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_PARTI.THEVATSYAYANASUTRA
CHAPTERII.ONTHEACQUISITIONOFDHARMA,ARTHAANDKAMA
Man,theperiodofwhoselifeisonehundredyears,shouldpractiseDharma,
Artha,andKamaatdifferenttimesandinsuchamannerthattheymay
harmonizetogetherandnotclashinanyway.Heshouldacquirelearningin
hischildhood,inhisyouthandmiddleageheshouldattendtoArthaand
Kama,andinhisoldageheshouldperformDharma,andthusseektogain
Moksha,_i.e._,releasefromfurthertransmigration.Or,onaccountofthe
uncertaintyoflife,hemaypractisethemattimeswhentheyareenjoinedto
bepractised.Butonethingistobenoted,heshouldleadthelifeofa
religiousstudentuntilhefinisheshiseducation.
_Dharma_isobediencetothecommandoftheShastraorHolyWritofthe
Hindoostodocertainthings,suchastheperformanceofsacrifices,which
arenotgenerallydonebecausetheydonotbelongtothisworld,and
producenovisibleeffectandnottodootherthings,suchaseatingmeat,
whichisoftendonebecauseitbelongstothisworld,andhasvisibleeffects.
DharmashouldbelearntfromtheShruti(HolyWrit),andfromthose
conversantwithit.
_Artha_istheacquisitionofarts,land,gold,cattle,wealth,equipagesand
friends.Itis,further,theprotectionofwhatisacquired,andtheincreaseof
whatisprotected.
Arthashouldbelearntfromtheking'sofficers,andfrommerchantswho
maybeversedinthewaysofcommerce.
_Kama_istheenjoymentofappropriateobjectsbythefivesensesof
hearing,feeling,seeing,tasting,andsmelling,assistedbythemind
togetherwiththesoul.Theingredientinthisisapeculiarcontactbetween
theorganofsenseanditsobject,andtheconsciousnessofpleasurewhich
arisesfromthatcontactiscalledKama.
KamaistobelearntfromtheKamaSutra(aphorismsonlove)andfromthe
practiceofcitizens.
Whenallthethree,viz.,Dharma,Artha,andKamacometogether,the
formerisbetterthantheonewhichfollowsit,_i.e._,Dharmaisbetterthan
Artha,andArthaisbetterthanKama.ButArthashouldbealwaysfirst
practisedbytheking,forthelivelihoodofmenistobeobtainedfromit
only.Again,Kamabeingtheoccupationofpublicwomen,theyshouldprefer
ittotheothertwo,andtheseareexceptionstothegeneralrule.
_Objection1._
SomelearnedmensaythatasDharmaisconnectedwiththingsnot
belongingtothisworld,itisappropriatelytreatedofinabookandsoalsois
Artha,becauseitispractisedonlybytheapplicationofpropermeans,anda
knowledgeofthosemeanscanonlybeobtainedbystudyandfrombooks.
ButKamabeingathingwhichispractisedevenbythebrutecreation,and
whichistobefoundeverywhere,doesnotwantanyworkonthesubject.
_Answer._

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Thisisnotso.Sexualintercoursebeingathingdependentonmanand
womanrequirestheapplicationofpropermeansbythem,andthosemeans
aretobelearntfromtheKamaShastra.Thenonapplicationofproper
means,whichweseeinthebrutecreation,iscausedbytheirbeing
unrestrained,andbythefemalesamongthemonlybeingfitforsexual
intercourseatcertainseasonsandnomore,andbytheirintercoursenot
beingprecededbythoughtofanykind.
_Objection2._
TheLokayatikas[4]say:Religiousordinancesshouldnotbeobserved,for
theybearafuturefruit,andatthesametimeitisalsodoubtfulwhether
theywillbearanyfruitatall.Whatfoolishpersonwillgiveawaythatwhich
isinhisownhandsintothehandsofanother?Moreover,itisbettertohave
apigeontodaythanapeacocktomorrowandacoppercoinwhichwehave
thecertaintyofobtaining,isbetterthanagoldcoin,thepossessionofwhich
isdoubtful.
_Answer._
Itisnotso.1st.HolyWrit,whichordainsthepracticeofDharma,doesnot
admitofadoubt.
2nd.Sacrificessuchasthosemadeforthedestructionofenemies,orforthe
fallofrain,areseentobearfruit.
3rd.Thesun,moon,stars,planetsandotherheavenlybodiesappeartowork
intentionallyforthegoodoftheworld.
4th.Theexistenceofthisworldiseffectedbytheobservanceoftherules
respectingthefourclasses[5]ofmenandtheirfourstagesoflife.
5th.Weseethatseedisthrownintothegroundwiththehopeoffuture
crops.
Vatsyayanaisthereforeofopinionthattheordinancesofreligionmustbe
obeyed.
