Re: 3. What is Impedance Voltage in Transformer?

Answer Impedance voltage of a transformer is the

# 2 voltage required
to

short circuit the secondary winding

terminals of the
transformer and apply voltage gradually
from zero at
primary winding.increase the voltage
gradullay till the
full load current flows in the
secondary.The voltage at
which full load current flows that voltage
is the impedance
voltage of the transformer.This is required
for short
circuit calculations.You can find on the
transformer name
plate as Impedance voltage or percentage
impedance.

What_is_mean_by_negative_dc_voltage? why we use -48v except +48v in

DC power supply systems.
Answer IF WE CONNECT THE +VE POLARITY TO THE EARTH
# 1 AND -VE TO THE
EQUIPMENT THE VOLTGE IS CALLED -VE DC
VOLTAGE.
THE POSITIVE POLARITY ACQUIERS THE
CORROSION VERY QUICKLY
AND TO MAINTAIN THE VOTAGE OF THE DEVICE
UNDER
SPECIFICATIONS IT IS DONE.

What is the maximun current carring capacity in per phase for three pole
100anps rating ncb
Answer current capacity of mcb is marked on 3pole
is 100amps
# 2 mcb
then each pole is design to carry 100 amps
it means per
phase 100 amps

what is mean by current

Answer Above answer is right but best definition
# 2 is flow of charge
Re: why motor starting current is High ?
Answer as in the initial conditions the motor is
# 3 at rest,the speed
of the motor is zero.

using KVL equation,

V=Eb+IaRa,Eb=back EMF
Ia=armature current
Ra=armature resistance
(very small),V=input supply(around 220V dc)
Initially speed=0
implies Eb=0
Ia=(V/Ra)
which is very high
value,since V is high
and Ra is very small.
Hence starting resistance or 3
point starter
are used.

Re: why motor starting current is High ?

Answer V=Eb+IaRa,Eb=back emf
# 4 At starting there is no back Emf
And V (Normal Supply Voltage)=220V(single
Phase)
Ia = Armature Current
Ra = Armature resistance(Usually less (.2
to .5 ohms)
From the Above equation,
Ia = (V-Eb)/Ra
Since Eb is Zero, the above eqn will become
Ia = V/Ra (220/0.5 = 440A)
So at starting the current thru the
armature is very high
to minimise this we are using the starters.

why motor starting current is High ?

Answer What the persons above said is true
# 5 mathematically.

If you look at it as in theory, we know a

DC Machine can act
as a Motor as well as a Generator. So as
the Current is
supplied to the conductors present in a
magnetic field, a
Force starts to act on the current carrying
conductor. This
current forces the Rotor to rotate. At this
time the only
Voltage is the supplied Voltage. As soon as
the motion
starts there has to be an Emf induced which
directly depends
on the speed of rotor. This induced voltage

is called
Counter EMF or the Back EMF, which is
absent at the instance
the motor is supplied a current. This EMF
in effect acts
opposite to the Supplied Voltage. So
whatever Drop of
volatge is in The resistance of Rotor wires
is due to the
Total Supplied Voltage and Resistance is
pretty low so the
current at the start is very high

Re: WHY WE CAN GENERATE POWER IN 3PHASE MODE ONLY

NOT IN 4 OR 5 PHASE?
Answer it is easy for compatability ,not more risk
and the
# 1 involved
3phase will generate 440v.
Re: WHY WE CAN GENERATE POWER IN 3PHASE MODE ONLY
NOT IN 4 OR 5 PHASE?
Answer according to the 3-phase alternating
# 3 current the phase
diffrence for each phase must be 120 deg.if
we consider the
3 phase,we get the total of 60 deg for one
complete
cycle.thats why we allways generate the
power in three phase
only

Re: What is power focter ?

Answer Power factor is the cosine of angle between
# 1 voltage &
current.i.e cos(phi)
or
It is the ratio of Active power to reactive
power
cos(phi)=KW/KVA

Do you know how to measure the earth resistance?

Answer Dear Friend
# 2 the R = Pl/A is not used to measure earth

resistance. is is
used to measure conductor resistance.
to measure earth resistance. We need an DC
power source,
Ampere meter & volt meter & the formula R =
V/I
The earth resistance testers are available
in market, they
are been used by three leads on connected
to the test

object & Current & Potentional probes are

conneceted 20 &
10 meters away from object under test.

what is main parts of alternator.

