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restricted to a set of vocabulary and register related to their professional area. Hence, the
fluent speaker of business will not be aware or will be a very poor learner in other
contexts like engineering or nursing topic related.
The four skills that constitute second language learning and teaching is another
diverging element between ESP and EGP. EGP learners are thought the second language
in which all the four language skills; listening, reading, speaking, and writing, are equally
stressed. EGP teachers as well as course designers try to strike a balance between
language activities that take into account the teaching of the four skills. Our books, that
we use in our Moroccan public schools of all levels, are divided into thematic unites and
every unit contains reading, listening, speaking and writing lessons. The teachers should
cover all the skill in an equal footing. On the contrary, the skills in ESP classes are
highlighted depending on the needs analysis of the learners. In most cases, much focus is
on the speaking and listening activities. In business meetings, as an example, speaking
skills of negotiations, discussions and persuasion are more important than writing reports
or reading complaining emails. Tourist guides also tend to focus more on the speaking
skill and tend to completely ignore any attempts of teaching reading or writing. So, in
ESP it is a needs analysis that determines which language skills are most needed by the
students, and the syllabus is designed accordingly.
The learners age and educational background are also considered to be among the
differentiating factors. Graham & Beardsley (1986) and Lorenzo (2005) believe that ESP
is likely to be designed for adult learners, either at a tertiary level institution or in a
professional work situation. It could, however, be for learners at secondary school level.
In addition, ESP is generally designed for intermediate or advanced students. Also, Most
ESP courses assume some basic knowledge of the language systems. ESP learners who
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study in higher institutions have already had educational background in EGP during
secondary schooling.
Another highly distinctive feature of ESP is the course content negotiation. The
teacher is not the only person who decides on the course content of the class. Learners
participation is of a paramount importance to the decision concerning the content of the
course. The content of the course is negotiated either between the learners and the trainer
or between the teachers and the sponsoring institution which aims at informing and
training its staff in a specific type of knowledge and performance. Mark Ellis and
Christine Johnson (1994) argue that in the case of job-experienced learners, the
objective for the course and its content will be the product of a negotiating process
between the learner or sponsoring organization and the trainer or training organization.
In most cases, in-service learners have got much more knowledge about their working
area than the trainer does. For this reason, a kind of collaboration between the learners
and the ESP trainers is required to accomplish the course objectives. Teacher often have a
limited knowledge about scientific fields like medicine, engineering, banking or military
services. Hence, learners professional knowledge and experience is crucial to the success
of the course objectives.
As far as the methodological part is concerned, there seems to be no difference
between ESP and EGP teaching methods. Hutchinson and Waters (1992) state that although
there exist several aims and different purposes for learning English, the way of learning may
be the same. Though the content of learning may vary there is no reason to suppose that the
processes of learning should be any different for the ESP learner than for the General
English learner. (Hutchinson and Waters, 1992, p 18). They add that ESP methodology
could just as well have been used in the learning of any kind of English.
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