapter 4 - Method for Estimating Volumetrics presents

GRIDGENRs method for estimating the volume of gridblocks.
Chapter 5 - GRIDGENR Import Format explains acceptable formats

for importing data into GRIDGENR.
xi
About This Manual
Chapter 6 - System and Model Limits explains the limitations on size

and quantity of various model components.
Chapter 7 - Upscaling of Permeability explains the process of

upscaling, which is used to integrate fine-scale permeability to
produce effective permeabilities.
Operating Conventions
This manual uses certain conventional methods to indicate the correct
mouse button and keyboard usage.
Mouse Buttons
Mouse buttons are named MB1, MB2, MB3, and MB4 as shown in the
illustration below. The mouse examples below show a right-handed
arrangement. Button arrangement may be reversed for left-handed
mouses (see your system documentation for details).
MB1
MB2
MB3
Three-Button Mouse
MB1 MB2 MB3 MB4
Four-Button Mouse
Figure 0-1: Mouse Button Arrangement and Terminology
xii
Landmark - R.2003.4
About This Manual
Mouse Operations
You can use the mouse by rolling it across the surface of the mouse pad or
desk (except on Sun). As you move the mouse, the pointer moves to a
corresponding location on the screen. The following terms are used to
describe various mouse operations:
Table 0-1: Typical Mouse Operations
Mouse
Operation
R.2003.4 - Landmark
Instructions
Click
Press MB1 and release rapidly.
Double-click
Press MB1 two times rapidly.
Triple-click
Press MB1 three times rapidly.
Control-click
Hold down Control key and click once.
Shift-click
Hold down Shift key and click once.
Drag
Hold down MB1 and move the mouse, then release when
pointer reaches desired location.
Select
Click once or double-click at the indicated location.
Shade
Drag the mouse pointer across a group of text, double-click

to shade a word, or triple-click to shade a line or paragraph.
Set cursor
Click MB1 in text at location where you want to start typing.
View pop-up
menu
Click MB3 then click menu option to select. Some menus

may require you to drag MB3 to view and select from the
pop-up menu.
xiii
About This Manual
GRIDGENR Prompts
GRIDGENR often prompts you with instructions on what to do next.
Typically these prompts indicate which mouse button to press for what
action. For example:
Prompt
The prompt above indicates you should press MB1 to select a point, MB2
to delete a point, MB3 to view a pop-up menu, or MB4 to finish entering
points. If an MB4 option is shown, it will not be available on a three-button
mouse. However, most prompts give the same option for both MB3 and
MB4. For example: (3-4) Finish
Special Keys
Some keys are named differently on different systems. Our standard
names for the major keys are listed below, along with an explanation of
how to identify each one. Other special-purpose keys (Compose, Pause,
etc.) are either not used with our system or are used infrequently.
Table 0-2: Names and Locations of Common Keys
Name
xiv
Typical Label
Typical Location
Returna
Return, Enter, or bent

arrow pointing left
Right side of main keyboard.
Tab
Tab or double arrows

pointing left/right
Upper left on main keyboard.
Deleteb
Delete or Del or large

arrow with X
Upper right on main keyboard,

or to right of main keyboard.
Backspaceb
Backspace, Remove, or
long arrow pointing left
Upper right on main keyboard.
Esc
Escape or Esc
Upper left on main keyboard.
Shift
Shift or arrow pointing

upward
Bottom right and left on main

keyboard.
spacebar
None (long bar)
Bottom of main keyboard.
Control
Control or Ctrl
Lower left on main keyboard.
Altc
Alt
Left and/or right of spacebar.
Metac
Diamond symbol ()
Left of spacebar.
Landmark - R.2003.4
About This Manual
Table 0-2: Names and Locations of Common Keys (Continued)

Name
Typical Label
Typical Location
Cursor
arrow
Short arrows pointing up,

down, right, and left
To right of main keyboard.
F1, F2, etc.
F1, F2, etc.
Top of main keyboard or to left

of main keyboard.
PgUp
Page Up or PgUp
PgDn
Page Down or PgDn
a. On many keyboards there is both a Return and an Enter key. In these cases,
always use Return.
b. Delete and Backspace may be interchangeable on some keyboards.
c. Alt and Meta may be interchangeable on some keyboards.
Key Combinations
Some keys such as the Control key, Meta key, and Alt key are used in
combination with others. For example, you can press Control-D by
holding down the Control key and pressing the D key. The same applies to
combinations like Alt-F4, Meta-F4, etc. Always hold down the first key
before pressing the second.
Combining keys may also be used with mouse clicks. For example,
Control-click means to hold down the Control key and click MB1. ControlShift-click means to hold down the Control key and the Shift key before
clicking once with MB1.
Motif Window Operation

Software components appear in various windows that you can control
using the following conventions. These conventions work only for
systems running the X Window System with the OSF/Motif window
manager:
Table 0-3: Window Operation Procedures
Window Operation
R.2003.4 - Landmark
Correct Procedure
Resize window
Drag any corner or edge.
Fill screen
Click square button at top right corner.
Convert to icon
Click dot button at top right corner.
Convert icon to window
Double-click on icon.
Move window
Drag the title.
Bring window to front
Click on title.
xv
About This Manual
Table 0-3: Window Operation Procedures (Continued)

Window Operation
Correct Procedure
Move window to back
Alt-F3 or Meta-F3.
Close window
Alt-F4 or Meta-F4.
Other Conventions
Other conventions are used in this manual to provide you with additional
information about the software.
New Terminology/Emphasis
Any new or unfamiliar term is highlighted in italics. For example, the
word hypertext may be new to you, therefore it is highlighted. Italics are
also used for emphasis, such as when a procedure warns you not to do
something.
Error Messages
Most error messages encountered when using the software are
highlighted at the place where they might occur in each procedure. Error
message information is enclosed in a shaded box like the one below:
Line Cannot Cross Itself
This message appears when you try to draw a contour that doubles back on
itself. Click MB2 to back up and redraw the contour.
The error message is shown in bold text and the appropriate action is
listed directly underneath.
xvi
Landmark - R.2003.4
About This Manual
Related Manuals
The following manuals provide more information on Landmark products
related to GRIDGENR. For more information, please consult the
appropriate manual listed below.
GRIDGENR User Guide. This manual contains complete instructions

on how to start, stop, and operate the GRIDGENR program.
Getting Started with VIP. An introduction to the VIP product line in

general and the DESKTOP-VIP program in particular. Explains all of
the concepts and data you need to prepare and run reservoir
simulations.
VIP-CORE Reference Manual. A complete summary of all keywords

and data formats needed to build an initial reservoir model.
VIP-EXECUTIVE Reference Manual. A complete summary of the

keywords and data needed to simulate reservoir operation.
VIP-EXECUTIVE Technical Reference. A detailed discussion of the

mathematical theory behind the VIP simulators.
VIP-THERM Reference Manual. A summary of the keywords and

data entry formats needed to set up a VIP-THERM simulation.
DESKTOP-PVT Users Guide. A summary of the keywords and data

entry formats needed to use the EOS-PAK product.
GeoLink User Guide. A summary of the user interface available with

the GeoLink package.
3DVIEW Users Guide. A summary of the user interface available

with the 3DVIEW package.
Contact your Landmark representative for more information about these

manuals or other Landmark products.
R.2003.4 - Landmark
xvii
About This Manual
xviii
Landmark - R.2003.4
Chapter
1
GRIDGENR File Types
The following types of files are automatically produced while you are
using GRIDGENR and the Calculation module. You can tell the different
files apart by their file extensions. For example, coning1.gdb and coning1.acf
contain two different sets of data related to the same case study. The table
below shows the file extension used by each type of file, a description of
the file and its uses, and the software option which produces the file.
Table 1-1: Common File Types
File
Extension
R2003.4 - Landmark
Description
Produced by
.gdb
The original grid database file containing the grids, contours, faults, wells,
and text
GRIDGENR/File/Save
.acf
The array control file containing calculation instructions.
Text editor (user-generated)
.gtf
The grid database file in ASCII text format. You can use this file for export to
other applications or for gross editing
of data that you plan to reimport back
into GRIDGENR.
GRIDGENR/File/
Export utility
.mtf
A metafile in text or random (binary)

format for use with the Metaplot utility.
Required to print data to non-Postscript
printers or plotters, such as Versatec.
GRIDGENR/Hardcopy/Metafile or
Calculate/Observe/
Copy/Meta
.dxy
A text file containing arrayed depth values, DX, DY, DZ, and DZNET for each
layer. Can be used for input to VIPCORE.
Calculate/File/Dump
.pv
A text file containing pore volume (PV)

and transmissibility data for each calculated layer. Can be used for input to
VIP-CORE.
Calculate/File/PVTrans
.cor
A text file containing the correct keyword input format for entering array
data to VIP-CORE. Can be used with
other keyword files initialize the VIP
reservoir simulator.
Calculate/File/Core
1-19
GRIDGENR File Types
Table 1-1: Common File Types

