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GOVDOC
TQH PUBLIC
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3773
BOSTON ICE
Toafew
6";
kSS, 188?
The City
of Boston
is
its
In
docks.
systems
in
place.
in
shaving daily or
Although there
is
no installation
in
like to
explore
its
in
the
Although
a revised renewal
TABLE OF CONTENTS
History
Demand
Innovative Technologies
Daily Storage
in
Boston
Annual Storage
Nature's Ice
Snow
Salt Water Ice
Storage
Transportation Techniques
Potential
Possible Utilization
in
New Developments
#DE-FG41-80R110417
Project Director
Technical Advisor
SandraSwai le
Urban Design Department
Boston Redevelopment Authority
HISTORY OF THE
ICE INDUSTRY
Gleason's Drawing
'
ICE
HABVESTdO 01 TBI
HTTDSOH.
THE
ICE
INDUSTRY
ice.
and 19th century kept occupants comfortable throughout the summer with
with appropriate openings, vents and breezeways while the hot sun was
The biggest consumer of process cooling was the food industry which subsisted
totally on the
ice.
As
local
for resevoirs
or became contaminated, the ice companies would move to more remote, northern
or higher locations.
its
in
this
this natural
ice
for
the next run a set of parallel grooves were scored and then crossed at right
As
ice readily
in
bank or shipped by
Among
the
ting pits
rail
to
southern ports or
splits,
a
in
channel
a
to
in
the shore.
the
Once
to the
were construc-
or double walls with insulation such as straw, sandust, animal hair or tan
So without our compressors and foams, even the smallest farmer was able to
GLOSSARY
(A)
Frederick Tudor -
ice.
Nathaniel Wyeth -
"Whenham Lake
Ice
1825.
Ice" -
from lake
in
"Boston Tongs"
Pick -
Ice
Wagon
ice.
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and
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HISTORY OF
REFRIGERATION
1WCMVVAT
fill,.
INJECTION,
=^
1
COLO WATER
9TOMOCTMM
BRINE TANK.
Showing
Faradaycondensed ammonia
Cu
1 1
liquid;
it.
en
to
Vallence of France
Mechanical
Perkins of U.S. -
in
England
in
Alexander Twining
Edmund Carre
1865
1st artificial
1871
1872
1873
Linde, Germany
machines
1874
1876
Rankin
Absorption type refrigeration used in
breweries
1879
1888
1890
1903
westinghouse Co.
Centrifigal compression
refrigerating machines using water vapor
1904
1910
Kelvinator
1925
.-
1938
Trane Company
1939
York Company
<
Willis Carrier
machines
2
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Of
Interest to All
who Use
Ice.
The Automatic
Refrigerator.
its
it is
on the back of the stove and left to itself, the water will evaporate and the
ready to use again; or place it in a shallow box or pan in the open air.
you will accomplish the same result*, at no cost.
There is an overflow pipe, a*t water line, from first to second tub. When the second
tub is full, it overflows back to first, doing the initial cooling in the first tub, and an overflow
pipe from first tub out to the drip pan, so that there is no chance for an overflow inside the
refrigerator, or a mistake to be made.
Small stirrers are seen in each tub, whose office is to stir the salt and water together,
to hasten the dissolution of the salt and its mingling with the water.
A few minutes each
day, after adding the salt, is alone necessary for this purpose.
The chemical agent used in this process is nitrate of ammonia, a salt which
possesses the wonderful property of absorbing heat the moment it dissolves in water. It is not
decomposed at all, but simply passes into solution with the water, as sugar or ordinary salt.
Hence, by simple evaporation of the exhausted brine when it has done its work in the
refrigerator, the salt is recovered in the form of crystals and is again available for use.
In
other words, this agent loses none of its powers each time it is used, but mav be employed
indefinitely and without loss.
In this way your ice bills are shut off for life, and vour damcosts for refrigeration reduced to the evaporation of a littie wat-r.
This chemical salt is
readily obtainable, is pure, harmless and moreover a purifying agent.
in a receptacle
salt,
when
cool, is
Fresh water from some outside source, either a hydrant, or a barrel elevated above
is connected to the coil of pipe in the right-hand tub, marked A.
The object
of this is to force fresh water through the coil chilled by the brine surrounding it.
The
water the coil contains is chilled, and a constant supplv is always available for drinking or
the machine,
other purposes.
The
letter C indicates the entrance of the fresh water to the coil and the letter F
by which the cool fresh water is drawn off for domestic purposes. The letter D
indicates the valve by which some of the chilled water is allowed to drop into the left-hand
tub marked B.
This cold water dropping into the tub. dissolves the chemical agent we use, and this
dissolution produces an intense cold brine, such as the expensive power machinery machines
the tap
Walk-in fieezsr.
MacArthur
AIR CONDITIONING
& REFRIGERATION
Ill
>
35
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to
in
space cool
in
in
ice
was
it
was not
until
the per-
fection of mechanical cooling and the ability to deal with humidity was large
plentiful
sophisticated but energy intensive systems were developed to cool large commercial and institutional buildings in the hot seasons.
systems are:
1.
60T
200T.
2.
Centrificial
Compressor
3.
Absorption
Good when
electricity
is
lift.
Quiet
cheap.
4.
-- 1/3 centrifical
and 2/3
5.
Thermocouple (Peltier)
6.
-- special uses,
water
is
space vehicles.
BISMUTH
TELLURIDE
-HEAT
THERMOCOUPLE
IN-
|
^L
COPPER
CONDUCTOR
COLD SIDE
-k
P MATERIAL
i
"N" MATERIA!
y
^^HEAT OUT^^K
COPPER
^WARM
SIDE
-BATTERY
FIG.
^"f^
ggj | C^lZgZI!>uL^j^P
FIG. 2
[ZPJl
to electrical
tion is required to prevent short circuiting of the couples by these adjacent heat
aluminum oxide
Cooling Cycle
HeatPump
refrigerant
releases heat
to outside air;
returns to
liquid state
refrigerant
absorbs heat
from air; "boils"
to vapor
<*i
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\ \ \
I*
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ppppppppp
r-
-o
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poo
nrrriTiTiTrmTNTiTrrrrrr
ji-^C
Absorption Cooling
Dew
its
vapor absorbed by
salt solution.
Point -
The temperature
Enthalpy
The
at
in air
condenses.
heat
total
Foam Insulation
in
air
in
available
over
slab,
objects.
Heat Pumps
in
its
compressor and
evaporator elements.
gas.
ice.
Ice -
ice.
to a
Compressor
motor, engine, or
Condensor
2.
Rejects heat from this vapor via water, air, or evaporation with sprayed
coils.
cooling tower
is
often used
in
condensor.
Evaporator
3.
to a
vapor and
in
In
space cooling, not only the sensible heat of the air must be removed but
per
lb.
of moisture.
Water
Refrigerant
Refrigerant
Shell
Outlet
Outlet
Tube
\>
Outlet
,
Outer
Shell
Water
Water
Inner
lnl
Outlet
Shell
Refrigerant
Inlet
Refrigerant
Liquid Outlet
Figure 5-11.
Shell
and Tube
Shell
Refrigerant
Connection
Condenser
Tube
Figure 5-10.
in
Tube
Water-cooled condensers
Figure 5-12.
REFRIGERANT
Figure 5-18.
vVSAAAAAAAAAAAAA/
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>
vVvVvAAA/Vwvvvv
*
1
**
i
I
Fic. 44
3-
- Evaporative Condenser
/
UJ
Fig. 46
Cooling Tower
Cooling Tower
FIG- 6-14
WATER
OUT
JCE
PLANTS
11
LEGEND
1-
meet
daily ice
Motorized
ice bin
demand
door operator
D. Ice rake
Bin door
Twin screws
Feed reservoir
Elevating screw conveyor
Motorized ice discharge door-screw conveyors beyond as required
J? Ice rake hoist
PLATE ICE
ICE FREEZING
MAKER
CYCLE
freezing cycle.
ICE
PUMP
OVERFLOW
WATER MAKEUP TANK
WATER TROUGH
FREEZE PLATE
WATER FLOW
WATER DISTRIBUTOR
is
which
falls
by gravity
where the
ice
cycle
is
built in.
