Section 11

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS
INTERMITTENT SERVICE
DESIGN PROBLEMS
631.
A pair of gears with 20o full-depth teeth are to transmit 10 hp at 1750 rpm of the
3-in. pinion; velocity ratio desired is about 3.8; intermittent service. Use a
strength reduction factor of about 1.4, with theload at the tip and teeth
commercially cut. Determine the pitch, face width, and tooth numbers if the
material is cast iron, class 20.
Solution:
D p n p (3)(1750)
vm =
=
= 1374 fpm < 2000 fpm
12
12
10 hp < 20 hp
Commercially cut gears, vm < 2000 fpm
600 + vm
Fd =
Ft
600
33,000hp 33,000(10 )
Ft =
=
= 240 lb
vm
1374
600 + 1374
Fd =
(240 ) = 790 lb
600
Fs =
sbY
K f Pd
For cast-iron, class 20, sn = 0.4 su

s = 0.4(20 ) = 8 ksi = 8000 psi
K f = 1 .4
10
Pd
Table AT 24, Load at tip, 20o F.D.
Assume Y = 0.33
assume b =
Fs = Fd
(8000)(10)(0.33) = 790
(1.4)Pd2
Pd = 4.89
use Pd = 5
N p = Pd D p = (5)(3) = 15
Y = 0.289
Page 1 of 57

Fs = Fd
(8000)(b )(0.33) = 790
(1.4)(5)
b = 2.4 in
8
12.5
<b<
Pd
Pd
use
12.5 12.5
b=
=
= 2.5 in
Pd
5
1
b = 2 in
2
Summary of answers:
Pd = 5
1
b = 2 in
2
N p = 15
N g = 3.8(15) = 57
633.
A pair of gears with 20o full-depth teeth are to transmit 5 hp at 1800 rpm of the
pinion; mw = 2.5 ; N p = 18 teeth; commercially cut teeth; intermittent service;
K f 1.45 . (a) Determine the pitch, face width, and tooth numbers if the material
is cast iron, class 25. (b) The same as (a) except that the pinion is to be made of
phosphor gear bronze (SAE 65, Table AT 3).
Solution:
Load at tip, Table AT 24, 20o F.D.
N p = 18 , Y = 0.308
N g = (2.5)(18) = 45 , Y = 0.399
vm =
D p n p
12
N p 18
Dp =
=
Pd
Pd
n p = 1800 rpm
(18)(1800 )
2700
12 Pd
Pd
Commercially cut teeth
vm =
Page 2 of 57

600 + vm
Fd =
Ft
600
33,000(5) 550 Pd
Ft =
=
9
2700
Pd
2700
8482.3
600 +
600 +
Pd 550 Pd
Pd
(19.4523Pd )
Fd =
=
600
600
14.1372
Fd = 19.4523Pd 1 +
Pd
Fs =
sbY
K f Pd
10
Pd
(a) Cast iron, class 25,
sn = 0.4su = 0.4(25) = 10 ksi = 10,000 psi
assume b =
Fs = Fd
Pinion is weaker
(10,000)(10)(0.308) = 19.4523P 1 + 14.1372
d
Pd
(1.45)(Pd )2
14.1372
21,241
= 19.4523Pd 1 +
2
Pd
Pd
Pd = 7.16
use Pd = 7
Face width b
(10,000 )(b )(0.308) = 19.4523(7 )1 + 14.1372
(1.45)(7 )
7
b = 1.355 in
8
12.5
<b<
Pd
Pd
1.143 < b < 1.786
say b = 1.5 in
Summary of answers:
Pd = 7
1
b = 1 in
2
Page 3 of 57

N p = 18
N g = 45
(b) Phosphor gear bronze , (SAE 65, Table AT 3)

su = 80 ksi
sn = 0.4su = 0.4(80) = 32 ksi
or sn = 31 ksi (Table AT 3)
use sn = 31 ksi
Pinion, bronze
sY = (31,000)(0.308) = 9548
Gear, cast iron
sY = (10,000)(0.399) = 3990
Therefore gear is weaker
(10,000)(10)(0.399) = 19.4523P 1 + 14.1372
d
Pd
(1.45)(Pd )2
14.1372
27,517
= 19.4523Pd 1 +
2
Pd
Pd
Pd = 8
use Pd = 8
Face width b
(10,000 )(b )(0.399) = 19.4523(8)1 + 14.1372
(1.45)(8)
8
b = 1.252 in
8
12.5
<b<
Pd
Pd
1 < b < 1.5625
1
say b = 1.25 in = 1 in
4
Summary of answers:
Pd = 8
1
b = 1 in
4
N p = 18
N g = 45
Page 4 of 57
634.
It is desired to transmit 120 hp at 1800 rpm of the pinion; intermittent service;

with light shock (13.18); preferably not less than 18, 20o-full-depth teeth on the
pinion; K f = 1.5 should be conservative; mw = 1.5 . Decisions must be made
concerning the material and quality of cutting the teeth. Since the design is for
strength only, it will be convenient to express Ft , Fd , vm , b in terms of Pd and
arrange an equation containing s and Pd convenient for iteration. Weak material
results in a relatively large pinion with high peripheral speed. A very strong
material may be unnecessarily expensive. On a production basesm carefully cut
teeth should have a reasonable cost. Specify material, accuracy of cutting, pitch,
face width, and tooth numbers.
Solution:
N
18
Dp = p =
Pd
Pd
18
(1800 )
D p n p
Pd
8482.3
vm =
=
=
12
12
Pd
33,000hp 33,000(120 )
Ft =
=
= 466.85Pd
vm
8482.3
Pd
120 hp > 20 hp
use Buckinghams equation
0.05vm (Cb + Ft )
Fd = Ft +
1
0.05vm + (Cb + Ft )2
Assume a material of steel, as rolled AISI 1050,
su = 102 ksi
For carefully cut teeth, Fig. AF 20, e = 0.001 in (min.)
Table AT 25, steel on steel, 20o F.D.
C = 1660
Try b =
10
Pd
Fd = 466.85Pd +
8482.3
10
1660 + 466.85 Pd
0.05
Pd
Pd
2
8482.3
10
+ 1660 + 466.85Pd
0.05
Pd
Pd
Page 5 of 57
424 16,600
+ 466.85Pd
Pd Pd
Fd = 466.85Pd +
424 16,600
+
+ 466.85Pd
Pd Pd
1
2
sbY
K f Pd
Weak pinion
Table AT 24, N p = 18 , Y = 0.522 (Load near middle, 20o F.D.)
Fs =
s = 0.5su = 0.5(102) = 51 ksi = 51,000 psi

