PROJECT REPORT

SWAMI KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MANAGEMENT &

GRAMOTHAN, JAIPUR

(RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA)

SMART GRID SOLUTIONS

(From 8THJUNE, 2009 to 7THJULY, 2009)

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Mr. Anil Choudhary HIMANSHU AGGARWAL
(Head of the Department I.T) B.Tech. Final Year
Mr.S.R.Dogiwal Information Technology
(Sir Lecturer)
 PREFACE

Training is the essential part of the professional studies. Without practical training the feedback
from the student is vain.

Practical training forms an integral component of any professional course like engineering. The
real problem that an engineer faces and tackles live problems is the industry and the field the
institute where one person pursues his studies cannot provide him that practical knowledge on
all aspects of learning often the study of a subject is said to be incomplete until the student has
been exposed to its practical aspects. The theoretical studies build the engineer in him by
providing pools of knowledge where as the practical applications make him agile and
competent. If theoretical knowledge teaches him the principles and policies the practical
exposure tells him how to use these principles.

For this purpose, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota has prescribed a practical training in
various industries, So that we may get more knowledge of Information Technology.

The policy behind the practical training is not only to provide the self-job but also produce more
technical crops in the country to make the nation developed. So that there will be less import of
costly advanced technology.

In this training session I took my training in BSES Rajdhani Power Limited, DELHI.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………………………………….1

2. Introduction (Synopsis)…………………………………………………………………………………………….2

3. Company Profile……………………………………………………………………………………………………….4

4. Smart Grid Technology………………………………………………………………………………………….....5

4.1. What a Smart Grid is…………………………………………………………………………………….…...5

4.2. Features…………………………………………………………………………………………………….….…..9

4.3. Functions………………………………………………………………………………………………………….11

5. Integrated Smart Grid Solution Architecture………………………………………………………….13

6. SCADA……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..14

6.1. Use case diagram……………………………………………………………………………………………15

6.2. Layers Pattern………………………………………………………………………………………………….18

6.3. Hardware Architecture……………………………………………………………………………………20.

6.4. Features……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….23

6.5. Advantages……………………………………………………………………………………………………..24

6.6. Disadvantages…………………………………………………………………………………………………25

6.7. Security Issues…………………………………………………………………………………………….…26

7. OMS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…28

8. DMS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…29

9. Integration of OMS and DMS………………………………………………………………………………..31

10. Integration of SCADA and OMS/DMS………………………………………………………………….33

11. GIS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………34

12. Integration between DMS software and GIS miner & miner………………………………37

13. Integrated Distributions Operations Center……………………………………………………….38

14. Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………40

15. References……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……41
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is incredibly difficult to ink emotions on the paper and thanks are poor recompense for the
favors received.

I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Anil Choudhary (Head of The
Department, Information Technology), Mr. M.L.Bhargava (Head Training & Placement Officer),
Mr.S.R. Dogiwal (Sr. Lecturer), Swami Keshvanand Institute of technology management and
Gramothan, Jaipur for their kind support in arranging my Training in BSES Rajdhani Power
Limited, DELHI.

I express my profound echoing thanks to Mr. N.K.Aggarwal (BSES Rajdhani Power Limited.) for
giving me permission of training and for his expert guidance, encouraging attitude and precious
comments which kept our study going under desperate circumstances.

I also want to express the special thanks to all technical and non technical members for their
guidance, support and help.

I am obliged to my family members and all others who directly or indirectly helped me in
boosting my moral and also providing me with required enthusiasm and perseverance.

HIMANSHU AGGARWAL

B.Tech. Final Year

Information Technology

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 INTRODUCTION
SYNOPSIS
TRAINING SCENARIO

When I reached the company premises on June 8, 2009, I was taken through an orientation
session that focused on the company’s working area. Mr. N.K. Aggarwal updated the trainees
with the information about the domain followed by a campus tour with a Company Guide. On
the next day, the program started the students from various colleges took part in the program.
Then I was allotted the project on ‘Smart Grid Solution Suite’. The Objectives of the project
were brought into focus. On the subsequent days, I was evinced with practical/live examples of
various technologies like Distribution Management System (DMS), Outage Management System
(OMS), Geographic Information System (GIS) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA). I worked for my task hand-in-hand with my team whole-heartedly. By the beginning of
July, I was well-versed with various hardware and software tools. At the End, I was asked to give
a presentation based on the work I had done for my evaluation. I was put to test with the
rebuttal and repartee session and then after was declared successful.

PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS

At BSES, I was allowed to study their technology “Smart Grid Solution Suite”. The project
emphasized on the study of various tools used in BSES for the purpose of managing the data at
a factory, plant or in other remote locations and then sends this data to a central computer
which then manages and controls the data using other tools. Before starting the project,
various things regarding Smart Grid Solution Suite and other fundamentals which were used for
the training session were made clear and we were asked to stick on them. The project kicked-
off with the abstract of the evolution of the Smart Grid Solution Suite followed by evaluating
the requirements of the Smart Grid Solution Suite market of India.

Apart from this various points or various key words were kept in mind so as to minimize the
errors that usually occur during the training and during the study of the tools.

SUMMARY

The internship cum training helped me to have a real taste of the various tools used in the BSES
and other similar companies. It not only did enhance my knowledge about Smart Grid Solution
but also greatly enhanced my communication skills. The team at BSES provided abundant
knowledge about software as well as hardware tools like DMS, OMS, GIS, SCADA that are used
nowadays. I feel privileged to be associated with BSES as it was a once in a life time experience.

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 COMPANY PROFILE

BSES in Delhi
Following the privatization of Delhi’s power sector and unbundling of the Delhi Vidyut Board in
July 2002, the business of power distribution was transferred to BSES Yamuna Power Limited
(BYPL) and BSES Rajdhani Power Limited (BRPL). These two of the three successor entities
distribute electricity to 22.6 lakh customers in two thirds of Delhi. The Company acquired
assets, liabilities, proceedings and personnel of the Delhi Vidyut Board as per the terms and
conditions contained in the Transfer Scheme.

BSES Yamuna Power Limited (BYPL)

BYPL distributes power to an area spread over 200 sq kms with a population density of 4230
per sq km. Its 10.4lakh customers are spread over 14 districts across Central and East areas
including Chandni Chowk, Daryaganj, Paharganj, Shankar Road, Patel Nagar, G T Road,
Karkardooma, Krishna Nagar, Laxmi Nagar, Mayur Vihar, Yamuna Vihar, Nand Nagri and
Karawal Nagar.

BSES Rajdhani Power Limited (BRPL)

BRPL distributes power to an area spread over 750 sq. km with a population density of 1360 per
sq km. Its’ over 12.2 lakh customers are spread in 19 districts across South and West areas
including Alaknanda, Khanpur, Vasant Kunj, Saket, Nehru Place, Nizamuddin, Sarita Vihar, Hauz
Khas, R K Puram, Janakpuri, Najafgargh, Nangloi, Mundka, Punjabi Bagh, Tagore Garden, Vikas
Puri, Palam and Dwarka.

Since taking over distribution, BSES’ singular mission has been to provide reliable and quality
electricity supply. BSES has invested over Rs 3500 crore on upgrading and augmenting the
infrastructure which has resulted in a record reduction of AT&C losses. From a high of 63.1 %
AT&C losses in BYPL area in 2002 the losses have come down to 23% a record
Reduction around 40%.

Similarly, in BRPL area AT&C losses have been reduced from 51.2% to 20% - a record reduction
of 31%

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GEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION

4
 SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY

SMART GRID is a transformed electricity transmission and distribution network or

‘grid’ that uses robust two-way communications, advanced sensors, and
distributed computers to improve the efficiency, reliability and safety of power
delivery and use.
The idea behind the "smart grid" is to have devices that plug into your outlet and
you would plug your appliance into this device. These devices would
communicate and report to the electric companies at what time your appliance
used energy and how much and use that to charge you more for electricity that
you use during peak hours of late afternoon and early evening and the electric
company would offset that increase in price by giving up to 90% discounts during
the low demand hours (generally between midnight and 5am). This would result
in generous increases in electric bills, thus "forcing" consumers to try and save
energy by using as little as possible during peak hours. Through some method not
devised yet, you would let the electric company know what you have plugged into
each of your devices, and in order to avoid a blackout or brownout they could
selectively turn devices off in your home.

WHAT A SMART GRID IS

The Smart Grid is a collection of automation & telecommunication technologies
that are properly integrated and supported.
Key Technologies are:
1. Integrated Communications: Some communications are up to date, but
are not uniform because they have been developed in an incremental
fashion and not fully integrated. In most cases, data is being collected
via modem rather than direct network connection. Areas for
improvement include: substation automation, demand response,
distribution automation, supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA), energy management systems, wireless mesh networks and
other technologies, power-line carrier communications, and fiber-optics.
Integrated communications will allow for real-time control, information

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 and data exchange to optimize system reliability, asset utilization, and
security.

