Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
and Belgium.[9]
Until roughly the 16th century, speakers of all the varieties of the West Germanic languages from the mouth
of the Rhine to the Alps had been accustomed to refer to
their native speech as Dietsch, (Neder)duyts or some other
cognate of theudisk. This let inevitably to confusion since
similar terms referred to dierent languages. Therefore,
in the 16th century, a dierentiation took place. Owing
to Dutch commercial and colonial rivalry in the 16th and
17th centuries, the English term came to refer exclusively
to the Dutch. A notable exception is Pennsylvania Dutch,
which is a West Central German variety called Deitsch by
its speakers. Jersey Dutch, on the other hand, as spoken
until the 1950s in New Jersey, is a Dutch-based creole.
HISTORY
History
He will deliver my soul in peace from those who at- Europe in around AD 1:
tack me, because, amongst many, he was with me North Germanic
North Sea Germanic, or Ingvaeonic
(English)[17]
2.1
Origin
2.4
Middle Dutch
Germanic). It appears that the Frankish tribes t primarily into the Istvaeonic dialect group with certain Ingvaeonic inuences towards the northwest, still seen in
modern Dutch.
2.2
2.3
Old Dutch
CLASSIFICATION
3 Classication
Indo-European languages
Germanic
West Germanic
Low Franconian
4.1
First dichotomy
Dutch
Afrikaans, Dutch-based creoles
Dialects
4 DIALECTS
South Guelderish (Zuid-Gelders) is a dialect spoken
in Gelderland (Netherlands) and in adjacent parts of
North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany).
Brabantian (Brabants) is a dialect spoken in
Antwerp, Flemish Brabant (Belgium) and North
Brabant (Netherlands).
Limburgish (Limburgs) is spoken in Limburg (Belgium) as well as in Limburg (Netherlands) and extends across the German border.
West Flemish (Westvlaams) is spoken in West Flanders (Belgium), the western part of Zeelandic Flanders (Netherlands) and historically also in French
Flanders (France).
East Flemish (Oostvlaams) is spoken in East Flanders (Belgium) and the eastern part of Zeelandic
Flanders (Netherlands).
4.3
4.4
Minority languages
4.7
guage, because of the already complicated language situ- sounds, diering a lot from the surrounding villages. The
ation that appears in the country.
Brussels dialect combines Brabantian with words adopted
from Walloon and French.
4.5
Recent use
4.6
Flanders
5 Geographic distribution
See also: Dutch diaspora
5.2
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
5.4
Africa
9
Martin Van Buren, the eighth President of the United
States, spoke Dutch as his rst language and is the only
U.S. President to have spoken a language other than English as his rst language. Dutch prevailed for many generations as the dominant language in parts of New York
along the Hudson River. Another famous American born
in this region who spoke Dutch as a rst language was
Sojourner Truth.
5.4 Africa
The location of the Dutch Caribbean in the southern Caribbean
10
6 PHONOLOGY
Phonology
6.1
Consonants
6.4
Phonotactics
6.2
Vowels
11
the most common diphthong along with /i y/. All three
are commonly the only ones considered unique phonemes
in Dutch. The tendency for native English speakers is to
pronounce Dutch names with /i/ (written as ij or ei) as
/a/, (like the English vowel y) which does not normally
lead to confusion among native listeners, since in a number of dialects (e.g. in Amsterdam[84] ) the same pronunciation is heard.
Like English, Dutch did not develop i-mutation as a morphological marker and shares with most Germanic languages the lengthening of short vowels in stressed open
syllables, which has led to contrastive vowel length that
is used as a morphological marker. Dutch has an extensive vowel inventory. Vowels can be grouped as back
rounded, front unrounded and front rounded. They are
In contrast, /i/ and /i/ are rare in Dutch, and occur only
also traditionally distinguished by length or tenseness.
in some words. The long/tense diphthongs, while they
Vowel length is not always considered a distinctive fea- are indeed realised as proper diphthongs, are generally
ture in Dutch phonology, because it normally co-occurs analysed phonemically as a long/tense vowel followed by
with changes in vowel quality. One feature or the other a glide /j/ or //. All diphthongs end in a close vowel (/i
may be considered redundant, and some phonemic anal- y u/). They are grouped here by their rst element.