HARVESTING CYCLE
Connections
demand
Heat Wheels - motor driven wheel of heat absorbant material to transfer heat
from exhaust air to fresh air intake
Heat Recovery
supermarket
restaurant
Strainer Cycle
Fall)
Removing Heat
from lights
in
exhaust
CURRENT CONSUMERS
AND DEMAND LOADS
Edison
Steam
Oil
Gas
El
ectri c
Financial
36
8 la
52.6%
5.3%
Back Bay
54.5%
39.4%
6.1%
Midtown
44.4%
55.6%
Government
37.5%
50.0%
6.3%
6.3%
Class A
11.8%
76.5%
5.9%
5.9%
Class B
45.0%
40.0%
15.0%
Class C
50.8%
45.9%
Class D
50.0%
33.3%
16.7%
43.8%
48.6%
4.8%
Total
City
Response
5.3%
-
3.3%
^
2.9%
100%
Residential
Commercial
Space Keating
69.2
43.6
.3
62.0
Space Cooling
Li. a
.2
7.0
Water Heating
20.1
3.0
S.3
16.6
14.0
Cooking
4.0.
Lighting
1.6
Clothes Drying-
Lidustrial
Municioal
.5
Refrigeration-
2.5
Appliances
1.7
1.1
Direct Keating
18.9
Raw Materials
19.1
Process Steam
52.0
Electricity Generation
2.6
Coke Production
Machine Drive
T.5
Electrolytic Process
1.5
Other
IS. 9-
16.9
11.2
Figure 5.4-1.
2.34 x 10
FMAMJJASOHO
COOLING LOAD 8% OF TOTAL ENERGY USE
9
BTU/YR
7.81 x 10
FMAMJJASONO
x10 10 BTU/YR
5.13
JFUAMJ4AS0N0
DOMESTIC HOT WATER 5% OF TOTAL
ENERGY USE 0.49 x 10 10 BTU/YR
^-
283
0.41
'
-66-
UotC-AUA USDOE
a
97 1/22 T
db
2 1/21 T
db
*F
74
88
12.6
Wind Speed
"F
wb
Avg. Winter T
Daily Range
16
Heating
Degree
Days c
Month
January
March
April
492
Mav
218
20
21
<fi
ma^
T min^
29.2
22.5
35.9
53
14.3
30.4
23.3
37.5
57
14.1
38.1
31.5
44.6
13.9
48.6
40.8
56.3
57
13.3
58.6
50.1
67.1
59
Ta
12.2
'
11.4
122
68.6
59.3
76.6
64
260
271
73.3
65.1
81.4
66
10.9
203
212
71.3
63.3
79.3
66
10.7
76
61
64
64.5
56.7
72.2
64
11.3
Julv
August
September
Hours
Average
Wind
Speech
Z
Sun. c
117
27
June
Cooling
1110
969
834
Februarv
Cooling
Degree
Days c
October
301
55.4
47.5
63.2
61
12.1
Novesber
594
45.2
38.7
51.7
51
12.9
99-2
33.0
26.6
39.3
53
13.7
51.3
43.8
58.7
60
12.6
Dececber
Annual
5621
661
690
d.
ASHRAE 77 Fund.
ASHRAE 77 Syst.
NOAA' 1980 Annual Summ. Boston
Calculated at 1.04 h/DDC 65 F base for 38 F DB npsian temp.
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IV.
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i\
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^/KL.\p^.
DEMAND
Boston Edisons central steam system sends out 1.7 million Ib./hr. steam over
22 miles of lines.
in
larqest volumn of
supply 230K
summer
the
lb.
lb.
sent
complexes
in
@ $10/lb.
million lbs./hr.;
and 330K
lb.
institutional
respectively.
As the efficiency of absorption cooling, has gone down over the past several
years, consumption has been dropping from the peak
The process
in
1976.
become extremely inefficient and costly with the exception of the year's four
hottest days.
KWH
new construction
couple of years.
is
installing totally
is
Exchange Place
and
million;
it
in
all
20 million;
As
consequence,
electric
of
As
at
at 18.5
17 million respectively.
quite out dated, the L Street station has been closed down.
Talks
are now taking place with Wheelabrator Frye about the possibilities of constructing a solid waste facility in Boston similar to the plant in
as a by product.
Like
all
being constructed on
nearby pier
to
To meet
this
need
new
led
by
ice plant is
The meat packers and produce warehouses consume large volumns of refrigeration
such as Fulton meat packers with
Added
to these
total of 450 T.
the 20th century such as drug and photo supplies, supermarkets and package
stores
UTILITY LINES
Massachusetts QRH.
VI -48
nn
FEBRUARY K
Among
MASS. AVE.
MENTAL
HEALTH
ALBANY
ST.
BLOG.
BOSTON
CITYc
j|
HOSP
SCOTIA
UNIVERSITY
HOSP.
ST.
PRUDENTIAL
"D" ST.
TOWER
HOUSING
SHERATON
BOSTON
NEW
BOSTON
STATION
BOSTON EDISON
District
Heating System
TUFTS
N.E MED. CTR.
.NORMALLY
400^ CLOSED
KNEELAND
RETINA FOUNDATION
ST.
OF
MENTAL [*}{
HEALTH
DEPT.
STATION
00 MASS.
txs
GENERAL
HOSP.
MINOT
ST.
STATION
NASHUA
ST.
NURSING
HOME
FEDERAL
RESERVE
AQUARIUM
BANK
Steam heat
distribution
-70 Tons
system
customers
in this area.
Cooling
Cooling Tower
District
60 State Street
Supply
41
FIGURE
STEAM
underground:
distribution
SSfsLS
400
gotfrr:
800
&
Ilk gpm
15
BOSTON UNIVERSITY
3 new bui ldings (Absorpti on units)
3
2
units
units
@
@
500 Ton
350 Ton
1500 Tons
700 Tons
2200 Tons
Old buildings
50-100 Ton Trane units
Air cooled- top floors
BUILDINGS
ELECTRICALLY HEATED
IN
KW DEMAND
1.
2.
3.
Exchange Place
7,800
4.
Square
One Post Office
5,000
5.
Department of Transportation
6.
Devonshire-Milk Assoc.
1,400
7.
1,500
8.
Ritz-Carlton Hotel
2,000
9.
10.
11.
Suffolk University
12.
Bostonian Hotel
13.
14.
Berkeley Place
15.
56,000,000
25,000
Copley Place
8,000
7,600
2,400
960
1,625
1,200
4,000
18,400,000
,
20,200,000
17,000,000
13,920,000
8,200,000
4,655,000
4,000,000
4,600,000
2,560,000
2,740,000
3,100,000
8,500,000
860
1,628,000
550
1,100,000
Channel Development
Harbridge House
160
16~
145
17.
365,000
340,000
C7o^1\
sec
\a -T-f
7? o"^o.2
RTW/nks
8-31-81
.?i
COPLEY PLACE
Retail Mall-
&
ai
(economi zer
retail)
rooftop units
m
'
V*
*;'
';i>i
.14.
Sheet No.
sw
H.D.P.U. No.
Cancels
a single location
viable for commercial and industrial use at
volts nominal
^TirTice is supplied to the customer and metered atand14,000
maintains at his
owns
and where the customer furnishes, installs,
devices, transformers and other equipment re-
iate:
Demand Charge
During the billing months of:
i
July-October
$757.00
November- June
$757.00
4.93
3.91
4.58
3.56
,.,.,
per month for the first 150 kilowatts of
d emand or any portion thereof.
per kilowatt per month for the aext 650
kilowatts of demand.
per kilowatt per month for the excess.
*
will be
During the billing months of July through October, all use
billed an additional charge of
.63 cents per kilowatthour.
Purchased
Fuel and Purchased Power Adjustment as provided in "Fuel and
rate.
Power Adjustment," applicable to all kilowatthours on this
Service
Conservation Service Charge as provided in the "Conservation
rate.
Charge," applicable to all bills rendered under this
demand (either kilo-
Minimum Charge
n. r .
uate
rn-d
r "="
idbv
-nionwi
1 GMqui.
Jr-
Charm.! and
Date Effective,
February 13 1981
,
it,
BOSTON
rtt o.itmutio.
1TtTI .
CITY
orron.
EXISTING S
DISTRIBUTIOIM
HOSF
nuuemairra
PRINCIPLE PARTS OF
AJJ
ICEBOAT
DIMENSIONS OF
MAST
WOUND
SAIL
TYPE.
ARROW
DN
ia
16
12.
RENEGADE.
19.29
YANKEE
24
(6
18
VIKING
IS
11,5
C
1
15
IS
67"
SO 125
67 300
MAT
75
450
C- RUNNER SPACING
O-SAIUAREA
250
(FT.)
(PT.)
(SQ.FT.)
RATCHET PULLEY
TELLTALE.
MAST STEP
FARKiNG
BRAKE
PULLEYS'
STEERING
BONNER;
REAR RUNNER
Sports
Industrial refrigeration.
K-,
1'
1 :,
'V,
Ik
1
fo
Breweries
'
.-
2*.