2. Sensing & Measurement: Core duties are evaluating congestion and grid
stability, monitoring equipment health, energy theft prevention, and
control strategies support. Technologies include: advanced
microprocessor meters (smart meter) and meter reading equipment,
wide-area monitoring systems, dynamic line rating, electromagnetic
signature measurement/analysis, time-of-use and real-time pricing
tools, advanced switches and cables, backscatter radio technology, and
Digital protective relays.
3. Advanced Components: Innovations in superconductivity, fault
tolerance, storage, power electronics, and diagnostics components are
changing fundamental abilities and characteristics of grids. Technologies
within these broad R&D categories include: flexible alternating current
transmission system devices, high voltage direct current, first and
second generation superconducting wire, high temperature
superconducting cable, distributed energy generation and storage
devices, composite conductors, and “intelligent” appliances.
4. Advanced Control Methods: Power system automation enables rapid
diagnosis of and precise solutions to specific grid disruptions or outages.
These technologies rely on and contribute to each of the other four key
areas. Three technology categories for advanced control methods are:
distributed intelligent agents (control systems), analytical tools

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 (software algorithms and high-speed computers), and operational
applications (SCADA, substation automation, demand response, etc).
Using artificial intelligence programming techniques, Fujian power grid
in China created a wide area protection system that is rapidly able to
accurately calculate a control strategy and execute it. The Voltage
Stability Monitoring & Control (VSMC) software uses a sensitivity-based
successive linear programming method to reliably determine the
optimal control solution
5. Improved Interfaces & Decision Support: Information systems that
reduce complexity so that operators and managers have tools to
effectively and efficiently operate a grid with an increasing number of
variables. Technologies include visualization techniques that reduce
large quantities of data into easily understood visual formats, software
systems that provide multiple options when systems operator actions
are required, and simulators for operational training and “what-if”
analysis.

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8
FEATURES:
Existing and planned implementations of smart grids provide a wide range of
features to perform the required functions.

1. Load Adjustment: The total load connected to the power grid can vary
significantly over time. Although the total load is the sum of many
individual choices of the clients, the overall load is not a stable, slow
varying, average power consumption. Imagine the increment of the load if
a popular television program starts and millions of televisions will draw
current instantly. Traditionally, to respond to a rapid increase in power
consumption, faster than the start-up time of a large generator, some spare
generators are put on a dissipative standby mode. A smart grid may warn
all individual television sets, or another larger customer, to reduce the load
temporarily (to allow time to start up a larger generator) or continuously (in
the case of limited resources). Using mathematical prediction algorithms it
is possible to predict how many standby generators need to be used, to
reach a certain failure rate. In the traditional grid, the failure rate can only
be reduced at the cost of more standby generators. In a smart grid, the load
reduction by even a small portion of the clients may eliminate the problem.

2. Demand Response Support: Demand response support allows generators

and loads to interact in an automated fashion in real time, coordinating
demand to flatten spikes. Eliminating the fraction of demand that occurs in
these spikes eliminates the cost of adding reserve generators, cuts wear
and tear and extends the life of equipment, and allows users to cut their
energy bills by telling low priority devices to use energy only when it is
cheapest.
Currently, power grid systems have varying degrees of communication
within control systems for their high value assets, such as in generating
plants, transmission lines, substations and major energy users. In general
information flows one way, from the users and the loads they control back
to the utilities. The utilities attempt to meet the demand and succeed or
fail to varying degrees (brownout, rolling blackout, uncontrolled blackout).
The total amount of power demand by the users can have a very wide
probability distribution which requires spare generating plants in standby
mode to respond to the rapidly changing power usage. This one-way flow

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 of information is expensive; the last 10% of generating capacity may be
required as little as 1% of the time, and brownouts and outages can be
costly to consumers.

3. Greater Resilience to loading: Although multiple routes are touted as a

feature of the smart grid, the old grid also featured multiple routes. Initial
power lines in the grid were built using a radial model, later connectivity
was guaranteed via multiple routes, referred to as a network structure.
However, this created a new problem: if the current flow or related effects
across the network exceed the limits of any particular network element, it
could fail, and the current would be shunted to other network elements,
which eventually may fail also, causing a domino effect. See power outage.
A technique to prevent this is load shedding by rolling blackout or voltage
reduction (brownout).

