Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
NOVEMBER
1981
4 50 French francs
ATATRK
The father of modern Turkey
TREASURES
OF
WORLD
Terra-cotta twosome
This terra-cotta double vase
ART
(31 cm
high)
Christian era when it was fashioned by an Anatolian ceramist in the form of two figures
joined together by a bridge-like handle. The figures seem to have been caught in a mo
Turkey
Kiiltepe in Turkey, one of the sites where archaeologists have brought to light many
vestiges of the ancient Hittite civilization of Asia Minor (see also page 9).
The
Unesco
Courier
NOVEMBER
1981
34th YEAR
page
PUBLISHED IN 25 LANGUAGES
English
Italian
Turkish
Macedonian
French
Hindi
Urdu
Serbo-Croat
Spanish
Tamil
Catalan
Slovene
Russian
Hebrew
Malaysian
Chinese
ATATRK
1. The birth of a modern nation
German
Persian
Korean
Arabic
Dutch
Swahili
Japanese
Portuguese
Croato-Serb
10
13
19
Subscription rates
by Vi/ma Abe/la
2 years: 75 FF
24
TEILHARD DE CHARDIN
PHILOSOPHER, PALAEONTOLOGIST, THEOLOGIAN
by Franois Russo
30
Photo captions
by Yves Coppens
Michigan 48100,
Edition,
Indian Head,
U.S.A.;
Inc.,
111
(2)
N.C.R.
Micro-
34
UNESCO NEWSROOM
New York, U.S.A.; (3) Bell and Howell Co.. Old Mans
field Road, Wooster, Ohio 44691, U.S.A.
Edition:
French
Edition:
Spanish
Edition:
Russian
Edition:
German
Edition:
Arabic
Edition:
Japanese
Edition:
Italian
Edition:
Hindi
Edition:
Tamil
Edition:
Hebrew
Edition:
Persian
Edition:
Dutch
Edition:
Portuguese
Edition:
Turkish
Edition:
Urdu
Edition:
Catalan
Edition:
Malaysian
Edition:
Korean
Edition:
Swahili
Edition:
Domino Rutayebesibwa
Cover
(Dar-es-Salaam)
Braille
Edition:
Gathered
Mustafa
whose
Assistant Editors:
English Edition: Roy Malkin
French Edition:
Spanish Edition: Jorge Enrique Adoum
round
their
Kemal
birth
is
Atatrk,
being
the
Turkish
centenary
celebrated
this
of
year
teacher,
National
ATATRK
MUSTAFA
by Blent Tanr
Kemal
appeared
modern
rious
leader
Atatrk
the
stage
first
of
against
colonialist
and
imperialist
domination.
country
over
in
on
Turkey's
more
than
War
of
decade
1919,
of Istanbul University.
as a great reformer.
studies
which
specialized journals.
have
appeared
in
various
Mustafa
Kemal
landed
at
the
invasion,
the
uprising
of
oppressed
peoples
he
described
his
country's
Turkey's capitals,
Two continents, Asia and Europe, meet at Istanbul linked by a bridge 1,074 metres
long (above) that spans the narrow straits of the Bosphorus which stretch
31 kilometres between the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara. Combining boldness
and grace, this ultra-modern structure, opened to traffic in 1973, puts the stamp of the
future on Turkey's ancient capital with its Byzantine and Ottoman past. From Istanbul
the road leads into the heart of Anatolia to Ankara (below) which Mustafa Kemal
Atatrk (opposite page) designated in 1923 as the country's new capital. Ankara's
population was then 30,000; today it has reached the 2 million mark.
been
completely with
social systems.
Ottoman
Empire
belonged
has
pro-German
power
Allies.
is
entirely
subject
to
the
will
of
the
from
before
and
during
the
First
of
every
kind,
and
army
prisoners
has
been
and
continues
to
be
of
Russian revolution of
war
gave
him
deeper
With
the
old
independence
concessions
rescinded
made
by
the
political
gained
by
the
Treaty
and
and the
Ottomans
of
Lausanne
and
intrusion.
Moreover,
of
co-operating
with
their
Allied
Powers
observing
have
the
no
terms
intention
of
of the armistice.
Anatolian
movement,
the
classes
armies
are
part,
Vilayet
of
installed
at
Istanbul.
The
of
nature,
the
which
all
in
population
had
taken
reforms.
Resistance
religious
Adana
is
occupied
by
the
came
only
from
Turkish
history,
tionary
reform
setting
At this point Mustafa Kemal decided
Unlike
(1908-1918),
the
in
the second
the
did
that
move
for
He
be
democratic
therefore,
based
only
principles.
First
Turkish
level.
The
all,
into
of
local
became
an
ideological
instrument
of
an
the
move,
independence
regional
the
since
the
for
the
and
building
obscurantist,
reactionary
Turkey
was
unprecedented
world,
Mustafa Kemal aged 42 with his wife Latife
towards
spiritual and
in
the
making
the
separation
temporal
Islamic
powers.
of
It was
first
been
ever
transformation
assemblies
had
watchword
monarchy.
it
ruins
therefore,
Republic
principle
political
upon
of
This
and
independence
Turkish
the
Kemalists'
to gain
ty.
