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Diesel cut model

Description:The demonstration system consists of a sectioned petrol engine


of a car (TATA / Maruti or equivalent).
The engine is cut at different locations in order to display its components like
piston, cylinder, crank shaft, cam shaft etc.
Auxiliary systems like oil sump, starter, alternator, radiator, air cleaner etc.
are also cut in order to show their
construction details. The engine operation can be visualized by running it at
low speeds using a drive motor connected

to flywheel. All the engine assemblies are repainted using automotive grade
paints & color coded in order to make
students understand the sectioned parts. The engine assembly along with
drive system is mounted on a sturdy
steel frame, fitted with castor wheels for mobility
Demonstration Capabilities: Demonstration of sectioned assemblies of a four
cylinder four stroke petrol engine. Demonstration of working of four cylinder
four stroke petrol engine.Study of auxiliary engine systems like electrical
system, cooling system, air & fuel supply system. Specifications:
Engine: Four cylinder four stroke petrol engine. Make Maruti / TATA All
important components like piston, cylinder, crank
shaft, cam shaft, connecting rod etc. are exposed. Auxiliary systems like
Fuel Supply system, Air Supply System,
Cooling system are also included.
Drive Motor: Geared motor, 0.5 hp, 230 V AC / 415 V AC (Three Phase), Foot
Mounted.Base Frame: Fabricated Steel frame for mounting the engine,
provided with castor wheels for mobility.
Demonstration model consisting of actual components used in
Automobiles.Visualization of Spark & Firing order.Electric motor for driving
the distributor.
4 stroke petrol engine:four-stroke engine (also known as four cycle) is an internal combustion (IC) engine in
which the piston completes four separate strokes while turning a crankshaft. A stroke
refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. The four
separate strokes are termed:
1. Intake: This stroke of the piston begins at top dead center (T.D.C.) and ends at
bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke the intake valve must be in the open
position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by producing
vacuum pressure into the cylinder through its downward motion.
2. Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the suction
stroke, and ends at T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel
mixture in preparation for ignition during the power stroke (below). Both the
intake and exhaust valves are closed during this stage.

3. Power: This is the start of the second revolution of the four stroke cycle. At this
point the crankshaft has completed a full 360 degree revolution. While the piston
is at T.D.C. (the end of the compression stroke) the compressed air-fuel mixture
is ignited by aspark plug (in a gasoline engine) or by heat generated by high
compression (diesel engines), forcefully returning the piston to B.D.C. This
stroke produces mechanical work from the engine to turn the crankshaft.
4. Exhaust: During the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns from B.D.C. to
T.D.C. while the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the spent air-fuel
mixture through the exhaust valve.
A two-stroke, or two-cycle, engine is a type of internal combustion engine which
completes a power cycle with two strokes (up and down movements) of
the piston during only one crankshaft revolution. This is in contrast to a "four-stroke
engine", which requires four strokes of the piston to complete a power cycle. In a twostroke engine, the end of the combustion stroke and the beginning of the compression
stroke happen simultaneously, with the intake and exhaust (or scavenging) functions
occurring at the same time.
Two-stroke engines often have a high power-to-weight ratio, usually in a narrow range
of rotational speeds called the "power band". Compared to four-stroke engines, twostroke engines have a greatly reduced number of moving parts, and so can be more
compact and significantly lighter.
The first commercial two-stroke engine involving in-cylinder compression is attributed to
Scottish engineer Dugald Clerk, who patented his design in 1881. However, unlike most
later two-stroke engines, his had a separate charging cylinder. The crankcasescavenged engine, employing the area below the piston as a charging pump, is
generally credited to Englishman Joseph Day. The first truly practical two-stroke engine
is attributed to Yorkshireman Alfred Angas Scott, who started producing twin-cylinder
water-cooled motorcycles in 1908.
Gasoline (spark ignition) versions are particularly useful in lightweight or portable
applications such as chainsaws and motorcycles. Despite that, they are also used in
dieselcompression ignition engines operating in large, weight-insensitive applications,
such as marine propulsion, railway locomotives and electricity generation. In a twostroke engine, the heat transfer from the engine to the cooling system is less than in a
four-stroke, which means that two-stroke engines can be more efficient. However,
crankcase-compression two-stroke engines, such as the common small gasolinepowered engines, create more exhaust emissions than four-stroke engines because