4. Decentralization of Power Generation: Another element of fault tolerance

of smart grids is decentralized power generation. Distributed generation
allows individual consumers to generate power onsite, using whatever
generation method they find appropriate. This allows individual loads to
tailor their generation directly to their load, making them independent
from grid power failures. Classic grids were designed for one-way flow of
electricity, but if a local sub-network generates more power than it is
consuming, the reverse flow can raise safety and reliability issues. A smart
grid can manage these situations.

5. Price Signaling to Consumers: In many countries, including Belgium, the

Netherlands and the UK, the electric utilities have installed double tariff
electricity meters in many homes to encourage people to use their electric
power during night time or weekends, when the overall demand from
industry is very low. During off-peak time the price is reduced significantly,
primarily for heating storage radiators or heat pumps with a high thermal
mass, but also for domestic appliances. This idea will be further explored in
a smart grid, where the price could be changing in seconds and electric
equipment is given methods to react on that. Also, personal preferences of
customers, for example to use only green energy, can be incorporated in
such a power grid.

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FUNCTIONS:
1. Self-Heal

2. Motivate and Empower Consumers

3. Resist Attack

4. Ensure Power Quality

5. Accommodate a Variety of Generation & Storage Options

6. Enable Markets

7. Run more efficiently

8. Enable higher penetration of intermittent power generation sources

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12
 INTEGRATED SMART GRID SOLUTION ARCHITECTURE

Data Flow: Foundation for the Smart Grid:

1. GIS(Geographic Information System)

2. OMS(Outage Management System)
3. SCADA(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)
4. DMS(Distribution Management System)
5. AMI(Advanced Metering Infrastructure)

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 SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION
(SCADA)

It generally refers to an industrial control system: a computer system monitoring

and controlling a process. The process can be industrial, infrastructure or facility-
based as described below:

 Industrial processes include those of manufacturing, production, power

generation, fabrication, and refining, and may run in continuous, batch,
repetitive, or discrete modes.
 Infrastructure processes may be public or private, and include water
treatment and distribution, wastewater collection and treatment, oil and
gas pipelines, electrical power transmission and distribution, civil defense
siren systems, and large communication systems.
 Facility processes occur both in public facilities and private ones, including
buildings, airports, ships, and space stations. They monitor and control
HVAC, access, and energy consumption.

INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES

FACILITY INFRASTRUCTURE
PROCESSES PROCESSES

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 USE CASE DIAGRAM FOR SCADA SYSTEM:
• Description: The goal is to supervise, control, monitor and acquire data for
critical infrastructure systems, operate from remote end and ensure
security and safety
• Actors:
– Field Devices
– Local Control Center (LCC)
– Remote Telemetry Units (RTU)
– Master / Central Control Terminal Unit (MTU)
– Operator
– Supervisor

USE CASES:
1. System Shut Down / Startup
2. Gather Field Information
3. Perform Local Control
4. Transfer Field Information
5. Manage Field Information
6. Perform Remote Control
7. Analyze System State
8. Schedule Task
9. Balance Load
10.Adjust Settings
11.Check Status
12.Manage Logging

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16
1. The control center operator starts up the system either manually or
through remote.
2. The system starts up and all the field devices get active and start reading
values, measures.
3. These signals are electrical signals. These signals are received by RTU, LCC,
and PLCs
4. LCC is responsible to manual operation from the site, in case of emergency
or shutdowns
5. PLC themselves are small control centers operating locally but automatized.
This is due to their quick logic and sturdiness, used in process industry,
6. The signals from RTU, LCC and PLCs are then digitalized and using FO/
Communication cables / Ethernet links transferred to communicate with
high end
7. The communication units convert the signals and provide information
accessible to the Control Center.
8. Control center utilizes the various form of information like Alarms, Trends,
Events, Graphs, Load Sharing and Shedding, GIS, Work Scheduling, etc.
9. It is also a gateway link to other control centers.

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LAYERS:

18
LAYER PATTERN:
SCADA system being highly complex and distributed, it is important to understand
SCADA in Terms of Layers for simplicity as shown in Figure above. The intent,
forces, advantages for the layer Patterns are the same. However here we apply
this pattern on the real physical system.