Empire
not wish
of
constitu
Ottoman
up
(1924)
"Unionist"
of
he
Turks
in
period
revolu
tional
of
itself
Young
spirit
found
favourable climate.
cumstances.
the
bodies,
only a
first step.
Since the
Caliphate
dualism
tional
Assembly
witness
to
this
of
Turkey),
political
and
bears
popular
sort
of
man
was
Mustafa
at
Salnica,
education
in
military
he
received
schools,
was
to
make
This
equivocal
situation
ended
in
neighbouring peoples.
thus
his
which
and
persisted
With
analysis,
his
his
gifts
of
observation
intuition
and
and
prudence,
any
tian,
concluding
power,
the
whether
smacking
of
struggle
Islamic
Ottoman
against
or
Chris
interna
tionalism.
ment for
of Turkish-
the
young
men
The
Muslim
caliph
was
the
he became
despotism
1924
of
revolution of 1908-1909.
dependence
of
Sultan
Abdul
Hamid II,
national
been
of
the
Eastern
showed
clearly
the
Turkish
Once
in
achieved,
he
the
independence.
had
internationalism
secularization
of
the
State.
The
he
civil
Kemal's
themselves.
war
When
he
was
His
posted
to
experiences
Syria
with
the
triumphs.
of
forces
For
the
job
immediately
independence
was
facing
after
the
essentially
the
"national
sovereignty"
will",
principles
or
"national
which
were
State
religion
(1928)
and
statement
of
the
principle
of
scula rity.
The need for a similar transformation
was
apparent
also
in
the
realm
of
arising
from
their
clashes
Far from
difficulties
of
being
had
been
"system"
in
which
laws
of
laws
of
lay
origin.
The
new
Turkey's
purposes
the adaptation to
of
the
Swiss
civil
of
women.
The
adoption
of
contract
law
facilitated
the
monogamie
recognition
of
civil
marriage
and
legal
equality
between
the
how
Mustafa
Here again we
Kemal Atatiirk's vi
had
Turkish
War
of
women
Immediately the republic was proclaimed, Atatrk set about implementing his programme
took
part
Independence,
in
either
of reforms throughout the country. He took it upon himself to involve the humblest folk,
such as the Anatolian camel-drivers and shepherds with whom he is seen in top photo,
and to introduce modern techniques (above) into a rural world where farming practices
fighting,
the
dressed
lines,
like
working
organizing
to
men,
or
feed
the
demonstrations,
behind
army,
starting
were
struggle.
asked
In
fully
1921,
Mustafa
involved
in
the
French journalist
Kemal
what
would
profoundly
answered:
"They
equality...
they
changed".
will
have
have
He
complete
won
their
through
they
a
had
been
process
of
Reforms
were
whole
no
in
less
culture
and
important.
education
system
In
education
1924
was
the
unified .
had changed little since medieval times. He was the architect of a secular legal system
which redefined the status of the citizen. Below, Atatrk with students at the Law
Faculty of Istanbul University.
religious
teaching
but
also
and
alienating
culture.
if they wanted to
lay principles.
Next came a major break with "tradi
tional"
culture,
the
adoption
of
population
to
learn
to
read
and
whose
by the use
of an
alphabet
plenty
of
courage",
said
the
"Positivism",
in
the
sense
of
once
more
democratic
is
inseparable
and
national
from
the
character
of
large
extent,
been
achieved
in
of a
point
the
among
consensus
country's
on
most
this
in
on
hin
the
name
"Atatrk",
or,
Archaeological
treasure trove
Few countries in the world are as rich in
(see page 2), copper and bronze figurines, depictions of animals, and curious objects such as the solar disc (above)
from Alaca Huyk, which is also the site of the inscrutable head hewn out of the living rock (left).
ATATRK
The Sultan
silenced by
the voice of the people
Ottoman, the tongue of a chosen few,
was a language barrier to development
by Cetin Altan
history of
reason
for
Nor was
tricity supplies.
The imperial
outlive
the
though
this
lies
in
the
cir
which
it
language did
Sultanate,
may
had
seem,
not long
for
incredible
the
language
empire
obliterated
Turkey
was
vast
country
In
for
six
centuries
within
spite
of
an
two
was
totally
decades.
apparent
How
an
impoverished
peasant
munications
network,
lacking
port
mixture
Turkish
Persians
shaped
was
of
Arabic,
which
nor
and
It
neither
Arabs
by
curious
Persian
Turks
could
nor
easily
understand.
an
original
system
of
people
and
and
home
hybrid,
and
of
cultures.
language
of
cohesion
society,
numbers
popular
homogeneous
it a
not
the Turkish
empire.
Further
The
rulers
fact
that
spoke
the
such
people
and
radically
their
different
languages
but
Ottoman,
an
artificial
language
perpetuated
split
in
there was a
produced
spoke Turkish.
court
and
by
popular Turkish
the
palace
people,
poets.
literature
and
The
on
the
people
10
was
not an
"archaic"
Ot
tongue.
pression.
Ottoman
This
the
strange
cultural
background
episode
for
in Turkish
hiatus formed
many
history.
an
odd
When
the
literature
change
toman
There
supporters
was
confined
circles
themselves
the
opponent
what
His
Turkish
language.
the
language.