-* /
"
_.
i7-*V-"
: .---
'
Computers
\m
Photographic
FISHING INDUSTRY
Boston Fish Pier Renovation
250,000
s.f.
Architects, Engineers
Boston. Massachusetts
Cambridge. Massachusetts
and Planners
~*s\
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h-%
NEWER TECHNOLOGIES
Fig. 1.19. Structure of ice II. viewed along the hexagonal c-axis. Hydrogen bonds between the
water molecules are shown as dashed lines. Lengths are in A. Each puckered hexagonal ring
consists of water molecules of one of the two non-equivalent types, as indicated. Rings of the
two types, stacked alternately one above the other, are linked together into columns by hydrogen bonds in the same way as in ice Ih. Adjacent columns are linked together in a more tightly
fitting way than in ice Ih. Measured bond distances (in A) and angles are indicated. From
Hamilton et aL (1969).
Sources
Natural
snow removal
icebergs
shipping channel clearing
Mechanical
by product
of
heat pump
heat pipe,
Cooling Systems
Daily Peak Shaving - running refrigeration equipment
during the night and removing heat from
storage medium (chilling or freezing
water) saves on daytime peak electric rates
Storage
Storage Mediums
water
ice
BTU to raise
(144 BTUs to melt
(1
1
1
lb., 1 F
lb. of ice)
iary Uses
purification,
water supply, desal i ni zati on
structural, insulation, enhanced transmission
of sound and electricity.
,
SOURCES OF
ICE
todays cooling.
not removed
often a liability
if
the snow and ice which clog our transportation routes, namely
is
our urban streets and sidewalks, our shipping channels and even our airport
The most
runways.
refrigerants (gases which boil at a lower temperature than water i.e., freon,
ammonia, SO
and
be formed
CO 2 ).
absorb
of heat
Many
coil
Ice
can
plate
is
often employed.
is
by
letting
By
gas.
to a
in
slush, etc.
running
to a
in
is
free.
systems and heat pipes (such as Argonnes and "ICES") can transfer
Other possibilities
processes.
lie
in
Speeding up the
ice
is
speed of natural
submersible pumps while others, (Northby of R.I.) spray the surface of the
block to speed ice growth.
to
moisture sprays.
Also hopeful are the systems based on coupling the heating and cooling loads
such as the
product of
at
ice
is
by
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cities
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level.
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at
once and a time of day rate which depends on the time of day of
consumption.
for mid
City while some mid west cities operate at the same rate.
New York
in
Some companies
enormous benefits
to
technologies, particularly
in
to utilize the
high.
new Tishman-Speyer
office tower on
all
center
bill
in
in
ft.
oil
building
in
state of Illinois
two.
Park Avenue,
to
in
50
As more
utility
it
Long Island
to install
some kind
in
half.
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if
Ice
6LS1K.H
one
IPS Headquarters,
Sioux City, la
In
cabftk
new
fr3 D
2^-
ST
pSggS5?
ICE STORAGE, THE COOLING SYSTEM THAT BENEFITS CUSTOMER AND UTILITY
K.
K.
An ice storage
three story 68,000
Insurance Company.
"Federal Life's ice storage system will have replaced a conventional 200
ton chiller at no additional first cost to the owner.
It is estimated that
including auxiliaries, will be reduced from 259
the peak cooling demand,
kilowatts to 143 kilowatts, and the peak billing demand reduced from 259
kilowatts to 7 kilowatts. As a result of this lower billing demand, an annual
demand charge savings of $7,080 is expected.
This savings equates to a 41%
reduction in the total cooling bill.
The estimated savings are based only on
However, the potential for reduced cooling
a reduction in the demand charges.
energy consumption with this system may be realized through more efficient
compressor operation and lower nighttime condensing temperatures."
"In addition to providing many user benefits, the ice storage cooling
system can be advantageous to electric utilities because of its load leveling
characteristics.
Ice storage will allow utilities to reduce their system
peaks, and to more intensively use their existing generation, transmission,
One way to measure how intensively existing
and distribution facilities.
facilities are being used is load factor.
In the case of Federal Life
Insurance, it is estimated that by reducing its peak demand by 116 kilowatts,
the seasonal load factor for the entire building will be improved from 29% to
37%, and that the seasonal load factor on the air conditioning system will be
increased from 19% to 35%."
tape
is
recording of Mr.
referred
paper
to
Pientka's
given by
Pientka
To be published in
A-
is
potentially,
that,
tank
age
the storage
possible
is
pound
is
this
is
not always
that
it
that
stor-
Btu.
approach
is
cu
per
ft
ft.
Because
tanks
the
below ground on
would be
provided for
car parking the designers wanted to reduce
installed
floors
be used to
space heating and
in
^r.j t-(;_:D.T.ei. u:
rro.T
ar.
auxiiiaf',
'.
.^r
mounted
tubing
in
in
Another
Wisconsin
utility,
Electric
and
ai
is
in
70
have been
with
fitted
evaporato
txampies or
'
40,000-sq-ft
office
building
design:
November
in
Wilmington, De>
1976).
it
One
place
sys-
pumps operated
off-pea
and the
A main
3W 1U* STO*G
aa
'CI
3?0U1TS
entrance
to
the building.
0"
COOLING
CYCLE
NEAf O'JUP
' 4N COllS
COL 9uilQip<Q IN
SMA4.1.
-,Qw TEM#
5T0BAOB FOU
oaooucES >CE
0* LOW TJl*
Summer hcat
building
'"
w4nttw
STOAAOE
HfiAriNO CYCLE
COMOCWW*
COUAjTT* WIWTEB
EVAPO*ATTVf
Eat
fluiuOiNQ
O-O
it is
Inc., building.
Being able
The
to
make
ice at off-
ice itself
cooling machinery
in the
it
gal
water/sq. ft.
COMMERCIAL UNITS
Key
to
economy
of commercial
CHARGE CYCLE.
in
and
UtA
H6B
COOLING
The
The
decreased equipment
H
I
OFF-PEAK
& Load Shift
Load Level
Specifications
Chester-Jensen
Ice Builder
2.
pounds
tion
means normal
freez-
is
nominal
Maximum
agitation
3.
rating.
Maximum
proximately
capacity
in
75%
full
is
normal
ap-
of milk)
x 32 = 1,472.000
Load "B"
Btu.
x 50 = 225,000 Btu
Load "C" = 8000 pounds of water
ice
70 -40
= 8000 x 1.0
one hour.
Sample Calculations for Ice requirements Divide total Btu. cooling load
per day by 144 to determine pounds
of ice needed per day.
50,000
(Specific heat of
water)
1,937,000
144
=
,
240,000 Btu.
1,937.000
,
ICE CHILLER
PRINCIPLE
TM
OF OPERATION
he refrigeration
}ii
when no
chilled
is
Baltimore Air-Coil
the cycle.
DOLING
LOAD
^^
AIR
PUMP
Q EXPANSION
DEVICE
EVAPORATOR COIL
c&
ICE CHILLER"
CHILLED
WATER
PUMP
EVAPORATOR COILS
\>.
G
a
ICE CHILLER-
COMPRESSOR
*^5. SL
Rate
Energy Charge
<;iA
$
per month.
sa for the first 200 kilowatthours or less
kilowatthours per month
per SLwatthour for the nest 300
til
ce^ts
for each kilowatt of demand.
tae
for the excess, except that during
1 54 cents per kilowatthour
of
excess
in
use
all
billing months of July through October,
billed at
2Q0 kilowatthours per month shall be
4.22 cents per kilowatthour.
af
g^ffifc^r
-parately^tere,
for all kilowatthours ^Ue *
Controlled Off-Peak Service which may be s *?P
The restricted
Company.
the
storage installations approved by
the Hours from
include
hour! of Supply to such equipment shall
Company may
the
as
10-00 A M to 4:00 P.M. or such other hours
six hours in any one
specify* from time to time but not exceeding
"
^*1
day.
and the
The Company will install a demand meter
of Demand :
of the
option
or at the
naximum fif tien^minute demand (either kilowatts
as shown by such meter each
Company 80 percent of the kilovolt amperes),
will be used in computing the
month, but not less than 5 kilowatts,
monthly bill.
Termination
Minimum Charge:
(Continued)
i<*&v
Date Filed,
mom* 1 GIHqn.
February 6, 1981
Pursuant to Amended Order in
Jr..
i*mwn
Date Effective,
February
re
y 13, 1981
Four buildings
in
in
the
process of operation while the other two have the massive storage tanks
in
place but are on a hold to output them with the necessary hardware and controls.
in
Boston;
it's
in
HVAC
870K
needs
the basement.