_Objection3._
Thosewhobelievethatdestinyistheprimemoverofallthingssay:We
shouldnotexertourselvestoacquirewealth,forsometimesitisnot
acquiredalthoughwestrivetogetit,whileatothertimesitcomestousof
itselfwithoutanyexertiononourpart.Everythingisthereforeinthepower
ofdestiny,whoisthelordofgainandloss,ofsuccessanddefeat,of
pleasureandpain.ThusweseetheBali[6]wasraisedtothethroneofIndra
bydestiny,andwasalsoputdownbythesamepower,anditisdestinyonly
thatcanreinstatehim.
_Answer._
Itisnotrighttosayso.Astheacquisitionofeveryobjectpresupposesatall
eventssomeexertiononthepartofman,theapplicationofpropermeans
maybesaidtobethecauseofgainingallourends,andthisapplicationof
propermeansbeingthusnecessary(evenwhereathingisdestinedto
happen),itfollowsthatapersonwhodoesnothingwillenjoynohappiness.
_Objection4._
ThosewhoareinclinedtothinkthatArthaisthechiefobjecttobeobtained
arguethus.Pleasuresshouldnotbesoughtfor,becausetheyareobstacles
tothepracticeofDharmaandArtha,whicharebothsuperiortothem,and
arealsodislikedbymeritoriouspersons.Pleasuresalsobringamaninto
distress,andintocontactwithlowpersonstheycausehimtocommit
unrighteousdeeds,andproduceimpurityinhimtheymakehimregardless
ofthefuture,andencouragecarelessnessandlevity.Andlastly,theycause
himtobedisbelievedbyall,receivedbynone,anddespisedbyeverybody,
includinghimself.Itisnotorious,moreover,thatmanymenwhohavegiven
themselvesuptopleasurealone,havebeenruinedalongwiththeirfamilies
andrelations.Thus,KingDandakya,[7]oftheBhojadynasty,carriedoffa
Brahman'sdaughterwithevilintent,andwaseventuallyruinedandlosthis
kingdom.Indra,too,havingviolatedthechastityofAhalya,[8]wasmadeto
sufferforit.InalikemannerthemightyKichaka,[9]whotriedtoseduce
Draupadi,andRavana,[10]whoattemptedtogainoverSita,werepunished
fortheircrimes.Theseandmanyothersfellbyreasonoftheirpleasures.
_Answer._

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Thisobjectioncannotbesustained,forpleasures,beingasnecessaryforthe
existenceandwellbeingofthebodyasfood,areconsequentlyequally
required.Theyare,moreover,theresultsofDharmaandArtha.Pleasures
are,therefore,tobefollowedwithmoderationandcaution.Noonerefrains
fromcookingfoodbecausetherearebeggarstoaskforit,orfromsowing
seedbecausetherearedeertodestroythecornwhenitisgrownup.
ThusamanpractisingDharma,ArthaandKamaenjoyshappinessbothin
thisworldandintheworldtocome.Thegoodperformthoseactionsin
whichthereisnofearastowhatistoresultfromtheminthenextworld,
andinwhichthereisnodangertotheirwelfare.Anyactionwhichconduces
tothepracticeofDharma,ArthaandKamatogether,orofanytwo,oreven
oneofthem,shouldbeperformed,butanactionwhichconducestothe
practiceofoneofthemattheexpenseoftheremainingtwoshouldnotbe
performed.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote4:Thesewerecertainlymaterialistswhoseemedtothinkthata
birdinthehandwasworthtwointhebush.]
[Footnote5:AmongtheHindoosthefourclassesofmenaretheBrahmans
orpriestlyclass,theKshutryaorwarlikeclass,theVaishyaoragricultural
andmercantileclass,andtheShoodraormenialclass.Thefourstagesoflife
are,thelifeofareligiousstudent,thelifeofahouseholder,thelifeofa
hermit,andthelifeofaSunyasiordevotee.]
[Footnote6:BaliwasademonwhohadconqueredIndraandgainedhis
throne,butwasafterwardsovercomebyVishnuatthetimeofhisfifth
incarnation.]
[Footnote7:Dandakyaissaidtohaveabductedfromtheforestthe
daughterofaBrahman,namedBhargava,andbeingcursedbythe
Brahman,wasburiedwithhiskingdomunderashowerofdust.Theplace
wascalledafterhisnametheDandakaforest,celebratedintheRamayana,
butnowunknown.]
[Footnote8:AhalyawasthewifeofthesageGautama.Indracausedherto
believethathewasGautama,andthusenjoyedher.Hewascursedby
Gautamaandsubsequentlyafflictedwithathousandulcersonhisbody.]
[Footnote9:KichakawasthebrotherinlawofKingVirata,withwhomthe
Pandavashadtakenrefugeforoneyear.KichakawaskilledbyBhima,who
assumedthedisguiseofDraupadi.ForthisstorytheMahabaratashouldbe
referredto.]
[Footnote10:ThestoryofRavanaistoldintheRamayana,whichwiththe
MahabarataformthetwogreatepicpoemsoftheHindoosthelatterwas
writtenbyVyasa,andtheformerbyValmiki.]_
Readnext:Part1.TheVatsyayanaSutra:Chapter3.OnTheArtsAnd
SciencesToBeStudied
Readprevious:Part1.TheVatsyayanaSutra:Chapter1.Introductory
Preface
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