Persian
and
an
to
closed
which
on the Western
intellectual
the
"shepherd's
Ot
model
troduced
be,
by
Atatrk,
notably
people
Ottoman
teenth
century
Ottoman
did
Westernizing
in
literature.
as
the
These
the
of
and
were
regarded
and
long
patterned
should
of
wrote in Persian.
always
ensued
intellectuals
were
"Westernized"
and
The
Language
cultural
Society
duality
for
which
the
was
so
Turkey,
characters
necessary
resources
emergence
from
drama.
who
could
be
satirized
in
in
spite
of
possessing
for
the
rapid
under-development,
Nevertheless,
Turkish
literary
the lite,
one.
Turkish,
always
excluded
insufficiently
sophisticated
instru
the fact re
along
the
road
to
economic
advance
the
notables,
the
Turkish-speaking
exchanges
which
only
took
Religious
The "Young Turks", who champion
secular
leaders,
en
tests
Turkish.
and
from
certain
intellectuals,
sup
sin
to
translate
the
Qur'an
into
11
toman
literature
consisted
almost
ex
was
written
around
1890),
and
social
thought
and
intellectual
creativity.
A society in which rulers and ruled do
not speak the same language, in which
there
is
no
no fiction,
philosophical
no printing,
speculation,
no theatre and
past,
pursuing
its
destiny
and
emphasizing
the
we
are
linguistic
here
aspect
heritage,
this
obstacles
to
of
is
the
not
Ottoman
to
deny
development
are
that
always
to
already
Westernize
been
taken
as
Turkey
early
had
as
1839
Pasha
decided
to
carry
out
foreign
debt,
the
Ottoman
name of asik (or lover, pronounced ashik) they are no longer the
economic cul-de-sac.
never took
production
trating
terns
as
their
instead
of
on
in
the
systems
model.
Concen
which
wealthy
.then
quarters
of
economic
expressed
fact,
above
then
all
in
it
had
of
European-style pat
consumption
prevailed
Istanbul,
European
only true love", sang Veysel (above), one of the most popular asik
to
be
new forms
of
literature.
Many of the asik, keeping up the old tradition, still wander
production.
where one cannot buy asik records and cassettes. Moreover, with
the changes that have swept Turkey in the last half century the
could
have
overridden
such
barriers.
technological
potential
was
criticism and
Another novelty is that women have now joined their ranks. For
Atatrk,
rigid
dogmas
were
shat
divides her loaf into forty portions/she tills the soil for little
and
write
the
weaknesses in
creativity
were
numbers
of
same
language,
intellectual and
remedied,
cadres
and
artistic
and
technicians
spite
increased.
In
the
of
demographic
growth
45 million)
to
emancipating
itself
on the
from
the
12
ATATRK
O
In the avant-garde of literature
ANEW
GENERATION
OF TURKISH WOMEN
by Guzin Dino
OVER
the
women
past
fifteen
writers
have
years,
come
to
This
phenomenon
is
of
particular
Turkish
women
were
however, that
even
in
their
own
defence,
of
the
segregation
of
the
sexes.
The
position
contemporary
of
women
Turkish
writers
letters
can
in
be
1950s a strong
current of
parallel
with
the
literary
output
of
the
peasants
first
generation
who,
after
of
Turkish
centuries
of
il
attention
to
their
often
formidable I
girls s well as for boys. This schoolgirl seems to have taken to heart the advice
given to Turkish women by Atatrk in 1925: "Let them show their face to the world
and observe it attentively with their own eyes...".
to
the
French-speaking public.
13
Four
Portraits of four prominent figures in modern Turkish literature. Halid Edip Adivar (1884-1964) was
a leading member of the first generation of Turkish women writers. Nezihe Meric broke away
leading
from conventional narrative style with her earliest short stories published in 1951. In her writings,
as in later work by Furuzan and Adalet Agaoglu written in the 1970s, the harshness of social
lights
reality can be glimpsed through a poetic and at times minutely detailed evocation of experience.
revealed
the
richness
of
their
the
war.
sought
modern,
ty,
writing
heightened
by
centuries
of social
But
to
men
writers
themselves
among
whereas
situate
mainly Western,
and
thought,
of
Turkish
currents
female
uncertain
tal
way,
of
present-day
constraints.
When
the
fact,
the
groups,
peasant
vigour
voices
the
last
writers
of
these
two
to
make
themselves
social
and
literature.
last
transform
hitherto
developments of the
real
strangeness of ordinary,
climate of a
unknown
everyday life,
or
ignored
in
years,
Turkish
women
had
Here
again,
it
is
not
keening
mourner
not
only
and
reserved
choly
task
elegiac
popular
oral
for women
of
poetry.
improvising
women
Some
numerous
I
of
that
Turkish
wish
to
modern
refer
to
have
since
social
current
The
Shameran, a traditional
character In Turkish fairy
strict
morality
14
general
disturbance
that followed
and
disappointed
servant...
been
desires
and
have
of writing,
able
hierarchy
they
of
today
complete
Borne
matter
literature
more
snake-queen
here
lament the
women
funeral
society
or
these works
on
of
and
shows
melan
agit,
writers
kind
at
The
frustrated
traditions
the
But it is thanks to
Society
social
have
describes
funerals
She
twenty years.
hundred
woman".
Will a
Istanbul
ADALET AGAOGLU
to it.