Stator,Rotor, Diode,
Answer Main Partswindings, Pick up unit
# 2 Safety parts- AVR, CTs & PTs,
Movable Parts- Shaft,Cooling wheel,

Re: what will happen if the secondary of current transformer kept open....
Answer dude as CT will step down current value it
step up the
# 4 will
voltage hence on the sec side resulting in
very high voltage

Re: what are the types of transformers

Answer TYPES OF TRANSFORRMER AS FOLLOWS.
# 21 A]Acording to core:

1)Air Core transformers

2)Iron Core transformers
3)Ferrite Core transformers
B]Acording to Voltage
1)Step-Up transformers
2)Sttep-down transformers
3)Auto transformers
C)BASED ON THEIR CONSTRUCTION OF CORE
1)CORE TYPE
2)SHELL TYPE
C)Other
1)1 PHASE TRANSFORMER
2)3 PHASE TRANSFORMER
3)ISOLATION TRANSFORMER
4) REDIO FREQUENY TRANSFORMER
5)DRY TYPE TRANSFORMER
6) LIQUID IMMERESED TRANSFORMER

Re: what are the types of transformers

Answer they are mainly two types of transformer
# 25 the are
1:core type transformer
2:shell type transformer

Re: How to calculate body earthing conductor size ?

Answer The body earthing conductor sizing is done
india and
# 1 in
internationally by IEEE 80 :2000 standard
and IS code 3043
These instruct the different formulae which
are to be used

for calculation purpose generally it

requires
1. fault current
2. time duration of the fault
3. a factor which is denoted by K and is
dependent on the
material used for earthing.Table (1.D)(This
takes into
account the ambient and operating
temperature of the
material)
In case of a power house where many
Transformers and the
switch gears are installed there we have to
install
acompletee earthing grid which is like a
square or
rectangular net of rods. the number of rods
and ground rods.
The most important point in both the
powerhouse earthing or
any other kind of earthing we have to keep
in mind that the
earthing arrangement should have the
resistance less than 1
ohm........ it is an essential conditon
that must be
fulfilled.....

Re: What will happen if the oil level in the buchholz realy of a transformer
gets down?
Answer there are two levels,in the first level if
# 1 the level of oil
is decreased then it sends an alarm signal
to the
operator,if the operator ignores then the
gas formation in
the bank of relay increases then he second
level of
protection is activated as it isolates the
transformer.by
formation of gas in chamber they test the
gas and conforms
where actual fault occured

Re: sir, plz tell me how much kvar capacitor required for 1000 amp or 500
Kw load ? what is the formula ?
Answer Formula : KVAR = KW(tan1-tan2)
#1
Re: what is the difference between upper impedance and lower impedance

distance relay?
Answer the operation of the relays depended upon
# 1 the magnitude of

current or power in the protected circuit.

however,there is
another group of relays in which the
operation is governed
by the ratio of applied voltage to current
in the protected
circuit. such relays are called distance or
impedance
relays. in an impedance relay, the torque
produced by a
current element is opposed by the torque
produced by a
voltage element. the relay will operate
when the ratio V/I
is less than a predetermined value.

Re: Earth Resistivity

Answer For pipe earth pit its maximum 2 ohms and
# 1 for grid it is
considering below 0.02 ohms..
to measure resistance for earth..there is
one instrument
call earth resitance testor.Its value in
ohms.
Resistivity means resitance/ meter...

Re: transformer losses

Answer TRANSFORMER LOSSES - Transformer losses
two sources# 1 have
copper loss and magnetic loss. Copper
losses are caused by
the resistance of the wire (I2R). Magnetic
losses are
caused by eddy currents and hysteresis in
the core. Copper
loss is a constant after the coil has been
wound and
therefore a measureable loss. Hysteresis
loss is constant
for a particular voltage and current. Eddycurrent loss,
however, is different for each frequency
passed through the
transformer.

Re: What is Automatic Voltage regulator(AVR)?

Answer AVR is an abbreviation for Automatic
Regulator.It is
# 2 Voltage
important part in Synchronous Generators,

it controls the
output voltage of the generator by
controlling its
excitation current. Thus it can control the
output Reactive
Power of the Generator.

Re: where used impendence relay?

Answer it is used in the distance protection
#2
Re: what is the type of winding connection( star or delta) in 1HP to 5HP
motors. How to check the motor winding connections( star or delta) if not
provided in the nameplate?
Answer The winding resistace varies according to
connection
# 2 the
of star / delta. When star connected motor,
measured
resistance shows the value of two resitance
in series.
When delta connected motor,measured
resistance shows the
value of two resistance series and another
resistace
parallel with them. So we can identify by
the value of
resitance.
Also the phase current of motor is equal to
line current
for star connected motor. For delta
connected motor the
line current is 1.732 times of phase
current.