File
Extension
1-20
Description
Produced by
.wij
A text file containing gridblock locations (row/column) for each well. Can
be used for input to VIP-EXEC.
Calculate/File/Well
.fpf
This contains the locations for deviated

wells. It is suitable for use in VIP-EXEC.
Well Perforations
(fperf)
.fpfpx
This contains locations for deviated

wells. It is suitable for input to
PREXEC.
Well Perforations
(PREXEC)
Landmark - R2003.4
Chapter
2
Introduction
The general basis for the interpolation process is based on the work of Dr.
Alan K. Cline and Dr. Robert J. Renka. Details of the interpolation process
in the absence of faults are described in detail in Dr. Renkas Doctoral
Dissertation1. Subsequently, the triangulation process has been modified
to be able to incorporate fault nodes.
The user has the option to select piecewise linear (C0) or piecewise cubic
(C1) interpolation for each property that is interpolated. In order to
perform the interpolation a triangulation is passed through the node
values with fault boundaries incorporated into the triangulation mesh.
Values are computed at the fault nodes based on a global surface fit. If C1
interpolation is used, then partial derivatives are calculated at all nodes
also based on a global surface fit. This global fit minimizes the L2 norm of
the linearized curvature of the surface. Once one has values at all nodes
and partials in the case of C1 interpolation, then it is simply a matter of
finding which triangle contains the point in question and computing the
value at the point based on the three surface values at the vertices of the
triangle and additionally using the partials when C1 interpolation is used.
Computation of Z-Values
Z values are computed for each grid block at each of the four corners.
When there are no faults present, the southeast corner of a block will have
the same Z value as the southwest corner of its neighbor to the east and
the northeast corner of its neighbor to the south and the northwest corner
of its neighbor to the southeast.
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2-21
Nw
Ne
Nw
Ne
2
a
Sw
Se
Nw
Sw
Se
Ne d Nw
Ne
4
Sw
Se
Sw
Se
Fault
Figure 2-1: Z-Value Calculation
In the diagram above, without the fault,
1(Se) = 2(Sw) = 3(Ne) = 4(Nw)

When faults are present, a line from the center of each block to the corner
is constructed and the intersection point identified. A point just slightly
towards the center point is generated (points a, b, and c in the diagram). If
no fault intersection is encountered, then the corner point is used (point
d). Z values are interpolated for each of these points. The next step taken is
to construct a line between the center of each block, the midpoint of the
block interface, and the center of the neighbor block. If an intersection is
encountered, the fault is considered to exist between the two blocks. If an
intersection is not encountered, there is no fault between the blocks and
the Z values generated for the corners are averaged together and assigned
to the Z value for the corner of the block.
In the above diagram, there is no fault between 1 and 2 nor between 1 and
3, thus
( Za + Zb + Zc )
1(Se) = 2(Sw) = 3(Ne) = 4(Nw) = ------------------------------------3
4(Nw) = Zd
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Landmark - R2003.4
This results in the model description as shown in the following diagram.
Nw
Ne
Nw
Ne
2
a
Sw
Se
Nw
Sw
3
Sw
Se
Ne d Nw
Ne
4
Se
Sw
Se
Fault
Figure 2-2: Result of Z Value Calculation
Computation of Transmissibilities and Pore Volumes

When one of the 3D upscaling options are not selected the
transmissibilities are generated by using Gaussian quadrature to integrate
the permeability from the centroid of the block to the face of the block.
1
--- =
T
------------------------n
--g- K y z
(2-1)
Likewise, pore volumes are also generated by using Gaussian quadrature.
PV =
--g- x y z
(2-2)
The user can choose between one and three quadrature points to be
specified in each direction. The geometry is always integrated exactly. For
one quadrature point the computation is exact for a constant permeability
distribution, for two points it is exact for a linear surface, and for three
points it is exact for a quadratic surface. Since a C1 interpolation is also
exact for a quadratic surface, there is no need to use more than three
quadrature points. The location of these points and the weights associated
to these points are determined from standard mathematical formulae. For
further details, refer to the next chapter, Method for Estimating
Volumetrics, by Alan Cline.
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2-23
The Sloping Fault Correction

The sloping fault correction is a correction applied to a reservoir grid in
Array/Calculate that is intended to improve our facilities for handling
sloping faults (Only normal faults). Our facilities, prior to this addition,
consisted of the ability to model sloping faults by digitizing grid lines
concurrent to each side of the fault and then nulling out the line of grid
blocks that lay between them. The major problem with this was that
although the calculated grid was consistent with the data, the data was
itself generally not internally consistent and this led to grids that were also
not internally consistent.
The new option attempts to ameliorate this problem by applying a
correction to those gridpoints that lie along a null such as to minimize
inconsistency problems. This correction is applied after the normal
calculation of the grid points but before any properties are calculated. This
option has not been integrated with local grid refinement and therefore
local grids must not abut or cross the sloping fault.
The general plan of attack is thus. For each line of null grid blocks, retrieve
each column of points. Lay a smooth approximating curve through those
points. Then move each grid point to the point on the curve nearest to the
original point.
There are two options for the approximating curve. The user may select
either a linear fit or a quadratic fit. Either one is calculated using a least
squares fit. The quadratic curve is frequently closer to the original data.
However, since it is later approximated in the grid by straight line
segments, there can still be some gaps and overlaps. With a linear fit, the
user is assured that there are no gaps and overlaps, but generally the
points are moved father to get to the curve. Because the quadratic fit
honors the data more closely it has been chosen as the default option.
Note that since the grid points are actually moved to the curve the areal
view of the calculated data will not longer match the digitized data
exactly. Because of this we have also provided the option of no correction.
There is also a weighting factor available to influence the calculation.
What it controls is how much of the movement will be taken in Z versus
how much in X and Y. Numerically, what it is used for is scaling the data
in Z before and after the calculation. Practically, the affect is that if it is 1
then movement in Z is as likely an outcome as movement in X, or Y. The
larger it is, then, the less movement there will be in Z and the more
movement there will be in X and Y. This is set to a default of the maximum
delta and X or Y over the data set divided by the average delta in Z over a
column of grid points. Then all of that divided by four. This value actually
used for the calculation will be displayed on the screen during calculation
and written to the arary.log. The default weighting factor may also be
viewed on the sloping fault option panel after a calculated is performed.
2-24
Landmark - R2003.4
In order to make this feature more convenient, only those points which
correspond to a digitized grid in GRIDGENR plus the bottom grid are
used in the calculation of the approximating curve. This allows the user to
only digitize those grids in GRIDGENR that are necessary to define a well
behaved grid. Because a correction is only applied to the grid points along
the null, if there is significant movement of the fault in comparison to the
size of the grid blocks, then additional grids must be specified, lest the
grid points along the null be moved past the grid points on the other side
of that block.
Figure 2-3: No Correction Applied
Figure 2-4: Quadratic Correction Applied
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2-25
Figure 2-5: Linear Correction Applied
2-26
Landmark - R2003.4
Chapter
3
Method for Estimating Volumetrics1
Introduction
This short paper presents a method for approximating integrals of a
function of three variables over a roughly rectangular solid region. The
second section describes the geometry of the special solids allowed and
the final section presents a numerical quadrature method for the integral
approximation.
Geometry of the Trilinear Solid