"Oh,
Come on,
cup,
in
I've got a
bloom'? All
flower,
women
say
'my
ought
to
beautiful I was,
have
noticed
how
you
tried
to
trap
me;
you put
whenever
you
offered me
and <
rose
to 7
Emancipation
"Any man who speaks to a woman In
public or who makes signs to her is liable
to punishment under article 202 of the Code
of Criminal Procedure". This rule was still
in force In the Ottoman empire less than a
century ago, and up to the end of the First
World War men and women travelled
15
Shaping
a people's future
, smell,
Oh,
always
said:
'take
some
more
Turkan was
made up of an ac
and
despair.
Leyla
Erbil's
fantasy,
the
real
and
the
remembered.
There
are
many
of
these
women
at
the
literature:
frontiers
of
Nezihe
contemporary
Meri,
Adalet
One
of
the
stories
in
Knew
the
Efendi's
and
wriggling
entrails
Marusia's
voice.
inside
whenever
One
day
it
Izzet
hears
"they
white
Efendi's
arm
shirt.
everything.
was
Then
Marusia
against
he
was
sat
Her
Izzet
told
her
horrified.
to
not the
Snakes
serpent?
legendary Queen
(Shameran)
Does
not
of the
half woman,
the
im
like
surpassingly
beautiful
16
half
collective
face
give
and
Turkish women, who In traditional society were not even consulted on the choice of their husband, obtained the
right to vote in municipal elections In 1930. Since 1934 they have participated in national elections and can stand for
parliament. The first Turkish woman lawyer was called to the bar in 1928, the year when the first women doctors
graduated from Turkish universities. Today women are represented in all the professions, but by far the greatest
number are in teaching. Below, boys and girls In a~ primary school gather round their teacher for the end of year
class photo. Opposite page, a young woman with her child in a street In old Ankara.
startling
phenomena a
mermaid
buttons.
in
we are shooting
The black
police
and an
pen unobtrusively.
station
with
her
attacker,
want it
to
go.'
We're going
up
and
'Yes', I said,
'but
by
Nazli
Eray
psychological
with
or social
symbolic
truth
that ac
two
ture of strangeness.
meet?
parallel
Is
it
between
because
the
there
situation
is
of
the
details,
there
gradually
emerges
question.
is
social
Sometimes Nazli
walking
to
Chicago
with
black
automation?
At all
events,
we
"September 3rd,
during the night,
it right.
Then
to
so I wasn't up until
dant
in
in
skyscraper.
The
narrator
in the vast
The
black pushes
thousands
of
the
search
for
answers
to
Twenty-six
problems.
the
Let us also
Her
work
consider
Sevim
surprises,
Burak.
shocks
their
and
same
vein
bring
the
reader
to
ordinary.
was
"When
one
is
living",
said
giving
me
lot
of
pain
CONTINUED PAGE 32
(...)
-t
-,
THE WARRIORS
OF RIACE
Two masterpieces
of classical Greek sculpture
rise from the waves
by Vilma Abella
two
crowded
with
holiday-makers attracted
by
bronze
statues
representing
human
large
from
Rome.
Little
did
he
know
as
he
were
recovered
from
the
sea
bed
and
history of art.
they were
seen
to
represent
two
standing
male
nudes.
head-band;
the
other
was
wearing
an
Athenian
and spears.
VILMA ABELLA is a Uruguayan journalist based in Paris. She
writes for the Montevideo daily El Da, and is a regular contributor
to the Latin American service of Radio France Internationale.
Rescuers on the Calabrian coast in southern Italy have a hard job manhandling a heavy bronze
figure (left), the result of a chance discovery on the sea bed by an underwater swimmer. The
figure was one of a pair, each weighing over 150 kilos. Once on dry land and laid on a
stretcher (right), the statues were seen to represent two naked warriors, each over 2 metres
tall. Though they were unarmed, specialists believe that they originally brandished spears and
shields, but these have not been recovered. After some 2,000 years of immersion, the
restoration of these masterpieces of 5th-century-BC Greek art proved a long and painstaking
task. Above, the head of the figure dubbed the "Old Warrior" photographed (left) in 1972
shortly after the discovery, and (right) seven years later after it had been restored. For photos
of the other figure, known as the "Young Warrior", see page 21 and back cover.
Photo Franco Origlia, Rome
18
19
THE WARRIORS
OF RIACE
Two masterpieces
of classical Greek sculpture
rise from the waves
by Vilma Abella
two
crowded
with
holiday-makers attracted
by
bronze
statues
representing
human
large
from
Rome.
Little
did
he
know
as
he
were
recovered
from
the
sea
bed
and
history of art.
they were
seen
to
represent
two
standing
male
nudes.
head-band;
the
other
was
wearing
an
Athenian
and spears.
VILMA ABELLA is a Uruguayan journalist based in Paris. She
writes for the Montevideo daily El Da, and is a regular contributor
to the Latin American service of Radio France Internationale.
Rescuers on the Calabrian coast in southern Italy have a hard job manhandling a heavy bronze
figure (left), the result of a chance discovery on the sea bed by an underwater swimmer. The
figure was one of a pair, each weighing over 150 kilos. Once on dry land and laid on a
stretcher (right), the statues were seen to represent two naked warriors, each over 2 metres
tall. Though they were unarmed, specialists believe that they originally brandished spears and
shields, but these have not been recovered. After some 2,000 years of immersion, the
restoration of these masterpieces of 5th-century-BC Greek art proved a long and painstaking
task. Above, the head of the figure dubbed the "Old Warrior" photographed (left) in 1972
shortly after the discovery, and (right) seven years later after it had been restored. For photos
of the other figure, known as the "Young Warrior", see page 21 and back cover.