During the severe winter months the three tanks transfer excess heat from
lights
and people
to the building's
they pre-cool the return water to 43 or store chilled water for the day,
chillers to take
Exchange place which has the same amount of water storage (750K gal.) but
larger floor area, 1,040K compared to 870K
season by a heat
building
use.
In
it
pump
of 400-ton capacity.
is
As
down
to the storage
to 54 while
the two 700-ton electrical lentrifigal chillers then lower the 54 water to 44.
they shave 800 tons from the 2,200 ton cooling load.
The
office
reserve building.
is
a 39-story
variable volume system services the office perimeter via 4-pipe fancoil units
and two
and one
at 400 tons
As the
systems
by
9'-deep grade beams four 60K gallon concrete water tanks were place between
these.
up
to the chillers to
ice
24K gallons,
be hooked
an
will
it
real capacity
by four times.
one
million
square
However, the
problem of the east side interceptor delay, necessitated their being temporarily
As
.,*-
.*-'
.,
if.
>-,
.-
-*j
.
-
,''.-"
'
-.,--,
'-
--
--
-'
.:;':--.-c:,~-. *-
'_.}.
-'
*.--*>-.? i * -
r;*aj;i
--;.
^-l^
>y-\i*4V
"v"
;*
*-f
'
"aSS&r*
.?ii,'S
^CtWT) SpACe.,:
flAjf
ir
....
JilSfefei;
(/ui*&^
evrU
...
3^' -4Wv
|<^t?2^^;^^n[ Irasm^p
Ccovupu^er^^
c&s
f^^y'
S;;^
C'"V%Sfegsk^t
s3>r.
.~'-.-
^'."-'..
5:^rv*^v i:i
;
:---.
-~-n-
June 3, 1982
Summary Information
I.
Installed Equipment
A.
time.
B.
II.
To Be Installed:
III.
System Operation
6,000 MBH)
Entering HE
System Water
Tank Water
B.
90.0 F
85.1 F
108.0 F
104.9
Entering HE
IV.
-18.0 F
+19.8 F
4,800 MBH)
Leaving HE
85.0 F
System Water
Tank Wat ex
AT
Leaving HE
+14.4
-15.6
99.4 F
7.A F
103^,0 F
B.
Boiler Capacity:
C.
10,500 MBH
15
^T
fc
5,000 MBH
J&jDvd fa'
7
-
- (spfcuk* RlVtc
SrL^dij
(p^ilnfchf of"
%/iMum^
-\p
toe.
u/irh
l-O
ga
LO
I
fa
1<
0)
(X)
os'i fi
el?
"So "
1
O <D
at >
CD<Z
?I
:-5i
332
00
Ouring warm
Furthermore,
use of compressors.
The cooled water will be used the following day fbr air
.conditioning purposes.
supplies.
At this point, SEA took the energy reins and evaluated over 20 different central
and de-centralized heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems.
Fran this
study, the four best air systems were programmed with a common cooling source
utilizing Trane Company's TRACE Program for a life cycle energy simulation.
After this initial computer run, four alternate cooling source systems with the
most economical air system from Run #1 were simulated in the same manner. The
bottom line of these computer runs suggested centralized variable air volume
systems with terminal low temperature booster coils, central heat recovery dual
condenser chillers (heat pumps) and water storage.
SYSTEM STORAGE
As the above concept was being finalized for schematic presentation to the
Bureau of Building Construction, SEA, in its review of the computer output,
became aware of what they believed to be a deficiency in the computer life cycle
energy simulation. The "deficiency" turned out to be a computer program
limitation.
The program read-out indicated that during the heating month of
January, the facility mechanical system required supplementary heat, yet it also
used the cooling tower for heat rejection.
SEA restudied the computer program
and, with the help of Trane Company personnel, determined that the program
limited 50 gallons of water storage for each ton of air conditioning. With this
50 gallon limit removed, SEA made another life cycle system simulation.
That
run demonstrated, beyond a doubt, that there was no need for supplementary heat
and that the facility could be totally heated from the heat gains generated from
within and excess heat gains properly stored for later use.
It was with this final run that SEA was confronted with the greatest challenge
in the Company's twenty year existence.
GCSA and SEA recommended to the BBC
that the new Transportation Building be served by the variable air volume
central air systems with terminal heating coils served by central heat pumps and
backed-up by three 250, 000- gallon underground hot water storage tanks which
could be utilized "as" a heat source for the building without any back-up supplementary heating media
In addition, the tanks would also serve to store chilled
water for summer peak air conditioning load shaving by utilizing smaller than
peak load air conditioning refrigeration units and run these chillers continuously through the night. The nighttime cycle could also take advantage of
(Figure 5)
"off-peak" electric rates for economical operation as well.
l
WHEN
HOW
In summer months, as shown in the Tank Time of Year Schedule, all three
tanks are charged with 43F water from off-peak electric hours operation,
as specified previously.
This next sequence provides pre-cooling of
chilled water return CHWR-1 by utilizing stored chilled water which
results in less electricity consumed by chillers RU-1 and RU-2 at higher
daytime electric rate
The central air system modulates chilled water coil control valves toward
full flow position due to maximum space cooling need.
PEAK CHILLED WATER MODE was considered when maximum cooling capacity was
required during the occupied cycle.
(Figure 12)
no
I
-CHWR-IB-<f>
-CHWR-IE
on
II
-0=
o
>
SEQUENCE
-
TiTLS:
.
PROJECT
CONTRACT
FOR ASSOCIATED OlSCRtPTION SEE SHEETS
PW74-1
NO.
TRANSPORTATION BUILDING
PARK PLAZA. BOSTON. MASS
-fpfafi
^t &
/
Heat exchanger HE-1 is also in chilled water flow mode through its valves
V-1C and SV-1C.
Tank No. 1 recirculating pump P-7A is operating, tank high level valve
V-1SH remains in its normally-open position and tank low level valve
V 1SC remains in its normally-closed position to allow circulation from
the top of the tank. Tank No. 2 and Tank No. 3 operate in a similar
fashion
air-
Chilled water- supply CHWS-1 charges the three heat exchangers, after
which chilled water: return CHWR-1B flows back to the three chillers
through CHWR 1 and pump P-2A.
The condenser water temperature transmitter TT-3B cycles the coolingtower- CT-1 and CT-2 fans as specified previously-
OFF-PEAK STORAGE- MODE" was examined when the air- conditioning is off and the
(Figure 11)
building is. in its unoccupied cycle.
WHEN;
In the- months of June, July and. August, as shown in Tank Time of Year
Schedule, chilled water at 43F is- stored in all three tanks. The
charging of the tank? with chilled water- occurs during off-peak electric
rate hours.
HOW
The time program activated this control sequence- by automaticallystarting chilled water- CHWR-1 pump P-2A (or standby pump P 2S) and condenser- water CWS 1 pump P-3CV Chilled water flows through parallelconnected chillers RtTt and RU-2 from in-series chiller* RU-3. When the
chillers are operating, HD-3 chilled water- discharge temperature main
tains 48*F by it* discharge temperature transmitter TT-4C. Chilled water
then flows through chillers- parallel-connected RU 1 and RU-2 and is
cooled to 40 *F via their discharge temperature transmitters TT-4A and
TT--4B.-
Since the cooling coil valves of central air systems are in their
normally-closed positions due to unoccupied cycle, pressure differential
valve PRV-1 is in its full open position for flow of chilled water supply
CHWS 1 to- all three heat: exchangers.
Circulating pump P-7A, P-7B and P-7C at the three tanks operate together
with their respective high level valves V-1SH, V-2SH and V-3SH open and
low level valves V-1SC, V-2SC. and V-3SC closed.
Heat exchanger HE-1, HF/2 and HE-3 are cooled by CHWS 1 flow via opening
valves V-1C and SV-1C for HE-1, V-2C and SV-2C for HE-2 and V-3C and
SV-3C for HE-3.
All of the chilled water leaving the three heat exchangers returns
through chilled water return CHWR 1B and then into the CHWR-1 system.
Chilled water return CHWR-1 3-way- valve V-2 is closed to CHWR-1B.
I-
ANNUAL
STORAGE
A/YA/iy/k.
/^5?zv&k5zr
(]
'(Jiff
\mMJLrw\(^
REST 45HtAcT~
a coil
it
submerged
done
at
in
Purdue and
Argonne
while Yuan at
Direct
mound under
a quilt
in
in
skyscraper warehouses.
manufacture
in
at Minnesota
Rhode Island
ice
Thomas Bligh
in
mound
coastal
urban centers.
Much investigation
in
relation to the
oil
industry and
a variation
is
in
ice
peak energy load leveling are quite common, there are only
annual systems
just shifting
ice
place now; the main reason being the high volume of storage
required.
