Logic HW 2, solutions

Homework:
Exercises 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 on p. 19
Exercises 9, 10, 11, 13, 16 on p. 26-7
Exercises 1, 2, 3, 5 on p. 33-4
All exercises on p. 40
Explain in a few sentences what the function of corner quotes is.
Exercises 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 on p. 19
7)
S- Smith is a politician
B-Brown is a politician
R- Robinson is a politician
T- Smith is honest
C- Brown is honest
H-Robinson is honest
(((((S&B)&R)&T)&C)&H)
(it doesnt matter here where the parentheses go, as long as each &
has a pair)
8)
S- Smith is a politician
B-Brown is a politician
R- Robinson is a politician
T- Smith is honest
C- Brown is honest
H-Robinson is honest
(((((S&B)&R)&~T)&~C)&~H)
(it doesnt matter here where the parentheses go, as long as each &
has a pair)
10)
S- Smith is an ethicist
B-Brown is an ethicist
R- Robinson is an ethicist
T- Smith is honest
C- Brown is honest
H-Robinson is honest
(((S&B)&R) & ((((T&~C)&~H) v((~T&~C)&H)) v ((~T&C)&~H)))
11)
1

T-the favorite wins

W-the favorite tried
(~W&~~T)
12)
R- it sometimes rains
P- it pours
It never rains but it pours.
maybe:
~(R&~P), which is equivalent to (~RvP)
Exercises 9, 10, 11, 13, 16 on p. 26-7
9) C- The unrestricted comprehension principle is true.
A- arithmetic is consistent
(C~A)
10) A-John has to live on campus
B-Mary has to live on campus
C- John is a local resident
D-Mary is a local resident
E-John is allowed to park on campus
F-Mary is allowed to park on campus
(((~C&~D)(A&B)) & (~E&~F))
update: we found in class that there is a better translation
which is not equivalent to this one. It separates Mary and John
in a way that makes more sense:
(((~CA) & (~DB)) & (~E&~F))
we can expand the last conjunction: (((C&D)(~E&~F))&
((~C&~D)(~E&~F)))
However, this ultimately doesnt change the meaning of the sentence.
11) A-the license is awarded
E- the exam is passed
(EA)
(this means: passing the exam is a sufficient, but not a necessary
condition for getting the license)
update:
we agreed in class that a better translation might be (AE)
Then we can agree to translate the following expressions in
the same way:
A conditional upon B
2

A is contingent upon B
A only if B
(AB)
This means we understand these expressions as saying that B
is a necessary condition for A.
13) P-One passes the exam
E-One makes an effort
(reading: making an effort is a necessary condition for passing the
exam)
(PE)
or
(~E~P)
16)
P-People have the right to smoke in public
Q-Smoking in public significantly affects the health of others
((P ~Q) & Q)
Exercises 1, 2, 3, 5 on p. 33-4
1) G-The government rigs the election.
R-There will be riots.
V- The government is guaranteed victory
(GR)
(~GV)
(~G~V)
R
2) A- The price of oil rises
B- There is a recession
C- Interest rates will fall
D- The government allows interest rates to fall
(AB)
(BC)
(CD)
(A~D)
(~A v C)
3) A- The players will go back to work
B- Agreement is reached over their salaries
C-Some players will take early retirement

(BA)
(BC)
(~C~A)
5) A- I know I exist
B- I exist
C-I know I think
D- I think
(AB)
(CA)
(DC)
D
B
All exercises on p. 40
I) Its hard to draw out the parse trees in word, so just ask in class or
office hours if you have questions about this exercise.
a) A (~B(Cv~C)), A, (~B(Cv~C)), ~B, (Cv~C), B, ~C, C
b) Its scope is B.
c) The scope is (~B(Cv~C))
d) ~ is in the scope of &
e) see book
f) and
g) Its within the scope of every other connective in that formula
except the leftmost negation.
II)
1) is a wff
2) not a wff:
3) not a wff:
4) not a wff:
5) not a wff:
partner

extra pair of parentheses around

one pair of parentheses missing
there should be no outer parentheses for the negation
four left but only three right parentheses, one lacks a

Function of corner quotes:

- When we try to talk about a class of formulae that have a particular
structure, we want to use an expression that contains a mix of
expressions from the metalanguage and from the object language.
When we do this, we put the expression in question in corner quotes. In
those expressions, the symbols from the metalanguage are used and
the symbols from the object language are mentioned.