Photo Franco Origlia, Rome
18
19
A heroes'
welcome
Despite the marine accretions
that distorted their shape after
centuries spent on the sea bed,
the bronze warriors were given
L
1
&tr%F&>
\J3 *lv- V
'*V#
rai
il
-* "*** w
of Zeus
or
Athens,
Poseidon
the
in
the
Charioteer
National
of-
Museum
Delphi,
and
in
the
Taranto
little
more
than
month
after
the
Pericles,
Phidias
sculpted
series
of
used
now
in
the
Heidelberg
Museum
in
the
unmoved
by
their
beauty,
for
they
have
bound?
So
far,
no
one
has
been
able
to
In
1973,
drifted away in
heavy
being
in
exhibited
Florence
at
where
the
their
Archaeological
restoration
had
daily,
including
thousands
of
tourists
from
Riace
warriors,
while
television
teams
from
21
Museum
in
out at the
Reggio di Calabria
had taken
Antiquities
Restoration
Centre
of
Tuscany
in
alloys
used
in
the
fifth
century
BC,
and
on
it was established
on to the statues at a
later date to
or damaged
the
X-ray
examination,
the
statues
clean
the
more
inaccessible
parts,
such
as
the
the white of the eyes, and frit and amber for the iris.
Other examinations showed that the inside of the
bronzes,
which
had
been
inaccessible
when
they
long
stay
under
water.
in
during
These
the
humid
Every detail of the Riace bronzes reveals the degree of mastery attained by
Greek art in the 5th century BC. Above, the head of the long-haired "Young
Warrior". Below, the feet on which he stands with perfect poise. Right, the
hand that held the spear. Using the latest techniques, Italian restorers spent
seven years bringing the bronzes back to life. Not a square centimetre of
process.
Instruments were
specially
and
mechanical and
hydraulic instruments
Two
more
years
of
research
proved
necessary
and
Riace warriors
have
now
coming
centuries.
Restorers,
however,
advise
have
at
last
found
permanent
home
in
22
mJa.
s.
23
Few
men
greater
or
women
mark
science
and
Teilhard
de
on
have
made
twentieth-century
philosophy
Chardin,
than
who
was
Pierre
born
in
death
of
In
1965,
Teilhard
ten
and
Albert
Einstein,
Unesco
September
1981,
to
mark
the
on
Teilhard's
headquarters
following
pages
the
In
work,
Paris.
Unesco
held at
On
the
Courier
to
the
symposium
in
which
Photo Fondation
24
TEILHARD DE CHARDIN
philosopher, palaeontologist, theologian
A bold vision
of the universe
by Franois Russo
PIERRE
Teilhard de
theologian,
scholar,
Chardin,
philosopher
whose
thinking
the
and
prise
and
scientific
in some quarters.
Chardin
work
of
may still
Although the
Pierre
Teilhard
palaeontologists
among
known
and
certain
In accordance with the wish of the
General
Conference,
an
international
and
and
in
appreciated,
obscurity,
interest
prehistoria ns,
working
other
and
after arousing
enthusiasm
the
wide
during
the
Catholic
was
held
at
Unesco
Headquarters
in
ed
by
some
specialists
in
forty
authorities
prehistory,
eighteen
every continent.
The
countries
and
Director-General
command
if
many
of
them
do
not
share
his
religious convictions.
past
of
the
world
and
1899,
he
joined
the
Jesuit
while
in
still
mineralogy
pursuing
and
his
geology
philosophical
really
embarked
career.
At
History
in
Boule,
the
Paris,
famous
on
his
Museum
for
he
met
his
scientific
of
Natural
Marcellin
work
on
the
aux-Saints in
war,
In
he
ethnologists,
the
aspects of
from
not authorize
palaeontologists,
did
by
mankind.
de
scientists
and
in
France.
which
stretcher-bearer from
ing
fascination
with
rocks
and
minerals,
wrote
the
Dur
family.
Christian
he
as
period
served
1914-1919.
to
this
Teilhard
essays
ed
to
his
work
in
Paris at
both
the v
25
, worked
of
the
French
now a member
Academy
of
Sciences,
tology,
tance
where
of
he
Abb
discoveries,
prehistoric
made
Henri
especially
art,
the
acquain
Breuil,
in
would
the
whose
field
of
become widely
known.
Eocene".
decisive
career,
importance
for
his
scientific
China
there
until
1946,
He
returning
remained
to
France
and Indonesia.
Teilhard returned to France in 1946,
and
the following
year was
offered
views,
forbade
him
to
ac
York
where
Foundation
Research
sent
important,
the
for
Wenner
Gren
Anthropological
him
on
two short,
but
4,000 pages.
No
matter
work
rupted"
was
not
by
philosophical
nourished
in
his
unit
any way
"cor
religious
views,
by them.
autonomous
how
his scien
and
although
it
It forms a
in
his
was
clearly
work
as
whole.