The "box" over which the function is integrated is a generalization of a
rectangular solid. It is defined by its eight "corners": C1,...,C8. To
understand its geometry one first should understand the geometry of each
of its "sides", namely, the bilinear surface. Recognize that three points in
three-dimensional space determine a plane. Denoting these points P1, P2,
and P3, the plane may be described parametrically by
P1+ u (P2 P1) + v (P3 P1)
for all u and v. If a fourth point P4 is specified, in general no plane will pass
through all four point. However a "bilinear" surface will and it may be
described parametrically by
P1+ u (P2 P1) + v (P4 P1) + u v (P3 P4 P2 + P1)
for all u and v (see following diagram). If we restrict u and v both to lie in
[0, 1], then the surface has "edges" between P1 and P2, P2 and P3, P3 and P4,
and P4, and P1. These edges are straight line segments between the given
points and the surface has certain other linear characteristics. For example,
if for any [0,1], one moves of the way from P1 to P2 and also moves
of the way from P4 to P3, then both point are on the edges. Furthermore
the straight line segment between these two points lies in the surface.
(Similarly for moving between P1 and P4 and between P2 and P3.) What
makes the surface nonlinear is that the line segments corresponding to
different values of are not (necessarily) parallel. If, in fact, P4 lies in the
1. This appendix was provided by Alan Kaylor Cline, (consultant)
R2003.4 - Landmark
3-27
plane determined by the other three points, then the bilinear surface is
planar, i.e. a quadralateral.
P4
P3
P1
P2
Figure 3-1: The Bilinear Surface
The trilinear solid is the three dimensional analogy of the bilinear surface.
Parametrically, it can be described by
C1 + u (C2 C1) + v (C4 C1) + w (C5 C1)
+ u v (C3 C4 C2 + C1) + v w (C8 C4 C5 + C1) + w u (C6 C5 C2 + C1)
+ u v w (C7 C3 C6 C8 + C2 + C4 + C5 C1)
for u, v, and w in [0,1] (see following diagram). Each of its six "sides" are
bilinear surfaces. As above, if the fourth point on each side is coplanar
with the other three, the sides are planar. The solid in such a case would be
a hexahedron. Of course, if in addition, the distances were chosen
properly a parallelopiped would result. Finally, if the angles in the solid
were right angles then the solid would be rectangular.
C4
C1
C3
C2
C8
C7
C5
C6
Figure 3-2: The Trilinear Solid
3-28
Landmark - R2003.4
An important feature to notice is that if two trilinear solids are defined

such that they share four mutual corners on a side, then they share the
entire side. Thus a three dimensional region may easily be partitioned into
boxes that overlap only on their sides.
The Volumetric Approximation

We assume now that a trilinear solid H has been specified via its eight
corners and that a function f of three variables is to be integrated over H.
We will not attempt to integrate f analytically, but instead accept a
numerical approximation. There are several reasons for this rejection of
the exact analytic integral. The first is that a symbolic form for f may not be
known: it may only be possible to evaluate f at specific points using some
sort of "black box" (e.g. an interpolation program). The second is that even
if a symbolic form for f were given, a closed form for the indefinite integral
may not exist. The third reason for accepting a numerical approximation is
that even if the closed form of the indefinite integral were given,
evaluating it over the trilinear surface may not be closed. The final reason
is that generally numerical approximations yield sufficient accuracy with
far less computation than symbolic approaches.
The quantity we seek is
( x , y, z ) H
f ( x, y, z )dxdydz
Let g be the transformation from the unit cube onto H

g(u,v,w) = C1
+ u (C2 C1) + v (C4 C1) + w (C5 C1)

+ u v (C3 C4 C2 + C1)
+ v w (C8 C4 C5 + C1)
+ w u (C6 C5 C2 + C1)
+ u v w (C7 C3 C6 C8 + C2 + C4 + C5 C1)
If we define Jg, to be the Jacobian of g and let detJg(u, v, w) denote its

determinant evaluated at (u, v, w), then a change of variables results in
( x, y, z ) H
R2003.4 - Landmark
f ( x, y, z )dxdydz =
0 0 0
1 1 1
f ( g ( u, v, w )detJ g ( u, v, w ) )dudvdw
3-29
Suppose we have three numerical quadrature formulae:

nu
1
0
f ( u )du
pi f ( ui ),
u
i=1
nv
1
0
f ( v )dv
p j f ( v j ),
v
j=1
and
nw
1
0
f ( w )dw
pk f ( wk )
k=1
u
chararacterized by the nodes {ui}, {vj}, and {wk}, and by the weights { p i },
v
w
{ p j }, and { p k }, respectively. If the first is exact for polynomials in u of
degree du, the second is exact for polynomials in v of degree dv, and the
third is exact for polynomials in w of degree dw, then the composite
quadrature rule (formed by the tensor product of the three):
nu
1 1 1
0 0 0
f ( u, v, w )dudvdw
nv
nw
u v w
p i p j p k f ( u i, v j, w k )
i=1 j=1 k=1
is exact for polynomials in u, v, and w of degree du, dv, dw. (That is, the
formula is exact for any f that is a sum of products of powers of u, v, and w,
in which the power for u is less than or equal to du, the power for v is less
than or equal to dv, and the power for w is less than or equal to dw.)
Combining this integral approximation with the change of variables for
the volumetric integral from above, we obtain
nu
( x , y, z ) H
f ( x, y, z )dxdydz =
nv
nw
u v w
p i p j p k f ( g ( u i, v j, w k )detJ g ( u i, v j, w k ) )
i=1 j=1 k=1
This is the method employed. A reasonable quadrature formula is the

three point Gaussian method where the nodes are ( 1 .6 )/2 , 1/2, and
( 1 + .6 )/2 with respective weights 5/18, 4/9, and 5/18. The same
formula is used for u, v, and w. The resultant composite formula requires
27 function values.
A final note on the application of this method for the volumetric
calculation concerns its efficient usage in situations where obtaining the
values of f is quite computationally intensive. If the trilinear solid is
3-30
Landmark - R2003.4
specified so that the first four corners have the same depth (i.e.,
z-coordinate) and the last three corners share the same depth, then the top
and bottom of the trilinear solid will be parallel to the x-y plane.
Furthermore, for each value of k, the nu nv points g (ui, vj, wk) will lie in
such a plane as well. If an entire array of trilinear solids have tops in the
same plane and bottoms in the same plane, it may be efficient to obtain a
large number of values of f for each fixed wk and accumulate the
volumetric integrals over the entire array of boxes concurrently.
R2003.4 - Landmark
3-31
3-32
Landmark - R2003.4
Chapter
4
Introduction
Any file imported into GRIDGENR must use a certain format in order for
the data to be recognized by GRIDGENR. This format is called the
GRIDGENR text format or GTF. The easiest way to see an example of this
format is to export a GRIDGENR file to an ASCII format (see File Export
Procedure in Chapter 2 of the GRIDGENR Users Guide) then view the
ASCII file at any command line prompt, for example:
more filename
The following pages explain the required formats for various types of
importable data, and shown an example of a complete import file. Each
format is listed in a typewriter font, for example:
SCREEN
fpname1
fpname2
literal entry
variables
Characters that you must type in literally are listed in regular typewriter
font and variables that you must insert are listed in an italic typewriter
font. Data may appear at any location within a line. At least one space
must separate keywords and numbers. You can edit the import file using
any text editor, such as the vi editor provided in UNIX.
R2003.4 - Landmark
4-33
GRIDGENR Reference Points