• Layer 1: It is the field Units, considering the Generation, Transmission and

Distribution at one place, we have all the process controls, I/Os, status,
metering, measuring values, etc. It also includes local control.
• Layer 2: The field values, I/O – analog, digital, measuring and other
commands, operations, are taken to RTUs, IEDs, PLCs, BCUs, and other I/O
cards to communicate to higher end.
• Layer 3: This includes all the communication cables, protocol architecture
required for higher end communication interfaced with all field signals. It is
the backbone in the modern control centers, which has immensely reduced
physical wiring, big marshalling and increased the reliability and more
improved quality signals. Today latest protocols like IEC 61850, Modbus and
other proprietary protocols are used.
• Layer 4: This includes the Control centre equipped with dynamic changing
states of the system displayed on HMI, which is powerful to read values,
prompt and diagnosis system change and with a click on HMI, to carry out
operations.
• Layer 5: Connection with the outside world using Internet and various new
technologies related to mobile / cell phone operations.

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FUTURE WORKS:

• Safety Monitor
 Implementation in SCADA System
• Unifying Safety with Security
 Implementing more patterns in SCADA
• Formalization of safety

HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE:

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SCADA AS A SYSTEM:

 TYPICAL SCADA SYSTEM

SUBSYSTEMS OF SCADA SYSTEM:

 Human-Machine Interface is the apparatus which presents process data to

a human operator, and through this, the human operator monitors and
controls the process.

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 Remote Terminal Units connecting to sensors in the process, converting
sensor signals to digital data and sending digital data to the supervisory
system.
 Programmable Logic Controller used as field devices because they are
more economical, versatile, flexible, and configurable than special-purpose
RTUs.
 Communication infrastructure connecting the supervisory system to the
Remote Terminal Units

SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF SCADA SYSTEM:

MULTIPLE REMOTE
TERMINAL UNIT

COMMUNICATION CENTRAL HOST

COMPUTER
INFRASTRUCTURE

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 FEATURES OF SCADA:

 REAL TIME AND HISTORICAL TREND: The trend play very important role in
the process operation. If your batch fails or the plant trips, you can simply
go to the historical trend data and do the analysis. You can have better look
of the parameters through the trend.

 ALARMS have a very critical role in automation. Generally we have alarm

states for each inputs/outputs. . Most of the SCADA software support four
types of alarms like LOLO, LO, HI and HIHI.
 RECIPE MANAGEMENT: When you have different products to manufacture,
you just have to load the recipe of the particular product.
 SECURITY: You can allocate certain facilities or features to the operator,
process people, engineering dept and maintenance dept.
 DEVICE CONNECTIVITY: SCADA software should have connectivity to the
different hardware used in automation.

USEFULNESS OF SCADA:

 Production department
 Quality department
 Maintenance department
 Enterprise information
 Engineering department
 Manufacturing department

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PRACTICAL USES OF SCADA:

 SCADA used as a control mechanism for chemical plants, electricity

generation, electric power transmission, electricity distribution, district
heating.
 Control mechanisms are described in Process Control

ADVANTAGES:

CHEAPER

CONTINOUS
OPERATION

RELIABLE

IMPROVES MAINTAINANCE,
OPERATION,
CUSTOMER SERVICE

FEW OPERATORS CONTROL LARGE NO. OF

INDIVIDUAL ASSETS

PROVIDE RAPID RESPONSE TO EMERGENCIES

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 DISADVANTAGES:

TROUBLED
ALARMS
LACK OF TRAINED
PERSONS
INITIAL CAPITAL
INVESTMENT
BENEFITS OF SCADA:

BENEFITS OF SCADA:

 Long distance monitoring

 Long distance training
 Protection against terrorism/vandalism-alarm
 Data management (engineering and operations)
 Automated operations with real time control

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SECURITY ISSUES:
The move from proprietary technologies to more standardized and open solutions
together with the increased number of connections between SCADA systems and
office networks and the Internet has made them more vulnerable to attacks - see
references. Consequently, the security of SCADA-based systems has come into
question as they are increasingly seen as extremely vulnerable to cyber
warfare/cyber terrorism attacks.