K f = 1 .5
(51,000) 10 (0.522)
Pd
(1.5)Pd
Fs =
177,480
Pd2
Fs = N sf Fd
(13.18), light shock, N sf = 1.25

Iteration:
Pd
5
4
Use Pd = 5
10 10
b=
=
= 2 in
Pd
5
N p = 18
Ng
Np
= mw
N g = (1.5)(18) = 27
Summary of first computation
Material, AISI 1050, as rolled
Accurately cut gears
Pd = 5
b = 2.0 in
N p = 18
N g = 27
Page 6 of 57
Fd
5331
5342
Fs
7099
11093
N sf ( 1.25)
1.33
2.08

CHECK PROBLEMS
A pair of carefully cut, full depth, 20o involute gears, made of cast iron, ASTM
30, is transmitting 5 hp at 1150 rpm of the pinion; N p = 24 , N g = 32 , Pd = 8 ,
636.
1
b = 1 in . For the teeth, determine (a) the endurance , (b) the dynamic load, (c)
2
the service factor (13.18).
Solution: 5 hp < 20 hp
N p = 24 , 20o F.D.
Y = 0.337 , Load at tip
assume K f = 1.45 average
(a) Fs =
sbY
K f Pd
cast-iron, s = 0.4su = 0.4(30) = 12 ksi = 12,000 psi

(12,000)(1.5)(0.337 ) = 523 lb
Fs =
(1.45)(8)
1200 + vm
(b) Fd =
Ft
1200
For carefully cut gears
D p n p
vm =
12
N
24
Dp = p =
= 3 in
Pd
8
n p = 1150 rpm
vm =
(3)(1150)
= 903.2 fpm
12
33,000hp 33,000(5)
Ft =
=
= 182.7 lb
vm
903.2
1200 + vm
1200 + 903.2
Fd =
Ft =
(182.7 ) = 320 lb
1200
1200
(c) N sf =
637.
Fs 523
=
= 1.63
Fd 320
A manufacturers catalog for cut-tooth spur gears rates a 25-tooth, cast-iron

(ASTM 25) pinion with 5-pitch, 20o full-depth involute teeth at 16.5 hp at 900
Page 7 of 57

1
rpm; b = 2 in and mg = 2 ; let K f = 1.5 ; intermittent service; smooth load. (a)
2
What horsepower may these gears transmit? Do you consider the catalog rating
too high or too low? (b) The same as (a) except that the teeth are carfully cut. (c)
The same as (a) except that the pinion is to be made of phosphor bronze (SAE 65,
Table AT 3).
Solution:
16.5 hp < 20 hp
D p n p
vm =
12
N p 25
Dp =
=
= 5 in
Pd
5
n p = 900 rpm
vm =
(5)(900)
12
= 1178 fpm
(a) Using commercially cut.

600 + vm
Fd =
Ft , vm 2000 fpm
600
Table AT 24, Load at tip, 20o F.D.
N p = 25 , Y = 0.340
N g = mg N p = 2(25) = 50 , Y = 0.408
use Y = 0.340 , weaker pinion

Cast iron, s = 0.4su = 0.4(30) = 12 ksi = 12,000 psi
K f = 1 .5
Pd = 5
1
b = 2 in
2
sbY
Fs =
K f Pd
(12,000)(2.5)(0.340) = 1360 lb
Fs =
(1.5)(5)
Fs = N sf Fd
smooth load, N sf = 1
600 + 1178
1360 = (1)
Ft
600
Ft = 459 lb
Page 8 of 57
Ft vm
(459)(1178) = 16.4 hp
=
33,000
33,000
The rating is not too low or too high.
hp =
(b) Carefully cut, [1000 fpm < vm < 4000 fpm]

1200 + vm
Fd =
Ft
1200
Fs = N sf Fd
1200 + 1178
1360 = (1)
Ft
1200
Ft = 686 lb
hp =
Ft vm
(686 )(1178) = 24.5 hp
=
33,000
33,000
(c) Phosphor bronze, (SAE 65, Table AT 3)

sn = 24 ksi = 24,000 psi
Pinion
sY = (24,000 )(0.340) = 8160
Gear
sY = (12,000)(0.408) = 4896
Therefore , gear is weaker
sbY
Fs =
K f Pd
(12,000)(2.5)(0.408) = 1632 lb
Fs =
(1.5)(5)
Fs = N sf Fd
600 + 1178
1632 = (1)
Ft
600
Ft = 551 lb
hp =
638.
Ft vm
(551)(1178) = 19.7 hp
=
33,000
33,000
A pair of commercially cut spur gears transmits 10 hp at 1750 rpm of the 25tooth pinion. The teeth are 20o full depth with 6 pitch; material , cast iron, class
9
30; face width is 1 in .; N g = 40 . Allow for stress concentration. (a) Compute
16
Page 9 of 57

the service factor for the teeth (13.18). (b) If the drive is for a single-cylinder
compressor, would carefully cut teeth be advisable? Show calculations.
Solution:
10 hp < 20 hp
Dp =
vm =
Np
Pd
D p n p
25
= 4.167 in
6
12
(4.167 )(1750)
vm =
= 1909 fpm
12
For commercially cut gears
600 + vm
Fd =
Ft
600
33,000hp 33,000(10 )
Ft =
=
= 173 lb
vm
1909
600 + 1909
Fd =
(173) = 723.4 lb
600
sbY
Fs =
K f Pd
Assume K f = 1.45 , average, load near tip

Table AT 24, 20o F.D.
N p = 25 , Y = 0.340
Cast iron, s = 0.4su = 0.4(30) = 12 ksi = 12,000 psi
(12,000)1 9 (0.340)
Fs =
16
(1.45)(6)
= 732.8 lb
Fs 732.8
=
1 .0
Fd 723.4
(b) Carefully cut gears
1200 + vm
1200 + 1909
Fd =
Ft =
(173) = 448.2 lb
1200
1200
F
732.8
N sf = s =
= 1.635
Fd 448.2
(13.18) Single-cylinder compressore
1.5 < N sf < 1.75
(a) N sf =
Page 10 of 57