You can add certain lines to any import file to automatically reset the
GRIDGENR reference points and screen coordinates. This can be used if
you want to ensure that the imported data is mapped to the correct
coordinates. The format is:
SCREEN
fpname1
fpname2
xfp1 yfp1 xfp2 yfp2
xscr1 yscr1 xscr2 yscr2
where
4-34
fpname1
The name of the first fixed point
fpname2
The name of the second fixed point
xfp1 yfp1
The coordinates of first fixed point
xfp2 yfp2
The coordinates of second fixed point
xscr1 yscr1
The lower left map coordinates of the graphics

screen
xscr2 yscr2
The upper right map coordinates of the graphics

screen
Landmark - R2003.4
Zone Modifications
By default each input geologic zone maps to exactly one simulation layer.
Using zone modification you may vary this mapping.
ZONEMODS
NAME
zonezoneName
.
.
.
INACTIVEzone
.
.
.
COMBINEzone1 - zone2unitName
.
.
.
SPLIT zonenum*fraction
.
.
.
SPLITUNIT unitNamenum*fraction
.
.
.
END
where
Name
Keyword that indicates that a zones will be named.
zone
Geologic zone to be named.
zoneName
Name for geologic zone.
INACTIVE
Keyword that indicates a zone should be set

inactive.
zone
Geologic zone to be set inactive
COMBINE
Keyword that indicates a range of zones will be

combined.
zone1
Start zone for range of zones to be combined.
zone2
End zone for range of zones to be combined.
unitName
Name for combined unit.
All of the zones within this range will be combined into a

combined unit.
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4-35
SPLIT
Keyword that indicates a zone will be split.
zone
Zone number
num
Number of values.
fraction
Fraction to use for this split
To get the actual number of splits the fractions will be summed and
normalized to 1.
SPLITUNIT
Keyword that indicates a combined unit will be

split.
unitName
Name of combined unit to be split.
num
Number of values.
fraction
Fraction to use for this split.
To get the actual number of splits the fractions will be summed and
normalized to 1.
This must come after the combined unit has been defined.
END
Keyword that indicates the end of the zone

modification.
Example:
ZONEMODS
NAME 1 sand1
INACTIVE 2
INACTIVE 7
COMBINE 3 -5 sandunit
SPLIT 1 2*.5
SPLIT 6 3*.33
SPLIT 8 1*.5 1*.2 1*.3
SPLIT 9 4*.33
END
4-36
Landmark - R2003.4
Reservoir Simulation Grids

Any reservoir simulation grid being imported into GRIDGENR must use
the following format. The format gives the x,y coordinates at each corner
point, then puts those coordinates in a framework by indicating the
number of columns and rows. This format does not apply to mesh grids
produced by mapping packages, as indicated later in this chapter. Thirdparty mapping packages such as Z-MAP, ISM, and CPS do not produce
reservoir simulation grids.
GRID nx ny
ZONE zone
x1
y1
x2
y1
.
xnx+1
x1
y1
y2
xnx+1
END
yny+1
where:
R2003.4 - Landmark
nx ny
The number of grid intervals in the x and y

directions.
zone
The zone number to which grid applies.
xn yn
The x,y coordinates of each corner point, listed

sequentially beginning at upper left corner of grid.
4-37
Tielines Data
To define the curves to tie the reservoir grid to, use the following format.
The first four curves are the boundary of the grid.
TIELINES izz
TIE
i1 j2 j2 j2
x1 y1
x2 y2
.
.
.
TIE
i1 j2 j2 j2
x1 y1
.
.
.
END
where
izz
Indicates the zone number.
i1 j1
The first grid point that is tied to this tie line.
i2 j2
The last grid point that is tied to this tie line.

i1, j1 and i2, j2 must be on the same grid line. It may
either be an x line or a y line. That is either i1 or i2
must have the same value or j1 and j2 must have the
same value.
x n yn
4-38
The x,y coordinates for the tie line.
Landmark - R2003.4
LGR Data
To signal the nulls and local refinement use the keyword LGR with the
following formats.
LGR
Null Data
To define the null regions in the simulation grid, use the following format.
XNULL k
.
.
.
YNULL k
.
.
.
where
XNULL
Keyword to indicate that a line of x blocks will be

nulled out.
YNULL
Keyword to indicate that a line of y blocks will be

nulled out.
Which line of blocks will be nulled out.
LGREF Data
To indicate the start of local refinements the following format should be
used. Each refinement may be a cartesian refinement or radial refinement
in either X, Y or Z.
LGREF ngrid
where
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LGREF
Keyword that indicates the beginning of local grid

refinements.
ngrid
Defines the number of local grids.
4-39
CARTREF Data
To specify the parameters for defining a cartesian refinement, the
following format should be used.
CARTREF
PARENT
XREF
YREF
ZREF
XSPACE
YSPACE
ZSPACE
name
parent i1 i2 j1 j2 k1 k2
num*value
num*value
num*value
num*value
num*value
num*value
where
4-40
CARTREF
Indicates a cartesian refinement.
name
Indicates the name of the refinement.
PARENT
Defines where the refinement is located.
parent
Indicates the number of the parent grid.
i1 i2 j1 j2 k1 k2
Indicates the location on the parent grid where this

grid is defined.
XREF
The definition of the refinements in the x direction.
num
Indicates the number of values.
value
Indicates which value.
YREF
The definition of the refinements in the y direction
ZREF
The definition of the refinements in the z direction.
XSPACE
Indicates the spacing for the refinements in the X

direction.
YSPACE
Indicates the spacing for the refinements in the Y

direction.
ZSPACE
Indicates the spacing for the refinements in the Z

direction.
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RADZREF Data
To specify the parameters for defining a refinement around a well spot, the
RADZREF name
LGRWELLparentwellz1 z2
RADINFOrw mxr myr
ZREF
num*value
ZSPACE num*value
where
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RADZREF
Keyword that indicates a refinement around a well

spot.
name
LGRWELL
Information about where this refinement is located.
parent
well
The number of the well this refinement is around.
z1 z2
Indicates the top and bottom place for this

refinement.
RADINFO
Information about a radial well.
rw
Well radius.
mxr
Number of radial refinements.
myr
Number of angular refinements.
ZREF
The definition of the refinements in the Z direction.
num
value
ZSPACE
Indicates the spacing for the refinement in the Z

direction.
4-41
RADXREF Data
To specify the parameters for defining radial grids along the x axis, the
RADXREF name
PARENT parenti1 i2 j1 j2 k1 k2
RADINFOrw mxr myr
XREF
num*value
XSPACE num*value
END
where
4-42
RADXREF

spot.
name
PARENT
Defines where this refinement is located.
parent
i1 i2 j1 j2 k1 k2

grid is defined.
RADINFO
rw
Well radius.
mxr
myr
XREF
The definition of the refinements in the x direction.
num
value
XSPACE
Indicates the spacing for the refinement in the x

direction.
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RADYREF Data
To specify the parameters for defining radial grids along the y axis, the
RADYREF name
PARENT parenti1 i2 j1 j2 k1 k2
RADINFOrw mxr myr
YREF
num*value
YSPACE num*value
END
where
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RADYREF

spot.
name
PARENT
Defines where this refinement is located.
parent
i1 i2 j1 j2 k1 k2

grid is defined.
RADINFO
rw
Well radius.
mxr
myr
YREF
The definition of the refinements in the y direction.
num
value
YSPACE
Indicates the spacing for the refinement in the y

direction.
4-43
LGMOD Data
To specify the parameters for defining local grid modification flags, the
LGMOD nmod
inc/omitflag gridi1 i2 j1 j2 k1 k2
END
where
nmod
Indicates the number of modification cards to

follow.
include/omit flag 0 = Include

1 = Omit
grid
Indicates which grid this should apply to.
x1 x2 y1 y2 z1 z2
Indicates the location on the parent grid of this

modification.
Well Data (Vertical Wells Only)

Imported well spot data must use the following format, which lists the
names and coordinates for each well.
WELL
name1 x1 y1
namen xn yn
END
where
4-44
namen
The name of each well (10 characters maximum

length).
xn yn
The x,y coordinate of each well.
Landmark - R2003.4
WELLTRACES Data (Deviated Wells Only)