Re: What are the different sizes of cables for H.T and L.T side of supply?
Answer For HT cable
# 3 3.3kV (E), 3.3kV (UE),6.6kV (E), 6.6kV (UE), 11kV
(E), 11kV
(UE),22kV (E), 33kV (E)
25,35,50,70,95,120,185,240,300,400,500,630,800,1000
Sq. mm
(single core)
25,35,50,70,95,120,185,240,300,400Sq. mm (multi
core)

For LT Power
4,6,10,16,25,35,50,70,95,120,185,240,300,400,500,630
sq.mm
For control
0.5,0.75,1.0,1.5,2.5 sq.mm

Re: i have 28/32 MVA power transformer with 11/6.6 KC voltage rating and
12%impedance.it have star connection at both side.but it have another thied
winding tertiary winding.what is used of this winding. pl tell me
Answer In star connected trans. third hormonics is
so
# 3 significant
to reduce that effect it is used.In delta
connected trans.
third hormonics circulate witin and there
is no effect.
Also plz note that in some substation for
feeding internal
power to substation or local area this
additional winding
is used.

what is saturation in transformer

Answer Transformer saturation means its core
core is made up of
# 1 saturation.transformer
silicon steel
laminations to reduce eddy current losses
and to provide
low reluctance path to the flow of flux.all
magnetic
materials will experiance a phenomena
called hysteresis
loss.in case of transformer also if the
primary current
(flux)keep on increasing(acc to load)at a
certain stage
hystersis loss will comes to such a stage
it will not
further increase.this situation in a
transformer is called
as saturation of core.

Re: What type of protective system we uses in L.V. distribution panels?

Answer 1-Over current & earth fault relay for
# 3 feedar Protection.
2-reverse power relay for Alternators ( if
diffrent
sourcees are used- eg. transformer supply &
DG supply)
3-Inverse/differetial relay for Busbar
protection

Re: what is DAR test?

Answer Dar means dielectric absorption ratio test
HT
# 1 in
machines.HT megger reading 1minite/30second

reading is Dar
test.

Re: Hai I have 2500KVA,Transformer,13.8KV/380.DELTA/STAR.How

much load that I can take interms of current?How can I calculate also when
I have loads in KW?
Answer Transformer Ratio is given by
# 3 k=(v1/v2)=(N1/N2)=(i2/i1)
where
V1 : voltage at the primary side
V2 : Voltage at secondary side
like wise for current(i)& Number of
turns(N)
k= V1 /V2
= 13800/380
=36.31
P=1.73*V*i*cos(phi)
input power
p1=1.73*v1*i1*cos(phi)
i1=(2500*0.8)/ (1.73*13.8*0.8)
= 104 Amps
k = i2 /i1
So i2 = 104*36.31
=3776

Re: What is IDMT relay how it works.

Answer The over load inverse time relay . It
# 1 consists of an upper

electromagnet that has been provided with

two windings one
primary and the other secondary. Primary is
connected to a
current transformer in the line which is
under protection
and is provided with eight tappings. These
tappings are
connected to a plug setting bridge by which
the number of
turns to be used can be adjusted in order
to have the
desired current setting. The second winding
called
secondary is energized by the induction
effect and is wound
over the central limb of the upper magnet
as well as it is
spread over the two limbs of the lower
magnet. By this
method, the leakage flux from the upper
magnet entering the

disc have been displaced in phase from the

flux entering
the disc from the lower magnet. The
deflecting torque is
produced on the disc in the fashion as
already explained.
The spindle of the disc carries a moving
contact which
bridges two fixed contacts after the disc
has rotated
through a certain angle which has been set
before. Any
setting for this angle is possible varying
from 0 to 360.
The variation of this angle imparts to the
relay, various
time settings.

The speed of rotation of the disc is

dependent upon the
torque which in turn is dependent on the
current setting,
when the load current increases from this
setting it will
increase the speed of rotation of the disc
resulting into
decrease of operation time. Thus the time
current
characteristics of the relay observe
inverse-Square law.
The definite minimum time characteristics
of the relay are
obtained by the use of a saturated upper
magnet. This
ensures that there is no further increase
in f1ux when the
current has reached a certain value and any
further
increase of current will not affect the
relay operation.
This results in a flattened current time
characteristic and
the relay obtains its name as Inverse
definite minimum time
lag (I.D.M.T.) relay

The current time characteristics of the

relay It represents
the time required to close the trip
contacts for different
values of over current. Its horizontal
scale is marked in

terms of current-setting multipliers i.e.

number of times
the relay current is in excess of current
setting

Re: tell how current tranfomer works

Answer We know it as a measuring device.But it can
# 1 act as
protecting device also.

It is basically a step-up transformer.It

raises the
voltage thereby reducing the current(as
high as 100A or
more) in a circuit so that it can be
measured using a std 5A
or 1A ammeter.Primary is the conductor
containing the
circuit in which the current is to be
measured.

Re: if AVR fails in alternator. what will be the effect.