The
in
a scattering of
will
take place
in a
Storage can
variation of the old fashioned ice house or ice pit, and heat
to
the ice pile or via a heat exchanger of the melt and condenser water.
The natural
and ponds.
ice
While today
it
is
Two
lots
anyway.
homes
in
Oak Ridge
school
in
Reedsburg, Wisconsin.
The
ice
utilize this
pump.
Single
a vocational education
the winter air or by sending the cooled refrigeration behind the metal.
MUNICIPAL
LOUVERS TO PROMOTE
AIR
Snow Box
FLOW
HEAT OF FUSION
BUILDING BEING
HEATED
INSULATION
ICE
IN
MAKING MODE
WINTER
INTAKE AIR
www >77r.
MELTING BY
ABSORPTION OF
BUILDING HEAT
ICE
V
Tssszzm,
IN
SUMMER
cooling.
A
INSULATION
rzlCE BLOCK:
BUILDING BEING
COOLED
ajggapzsgzpiszp
CHILLED WATER TO
COOL BUILDING
Figure
The block
air
conditioning.
may be
the future
Solar Collector
irground
l
Tank
HP
1/10
Pump
Ice Builder
In
Wilmington Delaware,
heat
pump.
sotar/radiant/convecay panel
4-in. cftwr
4-in.
outdoor-ajr unit
chws. [
-'
j!
energy bai *
-
60-t*d nursing
"V
home ^t
^Hftg
^>
Because the 60-bed VA nursing
in Wilmington had been
home
designed before
VA
engineers
neer Robert
Werden
"energy bank"
structure.
It
eration (heat
in
put his
a separate
incorporates refrig-
pump) equipment,
a 40- by SO- by
tor
air
unit extracts
air until
it
drops into
refrigerant circulates
through
cooler so
the brine
it
(methanol)
can make
ice.
The
in winter,
solar/radiant/convector
panel,
rejects heat to
outdoor
moni-
summer.
to
heat
air
and
and
4^3U
service
InnTi
nm
aoottti
fw haal pump
only
,fciMl(Sdl
"lis .'!
io*a<
135
nol
pane's
wa
storage
rtafvesniy]
mis
ckcuii
"o 'o Iq
',
2 &3
',
^i
1,
a3l
m m
'
In
V mV
mi
Si'
i
rCuH
IJOI
for
lypcai
a/t
nw image
llOOf
flfKj
i*w
n_
lr-
_VI"
-.-
L.
freezing
CS
Stocigt
_'
evao
oiaie
D*n
ENERGY
Ice Maker
The 17,000
/V.
SYSTEI
Pump
,ChuTa
\v
A V
S
'n
lea Chips
\
\
\
Wa/Cax-
?ipa
?lgnra 2i
lea-
(BUn 1978)
'
HEAT PUMP
HEATING COIL
HOT WATER
STORAGE TANK
-J
'
/
l
'
I*'
I
*\
'.[
Vr,
A&w^
^v-^y,
IN
OPERATION
summer
something
resembling sherbet. They intend to use a
snow maker to build a 5,000-ton mountain
of slush in winter; then, as it slowly melts in
summer, they will pipe the cool water
through the air-conditioning system. Their j
"ice pond"
the seasonal opposite of solani \\
ponds that heat buildings with hot water
collected during summer monthsmay -,
sound like a fancy reincarnation of the old
ice house, but it has a definite contemporary
appeal. In large structures, it might cut the
cost of electricity required for cooiing by 90
per cent. "By saving winter cold until summer," says Princeton physicist Theodore
Taylor, the ice pond lets man "roll with
nature instead of fighting it"
>
enough
nearby Plainsboro,
summers
to
come. The
cool during
company has alit
The two
buildings of Enerplex
and interior
U-shaped
lacing atriums
plans based on a
double-loaded corridor,
topped by
as a light-slot to permit
XJ3XXDO30
When
Building only
fall below
December, the
cover of the pond is opened
and water is atomized in the
air Snow is formed, which
compacts into ice. Water
temperatures
treezmg
in
frozen
is
completly
full,
the cover
the ice
use.
is
of ice.
full
is
When
closed and
stored for
When
cooling
summer
is
where
it
to the
and
is
then returned
pond where
^yymofxxxrxxxn
it
ice
such as Prudential's, which has good insulation and "light slots" to channel in sunshine
and reduce the need for bulbs. But even a
ramshackle storage shack used to test the
first ice pond two years ago showed that the
system can cool the air during long hoi
summers.
The first thing an ice pond needs is i
the sort produced by snow-making ma
chines when nature fails to deliver on the
slopes. Taylor's machine supplies about
tons an hour on a cold winter day; 100 to:
is
mass
which would cost $35 to make, could aircondition virtually any house for a summer.
For the Prudential project, the machine will
BeBEGBBaaoeeco
insulating vinyl.
layer of insulation
on top controls
melting.
but
last
of
vinyl weighted
is
heat-exchange
is
The
meant to be: in the summer the ice must slowly melt The trickle oi
water, just a little warmer than 32 degrees
Fahrenheit is pumped from the bottom oi
perfect, but
it
isn't
during
its
descent
ict
St
The experimental
ice
summer
SNOW
ARTIFICIAL
Schematic diagrams of
Irregular
assemblage.
3.
2.
initial
stage.
Frozen
4.
No. 1136
No. 1138
kO
Assemblage
of sectors.
droplet.
No. 1137
S7\
mjj
o.
'
Thin hexagorial
6.
plate.
No. 1139
Cylinder with
end plates.
7.
Bullet type.
No. 1141
8.
Hexagonal plate
with design.
No. 1142
No. 1140
srde
face
Thick hexagonal
plate.
No. 1143
10.
Cup crystal
No. 1144
11.
Skeleton form
of prism.
No. 1145
12. Solid
needle.
No. 1146
air
This
tem) house
at
Sys-
its
operation com-
A new
heating
ventional
house.
prises a heat
pump on
coil
in
and melts it in the summer to get cooling. To make more ice in summer, refrigerant is rejected to the outdoor coil.
ice.
crude
parallel
old-
is
summer.
is
drops to around 40
F.
When
pump
a heat
air's
during
air
temperature
is
make
"frosts
it
when outdoor
would the
tem-
air
Not only
the
in
it
belongs to engi-
neer Harry C. Fischer who, as a heat-pump engineer in the '50s, tried to interest the industry
in
pump
a heat
made
that
and
the cost of storage for the ice and the low cost
months
embargo, Harry
Fischer,
after the
then
in
Arab
oil
retirement,
vision
tion
approaches
for
enve-
building thermal
the idea
pursue development.
awarded
In
a staff consultant to
December 1974
HUD
Now
servation in
ORNL,
in
houses
one
1300
ft
of
cooling
its
tubing and
Vi-in.
ao
right)
Knoxville, Tennessee as
in
The
3-in.
aluminum
coils. The
fins
Same
are ex-
material
season, so there
is
no need
for heat
winter will
for cooling.
is
coil. In Knoxville,
last
When
made
and
air
run at night to
HEAT PIPES
'
Heat Pipe
full
'ozen
jjf
Fig. 4.
Electrical submersible
pump used
ijuanb wjt/eflfx
MANIFOLD
ENTRANCE
Tluld
PIPE
PxiulhuI tones
uto Sypnsa
HEAT
EXCHANGER
TUBES
?ln
Evaporators
>
'
.*-.'
<."
TV
'.!
u
j-..''.';\'-f?;r' -=**v*r;
"l
i--
'
"-V-v
Internal Heat
Section
Mp
1.
3'
The water
cools.
**.
The ice is
lowered.
5-
Water on top
freezes.
Air
Air
Water is pumped
to the top.'
Water
Water
Ice Island
Water
Ice
Contac
Surfac?
Water
Thomas Bligh constructed a simple tank which was filled with an ice
block by slowly pumping water from the bottom of the
tank and
blowing cold air on the top surface.
The best process for lowering
oe
Sections
(meters)
STORAGE
The ancients were lucky
ground trenches.
slabs,
ice pits.
ice in
in
at
preserving
ice
caves or under-
in
be protected.
a
to
If
annual storage loads we should look into the possibility of floating the
supply
In
in
Boston we must look carefully for underutilized industrial parcels near the
stations.
Section of House.
Fig. 89. Section of
PBUfCXPXSS OF COLD STOBiOS CONSTETCHON.
Fig. 68.