To specify the parameters for defining import deviated well traces, the
WELLTRACES
WELLNAMEname1
WELLBOREbore_number1
x1 y1 z1 md1
x2 y2 z2 md2
.
.
.
xn yn zn mdn
MDTOS zone1 x1 y1 z1 md1
MDBOS x2 y2 z2 md2
ZTOS zone3 x3 y3 z3
ZBOS x4 y4 z4
WELLBORE bore_number2
x1 y1 z1 md1
.
.
.
WELLNAMEname2
x1 y1 z1 md1
x2 y2 z2 md2
.
.
.
xn yn zn mdn
MDTOS zone1 x1 y1 z1 md1
MDBOS x2 y2 z2 md2
ZTOS zoneid2 x1 y1 z1
ZBOS x2 y2 z2
.
.
.
END
where
R2003.4 - Landmark
name
Indicates the name of the well.
bore_number
Identifies the number of the bore. This must be

unique within a well.
xn yn zn
Indicates the position for the well bore.
mdn
Indicates the measured depth to the point. This is

optional.
zone
Indicates the zone this intersection applies to.
4-45
xyz
Indicates the location of an intersection.
md
Indicates the measured depth of an intersection.
NOTE:
The ZTOS, ZBOS, MDTOS, and MDBOS cards are optional, they are
used to display the intersection of a grid trace with a zone top or zone
bottom. You may use either the ZTOS and ZBOS cards or the MDTOS
and MDBOS cards. The measured depth cards provide a better
definition of an intersection. MDTOS and MDBOS are a pair as are
ZTOS and ZBOS
WELLPERF Data
This format should be used to import perforations for deviated well. This
requires that the traces have been defined.
WELLPERFS
STARTDATE DD MM YYYY
WELLNAMEname well-type
WELLBOREbore_number
PERFMD perfid md_start md_end starttime endtime
KEY keyword value keyword value ...
PERFZ perfid z_start z_end starttime endtime
.
.
.
.
.
.
WELLNAME name
WELLBORE bore_number
PERFMD perfid md_start md_end starttime endtime
PERFZ perfid zstart zend startime endtime
.
.
.
WELLBORE bore_number
.
.
.
END
where
4-46
Landmark - R2003.4
R2003.4 - Landmark
STARTDATE
This keyword is used to give the program the start

date for the simulation. If start time and end time
are entered as days then they will be converted to
dates using this date.
WELLNAME
This keyword indicates the start of a well.
name
Indicates the name of the well.
well-type
Keyword to indicate how the well will be modeled,

either VERTICAL or DEVIATED. If the well is
DEVIATED, length and angle information will be
written to the .fpf file. If the well is VERTICAL, the
information will not be output.
WELLBORE
This keyword indicates the start of a bore.
bore_number
Identifies the number of the bore.
PERFMD
Used to define a perf if you do have the measured

depth.
perfid
Identifies the number for the perf.
md_start
Indicates the start location of the perf in measured

depth.
md_end
Indicates the end location of the perf in a measured

depth.
starttime
The time the perf comes on line. This should be

either in DD MM YYYY format or it should be days
since start date.
endtime
The time the perf is shut in. This should be either in

DD MM YYYY format, or it should be days since
start date.
PERFZ
This cards is used to define a perf if you do not have

measured depths.
z_start
Start location of the perf in true depth.
z_end
End location of the perf in true depth.
KEY
This card is used to pass in data which needs to be

written to the FPERF card.
keyword
Indicates which keyword to write to the FPERF

header card.
value
Indicates the value to write for this well.
4-47
NOTE:
The name and the bore_name must match a defined well trace.
If a well has no perforation information entered for it in the .gtf file, then it
is assumed to be perforated for its entire length and FPERF definitions are
written for the entire length of the well trace.
By default LENGTH ANGLV and ANGLA are written out for all deviated
wells but not for any well spots. You may also control this using the
keywords DEVIATED or VERTICAL in the perforation definition next to
the well name in the .gtf file. If you enter VERTICAL, the length and angle
information will not be generated for a particular well. If you enter
DEVIATED, the length and angle information will be generated. (See
Section 3.2 of the VIP-EXECUTIVE Reference Manual for further
discussion.)
You may also enter extra keywords in the .gtf file for output to the FPERF
file. These keywords will be passed through the program and output to
the FPERF definition with no additional processing. The keywords must
be the same for all the perforations for a particular well.
4-48
Landmark - R2003.4
Contour/Fault Data
Imported contour or fault data must use the following format. All
contours in the same set should be listed together. The format begins with
the name of the property being described, the zone, and the minimum/
maximum contour values. Then the format lists the coordinates of each set
of data points associated with each contour or fault.
CONTOUR property
ZONE zone
RANGE min max
VALUE val/type
x1 y1
x2 y2
. .
VALUE type
x1 y1
x2 y2
. .
END
where:
property
Name of the property associated with this data:

TOS- Top of Structure
BOS - Bottom of Structure
GROSS - Gross Thickness
NET - Net Thickness
NTG - Net to Gross Ratio
POR - Porosity
KX - Horizontal Permeability x-direction
KY - Horizontal Permeability y-direction
KZ - Vertical Permeability
KZ-KX - KZ to KX ratio
SWR - Connate Water Saturation
SGR - Critical Gas Saturation
SWRO - Water Saturation at Residual Oil
SGRO - Gas Saturation at Residual Oil
R2003.4 - Landmark
zone
Number of the zone where the data appears.
min max
Minimum and maximum contour values (for colorcoding scale). If you enter AUTO, GRIDGENR
automatically calculates minimum and maximum.
4-49
val/type
The contour value or the type of fault being

described. Fault data includes fault ID and
transmissibility factor. Closed contours are
indicated by placing the word CLOSED after the
value, for example:
VALUE 1800.00 CLOSED
xn yn
The x,y coordinates of each data point along the

current contour or fault.
Point Data
Point data may be defined using the Contour/Fault format replacing the
VALUE keyword with POINTS.
POINTS
x1 y1 z1
x2 y2 z2
.
. .
END
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Landmark - R2003.4
Mesh Grid Data

Gridded data imported from mapping packages are called meshes in the
GRIDGENR application. In general, the mesh data received from other
mapping packages can be imported without further editing or conversion.
You must specify the property and zone that the mesh represents. For ZMAP and CPS-3 meshes, the header information will provide the
necessary parameters to reconstruct the mesh. However, for other generic
meshes, you must specify parameters that indicate the organization and
location of the mesh data. These parameters can be added to the same file
as the mesh data, or set up in a separate file. If the parameters are in a
separate file, you must use the parameter file for import into GRIDGENR,
and it pulls the mesh data file along with it.
The format for import file parameters is described below. The parameters
indicate the property being described, the zone to which it applies, the
number of columns and rows in the mesh, the x,y coordinates of the first
point, the distance between mesh points, and other information.
MESH
property
ZONE
zone
NX
nx
NY
ny
X0
x0
Y0
y0
ZNULL
znull
DX
dx
DY
dy
ANGLE
angle
hand
FILENAME filename
END
or ZMAPFILE filename
or CPSFILE filename
where:
property
The name of the property being described:

TOS- Top of Structure
BOS - Bottom of Structure
GROSS - Gross Thickness
NET - Net Thickness
NTG - Net to Gross Ratio
POR - Porosity
KX - Horizontal Permeability x-direction
KY - Horizontal Permeability y-direction
KZ - Vertical Permeability
KZ-KX - KZ to KX ratio
SWR - Connate Water Saturation
R2003.4 - Landmark
4-51
SGR - Critical Gas Saturation

SWRO - Water Saturation at Residual Oil
SGRO - Gas Saturation at Residual Oil
zone
The zone number where the data applies.
nx ny
The number of mesh points in the x and y

directions.
x0 y0
The x,y coordinates of the first mesh point.
znull
An indicator for null values
dx dy
The distance between mesh points in the x and y

directions.
angle
The desired angle of rotation, counter clockwise

from origin.
hand
The handedness of the data (LEFTHAND or

RIGHTHAND). For example:
Left-Handed Data:
x
y
Right-Handed Data:
1
y
filename
4-52
x
y
The name of file containing the mesh data. INLINE