1.5 < 1.635 < 1.75
Therefore advisable.
CONTINUOUS SERVICE
DESIGN PROBLEMS
NOTE: When using Buckinghams Fd equation and a K f is used, as intended in design
for continuous service, use Y for load near middle.
639.
The pinion of a pair of steel gears, transmitting 110 hp at 2300 rpm, is to have a
1
diameter of about 4 in .; mg 2.3 ; 20o full-depth teeth; the drive is to a
3
centrifugal pump, continuous service. (a) Decide upon Pd , b , N p , N g , and the
material to be used. Consider the strength with the load near the middle of the
profile. (b) The same as (a) except that it is not expected that the maximum
loading will occur for more than 107 cycles, can you justify changes in your
previous answers?
Solution:
110 hp > 20 hp
1
D p = 4 in
3
n p = 2300 rpm
1
D p n p
3
vm =
=
= 2609 fpm
12
12
33,000hp 33,000(110 )
Ft =
=
= 1391 lb
vm
2609
0.05vm (Cb + Ft )
Fd = Ft +
1
0.05vm + (Cb + Ft )2
Fig. AF 19, vm = 2609 fpm
Maximum permissible error = 0.0012 in
Fig. AF 20
Use carefully cut gears
Expected errors = 0.001 in
C = 1660
10
Try b =
Pd
4 (2300)
Page 11 of 57
10
0.05(2609)1660 + 1391
Pd
Fd = 1391 +
1
2
10
0.05(2609) + 1660 + 1391
Pd
16600
130.45
+ 1391
Pd
Fd = 1391 +
1
16600
2
130.45 +
+ 1391
Pd
Wear Load
Fw = D pbQK g
Q=
2m g
mg + 1
2(2.3)
= 1.394
2 .3 + 1
with Pd = 5 , Fd = 4478 lb
Pd = 4 , Fd = 4919 lb
1 10
Pd = 5 , Fw = 4 (1.394 )K g = 4478
3 5
K g = 371
1 10
Pd = 4 , Fw = 4 (1.394 )K g = 4919
3 4
K g = 326

Use sum of BHN = 800. K g = 366
22,109
1 10
Fw = 4 (1.394)(366) =
Pd
3 Pd
Iteration: Fw Fd
Pd
5
4
8
12.5
<b<
Pd
Pd
1.6 in < b < 2.5 in
use b = 2.5 in
Use Pd = 5 ,
Page 12 of 57
Fd
4478
4919
Fw
4422
5527

To check for strength
sbY
Fs =
K f Pd
1
Load near middle, N p = Pd D p = (5) 4 = 21.67
3
N g = mg N p = (2.3)(21.67 ) = 49.84
use N g = 50 , N p = 22
D p = 4.4 in
50
= 10 in
5
For s , average BHN = 400
Dg =
Use
8630 WQT 800 F, BHN = 375 gear

2330 WQT 600 F, BHN = 429 pinion
Sum of BHN = 375 + 429 = 804 800

Table AT 24, Load near middle, 20o F.D.
N p = 22
Y = 0.559
N g = 50
Y = 0.694
Pinion:
s = 250(429) = 107,250 psi

sY = (107,250)(0.559) = 59,953 psi
s = 250(375) = 93,750 psi
sY = (93,750)(0.694) = 65,062 psi
Gear:
Pinion is weaker
sbY
(59,953)(2.5) = 17,633 lb > F
Fs =
=
d
(1.7)(5)
K f Pd
Summary of answer:
Pd = 5
b = 2.5 in
N p = 22
N g = 50
Material:
Pinion:
Gear:
2330 WQT 600 F, BHN = 429

8630 WQT 800 F, BHN = 375
(b) For 107 cycles
Page 13 of 57

Tables AT 26, K g =< 306 for the less stronger material available, therefore cant be
justify to change the previous answer. ( N p will become less than minimum). Using
stronger material is expensive.
640.
A pinion with 20o full-depth teeth, transmitting 60 hp at 2400 rpm, is part of a

gear reduction for a lobeblower. It is to be about 3.2 in. in diameter; mg 1.56 .
(a) Decide upon a material for the mating gears (and its treatment), Pd , b , N p ,
and N g . Determine the strength with the load near the middle of the profile. (b)
The same as (a), except that the maximum loading will occur for no more than
107 cycles.
Solution:
D p = 3.2 in
n p = 2400 rpm
vm =
D p n p
(3.2)(2400)
= 2011 fpm
12
12
33,000hp 33,000(160 )
Ft =
=
= 2626 lb
vm
2011
160 hp > 20 hp
0.05vm (Cb + Ft )
Fd = Ft +
1
0.05vm + (Cb + Ft )2
Fig. AF 19, vm = 2011 fpm
Maximum permissible error = 0.0015 in
Fig. AF 20
carefully cut gears
Expected errors = 0.001 in
C = 1660
10
Try b =
Pd
10
0.05(2011)1660 + 2626
Pd
Fd = 2626 +
1
2
10
0.05(2011) + 1660 + 2626
Pd
Page 14 of 57

16600
100.55
+ 2626
Pd
Fd = 2626 +
1
16600
2
100.55 +
+ 2626
Pd
Fw = D pbQK g
Q=
2(1.56 )
= 1.22
m g + 1 1.56 + 1
2m g
39.04 K g
10
Fw = (3.2) (1.22)K g =
Pd
Pd
Fw = Fd
For Pd = 5
Fd = 5991 lb
39.04 K g
Fw =
= 5991
5
K g = 767
For Pd = 4
Fd = 6532 lb
39.04 K g
Fw =
= 6532
4
K g = 651
Table AT 26,
Use Steel (600), carburized case hardened, and same 1010 cycles, 20o F.D.
K g = 750
Using Pd = 5 , b =
10
= 2 in
5
1
Say b = 2 in
2

sn = 250 BHN = 250(600) = 150,000 psi
Table AT 24, Load near middle
N p = Pd D p = (5)(3.2 ) = 16
Y = 0.503
N g = mg N p = (1.56 )(16 ) = 25 Y = 0.580
Page 15 of 57

assume K f = 1.7
Fs =
(150,000)(2.5)(0.503) = 22,191 lb > F

sbY
=
d
(1.7)(5)
K f Pd
Summary of answer:
Pd = 5
b = 2.5 in
N p = 16
N g = 25
(b) 107 cycles