In
winter
(left)
can be used
ice
WaO,
formsinside a large insulated storage tar*. In summer (right) ice and cold water in the tank
a home by pumping water from the tank to the home.
to cool
FOAM FORM
-
12"
2"x
ROOF JOIST
12" 0. C
6" THICK
FOAM
INSULATION
/
2-1/2
2" x 8"
A.
BOLTS EACH
STUO
CDX PLYWOOO
OUTER COVER
1/2"
BOX PLYWOOD
/ 3/4"
INNER COVER
12" 0. C.
II
POLY VAPOR
BARRIER
::
A^a\
2x8
JOIST
- 12'
O.C. /
3/4
42"
8"
MUD SILL
1/2"
2'-0" O.C
END SECTION
Figure
1.
NICE/AC
4 1/4
IF
47-4^-
VOL' WILL
of a section ol
views of
see
tlie
model showing
side
tower
through
the
down from
centers
of
circular
turns
at
to the right
48;.
were slanted
sufficiently
to
insure
the
ice's
con-
Illustration 47.
The
first
u
E
^WCS^^S^^
:
'
"
'
-e
h- "5
? e m
-o
E a a 5 8
=
><- x; o " o
=
it _
51 -o 3 | 5
ffl
>
(a
5t,
2 "
S u
s"S|
o5 =
2
5 a
o -S
O
_. (6
a
C
>. g>
= S
222gc|
if
to
to
"3 "a
a "
'
=
3 Xi 2
-5
C w
fc
*5
a.
ffl
fe
no* o
?!3
3 r-
53
O Q
" E a
e oT
3 o
<?=*
a 5 3
Q,
fall
III!
oo
o.
*0
J-
(0
9 E
-aa
O O"
_sit
a. 2
!
o
as
IB
aa
3s
2M *5
o E
3 a o
o
J
<o
Ea
as
O
on
=o
t
3
XI
_ 3
_
S i
a'8a!
a, ai
a
8"Ol
3
^
c
c
3
X)
'.
"
la
S e" o= o
a 3 c =
E
o =
o &
o^ij
c
oa
"o
a?
3 81
a-a-
n
3
to
a =
s
35
OS
O,
"
"ft
ax?
c
3
o q> 5
CD xi
-a
o
-a
3
xi
5J
o o
2 >
01
5!
S o
C D " S
= 5
c S
ioo!o
o e
o
3-
r a
a
0)
co
T
=c
_
a?
os
.j
XI
o e 8
Sf
< u3<
c|
2
CO
E
c E
J n 3
o CO
to
-J .0
c s s
0)
o "
S S 81
C
-^
OS_
S
5
to
CO
3 u E a
e "3 3 N
c
=
-
:*.
o.
31
E 2,
w = > ?
O o ig q a)
c,
io
c 2
a | 2 o
>
OT
?
3
a =
* o m=
im;'^^
S 2 E
o3
J.
c
Q>
"
3 3
xi
"sl|
ssil
"D
E3W
CD
en
?>
,_
'?
oi
oc
S|S
c a
<o
2
!; M 5
s o
xi
o
S
CO
CO
XI
Si
2
(0
"'
Sr
en
t)
"
CO
Gloucester Division
World's Largest Frozen Seafood Processing & Distribution Center
Figure 31.
Encapsulated iceberg by
-.o
Lyureth.ine
'"o.-r:
Reservoir tank
Flexible hose
Foam
Screen
liquid
Valve
Fig.
30
Polyurethane foam
dispensing gun
aluminum)
UJ////
Figure 22.
surfa ce
A closeup view of the process of insulation of the top
Reinforced
plactic
sheet
Heaters
Figure 24.
C. G.
Figure 10
1 *'irriflfffllffffrriStritfc'i-'-
fc
v ^--v_^.
-^
TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION
in
to the
consumer
in
quaint looking
the ice of
ice
wagon.
have been on mechanical cooling for sometime now, we are just beginning
look at different
methods of transporting
this
commodity.
hosing.
still
in
to
carry chilled water for quite some distance with minimum heat gain.
slinger" of old
As we
The
"ice
to
be serviced by
buried lines.
There
is
Large volumes of
many
--
-*'% ::?*$<
SHIPS LOADING ICE
MASS.
Rather than continue to lease Cray's Wharf. Frederick Tuilor bought the wharf shortlv
after Captain Harrys time. changing the name u> his nun,
The scene in this later-dav
photograph is tiiiilouhietily much the same as when Captain Barn- took on ice here in the
ship Drihi during llecrmlier f*4<i.
I'lltth*
iimitriv
Thf
I'rtilmttx
Mtisrwt.
^tilrtti
,\ia%*
'5
'ig.4
Figure 3
Water Pipe
-aJ Pipe
in
FIG.
12.
to
This
man
CHUNKS
is
directing
ICE
Shown above,
is
how
this flexible
StI
d polyoeter sail*
soar above the deck of the
modem, 217-ft-Jong Shinaitoku Mam. The relatively small (2100 sq. ft)
sail area can generate
enough thrust to assist
the tanker's engine. Computer-controlled sails are
monitored from the pilot
house, which also- has
manual override controls
for sails.
sail has two
wings hinged to a
rigid, masr-mounted panel. Like an umbrella's ribs.
levers hold the sail open
and push up (under hydraulic power) to fold sail:
Three part
folding
Wind-powered merchant
ships mate an ancient art,
with advanced technology
to cut fuel costs
sail
hydraulics.
Ice
"Chipped" Ice:
like gravel,
holds main cargo of coldness
Convent ona
Dam
i
Sol id
Boat
nsulat ing
"Blubber"
Ice:
has many
holes (pipes)
for use in heat
exchanging
Very Hot Water:
-.1*
"Chipped" Ice
has many holes,
Solid Ice:
re-enforced
Smooth Outside
Surface
Ocean
in Arctics
Ice:
Water:
at end of trip
"Blubber" Re-enforced
Concrete: with "bubbles"
and/or additional insulation
jEsMiR
3G
-i
&-
'
'-
"
iff.
1
1
L*S
i*>d*-i^.
r
f/
..> v
s."
W'AA
t-
'*.
W4TEH L1N\
CONDENSER
PHOPUL30N
POOS',
EDGE OF nfRMAi.
BOUNDARY LE
Fig.
2.
Winch
EUCTRIC CA BLE
iVvft^!
*w-f> 4*wr>^
Fig.(1)
Wire Loop
Towing Method
A conditioned response
What do
loss
or delete-
site
truck-
Cargo capacity
to
total
power
outages.
circle
10-668 n-
Bale capacity
29-718
Beam
Draught loaded
toll-free
company dispatches a
Length
barge.
it
3-219
ir
1,108 cubic
it
847
metric
DISTRICT
COOLING
Constitution
<-
Chilled water
Water out
Plaza
Compressor
ii
Cooling
I*
Turbine
BL
Operation
Return water
-*
Steam condensH
Water
in
Boiler
L
Fig. 18.13
The Connecticut River takes the place of a master cooling tower in the uooling operaand cooling service, a departure for the Hartford Gas Company. Its
the city of Hartford began in 1848 when gas was first distributed.
service to
District
;^7
fr;
I/
Fig.
18.10
through which cooling and heating service are supplied from a new Hartford Gas
in
lower
left.
left).
to
project
is
the dark
Company
new and
left,
complex of buildings
Gray buildings
(Rivemew
existing construction
which
plant
and Constitu-
is
at
at the
Company
upper right
Apartments), and
will
probablv be
served by extending the pipelines. Lightly shaded buildings are nearby structures offering a potential
central
proposals.
given
boos.t
by
the
regarded as
As
Hartford,
supply pipes.
Often these complexes matched the chilled water system with
a
hot water system in place of the steam which was the norm for
A normal
urban use.
is
12"
Today there
is
heating systems based on the ice making heat pumps utilized in ACES
(Annual Cycle Energy System).
Annual Storage Energy System) have been proposed with its three
storage systems, short term warm water storage, short term cold
water storage, and annual
Community systems
fuel
engines
supply the heating and air conditioning systems of the Park Plaza
Project.
In
cold sink.
47
HEAT
RECOVERY
"*
BOILER
CONDENSER
<"
GAS
CHILLER
G.O
OIL
DUAL-FUEL
ENGINE
SCREW
COMPRESSOR
"
"
T
"^
BUILDING
HEATING
3YSTEMS
_4
BUILDING AIR
CONDITIONING
-
SYSTEMS
i-~~i
L
ICE-MAKING
HEAT PUMP
Figure 5.4
tant.
Figure 11.1
CASES Schematic
'
NATURE'S
ICE
Since most of the natural ice found in Boston would be a form of salt water
,(sea water and safed snow and ice) it would warrant our investigating the
The primary salt in the ocean is
unique characteristics of this medium.
sodium chloride, NaCL, while that thrown on the ice and snow on city streets
Generally speaking as the salinity of the water
is calcium chloride, CaCl
The bulk of our experience with salt
increases, its freezing point lowers.
water derives from:
.