indicates the data follows in this file.
Landmark - R2003.4
Sample Import File

SCREEN
FP1
FP2
0.00 0.00 1000.00 1000.00
-96.59 -22.49 1731.40 1066.92
WELL
WELL1 281.39 646.66
WELL2 533.18 450.12
WELL3 781.53 244.01
END
GRID 3 3
ZONE 1
185.55 750.71
403.44 759.20
636.07 755.52
862.63 749.25
179.30 551.93
404.12 551.73
651.52 548.91
881.55 544.37
170.43 337.53
417.83 339.92
667.84 349.25
893.53 343.84
145.11 161.33
435.05 173.23
659.87 165.23
894.24 164.15
END
CONTOUR TOS
ZONE 1
RANGE 0.00 1000.00
VALUE SEALING
47.38 712.88
184.02 652.45
331.87 625.09
495.38 591.69
648.46 557.38
833.88 463.21
989.56 433.26
1135.47 467.60
VALUE 1000.00 CLOSED
396.69 459.27
353.11 408.79
347.04 346.75
384.71 293.91
442.96 262.28
508.06 262.65
570.60 283.76
605.64 336.89
615.88 401.67
581.03 456.25
520.91 480.10
455.56 484.95
VALUE 900.00
850.74 458.99
R2003.4 - Landmark
4-53
821.57 389.12
768.82 339.67
705.62 298.35
648.57 249.80
580.61 222.24
505.11 224.33
430.40 224.99
356.82 239.66
295.44 282.65
260.19 347.05
253.14 422.26
275.44 492.50
319.52 553.22
348.64 621.19
VALUE 800.00
989.63 432.48
941.62 371.24
889.47 313.94
831.76 261.76
775.69 207.79
711.39 164.40
637.64 140.51
559.64 133.79
482.57 140.58
406.82 158.41
327.39 158.69
249.63 159.07
190.37 205.42
160.61 277.95
165.13 356.02
173.30 434.53
155.27 508.30
105.15 568.31
50.31 622.81
5.73 686.68
END
4-54
Landmark - R2003.4
Chapter
5
Model Size Limitations
GRIDGENR has certain limits on the size of the model it can handle. This chapter
contains those limits.
Description
Maximum Number of Grid Points in 1 Zone
60000
Maximum Number of Grid Blocks in 1 Zone
300000
Maximum Number of Points on a Grid Side
1000
Maximum Number of Boundary Points
4000
Maximum Number of Contour Points in a Property for 1

Layer
200000
Maximum Number of Contours in a Property for 1 Layer
200000
Maximum Number of Points in 1 Contour

Maximum Size of a Mesh
R2003.4 - Landmark
Equivalent
1000
1000000
Maximum Number of Well Locations
2000
Maximum Number of Deviated Wells
2000
Maximum Number of Deviated Well Paths
2000
Maximum Number of Points on Well Paths
60000
Maximum Number of Well Zone Intersections
10000
Maximum Number of Well Perforations
20000
Length of Text Strings
80
Maximum Number of Text Strings
20
Maximum Number of Zones Allowed in Model
1000
Maximum Number of Local Grids
2500
Maximum Size of Radial Refinement
5000
5-55
Description
Equivalent
Maximum Number of Refinement Blocks
125000
Maximum Number of Faults
20000
Maximum Number of Fault Points
100000
System Limits
In addition to the model limits described earlier, your system hardware may have
limitations on the size of memory and swap space which can restrict the size and
complexity of models that it can handle effectively. To check the limits on your
machine, use the following UNIX commands:
Table 5-1: UNIX Commands for Determining System Limits
System
Command
What It Does
SGI IRIX/IRIX64
hinv
Shows memory size
swap -l
Shows swap space
limits
Shows user limits
ps -ef
Memory usage for a particular job
lscfg | grep -i mem
Shows memory size
lsps -9
Shows swap space
limits
Shows user limits
ps -ef
dmesg | grep mem
Shows memory size
swap -1
Shows swap space
limits
Shows user limits
ps -ef
AIX
Sun Solaris
5-56
Landmark - R2003.4
Appendix
A
Introduction
Though formation properties such as permeability may be available on a
very fine level of detail, their direct use for reservoir simulation is, in
general, not practical because of the excessive computer time and memory
that would be required. Hence it is necessary to use relatively coarse
blocks that are feasible for reservoir simulation. The process of integrating
the fine-scale permeability to produce effective permeabilities of the
coarse blocks is called upscaling.
Actually, what are required for input to the reservoir simulator are not
effective permeabilities of the coarse blocks, but transmissibilities from the
center of each block to the center of each of its neighbors. The
calculation of these transmissibilities are the subject of this chapter.
The coarse blocks need not be orthogonal but, more likely, will have some
arbitrary shapes (such as shown in Figure 5-1) which are defined by the
coordinates of the eight corner points of each block.
Figure 5-1: Coarse Block with Arbitrary Shape
Transmissibilities
As stated above, the input required for the reservoir simulator are the
transmissibilities from the center of each block to the center of each of its
neighbors. Consider Figure 5-2, which shows the computation of
transmissibility between Block A and the block to its right, Block B:
R2003.4 - Landmark
A-57
B
A
Figure 5-2: Transmissibility Between Two Blocks
Let AAR be the total area of the right face of Block A, ABL be the total area
of the left face of Block B, and AAB be the area of their mutual intersection.
Note that in the unfaulted case, AAB = AAR = ABL.
Let TXAB be the desired transmissibility from Block A to Block B. Let
TXRA be the transmissibility from a plane through the center of Block A to
its right face, and TXLB be the transmissibility from a plane through the
center of Block B to its left face. Then
A AB
T X AB = ----------------------------------A AR
A BL
-------------- + -------------TX R A TX L B
(5-1)
So we see that for each coarse block (i, j, k), we need to obtain six
transmissibilities of half-blocks, which we will call half-block
transmissibilities. Specifically, TXLijk is transmissibility from the left face
to a plane through the center and approximately parallel to the left and
right faces, and TXRijk is the transmissibility from the right face to the
same plane TYLijk is the transmissibility from the front face to a plane
through the center and approximately parallel to the front and back faces,
and TYRijk is the transmissibility from the back face to that same plane.
TZLijk is the transmissibility from the top face to a plane through the
center and approximately parallel to the top and bottom faces, and TZRijk
is the transmissibility from the bottom face to that same plane.
A-58
Landmark - R2003.4
Half-Block Transmissibilities from Continuous Distribution of

Permeability
Assume we are given a distribution of anisotropic permeabilities that is
continuous within the coarse block, as shown in Figure 5-3.
kx(x,y,z)
ky(x,y,z)
kz(x,y,z)
Figure 5-3: Block with Continuous Permeabilities
Then, to determine the six half-transmissibilities, we need to solve six

problems, four of which are shown in Figure 5-4
PI
PI
PO
QxL
PO
QxR
QzL
PI
PO
PI
PO
QzR
Figure 5-4: Problems Used to Solve for Half-Block Transmissibilities
R2003.4 - Landmark
A-59
In each of the six problems, we set pressures uniformly at two opposite

faces of the half-block, use no-flow boundary conditions on the remaining
four faces and measure the flow into or out of one face. Then
TXLijk = QxL / (PI-PO)
(5-2)
TXRijk = QxR / (PI-PO)
(5-3)
TYLijk = QyL / (PI-PO)
(5-4)
TYRijk = QyR / (PI-PO)
(5-5)
TZLijk = QzL / (PI-PO)
(5-6)
TZRijk = QzL / (PI-PO)
(5-7)
Half-Block Transmissibilities from Discrete Distribution of Permeability

In GRIDGENR, the user designs the coarse blocks in accordance with areal
details and vertical layering information from the geological model (such
as faults, unconformities and stratigraphy), and selects a subdivision of
the coarse blocks into elemental blocks, a typical example of which is
shown in Figure 5-5.
Figure 5-5: Subdivision of a Coarse Block
Let NX and NY be the number of elemental blocks in the x- and ydirections. NX and NY must be even, and the subdivisions in the x- and ydirections are essentially uniform. Let NZ1 be the number of elemental
blocks in the z-direction in the upper level, NZ2 be the number of
elemental blocks in the z-direction in the lower level, and let NZ = NZ1 +
NZ2. The upper and lower levels are divided by a plane that passes
A-60
Landmark - R2003.4
approximately through the center of the coarse block. In the z-direction,

the elemental blocks are not uniform in size but, rather, are distributed
according to sub-layers within the coarse block.
From the available fine-scale permeability information, GRIDGENR
assigns a uniform permeability by interpolation from the geological model
to each elemental block (i, j, k), and calculates six half-block
transmissibilities for each elemental block: FTXLijk, FTXRijk, FTYLijk,
FTYRijk, FTZLijk, and FTZRijk. That calculation, which uses harmonic
integration, is based solely on the corner-point geometry of the elemental
blocks, and is described in Reference 1.
R2003.4 - Landmark
A-61
Now, to obtain the six half-block transmissibilities of the coarse block, we

consider the descretized version of the continuous problems discussed in
Half-Block Transmissibilities from Continuous Distribution of
Permeability on page A-59. Four of the six discrete problems are shown
in Figure 5-6
PO
PI
PO
PI
TXR
TXL
PI
TZL
PO
PI
TZR
PO
Figure 5-6: Discrete Problems Used to Solve for Half-Block Transmissibilities
A-62
Landmark - R2003.4
Actually, since the geometric information about the shapes of each

elemental block has been folded into the values of FTXL, FTXR, FTYL,
FTYR, FTZL, and FTZR, we can represent these problems by simpler
schematics, such as shown in Figure 5-7.
PI
PO
PI
PO
TXR
TXL
PI
TZL
PO
PI
TZR
PO
Figure 5-7: Schematic of Discrete Problems Used to Solve for Half-Block