Table AT 26, K g = 1680
Fw =
39.04(1680 ) 65,587
=
Pd
Pd
Iteration: Fw Fd
Pd
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Fd
5560
5421
5311
5222
5148
5086
5033
Use Pd = 13
10
b = in
13
N p = D p Pd = (3.2 )(13) = 42 , Y = 0.667
sbY
(150,000)(10)(0.667) = 3482 lb < F
Fs =
=
d
K f Pd
(1.7)(13)2
Therefore use Fs N sf Fd
For lobe blower, 1.25 < N sf < 1.5
Assume Y = 0.50
Page 16 of 57
Fw
9370
8198
7287
6559
5962
5466
5045
(150,000)(10)(0.50) = 441,177
sbY
=
K f Pd
Pd2
(1.7 )(Pd )2
Iteration:
Pd
Fs
7
9004
8
6894
Fs =
Use Pd = 8
10 10
b=
=
= 1.25 in
Pd
8
N p = Pd D p = (8)(3.2 ) = 25.6
Fd
5560
5421
N sf
1.619
1.272>1.25
say 26
N g = mg N p = (1.56 )(25.6 ) = 40
Summary of answer:
Pd = 8
1
b = 1 in
4
N p = 26
N g = 40
641.
Gears with 20o full-depth teeth are to transmit 100 hp continuously at 5000 rpm
with mg = 4 ; pinion D p = 3 in. ; the drive is subjected to minor shocks with
frequent starts. First calculations are to be made for carburized pinion teeth of
AISI E3310, SOQT 450F, and the gear of cast steel, SAE 0175, WQT. Decide
upon Pd , b , N p , and N g .
Solution:
D p n p (3)(5000)
vm =
=
= 3927 fpm
12
12
Fig. AF 19, max. per/ error. e = 0.00075 in
Use precision gears, error, e = 0.0005 in
C = 0.5(1660) = 830
33,000hp 33,000(100 )
Ft =
=
= 840 lb
vm
3927
10
b=
Pd
0.05vm (Cb + Ft )
Fd = Ft +
1
0.05vm + (Cb + Ft )2
Page 17 of 57

10
0.05(3927 )830 + 840

Pd
Fd = 840 +
1
10
2
0.05(3927 ) + 830 + 840
Pd
8300
196.35
+ 840
Pd
Fd = 840 +
1
8300
2
196.35 +
+ 840
Pd
For minor shock with frequent start

1.25 < N sf < 1.5
sbY
K f Pd
Pinion: AISI E3310, SOQT 450 F, Rc = C 57.5 , BHN = 600
sn = 250(600) = 150,000 psi
Gear: Cast Steel, SAE 0175, WQT
sn = 77 ksi = 77,000 psi (Table AT 6)
Fs =
use s = sn = 77,000 psi

sbY
(77,000)(10)(0.50) = 226,471
Fs =
=
K f Pd
Pd2
(1.7 )(Pd )2
F
Iteration: N sf = s , 1.25 < N sf < 1.5
Fd
Pd
5
6
7
8
Fd
2833
2633
2488
2378
Use Pd = 8
Check for wear
Fw = Fd
Fw = D pbQK g
Q=
2m g
mg + 1
2(4 )
= 1 .6
4 +1
Page 18 of 57
Fs
9059
6291
4622
3539
N sf
3.2
2.4
1.9
1.49

10
= 1.25 in
8
Fw = (3)(1.25)(1.6 )K g = 2378
b=
K g = 396
K g = 396 < for carburized teeth
Therefore
Pd = 8
1
b = 1 in
4
N p = D p Pd = (3)(8) = 24
N g = mg N p = (4 )(24 ) = 96
Summary of answer:
Pd = 8
1
b = 1 in
4
N p = 24
N g = 96
A 20-tooth (20o F.D.) pinion is to transmit 50 hp at 600 rpm, the service being
indefinitely continuous in a conveyor drive; mw = 2.5 . The original pplan is to
use a nodular-iron casting, 80-60-03, for each gear. Determine suitable values for
the pitch, face width, and diameters. (Warning: compute C .)
642.
Solution:
N p = 20
Dp =
Np
Pd
20
Pd
20
(600 )
D p n p
Pd
3142
=
=
vm =
12
12
Pd
33,000hp 33,000(50)
Ft =
=
= 525Pd
vm
3142
Pd
b=
10
Pd
Fd = Ft +
0.05vm (Cb + Ft )
1
0.05vm + (Cb + Ft )2
Page 19 of 57
Fd = 525Pd +
Fd = 525Pd +
3142 10
C + 525Pd
0.05
Pd Pd
2
3142 10
+ C + 525Pd
0.05
Pd Pd
157.1 10C
+ 525Pd
Pd Pd
157.1 10C
+
+ 525Pd
Pd
Pd
1
2
Fs N sf Fd
Conveyor drive, 1 < N sf < 1.25

sbY
K f Pd
assume Y = 0.50 load near middle
K f = 1 .7
For nodular-iron, 80-60-03
sn = 40,000 psi
Fs
E = 23 106 psi
(
(
)
)
k 23 106
= k 11.5 106
C=
=
6
Eg + E p
2 23 10
k = 0.111e for 20o full depth
kE p E g
Fs =
(40,000)(10)(0.50) = 117,647
(1.7 )Pd2
Pd2
Fs
Fd
Iteration: Use Fig. AF 19 and Fig AF 20.
3142
vm =
Pd
e
C
Pd
5
628.4
0.00225
2872
4
785.5
0.002625
3351
N sf =
Use Pd = 4 , commercially cut

8
12.5
<b<
Pd
Pd
2 < b < 3.125
use b = 3.0 in
Page 20 of 57
Fd
Fs
4765
5005
4706
7353
Fs
Fd
0.99
1.46
N sf =

Fw = D pbQK g
Table AT 26, K g = 248 20o F.D.