Experience in artic regions - the Army and Navy have done many experiments on the strength, growth rates and thermal, electrical and acoustical properties of sea ice as they often use ice as a structural material
in
2.
artic regions.
catch.
3.
Salt water cooling towers and condensers for nuclear and power plant
waste heat - as the waste heat often exceeds environmental standards for
dumping into the ocean and fresh water supplies are inadequate, salt
water cooling towers and condensers are resorted to. Some of the more
prevelent materials used to resist corrosion are stainless steel, nickel,
copper, titanium, high silicon bronze, epoxy coated carbon steel and
chromate impregnated wood, while chlorine and biocides are added to the
water to prevent biological growth.
|
4.
5.
be resolved.
6.
(5fX)5i
&?
Snow Dump
John
R. Feick
Site
Environmental Scientists,
Inc.
and
if
properly
of a city,
In
our study,
1.
refrigeration engineers
we have attempted
to
mercial building?
2.
3.
How
for
midsummer use?
the Manchester,
removal.
Since snowfall
in
was
unusually
snow accumulation on
light,
of
building, but
lots
US
Postal Service
46%
of the
building's requirements.
Snow
insulation
to large scale
commercial use.
mat
of
foam
plastic with
an insulation value
of R11, covered
five
eliminate
all air
S'lh
Plh
N2
PI
CI
'&,
pn
C2a
Plg
Clc
Cll
pu
Pif
'/k
P2b
P2c
P3
P3b
*S
;
1?
'ib
(9
rpic
CP2n
CP21
PH Q
Pli
P5c
P5b
P4
*r
^Ty,
C2b
>.
CP3
inn
'**
R2
!3a
R3li
Rla
R4!
R4<
''\
2V
Vdr
Kin. 197.
*/
a
w
P.
a
o
H
w
CO
V
u
C
H
t>
V
u
method for the conversion of saline water is much lower than that
is
vaporize it.
washing process.
which employs
In
advantage, the freeze method offers advantages in using lowercost materials of construction because of less corrosion problems
at the
lower temperatures.
low
The cost of
In
Figure
1.
An
Salt
is
ISSUE:
SK^^sibr**
Se,eCted
'"
- - -
u te are
salt mixture
the
is
in
numerous materials
elevation of the 32
freezing point of
1)
3)
4)
-57
sodium sulphate
a
a
phase change at
F.
by the addition
of salts
agent.
It is
packaged
in
boxes.
cu.
ft.
of storage- bin
storage.
S0 4
ing
10H 2
additives enclosed
in
in
thin
18-24C.
Calor'
2"
diameter and
4'
transformation temperature of 50
of 505
occur-
BTUs.
with subsequent uses and the triggering required for cooling which
can
densif ication.
between
Marine refrigeration
g3s
=pp
Marine Refrigeration
Oil treatment
lubricating
oil
fuel oil
//S/////S.
hydraulic
oil
waste
oil
smoke
fish
fish
Refrigeration
BSa
a
meal
fish oil
chilled air
fish sfickwater
uaaauuuj
condensate
SEA WATER
The
is
mini-
mized
- Is
homogeneous,
solid,
and hard
ICE
POSSIBILITIES
OPPORTUNITIES
FOR BOSTON
Now that we have compared the various means of refrigeration and space cooling, historic and contemporary, natural energy
systems;
it remains for us
to adapt the
newer
in
the summer,
refrigeration.
There are many physical constraints and technical
to central
Development
Manufacture
Storage
Distribution
Hyde Park
natural snow
Quarry
melted snow
chilled water
pipes
Navy Yard
heat pipes
undergd. tanks
old steam
lines
North Station
Ft.
Pt.
Channel
Copley Place
Theatre/Cable(31)
heat pipes
undergd. mud
heat exchanger
snow box
Boston
Edison Site
chilled
enterprise
zone site
tractor/trailer
subway tunnel
Heat Exchanger
Pump
Ice
heat
Island
pump
District
Dewey Sq.
1
P.O. Sq.
Mass. General
chillers @
nite
Sqrew
'Compressor
maker
ice
Financial Dis
exist tanks
water
pipes
40'
container
heat exchanger
cold air ducts
floating Boston
pneumatic hose
Harbor
flaked ice to
condensers
E.
Boston
Bird Island
Enterprise Zone
ice builder
(coils)
snow gun
Lafayette Place
Ice
Columbia Point
Snow Box
Island
underground
melt to
air field
condensers
on site
heat exchanger
Enterpri se
Zone
Tractor Trailer
Vacant
Exist.
Lines
High Rise
Waterfront, Rowes,
Aquarium, Harbor
Towers
D6;
D10
Ice
Island
Ice Builder
S.
Boston
Old Subways
Tug
Steam
Boat
Heat Exchanger
COMPRESSORS
Positive displacement compressors such as the reciprocating and rotary screw types will best provide the low
and varying evaporator temperatures that are characteristic of ice builder operation. During the ice building
process, evaporator temperature decreases (typically
from about 25F to 10*F) due to the increasing resistance
to heat transfer caused by the accumulating ice.
up
C/
'
temperature.
The choice
_____
CONDENSING EQUIPMENT
*(W
(_<v
Ice
An air-cooled condenser removes heat from a refrigerant and condenses it by blowing air over an extended
surface coil through which the refrigerant vapor is circulated. The latent heat of the refrigerant is removed by
sensibly heating the air, so the condenser capacity is
determined by the ambient dry bulb temperature.
Since the flow rate of water in an evaporative condenser need only be enough to thoroughly wet the
condensing coil, water flow rate and head are reduced,
and pumping horsepower is only about 25% of that
required by a water-cooled condenser/cooling tower
ever,
is
volume
is
system.
50%
over a
first
cost,
it
requires only
cost less.
is
and
Evaporative condensers
pressure
STOP
VALVE
and a
VAPOR TO
"COMPRESSOR
STRAINER
LIQUID
-v*
THERMAL
EXPANSION
VALVE
SOLENOID
VALVE
-tfc-
STOP
VALVE
FROM
RECEIVER
ICE
BUILDER
FIGURE
12:
its
dations.
arrangement (Figure
is
header
at the
bottom
in
of the
surge drum to
Liquid Recirculation
Where
number
connected to a
system, the liquid recirculating
system is ideal for feeding refrigerant to the evaporator
coils. This system consists of a vertical or horizontal
accumulator equipped with a low pressure float control or
float switch, and a refrigerant recirculating pump. See
Figure 14. All of the refrigerant required by the ice builders is fed into the accumulator and the liquid level is
maintained by the float.
a
common compression
Gravity Flooded
float to
vertical
VAPOR TO
COMPRESSOR
eliminated.
VAPOR TO
COMPRESSOR
HIGH
LEVEL
ALARM
LIQUID
LEVEL
RETURN FROM
ICE BUILDERS
Qz
n
CONTROL
RETURN FROM
EXPANSION
STRAINER
VALVE
-."
ICE BUILDER
n
ALARM ^
LOW
SOLENOID
VALVE
REFRIGERANT
<>3
'LIQUID
SUPPLY
STOP
VALVE
TikiDI-
LEVEL II
STOP VALVE
{$]
OIL
RETURN
LIQUID TO
STRAINER
ICE BUILDERS
(Halocarbon
Refrigerants Only)
LIQUID TO
ICE BUILDER
FIGURE 13:
Horizontal Surge
OIL
RETURN
Drum
LIQUID
LIQUID
REFRIGERANT
REFRIGERANT
PUMP
PUMP
(STANDBY)
FIGURE
14:
Pump
Recirculation Package
With Accumulator
builder.
amount
builders. This
tion
The
must be
sufficient to
liquid recirculating package, consisting of accumulapump, and necessary controls can be furnished by
B.A.C. to meet any specific system design. However, if
this equipment is to be furnished by others, it is recommended that the designer consult the ASHRAE Handbook*
1980 Systems Volume, Chapter 25, Liquid Overfeed Systems, and Chapter 26, System Practices for Halocarbon
Refrigerants, or Chapter 27, System Practices for
Ammonia, for specific recommendations on the design of ~
tor,
liquid recirculating
systems.
REFRIGERANT PIPING
This section addresses the various factors that must be
taken into consideration when designing the connecting
refrigerant piping of an ice builder system. It is not within
the scope of this guide to provide design piping for all
possible types, locations, and arrangements of the system
components. These design data are well covered in
ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, Chapter 34, Pipe
Sizing, and the Systems Handbook Chapters 25 through
27, Liquid Overfeed Systems, Systems Practices for Halocarbon Refrigerants and System Practices for Ammonia.