In particular, security researchers are concerned about:

 The lack of concern about security and authentication in the design,

deployment and operation of existing SCADA networks
 The mistaken belief that SCADA systems have the benefit of security
through obscurity through the use of specialized protocols and proprietary
interfaces
 The mistaken belief that SCADA networks are secure because they are
purportedly physically secured
 The mistaken belief that SCADA networks are secure because they are
supposedly disconnected from the Internet

SCADA systems are used to control and monitor physical processes, examples of
which are transmission of electricity, transportation of gas and oil in pipelines,
water distribution, traffic lights, and other systems used as the basis of modern
society. The security of these SCADA systems is important because compromise or
destruction of these systems would impact multiple areas of society far removed
from the original compromise. For example, a blackout caused by a compromised
electrical SCADA system would cause financial losses to all the customers that
received electricity from that source. How security will affect legacy SCADA and
new deployments remains to be seen.

There are two distinct threats to a modern SCADA system. First is the threat of
unauthorized access to the control software, whether it be human access or
changes induced intentionally or accidentally by virus infections and other
software threats residing on the control host machine. Second is the threat of
packet access to the network segments hosting SCADA devices. In many cases,
there is rudimentary or no security on the actual packet control protocol, so
anyone who can send packets to the SCADA device can control it. In many cases

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SCADA users assume that a VPN is sufficient protection and are unaware that
physical access to SCADA-related network jacks and switches provides the ability
to totally bypass all security on the control software and fully control those
SCADA networks. These kinds of physical access attacks bypass firewall and VPN
security and are best addressed by endpoint-to-endpoint authentication and
authorization such as are commonly provided in the non-SCADA world by in-
device SSL or other cryptographic techniques.

The increased interest in SCADA vulnerabilities has resulted in vulnerability

researchers discovering vulnerabilities in commercial SCADA software and more
general offensive SCADA techniques presented to the general security
community. In electric and gas utility SCADA systems, the vulnerability of the
large installed base of wired and wireless serial communications links is addressed
in some cases by applying bump-in-the-wire devices that employ authentication
and Advanced Encryption Standard encryption rather than replacing all existing
node.

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 OUTAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(OMS)
Modern computer-based OMS, utilizing connectivity models and Graphical user
interfaces, has been in operation for some time now. OMS typically includes
functions such as trouble-call handling, outage. Analysis and prediction, crew
management, and reliability reporting. Connectivity maps of the distribution system
assist operators with Outage management, including partial restorations and
detection of Nested outages.
In recent years, OMS has become more automated.
Outage prediction– the process of analyzing outage
events such as trouble calls, AM outage
notifications, and SCADA-reported status changes –
has improved. Interfaces to Interactive Voice
Response systems (IVR) permit trouble call entry
into an OMS without call-taker interaction and also
permits the OMS to provide outage status
information to customers and provide restoration
verification call-backs to customers who request
them.
OMS systems have also become more integrated
with other operational systems such as Geographic
Information Systems (GIS), Customer Information
Systems (CIS), Work Management Systems (WMS),
Mobile Workforce Management (MWM), SCADA,
and AMI. Integration of OMS with these systems
results in improved workflow efficiency and
enhanced customer service.
Today’s OMS is a mission-critical system. At some utilities, it can be utilized
simultaneously by hundreds of users. It integrated information about customers,
system status, and resources such as crews, providing a platform for operational
decision support.

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 DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(DMS)

Electricity distribution is the final stage in the delivery (before retail) of electricity
to end users. A distribution system's network carries electricity from the
transmission system and delivers it to consumers. Typically, the network would
include medium-voltage (less than 50 kV) power lines, electrical substations and
pole-mounted transformers, low-voltage (less than 1 kV) distribution wiring and
sometimes electricity meters.

In comparison to OMS, DMS functionality is relatively new. While DMS

applications are utilized in outage management processes, DMS also extends to
the efficient management of planned work and normal electrical operations. DMS
is also typically associated with receiving real-time status and analog points from
the distribution system, and the generation of supervisory control commands to
distribution breakers, switches and recloses, switched capacitor banks, voltage
Regulators and load tap changers (LTCs). The importance of DMS will increase as
additional amounts of customer generation, energy storage, and demand
response are placed on distribution systems.

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DMS is receiving a lot of attention because it can provide solutions to many
challenges distribution organizations face today. Table below contains a listing of
DMS applications, functionality and benefits.

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 Integration of OMS and DMS

Integrated DMS/OMS provides a number of benefits to the distribution

organization, as discussed below:

1. Integrated DMS/OMS Improves Operator Efficiency: An integrated DMS/OMS

assists operators in performing their responsibilities better, compared to separate
DMS and OMS systems. Displays have the same appearance and can provide a
single intuitive interface for navigation. Additional displays for separate systems
are not required in already-crowded operator workspaces. Operator training is
minimized, since operators only need to learn the features of one GUI.