Np
20
= 5 in
Pd
4
2mw
2(2.5)
Q=
=
= 1.43
m w + 1 2 .5 + 1
Fw = (5)(3.0)(1.43)(248) = 5320 lb > Fd
Summary of answer:
Pd = 4 , commercially cut gears
b = 3 in
D p = 5 in
Dp =
Dg = mw D p = (2.5)(5) = 12.5 in
643.
A 4.8-in. (approximate) pinion with 20o full-depth teeth is to transmit 40 hp at

1000 rpm; indefinitely continuous service with smooth load; mg = 3.5 ; carefully
cut teeth to reduce the chance of an explosive spark, the use of a phosphor0gearbronze (SAE 65, Table AT 3) pinion and a cast-iron (class 35) gear is a tentative
decision. Decide upon an appropriate Pd and b , using Buckinghams average
dynamic load.
Solution:
Dd = 4.8 in
n p = 1000 rpm
vm =
D p n p
(4.8)(1000)
= 1257 fpm
12
12
Fig. AF 19, max. permissible error, e = 0.00225 in
Carefully-cut, e = 0.001 in
kE g E p
C=
Eg + E p
k = 0.111e for 20o full depth
Phosphor-bronze pinion SAE 65
sn = 24,000 psi
E p = 16106 psi
Cast iron gear, class 35
sn = 0.4su = 0.4(35,000) = 14,000 psi
E g = 14.5 106 psi
Page 21 of 57
C=
(0.111)(0.001)(14.5 106 )(16 106 ) = 844
14.5 106 + 16 106

Assume Pd = 4
e = 0.00125 in
C = 1.25(844) = 1055
33,000hp 33,000(40 )
Ft =
=
= 1050 lb
vm
1257
0.05vm (Cb + Ft )
Fd = Ft +
1
0.05vm + (Cb + Ft )2
10 10
b=
=
= 2.5 in
Pd 4 d
0.05(1257 )[1055(2.5) + 1050]
Fd = 1050 +
= 2926 lb
1
2
0.05(1257 ) + [1055(2.5) + 1050]
sbY
Fs =
K f Pd
assume K f = 1.7 , load near middle, gear, 20o F.D.
N p = D p Pd = (4.8)(4 ) = 19 , Y = 0.534
use s = 14,000 psi , gear

N g = mg N p = (3.5)(19 ) = 66 , Y = 0.7224
Fs =
(14,000)(2.5)(0.7224) = 3718 lb
(1.7 )(4)
Fs N sf Fd
smooth load, N sf = 1.0

Fs > Fd
3718 lb > 2926 lb
Summary
Pd = 4
b = 2.5 in
644.
The 20o full-depth teeth for a pair of steel gears are to transmit 40 hp at 1200 rpm
of the 20-tooth pinion; mg = 3 ; continuous service and indefinite life: The driven
machine is an off-and-on reciprocating compressor. (a) Determine the pitch, face
width, and steel (with treatment), considering at least three alternatives, including
carefully cut teeth. For the gear teeth decided on, what would be the power
capacity if only intermittent service (wear not considered) were required? (c) If a
limited life of 107 cycles were satisfactory?
Solution:
Page 22 of 57

N p = 20
Np
20
Pd
Pd
n p = 1200 rpm
Dp =
20
(1200 )
D p n p
P
6283
vm =
= d
=
12
12
Pd
Ft =
33,000hp 33,000(40)
=
= 210 Pd
vm
6283
P
d
Fd = Ft +
0.05vm (Cb + Ft )
1
0.05vm + (Cb + Ft )2
For carefully cut, e = 0.001 in
C = 1660
Fw = Fd
Fw = D pbQK g
assume b =
10
Pd
Fd = 210 Pd +
Fd = 210 Pd +
6283
10
1660 + 210 Pd
0.05
Pd
Pd
314 16600
+
+ 210 Pd
Pd Pd
2mw
2(3)
Q=
=
= 1 .5
mw + 1 3 + 1
20 10
300
Fw = (1.5)(K g ) = 2 K g
Pd
Pd Pd
Pd = 5
Page 23 of 57
2
6283
10
+ 1660 + 210 Pd
0.05
Pd
Pd
314 16600
+ 210 Pd
Pd Pd
1
2

Fd = 3179 lb
300
Fw = 2 K g = 3179
(5)
K g = 265
Pd = 6
Fd = 3079 lb
300
Fw = 2 K g = 3079
(6)
K g = 369
(a) For indefinite life, Table AT 26
use Sum of BHN = 700, K g = 270 , Pd = 5
10 10
=
= 2 in
Pd
5
N
20
Dp = p =
= 4 in
Pd
5
Dg = m g D p = (3)(4 ) = 12 in
b=
Material combination. (Sum of BHN = 700)

Alternatives:
(1)
4150 OQT 1200 F, gear, BHN = 331
6152 OQT 1000 F, pinion, BHN = 375
(2)
5150 OQT 1000 F, gear, BHN = 321
8620 OQT 800 F, pinion, BHN = 375
(3)
4150 OQT 1200 F, gear, BHN = 331
C1095 OQT 800 F, pinion, BHN = 363
Using Pinion: C1095, OQT 800 F, BHN = 363
sn = 250(363) = 90,750 psi
Gear: 4150, OQT 1200 F, BHN = 331
sn = 250(331) = 82,750 psi
N p = 20
Y = 0.544
N g = 3(20 ) = 60 , Y = 0.713
Pinion: sY = (90,750)(0.544) = 49,368

Gear: sY = (82,750)(0.713) = 59,000
Therefore, pinion is weaker
Page 24 of 57

K f = 1 .7
Fs =
(90,750)(2)(0.544) = 11,616 lb
sbY
=
(1.7)(5)
K f Pd
Fs = N sf Fd
Reciprocating compressor, N sf = 1.4

Fd = Ft +
0.05vm (Cb + Ft )
1
0.05vm + (Cb + Ft )2
D p n p (4)(1200)
vm =
=
= 1257 fpm
12
12
C = 1660
b = 2 in
0.05(1257 )[1660(2) + Ft ]
Fd = Ft +
1
0.05(1257 ) + [1660(2) + Ft ]2
62.85(3320 + Ft )
Fd = Ft +
1
62.85 + (3320 + Ft )2
Fs = N sf Fd
11,616 = 1.4 Fd
Fd = 8297 lb
By trial and error method
Ft = 4900 lb
Fv
(4900)(1257 ) = 186.6 hp
hp = t m =
33,000
33,000
(b) 107 cycles, Table AT 26
Use Pd = 4 , K g = 252
Sum of BHN = 500
e = 0.00125 in
C = 1.25(1660)
314 1.25(1660)(10)