It is recommended that these references be consulted for
further system design assistance.
Basically, careful attention must be given to the following three design considerations for refrigerant piping;
pressure drop, compressor protection and oil return.
Pressure Drop
of
subcooling that
From the standpoint of pressure drop, sizing of compressor discharge lines that carry hot gas to the condensers is straightforward. Again the objective is to
achieve the right balance between installed cost and the
penalty the pressure drop imposes on the efficiency of
the system. Since this portion of the piping is transporting
high pressure refrigerant, a relatively high pressure drop
per unit length is permissible. Consult the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, Chapter 34, Pipe Sizing, for complete data on the selection of discharge line pipe size.
Compressor Protection
must
by the use of
oil
separators,
Refrigerant liquid piping from receiver to system presents minimum design problems. If the pressure is
must be run
necessary.
is
to effect safe
K
Oil
oS
Return
sufficient
is
relatively
simple
compressor has an
the recovered
oil
integral
directly
WATER PIPING
There are five basic water connections on an ice
builder unit: chilled water outlet, return water inlet,
make-up, overflow, drain. Figure 16 shows the general
piping arrangement for these connections. The chilled
water and return water connecton both require flow
control valves in order to properly balance the system
water flow to and from the ice builder. The make-up
connection is located above the water level and can be
manually or automatically controlled. A valved drain
connection is also required, to permit the ice builder to
be emptied to a floor drain or other waste area. The ice
builder is provided with an overflow connection which
should also be piped to a drain area.
coil)
When a liquid
pump is used to
VAPOR TO
SCREW COMPRESSOR
SUCTION
*STOP
VALVE
RETURN FROM
ICE BUILDERS
SOLENOID
VALVE
t2ta
STRAINER
FIGURE. 16:
SIGHT
GLASS
\
EXPANSION VALVE
REFRIGERANT
LIQUIO SUPPLY
LIQUIO TO
ICE
^"Q-exJ-
-OO-CH"
LIQUIO
LIQUIO
REFRIGERANT
REFRIGERANT
PUMP
PUMP
(STAN08Y)
FIGURE 15:
Oil
BUILDERS
ICE
ICE
ICE
BUILDER
BUILDER
BUILDER
ICE
BUILDER
ICE
EQUALIZER
BUILDER
CONNECTION
J
FIGURE
17:
Water Piping,
Parallel
Arrangement
FIGURE
19:
Up
te 120
121-240
241-630
631-1170
1171-1925
1926-2820
EQUALIZER PIPE
SIZE, IN.
3
4-
6
8
10
12
If the ice builders are not the same size, select the
equalizer connection size on the basis of the flow rate
through the largest ice builder.
ACCESS
Figure 18:
Equalization
When
Uj*
CONTROL
in
response
to
condensing
TABLE 2
Ice
Charging
Meltdown
Control Point
Full lea
Storage
System:
Compressor
On
Off
Ice Thickness
Sensor/Timer
Condenser Fan
Motor
On
Condenser Pump
Motor
On
Refrigerant
Pump*
Off
Condensing
Pressure
Off
Condensing
Pressure
On
Off
Interlocked
air
pump
maximum.
w/ Compressor
Air
On
Pump-
On
Ice Thickness
Sensor
Water
Pump^
Off-
Refrigerant
Control Valves
Open
Chilled
Partial ice
On
Timer
Closed
Interlocked
w/Compressor
Storage
Compressor
Orr
On
Ice Thickness
Condenser Fan
Motor
On
On
Condensing
Condenser Pump
Motor
On
On
Condensing
Sensor
Pump*
Pressure
Pressure
On
On
Interlocked
w/ Com pressor
Air
Pump
On
On
Ice Thickness
Sensor
Chilled
Water
Off
On
As
in
Open
full
less than
Interlocked
w/ Com pressor
air
pump
be controlled by a
Full
maximum,
The
Open
the
is
Timer
Pump
Refrigerant
Control Valve
System:
Refrigerant
Storage System
Partial
pump should
timer.
Storage System
Special Applications
SECONDARY WATER LOOP HEAT EXCHANGER
Some very important benefits can be realized by adding
a heat exchanger to the secondary water circuit of an
ice builder system, i.e., the circuit that carries the
chilled water from the ice builder to the cooling coils.
the total water pumping energy requireis especially true in the case of a
multi-floor building, which would require a relatively high head capability on the secondary water
pump in order to overcome the static head above
the ice builder as well as the friction loss. The loop
between the ice builder and the heat exchanger
is open, so it should be as short as possible to
minimize pump head. Since the chilled water loop
is closed, the chilled water pump has to overcome
only friction loss in that circuit. As a result, the total
pumping energy requirements of the system are
significantly reduced, despite the need for a third
Reduce
ments. This
3.
commonly designed
42F chilled water supply temperature, and
cooling coils are selected accordingly. However, the
compressor-aided system provides 35F chilled water,
which in many cases can result in attractive cost-saving
benefits. (This does not apply to systems using a heat
exchanger in the secondary water loop.)
Chilled water storage systems are
for 40 to
2.
water pump.
2.
Use
of a conventional
temperature
of propor-
differential
2.
Airflow volume
is
power required
to
the size
and
As a
SECONDARY
EXCHANGER
ICE BUILDER
CHILLED
WATER PUMP
FIGURE 21:
Ice Storage
COMPRESSOR
ice as a storage
are an effective means of shifting cooling loads.
They are conceptually simple, easy to design, simple to
operate, and can have first costs comparable to
conventional systems that produce cooling as it is
needed. This guide has described several different ice
storage systems and provided guidelines for system
design so that designers, installers, and users will have
a better understanding of how to implement ice storage
for their applications.
medium
C.
encouraging observations
(1)
(2)
Note that all the benefits mentioned above are only for a partial time
air conditioned building.
Mr. MacCracken states that these advantages would
He also stated
not all be obtained from a building cooled 24 hours a day.
that In a present-day modern office building the main load is the cooling
Modern office buildings do not need much, if any, space heating.
.
The absence
are:
moving
up
to
parts to
25 000 h,
reciprocating compressor.
2.
3.
4.
The
same
WATER
FLO
LATH SECTION
38 x 19 mm
LEADING EDGE
RAKE ANGLE
V
HYDRAULIC
CHIMNEY
FA*. 7.71
DRIVE MOTOR
m GIAMETEK
*. DIFFUSES
DECK
TRAY
PACKING
VSSA*!.
- fam$3pMk&fi'h
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C. OUTLET
FLUME
TRANSITION
SECTION
CONTRACTION
SECTION
C. RISER
'^^S^'
CATCHMENT
LOUVRES
BOSTON PROJECTS
Large-Scale Projects
A. 10
The BRA is involved in overseeing and coordinating several largescale, mixed-use projects which are in advanced stages of planning or
generate considerable economic growth, particularly new job opporThe following is a list of those
Charlestown Shipyard
developer (Italian-based)
First phase
367
Phase
Total
Project in total
121A
Total pro-
mixed-income housing; project to be constructed primarily on air-rights over the Mass. Turnpike at
Copley Square.
Old Federal Reserve Site
350-car garage.
in 1981,
312
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Information
Site
The Phase
of
,150 spaces.
An administrative building
office space,
is presently the
waterfront park serving the housing development.
Tennis
and basketball courts, baseball fields and a tot-lot were developed
for the residents on the western portion, but are not in good
condition due to poor maintenance.
The eastern portion of this
parcel is essentially vacant.
site of a
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Everett
5omerville
To Routes 128/435
Charlestown
Downtown ^^***
Boston
>rg
Barton
Inner Harbor
/Financial
District
.Commonwealth Ptor
t Boston
FUh Pier
Massachusetts Turnpike
Ma pott Marina;
Terminal
Fbrt Point
<?
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Scale in miles
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NOTE
CONTAINERS AND/OR HEAVY LOADS ARE STAGED IN 1 HE
BACKREACH AREA 4000 20 FOOT CONTAINER UNITS CAN BE
STORED IN BACKLAND AREA TELESCOPING SPREADER
WILL ACCOMMODATE ANY LENGTH CONTAINER NOW IN
USE. SPREADERS FOR 20 FOOT CONTAINERS ALSO
j
'
AVAILABLE
RATED LOADS
/,
rPM**
MSB
>
46 LT
ELEVATION
[_
BOVE M.L.W.-+
M.H.W.ELEV. .9.50
-MLWELEV.-'OOO50 0'.-
-47-6
107' 6"
CLEAR OUTREACH-
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