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N (1 X )
dX A
N
; rA = kC A = k A = k A0
dt
V
V0 (1 + X )
N A0 (1 X )
dX A
V0 (1 + X ) = N A0
V0 (1 + X )
dt
Integrate
ln(1 X ) = kt
Plug Flow Reactor
FA = FA0 (1 X )
v = v0 (1 + X )
FA0 dX = ( rA )dV
FA0 dX = kC A0
X
(1 X )
(1 X )
dV
(1 + X )
C A0
(1 + X ) dX = k F
0
A0
1
X = k
(1 X )
In the batch reactor, the effect of volume change is not seen for
(1 + ) ln
the first order reaction. The difference is due to tha fact that
volumetric flow rate change gets incorporated in the PFR
equation.
2. The reversible (elementary) reaction 2A C + D is conducted in a CSTR at a feed rate of 100 liters/min
with an inlet concentration CA0=1.5 mols/lit. The specific rate in the forward direction is 10 lit/mol-min and
the equilibrium constant is 16. 80% of the equilibrium conversion is required. Find the size of a CSTR to
achieve this conversion.
17 points
At equilibrium,
C C
rA = k C A2 C D = 0; C A = CB = C A0 (1 X ); CC = CD = C A0 X / 2
KC
2
2
C A0 (1 X ) = C A2 0 X 2 / 64;
Solve; X e = 0.8888
Conversion desired: X = 0.8 0.8888 = 0.711
V
X
XA
=
= A =
FA0 C A0 rA
C C
k C A2 C D
KC
3. The conversion of an irreversible first-order, liquid-phase reaction, taking place in a PFR of 500 liter
capacity is 50%. In order to increase conversion, a 300 liter CSTR is installed upstream of (before) the
PFR. What is the exit conversion in the new system?
16 points
First order PFR
1
1
500
k = ln
= ln
=k
1 X
1 0.5
v0
k 0.6932
=
v0
500
First CSTR
X
kV
X
0.6932 300
X
k =
=
1 X
v0 1 X
500
1 X
X = 0.2938
Followed by the 500 liter PFR
V
=
FA0
X2
X1
dX
=
r
X2
kC
X1
dX
A 0 (1 X )
kV
= ln(1 X 2 ) + ln(1 X 1 ) = 0.6932
v0
X 2 = 0.65
4. The irreversible reaction A B was carried out in a constant volume batch reactor and the following
concentration-time data were obtained. Find the reaction order and the reaction rate constant. Identify the
dC A
units of the rate constant. Show the finite difference formulae that you would use to obtain
clearly.
dt
t(min)
0
CA(mol/lit) 4.0
-dCa/dt
0.38001
5
2.3256
0.28975
10
1.1025
0.1995
15
0.3306
0.10925
20
0.01
0.01899
Formulae Used:
3C A0 + 4C A1 C A 2
dC A
=
2t
dt t =0
Interior points
Plot on log-log paper and take slope;
dC A C A,i +1 C A,i 1
=
2t
dt
Last point
dC A 3C A5 4C A 4 + C A3
=
2t
dt
Order = 2 and rate constant = 0.19.
17 points
5. An elementary second order adiabatic reaction A + B C + D is taking place in a CSTR. The feed to the
reactor is equimolar A and B at concentrations of 2.4 mol/liter. The entering temperature is 300 K. The
volumetric flow rate is 15 lit/min. Following are some other data characterizing the reaction.
C p A = 20 Btu/lb.mol-0 F
C pB = 15 Btu/lb.mol-0 F
C pC = 15 Btu/lb.mol-0 F
C pd = 20 Btu/lb.mol-0 F
H Rx (300 K ) = 7000 cal/mole of A
k (300 K ) = 0.00045 l/mol-min
E = 12, 000 cal/mol
What volume of the reactor is required for 75% conversion?
16 points
Energy Balance
T=T0 +
X H Rx
iC pi
0.75 7000
= 450 K
(20+15)
12000 1
1
k (450) = 0.00045exp
6. A first-order, gas-phase reaction A 2 B is performed in a PBR at 400 K and 10 atm. Feed rate is 5 mol/s
containing 20% A and the rest inerts. The PBR is packed with 8 mm-diameter spherical porous particles.
The intrinsic reaction rate is given as: rA' = 3.75 C A mol/kg(cat)-s . Bulk density of the catalyst is 2.3
kg/liter. The diffusivity is 0.1 cm2/s. The pressure drop parameter alpha is found to be 9.8 104 kg -1 .
a. What is the value of the internal effectiveness factor? What does it signify?
b. How much catalyst (kg) is required to obtain a conversion of 75% in the reactor?
c. Find the pressure at the exit of the reactor.
17 points
=R
k
3.75 2.3
= 0.4
= 3.714
D
0.1
3
1 = 0.5912
2
tanh
dX
(1 X ) P
FA0
= rA' = kC A = kC A0
dW
(1 + X ) P0
(1 X )
(1 W )1/ 2
(1 + X )
dX kC A0 (1 X )
(1 W )1/ 2
=
dW
FA0 (1 + X )
= kC A0
1
1+ X
k
2
dX
(1
W
)
dW
=
0 1 X
v0 0
(1 + ) ln
1
k 2
1 (1 W )3/ 2
X =
(1 X )
v0 3