Forensic Med-applic.of med sci to elucidate legal prob.

Legal Med-br.of med w/c deals w/applic.of med knowldg & in the admin of justce
Med Juris-knwldge of law in relation to practice of med
1. Stages of Muscles After Death-PPS
1.Primary Flaccidity-muscles are relaxed & may contract when stimulated
2.Post-Mortem Rigidity (Rigor Mortis)-3-6 hrs after death & may last for 24-36 hrs
3. Secondary Flaccidity & Putrefaction-musc. Become flaccid (baho) &unreactive to
stimulation
2.Changed in Blood
1.Ante-mortem clot-firm, surface of blood ves- raw b4 clots removed (smooth after),
clots:homogenous, cant be stripped
Conditions Stimulating Rigor Mortis-HCC 1.Heat Stiffening
2.Cold Stiffening
3.Cadaveric Spasm
Anthropometry (Bertillon Sys)-utilize anthropom measmt of human body for id
Portrait Parle (Spoken pic)-picturisque desc of person
Approx Height:
1.Dist b/w tips of middle finger extended laterally
2.length of 1 extremityx2+12inches frm clavicle+1.5 fr sternum
3.Legth of vertes of skull to symphysis pubisx2
4.Dist. b/w supra sternal notch & Sym pubis=1/3 of height
5.Legth of head x8=height
Class of fingerprints-plastic, patent, latent PATTERNS: Arches, Loops, Whorls ACE-V
9yrs-12 teeth; 11-20; 13-28; 25-root ends of 3 rd molar completely calcified
Voice:Aural Test (Short-term, Long-term); Voiceprint (spectrograph)
Handwriting Standard-Collected Std, Requested std
Disguised writing vs. Signature Forgery deliberate attempt to alter his writing w/c in not
his usual writing
vs. to make it appear that he participated in the doc.
Class of Signature Forgery-Traced (copy/trace), Simulated (copy by freehand), Spurious
SEX Test Social, Genital, Gonadal, Chromosomal (barr bodies in women)
True Hermaphroditism gonads of both sexes present
Pseudohermaphroditism-gondal tissue of 1 sex but has the behaviour of opposite sex
Gonadal Agenesis-rep.organs never developed
AGE-of FETUS (Hess Rule) 1.Fetus less than 25cm long: Age in days=Square root
of length in cm
2. 25cm/more: Age=length of fetus /5
BLOOD-Agglutination-clumping of red blood cells
Categories of Blood Stains-Passive (drops); Transfer (bloody hand); Projected
DNA testing Methods: 1. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (cut DNA
extracted, big sample)
2. Polymerase Chain Reaction (you multiply by repating)

Forensic Ballistics - analysis of bullet trajectory, behaviour & bullet impact. Flight path of
bullet
1. Internal Ballistic initiated til it exits gun barrel
2.Transition & Intermediate-time leaves muzzle
3.External 4. Terminal how behaves when hits target
Polygraph-detects deceptive behaviour when person lies
Forensic Autopsy-greek: to see for oneself
Kinds: Clinical/Medical (requested by relative), Forensic (Post Mortem)
Duration of Death:
Presence of Rigor Mortis-2-3 hrs after death
Post mortem lividity6 H after death, appears as small petechiae
Onset of Decomposition-24-48H, manifested watery, foul smelling mouth, nostrils
State of Decomposition
Entomology of cadaver-24H before eggs are hatched
Stage of Digestion-3-4 H gastric empty
Presence of live flies in clothing in drowing victim-less than 24 hrs
State of Clothings- pajama, night
Blood Clots inside blood vessel-6-8 H after death
Suicidal
Homicidal
Direction
Oblique from below left ear,downwards
Usually horizontal below
across fron neck just above adams apple
adams aple
Severity
Usually not so deep, trachea,
Usually deep,
carotid,esophagus
inv.cartilage,bones
Superfl Cut
Usually present b4 commencement of
Practically absent
deeper wound
Woundingwea
Firmly grasp(cadaveric spsm)
Weapon is absent
pon
Blood
Blood found in front of body, hand w/blood
Back of neck, hands clean.
Distribution

Abrasions

Homicidal wound
Not commn, unless
dragged

Contusion
Incised wound

Commonly observed

Suicidal Wound
Rarely

Accidental wound
Extensive abrasions

Rare, except frm

height
Commonly
observed

Found ny portion
body
Frequent but rare
death