Transmissibilities
R2003.4 - Landmark
A-63
Further, solution for each half-block transmissibility of the coarse block

corresponds exactly to the solution of an equivalent electrical network
problem. Figure 5-8 shows the network problem for calculating TXL. (For
clarity, only two dimensions are shown in these figures.
PI
PO
Figure 5-8: Equivalent Electrical Network for TXL (NX=8, NZ=7)
Figure 5-9 shows, in more detail, the elements of the network for a single
elemental block. The resistance for each resistor is the reciprocal of one of
the half-block transmissibilities of the elemental block. In the analogy,
voltage is equivalent to pressure and current to equivalent to fluid flow.
Note that the top and bottom elemental blocks are special cases; either 1/
FTZL or 1/FTZR is omitted; in that manner the no-flow boundary
A-64
Landmark - R2003.4
conditions at top and bottom are imposed. (Not shown in these twodimensional figures is that the elemental blocks at the front and back faces
are also special cases, for which 1/FTYL or 1/FTYR are also omitted.)
R=1/FTZL
R=1/FTXR
R=1/FTXL
R=1/FTZR
Figure 5-9: Detail of Network for Single Elemental Block
We solve now for the pressures (voltages) at each node of the network
(corresponding to the center of each elemental block) by solving a system
of simultaneous difference equations. The difference equation for
elemental block (i, j, k) is
FTX L ijk ( P i 1, j, k P ijk ) + FTX R ijk ( P i + 1, j, k P ijk )

+ FTY L ijk ( P i, j 1, k P ijk ) + FTY R ijk ( P i, j + 1, k P ijk )
(5-8)
+ FTZ L ijk ( P i, j, k 1 P ijk ) + FTZ R ijk ( P i, j, k + 1 P ijk ) = 0

This equation applies only to interior elemental blocks. For elemental
blocks on the left face the first term of Equation 5-8 is replaced by
FTX L i, j, k ( P I P 1, j, k )
For elemental blocks on the right face, the second term of Equation 5-8 is
replaced by
FTX R NX 2, j, k ( P O P NX 2, j, k )
For elemental blocks on the front face, the third term of Equation 5-8 is
omitted, on the back face, the fourth term is omitted, on the top face, the
fifth term is omitted, and on the bottom face, the sixth term is omitted.
There are as many simultaneous difference equations as there are
elemental blocks in half of the coarse block: (NX/2) x NY x NZ. This
system of simultaneous equations may be solved directly by a band
algorithm or, more efficiently, by iteration using BLITZ2.
R2003.4 - Landmark
A-65
After solution for the pressure at the nodes, the flow into the left face is
computed by
NY
Q xL =
NZ
FTX L1, j, k ( PI P1, j, k )
(5-9)
j=1 k=1
and TXL for the coarse block is computed by
Q xL
TXL = -----------------PI PO
(5-10)
Similar calculation are made for the other five half-block transmissibilities
of the coarse block: TXR, TYL, TYR, TZL, and TZR.
Approximate Calculation of Transmissibilities

In the interest of reducing computing time and memory, several other
methods for computing transmissibilities have been proposed. These
methods will, in general, not be as accurate as the direct method discussed
above, but may be worth considering if they result in sufficiently reducing
computing time for those cases where the number of elemental blocks is
very large. Two of these methods have been implemented in GRIDGENR
and are examined here.
Half-Block Transmissibilities by Renormalization

Renormalization3 has attracted considerable attention in the literature as a
method for upscaling permeabilities that should be faster than the direct
methods described above. As it turns out, it is not faster than BLITZ.
However, it has been implemented in GRIDGENR for NX, NY, and NZ up
to 16. While the implementation will handle various values of NX, NY,
and NZ, it is most easily described for NX, NY, and NZ equal to 4, 8, or 16.
Here we discuss it for the case NX = NY = NZ = 16, for which there are
three levels in the renormalization process.
A-66
Landmark - R2003.4
In the first level, each 2 x 2 x 2 collection of elemental blocks is reduced to a

single block, as shown in Figure 5-10 (which shows only the left half of a
coarse block).
Figure 5-10: First Level of Renormalization for NX = NY = NZ = 16
The network problem for this reduction is shown in Figure 5-11, which
shows how TX is calculated for the new single block. Here TX is the
transmissibility from the left face all the way to the right face of the new
single block. Then, for that new single block, TXL = TXR = 2 x TX. Similar
calculations are carried out to obtain TYL = TYR and TZL = TZR for that
new single block.
PI
PO
Figure 5-11: Network Problem for Calculating TX in Reducing 2x2x2 Collection

of Blocks to a Single Block
R2003.4 - Landmark
A-67
The 16 x 16 x 16 elemental blocks have now been reduced to 8 x 8 x 8

blocks. In the second level of the renormalization, the same process is
carried out, to obtain a 4 x 4 x 4 collection of blocks, as shown in Figure 512 (which again shows only the left half).
Figure 5-12: Second Level of Renormalization for NX = NY = NZ = 16
In the third and final level of the renormalization, shown in Figure 5-13,
half of the 4 x 4 x 4 collection of blocks is used to calculate each half-block
transmissibility of the coarse block. Here, the reduction calculation is
somewhat different, in that a 4 x 4 x 2 collection of blocks is reduced to a
single block (i.e., half the coarse block).
Figure 5-13: Third Level of Renormalization for NX = NY = NZ = 16, to Obtain

TXL for the Coarse Block
A-68
Landmark - R2003.4
In each reduction of a 2 x 2 x 2 collection or a 4 x 4 x 2 collection of blocks

to a single block, the calculations required are sufficiently small that the
direct band algorithm is the preferred method of solution.
Half-Block Transmissibilties by Harmonic Summation

Harmonic summation is the discrete analog of harmonic integration,
which is described in Reference 1. It does have the advantage of being
extremely rapid, but will likely have the least accuracy. Three variations
are implemented: parallel-tube, series-slice, and the harmonic
average of parallel-tube and series-slice.
Parallel-Tube Method
In this method, the elemental blocks form tubes which run from the input
face to the output face. It corresponds to the network of Figure 5-8 with all
the vertical resistors omitted, and involves the following summations:
TX L
( pt )
NY
NZ
----------------------------------------------------------------NX 2
1
1
j=1 k=1
- + ---------------------
------------------FTX L ijk FTX R ijk
1
(5-11)
i=1
TX R
( pt )
NY
NZ
------------------------------------------------------------------------------NX
1
1
j = 1k = 1
-------------------- + ---------------------
FTX
L ijk FTX R ijk
1
(5-12)
i = 1 + NX 2
TY L
( pt )
NX NZ
----------------------------------------------------------------NY 2
1
1
i = 1k = 1
-------------------- + --------------------
FTY
L ijk FTY R ijk
1
(5-13)
j=1
TY R
( pt )
NX NZ
------------------------------------------------------------------------------NX
1
1
i = 1k = 1
- + --------------------
------------------FTY L ijk FTY R ijk
1
(5-14)
j = 1 + NY 2
TZ L
( pt )
TZ R
( pt )
NX NY
--------------------------------------------------------------NZ 1
1
1
i=1j=1
-------------------- + --------------------
FTZ
L ijk FTZ R ijk
NX
k=1
NY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------NZ
1
1
i=1 j=1
- + --------------------
------------------FTZ L ijk FTZ R ijk
1
(5-15)
(5-16)
k = 1 + NZ 1
R2003.4 - Landmark
A-69
Series-Slice Method
In this method, all the elemental blocks in a vertical plane are connected
together to form a slice, and the slices are then connected in series. It
corresponds to the network of Figure 5-8 with all the vertical resistors
omitted, but with solid vertical lines added, as shown in Figure 5-14.
PO
PI
Figure 5-14: Equivalent Electrical Network for TXL Computed by Series-Slice