their petroil lubrication mixture is also burned in the engine, due to the engine's totalloss oiling system.
Dead weight center
A dead weight tester apparatus uses known traceable weights to apply pressure to a
fluid for checking the accuracy of readings from a pressure gauge. A dead weight
tester (DWT) is a calibration standard method that uses a piston cylinder on which a
load is placed to make an equilibrium with an applied pressure underneath the piston.
Deadweight testers are so called primary standards which means that the pressure
measured by a deadweight tester is defined through other quantities: length, mass and
time. Typically deadweight testers are used in calibration laboratories to calibrate
pressure transfer standards like electronic pressure measuring devices.
Vehicle
A vehicle frame, also known as its chassis, is the main supporting structure of a motor
vehicle to which all other components are attached, comparable to the skeleton of
an organism.
Until the 1930s, virtually every (motor) vehicle had a structural frame, separate from the
car's body. This construction design is known as body-on-frame. Since then, nearly all
passenger cars have received uni body construction, meaning their chassis and
bodywork have been integrated into one another
In a motor vehicle, the term powertrain or power plant describes the main components
that generate power and deliver it to the road surface, water, or air. This includes
the engine, transmission, drive shafts, differentials, and the final drive (drive
wheels, track as in military tanks or caterpillar tractors, propeller, etc.). Sometimes
"powertrain" is used to refer to simply the engine and transmission, including the other
components only if they are integral to the transmission.
A motor vehicle's driveline or drivetrain consists of the parts of the powertrain excluding
the engine and transmission. It is the portion of a vehicle, after the transmission, that
changes depending on whether a vehicle is front-wheel, rear-wheel, or four-wheel drive,
or less-common six-wheel or eight-wheel drive.

In a wider sense, the power-train includes all of its components used to transform stored
(chemical, solar, nuclear, kinetic, potential, etc.) energy into kinetic energy for propulsion
purposes. This includes the utilization of multiple power sources and nonwheel-based
vehicles.
2 stage air compressor

An air compressor, much like its name indicates, compresses air, which can then be used for a
variety of purposes. Air compressors work much like car engines, using combustion to a drive a
piston.

All air compressors consist of a motor, a piston and a storage tank. Smaller
compressors typically can store between one gallon and five gallons of
compressed air. This is accomplished when the piston drives air into the tank
repeatedly, forcing a large cubic volume of air into the smaller, confined
space of the tank. It works on the same principle as hand pumps used to
inflate sports balls or bicycle tires. The upstroke draws air into the tube and
the down stroke forces the air through the hose and into the ball. Each
subsequent stroke adds more air into the confined space of the ball,
increasing the air pressure. If enough air is added, the pressure will cause
the ball to burst.
The two-stage air compressor adds a second piston to the process that fires
after the first to further compress the air in the tank. By using a second
piston, the compressor can produce air compressed to 175 psi or greater,
which is roughly 50 psi more than the more common single-stage air
compressor. All two-stage compressors have cast iron storage tanks due to
the higher air pressure they are capable of delivering. Many of the singlestage compressors use aluminum tanks, which aren't as strong as cast iron
and could burst if subjected to the higher psi generated by two-stage air
compressors.
Methods of pressure measurement :Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure and vacuum.
Instruments used to measure pressure are called pressure gauges or vacuum gauges.
A manometer is an instrument that uses a column of liquid to measure pressure,
although the term is currently often used to mean any pressure measuring instrument.
A vacuum gauge is used to measure the pressure in a vacuumwhich is further divided
into two subcategories: high and low vacuum (and sometimes ultra-high vacuum). The
applicable pressure ranges of many of the techniques used to measure vacuums have
an overlap. Hence, by combining several different types of gauge, it is possible to
measure system pressure continuously from 10 mbar down to 1011 mbar.
Temperature measuring bench:-

Temperature measuring bench is a complete, free-standing apparatus to demonstrate