yses prefer to treat it as an opposition of tenseness. However, even if not considered part of the phonemic opposition, the long/tense vowels are still realised as phonet- 6.4 Phonotactics
ically longer than their short counterparts. The changes
in vowel quality are also not always the same in all di- The
syllable
structure
of
Dutch
is
alects, and in some there may be little dierence at all, (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C). Many words, as in Enwith length remaining the primary distinguishing feature. glish, begin with three consonants; for example, straat
And while it is true that older words always pair vowel /strat/ (street). There are words that end in four consolength with a change in vowel quality, new loanwords have nants, e.g., herfst /rfst/ 'autumn', ergst /rxst/ 'worst',
reintroduced phonemic oppositions of length. Compare interessantst 'most interesting', sterkst /strkst/ 'strongest',
zonne(n) [zn] (suns) versus zone [zn] (zone) the last three of which are superlative adjectives.
versus zonen [zon(n)] (sons), or kroes [krus] (mug)
The highest number of consonants in a single cluster is
versus cruise [krus] (cruise).
found in the word slechtstschrijvend /slxtstsxrivnt/
Notes:
'writing worst' with 7 consonant phonemes. Similar is
angstschreeuw /stsxreu/ scream in fear, with six
The distinction between /i y u/ and /i y u/ is only in a row.
slight, and may be considered allophonic for most
purposes. However, some recent loanwords have
introduced distinctively long /i y u/, making the 6.5 Polder Dutch
length distinction marginally phonemic.
A notable change in pronunciation has been occurring in
The long close-mid vowels /e o/ are realised as younger generations in the provinces of Utrecht, North
slightly closing diphthongs [e o] in many north- and South Holland, which has been dubbed Polder
ern dialects.
Dutch by Jan Stroop.[85] These speakers pronounce
ij/ei, ou/au, and ui, which used be pronounced as
The long open-mid vowels / / only occur in a
/i/, /u/, and /y/, increasingly lowered, as [ai], [au],
handful of loanwords, mostly from French.
and [ay] respectively. Instead, /e/, /o/, and // are pro The long close and close-mid vowels are often pro- nounced as diphthongs now, as [i], [u], and [y] renounced more closed or as centering diphthongs be- spectively, which makes this change an instance of a chain
fore an /r/ in the syllable coda. This may occur be- shift.
fore coda /l/ as well.
This change is interesting from a sociolinguistic point of
6.3
Diphthongs
view because it has apparently happened relatively recently, in the 1970s, and was pioneered by older welleducated women from the upper middle classes.[86] The
lowering of the diphthongs has long been current in many
Dutch dialects, and is comparable to the English Great
Vowel Shift, and the diphthongisation of long high vowels
in Modern High German, which centuries earlier reached
the state now found in Polder Dutch. Stroop theorizes that
the lowering of open-mid to open diphthongs is a phonetically natural and inevitable development and that
Dutch, after having diphthongised the long high vowels
like German and English, should have lowered the diph-
12
7 GRAMMAR
7.1
Weak verbs are the most numerous verbs, constituting In contemporary usage, the genitive case still occurs a litabout 60% of all verbs. In weak verbs, the past tense tle more often with plurals than with singulars, as the plural article is 'der' for all genders and no special noun inand past participle are formed with a dental sux:
ection must be taken account of. 'Der' is commonly used
in order to avoid reduplication of 'van', e.g. het merendeel
Weak verbs with past in -de
der gedichten van de auteur instead of het merendeel van
de gedichten van de auteur (the bulk of the authors po Weak verbs with past in -te
ems).
Strong verbs are the second most numerous verb group. There are also genitive forms for the pronoun die/dat
Here the past tense is formed by changing the vowel of the (that [one], those [ones]"), namely diens for masculine
7.4
Diminutives
13
conjugated verb is moved into the second position in what
is known as verb second or V2 word order. This makes
Dutch word order almost identical to that of German, but
often dierent from English, which has subjectverb
object word order and has since lost the V2 word order
that existed in Old English.[88]
Hij vertelde van zijn zoon en zijn vrouw. He told An example sentence used in some Dutch language
about his son and his (own) wife.
courses and textbooks is "Ik kan mijn pen niet vinden omdat het veel te donker is", which translates into English
Hij vertelde van zijn zoon en diens vrouw. He told word for word as "I can my pen not nd because it far
about his son and the latters wife.
too dark is", but in standard English word order would be
written "I cannot nd my pen because it is far too dark".
Analogically, the relative and interrogative pronoun wie If the sentence is split into a main and subclause and the
(who) has the genitive forms wiens and wier (corre- verbs highlighted, the logic behind the word order can be
seen.
sponding to English whose, but less frequent in use).