Although Teilhard's scientific interest
primarily concerned the origins of man,
primarily
to
the
geology
of
Teilhard and his friend the noted French prehistorian Abb Henri
tombs of the emperors of the Ming dynasty which ruled China from
this.
First,
Teilhard
understood
very
the 14th to the 17th century. 1935 was also the year of Teilhard's first
of
the
origins
of
man
presupposed
geological
investigation
great detail.
Teilhard
anticipated
the
research
together in a single whole the laws of the infinitely great and the infinitely
small...
to
the
Second,
Chinese
carried
out
in
when appointed
Geological
Service
in
compatriot
Father
principal place. "True Physics", he wrote, "is that which will one day suc
number
Chinese
of
ceed in including Man in his totality in a coherent picture of the world." Our
other
America.
A.A. Zubov
Ethnographic Institute of the Academy
of Sciences of the USSR
(Extract from an address given at the Unesco symposium
In
Licent,
geologists,
from
particular,
Europe
he
and
and
was
French
16-18 September,
scientists
Emile
Haardt-Citron
expedition
in
1931-1932.
Teilhard was also to play an impor
tant
role
famous
in
site
the
of
excavations
at
Chou-K'ou-tien
the
near
1981)
26
piens,
he
was
one
of
the
principal
for
more
than
ten
years and
proof
that
on
human
he
calls
"planetization",
the
forces
of
evolution
have
shifted
from
palaeontology
in
the
groups diverged into separate tribal units. However, the spherical shape of
the earth, the increase in population and the rapid development of com
consideration.
in
these
outstanding
regions
discoveries
where
have
been
connexion
with
Australopithecus
the first
and
hominids,
Homo
habilis,
Teilhard's
concept
of
religion
helps
us
understand
the
religious
phenomenon of our times in both its ecumenical and secularizing trends. His
challenging the
religions to be active forces in our time to harness and direct human energies
at this critical moment in history: so that the secular will reach fruition in the
spiritual and the spiritual wiil encompass and activate the energies of the
secular. It is in this sense that Teilhard's thought has had and, I believe, will
era
is that he wished,
without in any
Ewert H. Cousins
16-18 September,
more
than
he
has
proclaimed
1981)
its full
went
Moreover,
further
than
science.
he intended to conduct in
vestigations
into
the
Totality
of
the
Mr. Amadou-Mahtar
at
the
Unesco
thought,
cannot
like
be
M'Bow
noted
symposium,
musical
understood
"his
composition,
in
fragments".
into certain
major theses,
distinct,
These
two
theses
may
categories,
himself
way.
never
The
be
grouped
although
them
category
into
Teilhard
in
this
consists
of
of
of
which
evolution.
ideas
issue
The
further
second
from
especially
con
science
from
his
the
theses
in
the
first
complexity-consciousness,
been
sketched
out
process,
which
had
Spirit
crowned
him,
but
man.
Evolution,
before
the
by
ascent
the
of
the
appearance
which
had
of
formerly
converge
tion
offers
us
two
intimately
related,
toward
man,
its
final
blos
plexity,
especially
of
the
nervous
Is
Unesco
it
not
remarkable,
symposium
strated,
presented
first
Among
that
clearly
this
law
as
who
process
their
seek
to
of evolution,
philosophical
cepted,
almost
understand
the
no matter what
religious
although
of
nary
process.
stant
This
process
progression,
but
is
with
con
critical
as the pas
reflexion
linked
to
hominization.
Here
personal,
extension
closely
demon
convictions?
More
is
and
the
Man is at
the
less
commonly
rooted
law
of
in
the
ac
direct
complexity-
who
was
Director-General:
Unesco's
"The
first
appearance
of
category
of
brings
us
to
Teilhard's
the
major
spreading
Teilhard de Chardin was one of the earliest thinkers in the West to realize
that modern science and technology are not just an extension of the old
tradition,
earth.
fact,
This
of
Humanity
process
but from
is
all
over
the
undoubtedly
Humanity
Karan Singh
Ministry of Education and Culture
This
point
is
demonstrated
by
the
16-18 September,
1981)
mass".
He does
necessarily
not tell
happen,
but
us what will
under
what
27
Moreover,
although
Teilhard
was
not a
No
catastrophe:
tion,
ment of Humanity.
"There
is
no
summit
found
essentially
in
the
idea
of
con
in an ant hill,
people
are
crushed,
ment,
not
uniform,
but attain
each
much
their full
with
his
or
less
develop
her
own
Teilhard
implies
phrase
union
summarizes
that
horizons
by
of
more seriously,
to human
of which
But
do
he
not
insufficiently
all
ex
great
thinkers
Teilhard's
philoso
However
phical
and
lyrical
religious writings
may
be,
quality.
genuine fulfil
synthesis,
but
above
all
he
on
so
many
different
minds,
Francois Russo
differentiates,
this
view
going
religions,
nation, and
which
beyond
which
he
the
con
puts
knowledge,
the
the
forefront of these
More
than
progress
sciences,
most
of
in
the
human enterprises.
contemporary scien
The pursuit of
often
religions,
which
show
was
little
even
his
the
own
interest
Chris
faith,
in
still
science,
believed
that
religions
should
co
union,
and
the spiritua-
Teilhard
formulated
the
concept
of
ultimate
convergence
marking
the
first
Teilhard
presented
this
them,
the
junction
of
the
Throughout his life Teilhard travelled, with little respite, through Asia, Africa, America and
Europe In a passionate quest for material to help him develop his bold synthesis of the
evolution of man and the universe since earliest times. Except during wartime, he rarely
spent more than two years at a time on the same continent. In 1931, after returning from
in
this
specifically
sidered
second
religious
above,
have
category,
concepts
not
con
convinced
28
the
the United States, he took part as a geologist in the French Haardt-Citron expedition, a
motorized trek which in the face of extreme difficulties opened up a route through Asia
from Beirut to Peking. For six months Teilhard travelled through northern China (top
photo, the expedition makes Its way through the Toksum Pass; above, in the Gobi desert).
