Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
and development
Gwyn W. Gould
g.gould@bio.gla.ac.uk
Henry Wellcome Laboratory of Cell Biology
Davidson Building.
Important later!
Think-Pair-Share #1
I pose a question, you think about it for
one minute, spend two minutes talking
with your neighbour sharing your
thoughts, then I will randomly select
people to share their thoughts with the
class.
So: How might a cell equally distribute a
signal during mitosis?
During mitosis, the Sara endosomes and the receptors therein associated with the spindle
machinery to segregate into the two daughter cells. Daughter cells thereby inherited equal
amounts of signalling molecules and thus retained the TGFb signalling levels of the mother cell
But, strikingly, it was found that during the cell division from pI into pIIa and pIIb, the
Distribution of Sara-positive endosomes was remarkably polarised:
[Pon: protein which forms a crescent at the anterior end and set up polarity gradiant]
Sara-positive endosomes
Summary
Membrane traffic plays a key role in both
symmetric cell division and assymetric cell
division.
It therefore also is a key player in the
development of polarity and polarised cell
growth.
Multiple mechanisms at work, e.g. SOP
development.
Intracellular reorganisation
in the cell cycle:
The fate of the Golgi
and making the final cut
Gwyn W. Gould
g.gould@bio.gla.ac.uk
Henry Wellcome Laboratory of Cell Biology
Davidson Building.
Think/Pair/Share #2
Movie.
Equal inheritance
After division, the karyoplasts received the chromosomes (Fig. 2, E and I), centrosomes (unpublished data),
and microtubules (Fig. 2, D and H), whereas the cytoplasts lacked all of these.
Intriguingly, Golgi markers, including NAGT IGFP and GM130, were detected in both cells (Fig. 2, C and G),
suggesting that parts of the Golgi were partitioned independently of the spindle (n = 29 for Mad1 injection; and
n > 50 for Cdk1 inhibition).
However, the organization of the Golgi in the two daughter cells was very different. They analyzed the Golgi
distribution in each daughter cell, where the Golgi was determined as a ribbon if 90% of the fluorescence
resided in no more than three continuous structures (Puthenveedu et al., 2006). The Golgi in the karyoplasts
localized to the perinuclear region and exhibited the characteristic ribbon structure (Fig. 2, C and G). In
contrast, the Golgi in the cytoplasts was spread throughout the cytoplasm and failed to reform a ribbon (Fig. 2,
C and G). This indicates that the spindle has a direct role in inheritance of the Golgi ribbon.
A lot of cytokinesis:
100 x 1012 cells in each of us.
5 litres of blood, corresponds to 3 trillion cells with a life span of 120
days.
Do the maths: 290,000 cell divisions per second to regenerate
blood.
Recent studies suggest that the formation of binucleate cells as a
result of cytokinesis failure is an early event in tumour formation and
underlies the subsequent development of genomic instability.
Many key cytokinesis genes are proto-oncogenes (e.g. ECT2,
anillin) and loss of tumour suppressors may promote carcinogenesis
by disrupting cytokinesis.
Rab proteins
Rab family
Over 60 Rab genes in
human genome
Distributed within distinct
cellular compartments
Involved in vesicle
formation, motility,
membrane fusion, etc.
Rab11
Localises to TGN &
recycling endosome
Mediates vesicles traffic
from RE and TGN to
plasma membrane
Signalling complex
Assembles on
or near endosomes
Aurora A, Plk1
Recruited by Cep55
Endosomes
accumulate
Summary:
Membrane traffic is important for many facets of
mitosis: here we have briefly considered the
Golgi partitioning and endosomes in abscission.
There are numerous other examples.
Membrane traffic can be controlled in space and
time.
Membrane traffic is selective and specific.
Membranes can be used to deliver
cargo/material (e.g. Golgi enzymes to two
daughter cells) or as a platform onto which
specific machines can be assembled (e.g.
cytokinesis/abscission).
Endosomes as machines/abscission:
Gould GW and Lippincott-Schwartz J, "New roles for endosomes:
from vesicular carriers to multipurpose platforms." Nature Rev. Mol.
Cell Biol. 2009 10: 287-292.