Answer The function of AVR in the Alternator is to
the
# 1 controlled
Alternator's voltage by controlling the
excitation voltage
of stator, if The AVR fails on Load
voltage will be
reduced to zerro

the

Re: WHY WE USE 4-20mA

Answer Before using 4 - 20 mA all most of the
were
# 1 instruments
using 0 - 20 mA but after some problem
faced for
finding "live zero", it was changed to 4 20 mA. By live
zero I mean when the instrument is
connected but with 0
process value, the current is 0 mA, & the
same current
value is seen when there is a cable damage
or no power. By
this it was difficult to find the live
zero. After that it
was changed to 4 - 20 mA. 4 - 20 mA Why?
why not 5 to 20 mA?
The reason is that most of the a to d
convertor which is
capable of providing 1 - 5 VDC with 250
ohms the same
current could be used as per below.

4 X 250 = 1 V DC & 20 X 250 = 5 V DC.

Re: please explian how may types of maintenance works.

Answer 1.preventive maintenance
maintenance
# 2 2.brakedown
3.predective maintenance
4. Total productive maintenance

Re: define IDMT relay?

Answer It is an inverse definite minumum time
# 2 relay. In IDMT relay

its operating is inversely proportional to

fault current
and also a characteristic of minumum time
after which this
relay definately operates.

Re: How to increase the specific gravity of DG batteries?

Answer for the clear understanding, the DG
are always
# 1 batteries
lead acid. The specific gravities can be
increased by
charging with a dc source. If the specific
gravity is not
getting enough, change the electrolite,ie:
sulphuric acid
and do the task again

Re: why transformer ratings in kva?

Answer because,ironloss is depends in voltage and
is
# 1 cu_loss
depends in current.so the transformer
ratings in kva

Re: how we can calculate the transformer size.

Answer Transformer size is depends upon the load.
# 4 For example
Take one building having load of 630KW
Now we can calculate the t/f size of the
building
KW=KVA*P.f
630=KVA * 0.8
KVA = 630/0.8
KVA = 787.5 KVA
So the Transformer size is 800KVA

Re: How to convert farad to kvar. both are the unit of capacitor.
Answer Var=VVWC
# 2 Where V=Supply voltage
W=2*3.14*F
F=frequency
C=micro farad.

Re: difference between celing fan & table fan?

Answer If we see the direction of rotation also
# 3 differnt in
celling fan and table fan.Because in
celling fan sator was
rotated but in table fan rotor wind was
rotated.

Re: difference between celing fan & table fan?

Answer Ceiling Fan-*Rotation is in clock-wise
# 4 direction
*Used Bearing

Table Fan-*Rotation is in
direction
*Used Bushing

Anti clock-wise

Re: how to select cable size?

Answer It is normal practice to have a rating for
# 3 the earthing

system commensurate with the maximum system

design fault
level. The normal maximum 400kV fault level
is 63kA 1s.
Take the formula from EA TS 41-24 [6]
If you can't find it go to www.eesgroup.co.uk on the FAQ
section.

Re: What is the breakdown voltage?

Answer Breakdown voltage is a maximum reverse
# 3 voltage at which pn

junction breaks down with sudden rise in

reverse current

Re: WHAT IS THE FULL FORM OF CABLE TYPE-AYWY,AYWAY,YWY

?
Answer AS Per IS:1554(Part1)&7098(Part1)
#1
'A' - Alluminium

'2X' - XLPE Insulation

'F' - Steel Strip Armour
'y' - PVC Insulation
'W' - Steel Round Wire Armour
'y' - PVC Outer Sheeth
'ww' - Steel Double round wire armour
'yy' - Steel Double Strip Armour
'Wa' - Non Magnetic round wire armour
'Fa' - Non Magnetic flat strip armour
AYFY Means Alluminum PVC Insulated Fltat
strip armour and
PVC outer sheeth cable

Re: Wat wil happen if Transformer is operated at 100 HZ Frequency?

Answer voltage in winding increase double,due to
effect flux
# 3 this
density increases to doubleit causs high no
load losses and
may cause to distroy the core

Re: What is OLTC in a transformer, specify its fuction.

Answer OLTC MEANS ON LOAD TAP CHANGER. THE
OF OLTC IN
# 3 LOCATION
TRANSFORMER IS IN HV WDG. THE TAPPING IS
TAKEN FROM HV WDG
B COZ
1. IN HV WDG NO. OF TURNS ARE MORE.
SO,VOLTAGE REGULATION
IS GOOD.
2. THE HV WDG IS NEARER TO THE CORE. SO,
THE TAPPING IS
POSSIBLE.
3. IN HV WDG CURRENT CARRING CAPACITY IS
LESS THAN LV WDG.
THE FUNCTION OF OLTC IS TO GIVE CONSTANNT
VOLLTAGE TO
SECONDARY WDG.
PLEASE GIVE ANY ANSWER THEN WELCOME
ANY DOUBT E MAIL ME. ON
SABALE.DNYANESHWAR@GMAIL.COM