0.05
+ 210 Pd
Pd
Pd
Fd = 210 Pd +
1
314 1.25(1660)(10)
2
+
0.05
+ 210 Pd
Pd
Pd
Pd = 4
Fd = 3870 lb
Page 25 of 57

300
(252) = 4725 > Fd
(4)2
Therefore Pd = 4
Fw =
10 10
=
= 2.5 in
Pd
4
N
20
Dp = p =
= 5 in
Pd
4
Dg = mg D p = (3)(5) = 15 in
b=
Material combination. (Sum of BHN = 600)

(1) 8630 WQT 1100 F, gear, BHN = 285
9261 OQT 1200 F, pinion, BHN = 311
(2) 6152 OQT 1200 F, gear, BHN = 293
9840 OQT 1000 F, pinion, BHN = 302
(3) 5150 OQT 1200 F, gear, BHN = 269
4150 OQT 1200 F, pinion, BHN = 331
Using Pinion: 4150, OQT 1200 F, BHN = 331
sn = 250(331) = 82,750 psi
Gear: 5150, OQT 1200 F, BHN = 269
sn = 250(269 ) = 62,250 psi
Y = 0.544
N p = 20
N g = 3(20 ) = 60 , Y = 0.713
Pinion: sY = (82,750)(0.544) = 45,016

Gear: sY = (62,750)(0.713) = 47,949
Therefore, pinion is weaker
K f = 1 .7
sbY
(82,750)(2.5)(0.544) = 16,550 lb
=
(1.7 )(4)
K f Pd
0.05vm (Cb + Ft )
Fd = Ft +
1
0.05vm + (Cb + Ft )2
D p n p (5)(1200)
vm =
=
= 1571 fpm
12
12
C = 1.25(1660) = 2075
b = 2.5 in
Fs =
Page 26 of 57
Fd = Ft +
0.05(1571)[2075(2.5) + Ft ]
1
0.05(1571) + [2075(2.5) + Ft ]2
78.55(5187.5 + Ft )
Fd = Ft +
78.55 + (5187.5 + Ft )2
Fs = N sf Fd
16,550 = 1.4 Fd
Fd = 11,821 lb
By trial and error method
Ft = 6800 lb
Fv
(6800)(1571) = 324 hp
hp = t m =
33,000
33,000
645.
A pair of spur gears, delivering 100 hp to a reciprocating pump at a pinion speed

of 600 rpm, is to serve continuously with indefinite life; minimum number of 20o
full-depth teeth is 18; mw = 2.5 . Since low weight is highly important, it is
decided that the initial design be for carburized case-hardened teeth. (a)
Determine a suitable pitch, face width, diameters, and specify the material and its
heat treatment. (b) Use the same size teeth as determined in (a), but let the
material be flame-hardened 4150, OQT 1100 F. Compute Fs and Fw . If it were
decided that the maximum (specified) loading would be imposed only
occasionally, would these gears transmit more or less power than the carburized
teeth? Explain.
Solution:
N p = 18
Dp =
Np
Pd
18
Pd
18
(600 )
D p n p
Pd
2827
vm =
=
=
12
12
Pd
33,000hp 33,000(100)
Ft =
=
= 1167 Pd
vm
2827
P
d
Fd = Ft +
0.05vm (Cb + Ft )
1
0.05vm + (Cb + Ft )2
Page 27 of 57

10
Pd
assume first class commercial gears
e = 0.002 in
Table AT 25,
C = 2(1660) = 3320
b=
2827
10
3320 + 1167 Pd
0.05
Pd
Pd
Fd = 1167 Pd +
Fd = 1167 Pd +
2
2827
10
+ 3320 + 1167 Pd
0.05
Pd
Pd
141.35 33200
+ 1167 Pd
Pd Pd
2
141.32 33200
+
+ 1167 Pd
Pd
Pd
Fw = D pbQK g
2(2.5)
= 1.43
m g + 1 2 .5 + 1
Table AT 26, 20o F.D., carburized, indefinite
K g = 750
Q=
2m g
18 10
193,050
Fw = (1.43)(750) =
Pd2
Pd Pd
Fw Fd
Iteration:
Pd
5
6
Will not equal
Using precision cut gears
C = 0.5(1660) = 830
Page 28 of 57
Fd
8355
9181
Fw
7722
5363
141.35 8300
+ 1167 Pd
Pd Pd
Fd = 1167 Pd +
141.32 8300
+
+ 1167 Pd
Pd
Pd
Pd
5
1
2
Fd
7680
Use Pd = 5 , precision cut

sbY
Fs =
K f Pd
BHN = 600
sn = 250 BHN = 250(600) = 150,000 psi
10 10
b=
=
= 2 in
Pd
5
Table AT 24m Load near middle, 20o F.D.
N p = 18 ,
Y = 0.522
K f = 1 .7
Fs =
(150,000)(2)(0.522) = 18,424 lb > F

d
(1.7 )(5)
BHN = 600 , Rc = 57.5

E3310, SOQT 450 F
Pd = 5 , precision cut
b = 2 in
N
18
D p = p = = 3.6 in
Pd
5
Dg = mw D p = (2.5)(3.6 ) = 9 in
Material, E3310, SOQT 450 F
(b) Flame hardened, 4150 OQT 1100 F
BHN 359
Sum of BHN = 718
K g = 287
Fw = D p bQK g = (3.6 )(2 )(1.43)(287 ) = 2955 lb
Page 29 of 57
Fw
7722
Fs =
sbY
K f Pd
s = 250(359) = 89,750 psi