fundamental temperature measuring techniques using thermocouples, mercury in glass
thermometer, resistance temperature detector (RTD) and bimetallic temperature
indicator
Features are provided so that a number of faults commonly occurring in
thermocouple systems can be demonstrated. In addition the unit may be used to
provide a temperature measuring facility for use with other experiments. The main
unit comprises a bench mounting console which contains the hot water bath,
furnace, ice bath, a digital resistance thermometer/thermocouple instrument, and
digital NiCr/NiA1 thermocouple instrument and power supplies. The hot water bath
comprises a Dewed flask whose lid is fitted with a combined heater stirrer unit, low
water cut out to provide boiling water reference at 760 mm Hg barometric
pressure. The heater unit incorporates an adjustable thermostatic temperature
control and over-temperature cut-out.
The furnace comprises a brass block with holes drilled to accept a glass
thermometer, resistance thermometer and thermocouple. An electrical heating
element is fitted into the block, the electrical supply provided from a variable
transformer with front panel control so that the rate of heating and final
temperature can be controlled as desired. An over-temperature thermostat is set
to limit the maximum temperature to 250C.
The ice point bath comprises a Dewed flask which is filled with crushed melting
ice. The flask is provided with a lid so that thermal insulation is very high. The lid
incorporates three holes so that three temperature measuring devices may be
inserted simultaneously. The digital resistance thermometer/thermocouple
instrument and the digital NiCr/NiA1 thermocouple instrument are both commonly
used commercial units.
Marcet boiler :In This experiment Marcet boiler was used to conduct the relationship between a
saturated pressure and temperature of water in the range of 0-14 bar indicating in the
gauge and also to determine the temperature of a body when being heated or cooled.
When the temperature increases pressure also increases in this case the relationship
between pressure and temperature is directly proportional. Assumption was made that
the temperature is uniform throughout the boiler and the outside surface temperature of
the boiler is the same as the steam temperature. Theoretically, the values from the
steam table should almost be the same with the recorded values. In this case, if the
values are not the same then this is due to error that was made in the experiment.
The experiment was performed carefully and all procedure was followed to get accurate
result. First of all the startup procedure is to fill water in Marcet boiler and the water level
is half of the boiler's height. Then the supply switch was turned on. It is important to
remove the air in the boiler in this case the valve would be open from the startup of the

experiment When the temperature increases to 100°C, the steam is allowed to


come out from the valve for few seconds and close the valve. Record the steam
temperature and pressure reaches 14 bars. The Marcet boiler is used to investigate the
between pressure and temperature of saturated steam, in equilibrium with water, at all
pressures between atmospheric and a 14bar An ideal gas can be characterized by three
state variables: absolute pressure (P), volume (V), and absolute temperature (T). The
relationship between them may be deduced from kinetic theory and is called the Ideal
Gas law.
Combustion laboratory unit :The Combustion Laboratory Unit is mounted on a frame, allowing easy
access to the burner, controls and combustion chamber.
The package burner starts with an air purge, ignites its appropriate fuel (oil
or gas) and automatically sets to a safe firing condition. Combustion air is
provided by the integral fan, and a sensor monitors the flame, shutting the
fuel valve in the event of flame failure. Air/fuel ratio and fuel firing rate can
then be varied by the user.
Gas from either an LPG cylinder stored outside the building, or from local
mains supply, is fed through pipes to the connections on the frame. Oil is
supplied from portable tanks provisioned with the oil burner.
The flame burns within a stainless steel combustion chamber which is water
cooled and of sufficient size to prevent flame impingement under normal
conditions. Observation windows on the side of the chamber allow the flame
to be observed.
A water cooled gas sampling probe and thermocouple probe allow conditions
within the flame to be investigated.
The unit allows similar locally supplied automatic package burners of up to
150kW to be operated and analyzed.
Mini steam power plant:
The unit Steam Power Plant is specially designed for technical training of students in
the area of power plant engineering. Wide range of experiments that can performed
enable the students to learn about power engines & machines.
The unit consists diesel fired boiler, steam turbine, steam condenser & power generator.
The steam is generated in the boiler is supplied to the turbine & after expansion it flows
to the condenser. The condensate is extracted from condenser using extraction pump.
The condenser is cooling water is supplied from a large sump tank using a centrifugal
pump. Measuring instruments are provided to measure the pressure & temperature of
steam at different points in the cycle. The amount of boiler feed water, condensate &
fuel consumption of the boiler are also measured for measurement of boiler efficiency &
turbine performance.

Engine test bed:This Engine Test Bed is a self-contained compact unit designed for easy installation and
bench mounting. An eddy current dynamometer is used to load the engine. The
dynamometer is provided with a manual control of the load. The test set is supplied
with, as standard, a Robin engine which is a single cylinder, four-stroke, spark ignited,
air-cooled, side valve type of engine. This is a typical small engine commonly used in
various industrial and domestic applications throughout the world.

The engine and dynamometer are carried on a solid steel base plate resiliently mounted
within a steel framework. Included within the framework are the fuel system, which
incorporates a fuel tanks and valves, and the air induction system. The instrumentation
and control panel are mounted on the front frame.

Additional engines, four-stroke diesel engine is supplied and easily interchangeable with
the standard engine to enable characteristics comparisons. This alternative engine is
air-cooled single cylinder engine.

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