Method
It involves the following summations:
1
------------------ =
( ss )
TX L
NX 2
i=1
1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------NY NZ
1
1
- + ---------------------
------------------FTX L ijk FTX R ijk
(5-17)
j = 1k = 1
1
------------------ =
( ss )
TX R
NX
1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------NY NZ
1
1
i = 1 + NX 2
- + ---------------------
------------------FTX L ijk FTX R ijk
(5-18)
j=1 k=1
A-70
Landmark - R2003.4
1
-----------------=
( ss )
TY L
NY 2
1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------NX
NZ
1
1
j=1
- + --------------------
------------------FTY L ijk FTY R ijk
(5-19)
i=1 k=1
1
------------------ =
( ss )
TY R
NY
1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------NX
NZ
1
1
j = 1 + NY 2
- + --------------------
------------------FTY L ijk FTY R ijk
(5-20)
i=1 k=1
1
----------------- =
( ss )
TZ L
NZ 1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------NX
NY
1
1
k=1
- + --------------------
------------------FTZ L ijk FTZ R ijk
1
i=1
1
------------------ =
( ss )
TZ R
(5-21)
j=1
NZ
1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------NX
NY
1
1
k = 1 + NZ 1
- + --------------------
------------------FTZ L ijk FTZ R ijk
i=1
(5-22)
j=1
Harmonic Average of Parallel-Tube and Series-Slice Methods

When the elemental transmissibilities are nonuniform, parallel-tube
harmonic summation gives results always too low, while the series-slice
method gives results always too high. This can be seen from the network
analogies. As pointed out above, parallel-tube harmonic summation
corresponds to the network of Figure 5-8 with the vertical resistors
omitted. Omission of the vertical resistors results in increasing the overall
resistance between the input and output, which corresponds to a decrease
in the transmissibility. On the other hand, the series-slice method
corresponds to the network of Figure 5-14; the vertical connections that
were added there decrease the overall resistance between input and
output, which corresponds to an increase in the transmissibility.
It was found that a harmonic average of the results obtained by both the
harmonic summation methods yields values that are considerably more
accurate. Consequently, a third method is available, where the half-block
transmissibilities are computed as follows:
TX L
( ha )
2
= --------------------------------------------1
1
------------------ + -----------------( pt )
( ss )
TX L
TX L
( ha )
2
= ---------------------------------------------1
1
------------------ + -----------------( pt )
( ss )
TX R
TX R
TX R
R2003.4 - Landmark
(5-23)
(5-24)
A-71
TY L
( ha )
2
= --------------------------------------------1
1
------------------ + -----------------( pt )
( ss )
TY L
TY L
( ha )
2
= --------------------------------------------1
1
-----------------+
-----------------( pt )
( ss )
TY R
TY R
( ha )
2
= -------------------------------------------1
1
------------------ + ----------------( pt )
( ss )
TZ L
TZ L
( ha )
2
= --------------------------------------------1
1
------------------ + -----------------( pt )
( ss )
TZ R
TZ R
TY R
TZ L
TZ R
(5-25)
(5-26)
(5-27)
(5-28)
As pointed out above, this method is very fast, but may not be
accurate enough. Comparison should be made with the results using
the direct method described on pages H-4 to H-9 to see whether the
results are sufficiently accurate.
References
1. VIP-EXECUTIVE Technical Reference, Appendix B, Corner-Point
Geometry, Landmark Graphics.
2. BLITZ Users Guide, Version 3.0, Landmark Graphics Corp..
3. P.R. King, A. H. Muggeridge, and W. G. Price: Renormalization
Calculations of Immiscible Flow, Transport in Porous Media 12 237260, 1993.
A-72
Landmark - R2003.4

000000Subject Index
A
Alt key
defined xiv
use with other keys xv
array control file (ACF) 1-19
arrays
math technique used to calculate 2-21
Enter key
defined xv
error messages
how indicated xvi
Esc key
defined xiv
Backspace key
defined xiv
F1, F2, etc.

defined xv
faults
import format for 4-49
file extensions 1-19
C
clicking the mouse xiii
contours
Control key
defined xiv
Control-clicking the mouse xiii
cursor
setting with the mouse xiii
cursor arrow keys
defined xv
D
Delete key
defined xiv
documentation
other related manuals xvii
double-clicking the mouse xiii
dragging the mouse xiii
R2003.4 - Landmark
G
gridblocks
volumetric calculation 3-29
grids
from Z-MAP, ISM, CPS-3, see mesh grids
math techniques used to calculate 2-21
GTF files
format of
GTF files, see also importing
I
icons
converting to/from a window xv
importing map data
correct format (GTF) 4-33
Subject Index-73
Subject Index
GRIDGENR USERS GUIDE
reservoir simulation grids, see grids

Return key
defined xiv
keys
names and locations xiv
S
M
menus
viewing/selecting from pop-up (MB3) xiii
mesh grids
Meta key
defined xiv
metafiles
file extension 1-19
Motif window manager
how to operate xv
mouse
button definitions xii
overview of buttons and operations xiixiii
P
PgDn key
defined xv
PgUp key
defined xv
pop-up menu (MB3)
how to view xiii
pore volume
equation used 2-23
prompts
how to respond xiv
Q
quadrature
technical description 3-27
R
reference points
Subject Index-74
selecting
with the mouse xiii
Shift key
defined xiv
Shift-clicking the mouse xiii
simulation grids, see grids
spacebar
defined xiv
T
Tab key
defined xiv
text
setting the cursor in xiii
shading with the mouse xiii
transmissibility
equation used 2-23
triple-clicking the mouse xiii
V
VIP
input file extensions 1-19
W
wells
windows
how to move, resize, etc. xv
Z
z value
technical discussion of 2-21
Landmark - R2003.4

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GRIDGENR

Part No. 159675 R2003.4

Landmark Graphics Corporation

About This Manual

Other Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi

GRIDGENR File Types

Grid Generation and Array Interpolation

Method for Estimating Volumetrics

GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE

The Volumetric Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-29

GRIDGENR Import Format

Well Data (Vertical Wells Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-44

System and Model Limits

GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE

Approximate Calculation of Transmissibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE

About This Manual

GRIDGENR File Types

Grid Generation and Array Interpolation

Method for Estimating Volumetrics

GRIDGENR Import Format

System and Model Limits

GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE

Figure 5-3: Block with Continuous Permeabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-59

About This Manual

GRIDGENR File Types

Grid Generation and Array Interpolation

Method for Estimating Volumetrics

GRIDGENR Import Format

System and Model Limits

GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE

About This Manual

Chapter 1 - Setting Up the System explains how to set environment

Chapter 3 - Grid Generation and Array Interpolation explains how

Chapter 4 - Method for Estimating Volumetrics presents

Chapter 5 - GRIDGENR Import Format explains acceptable formats

About This Manual

GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE

Chapter 6 - System and Model Limits explains the limitations on size

Chapter 7 - Upscaling of Permeability explains the process of

MB1 MB2 MB3 MB4

Figure 0-1: Mouse Button Arrangement and Terminology

GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE

About This Manual

Press MB1 and release rapidly.

Press MB1 two times rapidly.

Press MB1 three times rapidly.

Hold down Control key and click once.

Hold down Shift key and click once.

Click once or double-click at the indicated location.

Drag the mouse pointer across a group of text, double-click

Click MB1 in text at location where you want to start typing.

Click MB3 then click menu option to select. Some menus

About This Manual

GRIDGENR TECHNICAL GUIDE

Return, Enter, or bent

Right side of main keyboard.

Tab or double arrows

Upper left on main keyboard.

Delete or Del or large

Upper right on main keyboard,

Upper right on main keyboard.

Upper left on main keyboard.

Shift or arrow pointing