Y = 0.522
(89,750)(2)(0.522) = 11,023 lb
Fs =
(1.7 )(5)
For occasional loading, Fs = Fd
For (a) Fd = 7680 lb < 11,023 lb
Therefore, these gears would transmit more power than carburized teeth for occasional
loading with continuous loading for carburized teeth.
CHECK PROBLEMS
646.
A 6-ft. ball mill runs at 24.4 rpm, the drive being through 14 1/2o involute spur
gears; Pd = 2 , N p = 15 , N g = 176 , b = 5 in ., and hp = 75 . The material of the
pinion is SAE 1040, BHN = 180; of the gear, 0.35% C cast steel, BHN = 180. (a)
Check for strength and wear and give your decision as to the service to be
expected. (b) The foregoing pinion wore out. Actually, the first step was to
replace it with one made of SAE 3140, OQT 1000 F. Would you expect this to
cure the trouble? (c) The drive in (b) also wore out. The following solution which
maintained the same gear diameters, pitch and face, was proposed: 20o full-depth
teeth; pinion of SAE 3140 with BHN = 350; gear of SAE 1045 with BHN = 280.
Would you predict that these gears will give long service? What are the
approximate tempering temperatures to get the specified hardness?
Solution:
n g = 24.4 rpm
vm =
Dg ng
12
N
176
Dg = g =
= 88 in
Pd
2
(88)(24.4)
vm =
= 3373 fpm
12
33,000hp 33,000(75)
Ft =
=
= 734 lb
vm
3373
Fig. AF 19, max. per. Error = 0.0008 in for vm = 3373 fpm
Fig. AF 20, precision cut, Pd = 2 , e = 0.0010 in 0.0008 in
Table AT 25, e = 0.0010 in
C = 1600 , 14 1/2o F.D.
Page 30 of 57
Fd = Ft +
0.05vm (Cb + Ft )
1
0.05vm + (Cb + Ft )2
b = 5 in
Fd = 734 +
0.05(3373)[1600(5) + 734]
1
2
0.05(3373) + [1600(5) + 734]
= 6354 lb
(a) Wear load

Fw = D pbQK g
Dp =
Np
15
= 7.5 in
2
Pd
b = 5 in
2N g
2(176 )
Q=
=
= 1.843
N p + N g 15 + 176
Sum of BHN = 180 + 180 = 360, 14 1/2o F.D.
Table At 26, K g = 46.3
Fw = (7.5)(5)(1.843)(46.3) = 3200 lb
Strength:
sbY
Fs =
K f Pd
s = 250 BHN = 250(180) = 45,000 psi
Pinion is weaker, N p = 15 , 14 1/2o F.D. (involute)
Y = 0.415 , Load near middle
K f = 1 .7
Fs =
(45,000)(5)(0.415) = 27,463 lb
(1.7 )(2)
Fw < Fd , service is intermittent.

(b) Pinion, SAE 3140, OQT 1000 F, BHN = 311
sn = 250 BHN = 250(311) = 77,750 psi
sY = (77,750)(0.415) = 32,266 psi
Gear, s n = 250 BHN = 250(180) = 45,000 psi
N g = 176 , Y = 0.6376 , 14 1/2o F.D.
sY = (45,000)(0.6376) = 28,692 psi
Strength,
Page 31 of 57
Fs =
(45,000)(5)(0.6376) = 42,194 lb
sbY
=
(1.7)(2)
K f Pd
Wear, Fw = D pbQK g
Sum of BHN = 180 + 311 = 491, 14 1/2o F.D.
Table AT 26, K g = 92.4
Fw = (7.5)(5)(1.843)(92.4) = 6386 lb
Fw Fd , this will cure the trouble.
(c) Pinion, SAE 3140, BHN = 350
sn = 250 BHN = 250(350) = 87,500 psi
Gear, SAE 1045, BHN = 280
s n = 250 BHN = 250(280) = 70,000 psi
Table AT 25, 20o F.D., e = 0.001 in
C = 1660
Fd = 734 +
0.05(3373)[1660(5) + 734]
1
2
0.05(3373) + [1660(5) + 734]
= 6512 lb
Wear load, sum of BHN = 350 + 280 = 630

Table At 26, K g = 218.8 , 20o F.D.
Fw = D pbQK g
Fw = (7.5)(5)(1.843)(218.8) = 15,122 lb > Fd

Tempering temperatures:
Pinion: SAE 3140, BHN = 350
Fig. AF 2, OQT 995 F
Gear: SAE 1045, BHN = 280
Table AT 8, WQT 900 F, rod. Diameter = in.
647.
A 22-tooth pinion, transmitting 110 hp at 2300 rpm, drives a 45-tooth gear, both
steel; 20o full depth; Pd = 5 , b = 1.5 in .; The manufacturing process is expected
to result in a maximum effective error of e = 0.0016 in . (a) Compute
Buckinghams average dynamic load. Compute Fs and Fw if the material is (b)
case-carburized AISI 8620, DOQT 300 F, (c) AISI 8742, OQT 950 F, (d)
induction-hardened AISI 8742. (e) Suppose your company carries a stock of the
foregoing materials. For a minimum-service factor of 1.2, which material do you
Page 32 of 57

recommend for (i) intermittent service, (ii) indefinitely continuous service, (iii)
cycles of loading not to exceed 107?
Solution:
N p = 22
N g = 45
Dp =
vm =
Np
Pd
D p n p
22
= 4.4 in
5
=
(4.4)(2300)
= 2649 fpm
12
12
33,000hp 33,000(110 )
Ft =
=
= 1370 lb
vm
2649
(a) Dynamic Load
0.05vm (Cb + Ft )
Fd = Ft +
1
0.05vm + (Cb + Ft )2
For e = 0.0016 in , Table AT 25, steel, 20o F.D.
C = 1.6(1660) = 2656
b = 1.5 in
0.05(2649)[2656(1.5) + 1370]
Fd = 1370 +
= 4819 lb
1
0.05(2649) + [2656(1.5) + 1370]2
(b) AISI 8620, DOQT 300 F carborized
K g = 750 , 1010 cycles indefinite
Table AT 11, Rc = C 64
Figure AF 4, BHN = 700
sn = 250(700) = 175,000 psi
N p = 22
Y = 0.559
K f = 1 .7
Strength
sbY
(175,000)(1.5)(0.559) = 17,263 lb
Fs =
=
(1.7)(5)
K f Pd
Wear
Fw = D pbQK g
Page 33 of 57
Q=
2N g
N p + Ng
2(45)
= 1.3433
22 + 45
Fw = (4.4)(1.5)(1.3433)(750) = 6649 lb
(c) AISI 8742, OQT 950 F
BHN = 358.5
sum of BHN = 2(358.5) = 717
K g = 286
sn = 250(358.5) = 89,625 psi
Strength
sbY
(89,625)(1.5)(0.559) = 8841 lb
Fs =
=
(1.7 )(5)
K f Pd
Wear
Fw = D pbQK g
Fw = (4.4)(1.5)(1.3433)(286) = 2536 lb
(d) Induction hardened, AISI 8742
K g = 555 at 1010 cycles
sn = 250(500) = 125,000 psi
Strength
sbY
(125,000)(1.5)(0.559) = 12,331 lb
Fs =
=
(1.7 )(5)
K f Pd
Wear
Fw = D pbQK g
Fw = (4.4)(1.5)(1.3433)(555) = 4921 lb
(e)
(i) intermittent service
N sf F d = (1.2 )(4819 ) = 5783 lb

use AISI 8742, OQT 950 F
FS N sf F d
FS = 8841 lb
(ii) indefinitely continuous service
Fw F d
Fd = 4819 lb
use AISI 8620, DOQT 300 F
Page 34 of 57