Opposite page: the expedition crosses the site of the Ming tombs (top photo) before
reaching Peking (right) after a 12,115-km-long journey.
29
RESEARCH:
A VITAL
HUMAN
ACTIVITY
"Not so long ago, those engaged in research
were
the
'odd'
and
the
unusual; few in
Chou-K'ou-tlen near Peking (photo far right, taken in 1929), which led to
the major discovery of Sinanthropus (Peking Man). Right, Teilhard with
some of his colleagues, the Chinese geologists Pei Wen Chung and C.C.
way."
30
o
THE TEILHARD PHENOMENON
by Yves Coppens
"Do
some
you
time
1912?"
remember
around
our first
the
middle
interview,
of
must start
July,
Boule.
there
the quest,
Man).
was
prospect
of finding
the first
evening
Less
than
five
years
later
the
greatest
fifteen
thousands
years
to
of fossil
collect
bones,
hundreds
including
of
hun
holiday,
Pierre Teilhard
and
de
he founded in
Peking in
in a matter of five
in
human
palaeontology.
Never,
From
1929
onward
the
excavation
of
Franz Weidenreich
years
Museum.
thropus remains.
for
the
first
rites.
help
thinking
what
intense
Tien
deposit
the
near
famous
Peking,
Chou
Kou
also
with
and
cannot
closely followed
million
he
three
man,
was so well
for
Chardin
life
never
prevented
him,
thropus
sites
at Trinil
and
Sangiran
with
two
occasions,
in
1951
and
1953,
to
reason why
phetic quotation,
begin
and a
with
this
pro
Boule,
Palaeontology
Museum
at
History in Paris.
the
YVES
and as a
priest,
Pierre Teilhard de
Natural
French
specialist
in
pre
of
the
commission
on
the
oldest
thropological expeditions
or a total
in some forty
tribution
This scientific work illustrates the way in
which
palaeontology
to
Chad
(1960-1966)
years of research.
Professor of
of
COPPENS,
history,
brief summary of
commonly
runs
into
to
volume 1
of the
Unesco
General
1981).
31
of
cans
calculation
of
of
paraffin
the
and
distance
the
between
rative.
quent
they
of paraffin
cellar.
he
Everyone,
relatives
and
the
midwife.
make
really
knows whether
For fire
Zembul rushed
writing
needle's stealthy
progress,
the
instants
in
agination
which
and
practise
escape
type .of
into
dream-fantasy
the
of her style.
verging
on
im
compen
Her tales,
some of them
are about the
in
characters
who
are
looked
problems":
deserted
wives,
stitutes,
orphan
pro
wretched
skivvies,
mansions
But
girls,
from
unscrupulous masters.
the writer's
of
as
emigrants
homesick
remote
upon
soft-hearted
Empire,
caretakers
of
owned
by
sensibility
and
her
that
the
melodrama,
Realizing
which
decrepit
heart.
in
my
but
poetic
towards
and
fleeting
"social
The
in which
the
moments.
those
moods
subse
plots,
quivering intensity.
No-one
re-created
have
house.
1931, at
stories and
not
first
knows.
Her
ones did
there
are
other
women
who
it
her
homeland
dominate
all:
"In
the
country,
display
rare
poetic
sensibility.
Social
The apricots
the
distance
along
the
houses,
of
the
the
Sevgi
single-width doors,
the pine-trees,
Soysal,
Nezihe
Meri,
Tomris
the
In the kit
length
of
the
street
totalled
Already
in
1951
Nezihe
Meri
was
604 feet".
The old
climates
the
Prehistoric
Father
Teilhard's
field
of
part of
interest.
When
discover
many
Palaeolithic
and
Neolithic
or
people.
morning...
Then a spell
of
in
Struck
1 June,
hospital...
down
heart
by
attack...
And a turning-
Johannesburg..."
Next,
it
is
volume
theless
of
from
scientific
represents
in
approach,
at
this
work,
only
considerable
which
.part
study
on
the
problem
in
question.
of
never
Pierre
and
Anthropological
scientific poetry.
of
and
undismayed
by
distances,
of
millions
of
years
by regular pro
brush with
ment
of
matter
composed
of
particularly
on
the
origin
of
Man,
"With
in
thousands
it would appear,
hammer
not,
his
geological
"Some
ago,
ing of a
with
32
for
Kieh
earth,
Foundation
Yang
hand,
the
Chung,
Research.
And
world
his
Wen
synthetical
emerges
Gren
Pei
attempts at synthesis.