2. Integrated DMS Applications Improve the Outage Management Process: The

integration of DMS applications in the OMS has proven to improve outage
performance. For example, a fault location algorithm uses the as-operated
electric network model, including the location of open switches, along with an
electrical model of the distribution system with lengths and impedances of
conductor segments, to estimate fault location. The DMS Fault Location
functionality therefore uses the electrical DMS model, but ultimately improves
the OMS process. The experience of Progress Energy Carolinas with the ABB Fault
Location application shows a significant reduction in SAIDI over the 6 years since
the application has been in operation.
Similarly, a Restoration Switching Analysis application evaluates the possible
isolation and restoration switching actions that can be done upon occurrence of a
permanent fault. The application executes an unbalanced load flow to determine
overloaded lines and low-voltage violations for each switching action, and the
operator is provided with a listing of recommended switching actions. Again, the
functionality utilizes the DMS model of the system, but improves the Outage
Management process and reduces CAIDI and SAIDI.

3. DMS/OMS Integration Improves Coordination of Planned and Unplanned

Work: Distribution systems are dynamic in nature, with changes occurring on a
daily basis due to both planned work and outage restoration. If a safe and
efficient operation of the system is to be achieved, then it is critical to ensure that
the current state of the network is continuously maintained and made available

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to those working on planned and unplanned work. This includes operators,
dispatchers, and persons responsible for switching requests and switching plans,
field crews, engineering, and others who require an accurate representation of
the system state. Temporary network changes such as line cuts and jumpers,
phase jumpers, switch operations, protective device operations, grounding tags,
safety, warning, and information tags, and temporary generators should be
represented. This is easiest if a single model is used for the DMS and OMS.
With DMS and OMS working with the same operational model of the distribution
system, circuit analysis can be fully functional considering temporary changes.
This includes circuit tracing, trouble call and outage analysis, safety interlocks,
loop and parallel source detection, fault location and load flow. The result is a
more comprehensive and accurate understanding of system conditions at any
moment in time.

4. DMS/OMS Integration Reduces Data Maintenance Efforts: Many distribution

organizations maintain and make planned updates to the network model in their
Geographic Information System (GIS). Since DMS and OMS both require
connectivity model of the distribution system, data maintenance processes are
simplified if the DMS and OMS are operating from the same model. The result is
one set of processes for managing the network model, and one process for the
incremental update to the DMS/OMS model instead of two.

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 Integration of SCADA and DMS/OMS
Integration of DMS/OMS with SCADA is an increasing trend. While the inclusion of
SCADA “breaker-open” operations in OMS have long been used for outage
detection, recent business challenges have driven a more comprehensive
integration between the two systems. Available functionality now includes the
transfer of status/analog points from SCADA to the DMS/OMS; the sending of
supervisory control and manual override commands from the DMS/OMS to the
SCADA; an integrated user interface running on the same operator console, and
integrated single sign-on for users.

The benefits of integrating SCADA with DMS/OMS include:

• Improved operations by close integration of DMS applications with distribution
SCADA
• Increased operator efficiency with one system, eliminating the need to go to
multiple systems with potentially different data
• Integrated security analysis for substation and circuit operations to check for
tags in one area affecting operations in the other
• Streamlined login and authority management within one system
• One network model for OMS and DMS analysis
• Consolidated system support for DMS/OMS and Distribution SCADA
• Simplified data engineering via coordination of SCADA point and GIS data
changes.

Integration of SCADA and DMS/OMS can

be between systems of the same vendor,
or between different vendors, using a
protocol such as ICCP (Inter-Control
Center Communications Protocol). Using
systems from the same vendor typically
results in increased functionality and can
reduce the need for data engineering in
the systems.
Integrated SCADA/DMS/OMS: Increasing Distribution
Operations Efficiency

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 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
(GIS)

A geographic information system (GIS) or geographical information system

captures, stores, analyzes, manages, and presents data that is linked to location.
Technically, a GIS is a system which includes mapping software and its application
to remote sensing, land surveying, aerial photography, mathematics,
photogrammetric, geography, and tools that can be implemented with GIS
software. Still, many refer to "geographic information system" as GIS even though
it doesn't cover all tools connected to topology.