Dutch also has a range of xed expressions that make
use of the genitive articles, which can be abbreviated
using apostrophes. Common examples include "'s ochtends (with 's as abbreviation of des; in the morning) and
desnoods (lit: of the need, translated: if necessary).
The Dutch written grammar has simplied over the past
100 years: cases are now mainly used for the pronouns,
such as ik (I), mij, me (me), mijn (my), wie (who), wiens
(whose: masculine or neuter singular), wier (whose: feminine singular; masculine, feminine or neuter plural).
Nouns and adjectives are not case inected (except for
the genitive of proper nouns (names): -s, -'s or -'). In the
spoken language cases and case inections had already
gradually disappeared from a much earlier date on (probably the 15th century) as in many continental West Germanic dialects.
Inection of adjectives is more complicated. The adjective receives no ending with indenite neuter nouns in
singular (as with een /n/ 'a/an'), and -e in all other cases.
(This was also the case in Middle English, as in a goode
man.) Note that ets belongs to the masculine/feminine
category, and that water and huis are neuter.
7.3
Word order
14
pij (health insurance company) though the shorter ziektekostenverzekeraar (health insurer) is more common.
Notwithstanding ocial spelling rules, some Dutch people, like some Scandinavians and Germans, nowadays
tend to write the parts of a compound separately, a practice sometimes dubbed de Engelse ziekte (the English
disease).[89]
7.5
Dutch shares with English and Low German the presence 8 Vocabulary
of h- pronouns (Du hij, hem, haar, hun and Eng he, him,
her vs. Germ er, ihn, ihr, ihnen), and the loss of Ger- Dutch vocabulary is predominantly Germanic in origin,
manic -z (which later became -r) in monosyllabic words with an additional share of loanwords of 20%.[90] The
main foreign inuence on Dutch vocabulary since the
(Du/Eng we, LG wi vs Germ wir)
12th century and culminating in the French period has
The reexive pronoun zich (Germ sich) was originally
been French and (northern) French, accounting for an
borrowed from Limburgish, which is why in all other
estimated 6.8%, or more than a third of all loanwords.
Dutch dialects (like in English) the usual reexive is
Latin, that has been spoken for centuries in the south of
hem/haar or z'n eigen.
the Low Countries, and has since then for centuries plaid
a major role as the language of science and religion, follows with 6.1%. High German and Low German, inu7.6 Compounds
ential until the mid of the 19th century, account for 2.7%.
From English, Dutch has taken over words since the middle of the 19th century, as a consequence of the gaining power of Britain and the United States. The share of
English loanwords is about 1.5%, but this number is still
on the increase.[91] Conversely, Dutch contributed many
loanwords to English, accounting for 1.3%.[92]
The main Dutch dictionary is the Van Dale groot woordenboek der Nederlandse taal containing some 268,826
headwords.[93] In the eld of linguistics, the 45,000page Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal is also readily
used. This scholarly endeavor took 147 years to complete
and contains all recorded Dutch words from the Early
Middle Ages onward, making it the largest dictionary in
the world in print with over 430,000 entries.[94]
Dutch language street sign in the Netherlands
15
Dutch-based creole languages
Flemish
French Flemish
Grand Dictation of the Dutch Language
Indo-European languages
Istvaeones
List of English words of Dutch origin
Low Dietsch
Dutch uses the digraph IJ as a single letter. Shown is a bus road
marking.
Low Franconian
Meuse-Rhenish
Middle Dutch
Old Frankish
11 Notes
10
See also
Bargoens
Dutch braille
Dutch grammar
Dutch Language Union
Dutch linguistic inuence on military terms
Dutch literature
Dutch name
Dutch orthography
16
12
REFERENCES
12 References
[1] Dutch/Flemish at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
West Flemish (Vlaams) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Zealandic (Zeeuws) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
17
[24] Friedrich Maurer uses the term Istvaeonic instead of Franconian; see Friedrich Maurer (1942), Nordgermanen und
Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frhdeutschen
Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde, Bern: Verlag Francke.
[25] Willemyns, Roland (2013). Dutch: Biography of a Language. OUP USA. ISBN 0199858713., p.10.
18
12
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[65] Statistics Canada, 2006 Census Prole of Federal Electoral
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14 External links
Dutch language at DMOZ
The Nederlandse Taalunie, Dutch language union
Learn Dutch - Zeer Goed Interactive lessons for
learning Dutch vocabulary and grammar
23
15
15.1
24
15
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