What
Young,
collaborated
great
deal
with
C.C.
new age.
new
Yves Coppens
Agaoglu,
to
into
men,
the
walls.
She
placed
muslin
was getting
The
like
Leyla
Erbil,
in
fact,
within
tradition
is in
conflict with
wants
society where
modernity
Turkish bath.
Fuchsias,
begonias
society
and
under the
republican
women
impact of
reforms
that
progress
provides
after
as
well
as
men
with
she
finally
artistic
flowering
of
in
many
other countries),
civil
code
modern
and
the
raw
direct knowledge
of their problems
his wife
real
landowner whom
the
of a
But
married.
Told
in
the
downtrodden
rules
herself,
who
rod
all
those
lucky
other
enough
women
to
be
who
able
are
to
not
liberate
essentially
women's
defence
fundamental
of
role,
Turkish
radical
now
of iron.
patriarchal tradition.
In
present-day
Turkey
no
one
can
As
soon
as
the
country
had
been
Atatrk
My
so that humdrum
Vedat
is
going
to
Why didn't
his
ruin
for
eldest
son
arrives
during
the
the
The
divan
sheet.
has been
mother collapses
covered
in
its
on
white
to
dust-
stomach.
tonight?,
"Shall
we
go
she thought.
Omer's taxi,
to
my
son
We could hire
though it is as much as
most
of
Furuzan's stories,
as
stressed
again
scious
that
any
communication
bet
each of the
male comrades,
The
Still
lucidity
shown
by
Turkish
an
is
neither
of
most
masculine
nor
convincing
intelligence
re
and
Now,
my
women.
affirmation
the
subject
of
Turkish
contemplate
that world
fear. "
The
new
generation
of
Turkish
of
name
tellectual.
1938",
Atatrk
on 27
in
little
feminine and
died
Kastamonu,
which
"Atatrk
the
1925,
of
in
evolution
town
crowd
August
dividual facts.
the
of
Addressing
that separates a
facets
different
one
Anatolian
if
ble reality.
"therefore
in
declared;
of
Halid
Edip
Adivar
reality.
their
Turkish Na
1963.
and
Atatrk
showed
in
precise
Turkey
situation,
how
to
go
BILBASAR, Kemal
generation
of recruits
in
the
literacy
what
was
Turkey's
situation,
principal
Agaoglu's
female
novel
character
breaks
in
cynically
retains a
feeling
of
guilt.
Adalet
33
Unesco newsroom
Myths about cancer
V****
According
tion,
two
to the World
patients
lack adequate
treatment
or
pain
killers.
Health Organiza
in terms accessible
to the
layman various
developing
thumbnail
world.
Each
year,
five
million
sketch
copyright
against
million
in
the
industrialized
concepts
of
history,
presents
three
various
of
national
and,
despite
progress
made
by
sions
research,
applied
properly
and
many
copyright
by Unesco,
of
protection,
particularly
developing countries.
cancer
the
French
philosopher
and
theologian,
palaeontologist
by the
Belmondo
and
French artist
struck
at
the
portrait
of
Teilhard
de
Chardin,
which,
for
the
philo
Belgium.
devoted
to
in
what
monastic
meditation,
is
today
community
of
which
van
Abbey
This
have
of
been
the
Dutch
translated
language.
into
many
inscription
on
the
reverse
sacr
de
l'humain
(Understanding
far
beyond
where
van
the
borders
Rusbrock's
of
Belgium,
memory
con
tinues to be cherished.
from
Teilhard
de
letter
Chardin
written
to
by
Father
further
medal
information
issue,
please
Philatelic
and
gramme,
Unesco,
about
write
Numismatic
7,
place
the
to:
Pro
de
tion. They are hungry and lack schools and medical supplies. By purchasing the greetings
cards issued by UNICEF the United Nations Children's Fund each of us can help these
children. One quarter of UNICEF's resources are provided by voluntary contributions. In
1979, 106 million cards were sold. The cards, as well as useful presents such as engagement
diaries and games, are available from UNICEF sales points throughout the world.
Picasso's Child with Dove (left) reproduced by courtesy of the National Gallery, London,
is one of sixty reproductions offered by museums and artists in many countries' that are in
cluded in this year's greetings cards series.
The UNICEF 1982 engagement diary is illustrated by 67 photos in colour and black and
white on the theme "Fathers and Children".
By buying one greetings card you can enable UNICEF to provide enough salt to treat six
children suffering from severe dehydration,
34
CATALOGUE OF
REPRODUCTIONS
OF PAINTINGS
1860 to 1979
with seventeen projects for exhibitions
Up-to-date
listings
of
high-quality
colour
reproduc
Each
reproduction shown
in
price,
along
museum,
publisher's address,
etc.).
Seventeen
projects
to
help
teachers
and
cultural
275pages
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National
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list
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below;
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names
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67
Union
Drzavna
Avenue,
Zalozba
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Photo
Mauro Gallican
This
face with
eyes
of
ivory,
lips
of
copper and
silver teeth,
belongs
to
one of a pair
discovered on the Ionian Sea floor in 1972 by an Italian diver. The statues are
thought
by
some
specialists
to
be
the
work
of
the
great
Greek
sculptor
Phidias. Photo shows the face as it appeared, after seven years of meticulous
cleaning
operations,
twentieth-century archaeology
Italy. (See article page 19).
of
in southern