In the strictest sense, the term describes any information system that integrates
stores, edits, analyzes, shares, and displays geographic information. In a more
generic sense, GIS applications are tools that allow users to create interactive
queries (user created searches), analyze spatial information, edit data, maps, and
present the results of all these operations. Geographic information science is the
science underlying the geographic concepts, applications and systems, taught in
degree and GIS Certificate programs at many universities.

In simplest terms, GIS is the merging of cartography and database technology.

Consumer users would likely be familiar with applications for finding driving
directions, like a GPS program on their hand-held device. GPS (Global Positioning
System) is the real time location component that uses satellites to show your
current position, "where am I now" on your device.

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APPLICATIONS:
• Scientific Investigations,

• Resource Management,

• Asset Management,

• Archaeology,

• Environmental Impact Assessment,

• Urban Planning,

• Cartography,

• Criminology,

• Geographic History,

• Marketing,

• Logistics, and

• Prospectively Mapping

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GIS as the Foundation for Smart Grid

36
Integration between DMS software and
GIS Miner & Miner

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 Integrated Distribution Operations Center

Figure depicts the architecture for a fully integrated distribution operations

center. The integrated DMS/OMS system model is initially created using a one-
time data load from the GIS. Periodic update to the DMS/OMS model is then
performed using an incremental update process from the GIS. Since the DMS and
OMS use the same network model, it is only necessary to have a single update
process

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As shown in Figure, the DMS applications and OMS applications utilize a
common network model. The OMS applications are used primarily in outage
response. The DMS applications typically relate to the electrical operation of the
network and utilize electrical data from the integrated DMS/OMS model, such as
line and cable impedances, equipment ratings, and customer load characteristics.
The DMS/OMS can utilize data from other distribution IT systems that collect
system data from field devices. This includes SCADA, as discussed above.
SCADA continues to expand past the distribution substation and onto the feeders,
providing improved situational awareness and control.

The increasing presence of AMI has many organizations asking how the AMI data
can be utilized for operational purposes. Interfaces between AMI/MDM
(Advanced Metering Infrastructure/Meter Data Management) and the OMS have
been provided for metering pinging, outage notifications, and restoration
notifications. The use of other AMI data in DMS applications, such as interval
demand data and voltage violations, is being explored.
In addition, many organizations are increasing the amount of substation
automation and substation computers on their systems. This provides increased
access to the data in intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) that are being installed in
substations and distribution system, many of which have communications
capabilities. These include “more intelligent” reclose controls, switch controls,
and voltage regulator controls.
The architecture of how data is transmitted between field devices and the
integrated operations center will vary among distribution organizations, and there
may be several approaches with a company itself. Whatever the approach, the
data can assist in increasing operational awareness on the system

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 Summary

Distribution organizations are increasingly turning to integrated distribution

operations centers, including integrated SCADA/DMS/ OMS systems and
associated decision support tools, to improve their operational processes. An
integrated DMS/OMS solution eliminates redundant processes for maintaining
the network model and also improves operational efficiencies. Integration of
SCADA and the DMS/OMS permits advanced DMS applications to access data
from SCADA, analyze the real-time DMS/OMS network model, and provide
increased operator efficiencies. Integration with other systems, such as AMI and
substation automation systems, provide additional means to leverage the
available data throughout an organization.

SCADA helps achieve sustainable progress in safe and reliable power supply, high-
quality service, efficient operation, leading overall performance in Utility Industry.
The proposed DMS architecture is not only suitable for thick client application,
but also for Web DMS. The basic DMS components can be shared across the
Internet or Intranet.

In order to develop a vendor independent DMS platform, the interfaces to GIS

and SCADA have to be properly designed to ensure the system flexibility,
performance and security.

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 References

1. Roger Langsdon, 2002, “Web deploying an integrated GIS/SCADA/OMS

solution”, www.logica.com
2. J.Rosa, I.Xisto, L.Pinheiro, A.Rodrigues, 2001, “Sharing Data in A Modern
Control Center Configuration: Architecture and Experiences”, Proceedings
of 15th CIRED.
3. IEC, 2000, Committee Draft IEC 61968 System Interfaces for Distribution
Management.
4. Microsoft, 2002, “Microsoft Data Access Components (MDAC)”, MSDN,
Microsoft Corp.
5. GunnarWerner Klau, 2001, “A Combinatorial Approach to Orthogonal
Placement Problems”, Doctor Dissertation, Universitat des Saarland’s,
Saarbrucken, Germany.

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