Fw = 6649 lb
(iii) 107 cycles
Use AISI 8742, induction hardened
K g = 1190
Fw = (4.4)(1.5)(1.3433)(1190) = 10,550 lb > Fd
Two mating steel gears have 16 and 25 teeth, respectively, 20o F.D.; b = 2 in ,
Pd = 5 ; pinion speed, 2400 rpm. The maximum effective error in the profiles is
planned to be 0.0012 in. The drive is for heavy-duty conveyer, continuous
service. Compute and specify a reasonable rated horsepower if the gear teeth are:
(a) Case carburized AISI 8620, SOQT 300 F, (b) AISI 8742, OQT 950 F and the
flame-hardened, (c) AISI 8742, OQT 800 F.
648.
Solution:
N p = 16
N g = 25
Dp =
vm =
Np
Pd
D p n p
12
Fd = Ft +
16
= 3.2 in
5
=
(3.2)(2400)
12
0.05vm (Cb + Ft )
= 2011 fpm
1
0.05vm + (Cb + Ft )2
error, e = 0.0012 in
C = 1.2(1660) = 1992
0.05(2011)[1992(1.5) + Ft ]
Fd = Ft +
1
0.05(2011) + [1992(1.5) + Ft ]2
100.55(2988 + Ft )
Fd = Ft +
1
100.55 + (2988 + Ft )2
(a) Case carburized AISI 8620, SOQT 300 F
K g = 750
BHN = 700
sn = 250(700) = 175,000 psi
N p = 16 , Y = 0.503 , Table AT 24, 20o F.D., Load near middle
Page 35 of 57
Q=
2N g
N p + Ng
Wear:
Fw = D pbQK g
2(25)
= 1.22
16 + 25
Fw = (3.2 )(2)(1.22)(750) = 5856 lb

Strength
sbY
(175,000)(2)(0.503) = 20,712 lb
Fs =
=
(1.7 )(5)
K f Pd
Use Fw = Fd
5856 = Ft +
100.55(2988 + Ft )
1
100.55 + (2988 + Ft )2
Ft = 2635 lb
(2635)(2011) = 160 hp
Fv
hp = t m =
33,000
33,000
(b) AISI 8742, OQT 950 F, flame-hardened

K g = 555
sn = 250(500) = 125,000 psi
Strength
sbY
(125,000)(2)(0.503) = 14,794 lb
Fs =
=
(1.7)(5)
K f Pd
Wear:
Fw = D pbQK g
Fw = (3.2 )(2)(1.22)(555) = 4333 lb
Use Fw = Fd
100.55(2988 + Ft )
4333 = Ft +
1
100.55 + (2988 + Ft )2
Ft = 1590 lb
Fv
(1590)(2011) = 97 hp
hp = t m =
33,000
33,000
(c) AISI 8742, OQT 800 F, BHN = 416.4 (Table AT 9)
Sum of BHN = 2(416.4) = 832.8
Table AT 26, K g = 397.5
sn = 250 BHN = 250(416.4) = 104,100 psi
Strength
(104,100)(2)(0.503) = 12,320 lb
sbY
Fs =
=
(1.7)(5)
K f Pd
Page 36 of 57

Wear:
Fw = D pbQK g
Fw = (3.2 )(2)(1.22)(397.5) = 3104 lb
Use Fw = Fd
100.55(2988 + Ft )
3104 = Ft +
1
100.55 + (2988 + Ft )2
Ft = 770 lb
Fv
(770)(2011) = 47 hp
hp = t m =
33,000
33,000
649.
3
The data for a pair of gears are: 20o F.D. teeth, b = 1 in , Pd = 6 , N p = 26 ,
4
N g = 60 , n p = 2300 rpm ; as-rolled AISI 1050; carefully cut teeth; N sf = 1.2 . (a)
Strength alone considered, find the horsepower that may be transmitted. (b)
Determine the required surface hardness in order for Fw = Fd , and specify a
treatment that would make the gears long lasting in continuous service.
Solution:
N
26
Dp = p =
= 4.333 in
Pd
6
D p n p (4.333)(2300)
vm =
=
= 2609 fpm
12
12
0.05vm (Cb + Ft )
Fd = Ft +
1
0.05vm + (Cb + Ft )2
For carefully cut teeth, Pd = 6 , 20o F.D.
C = 1660
0.05(2609)[1660(1.75) + Ft ]
Fd = Ft +
1
0.05(2609 ) + [1660(1.75) + Ft ]2
130.45(2905 + Ft )
Fd = Ft +
1
130.45 + (2905 + Ft )2
(a) Strength
sbY
Fs =
K f Pd
For as rolled AISI 1050, BHN = 229
sn = 250(229 ) = 57,250 psi
or sn = 0.5su = 0.5(102.000) = 51,000 psi
use s = 51,000 psi
Page 37 of 57

N p = 26
Table AT 26, 20 o F.D., load near middle
Y = 0.588
K f = 1 .7
Fs =
(51,000)(1.75)(0.588) = 5145 lb
(1.7)(6)
Fs = N sf Fd
5145 = 1.2 Fd
Fd = 4288 lb
Fd = 4288 = Ft +
130.45(2905 + Ft )
1
130.45 + (2905 + Ft )2
Ft = 1400 lb
Fv
(1400)(2609) = 110 hp
hp = t m =
33,000
33,000
(b) Fw = Fd = 1400 lb
Wear
Fw = D pbQK g
Q=
2N g
N p + Ng
2(60 )
= 1.395
26 + 60
Fw = (4.333)(1.75)(1.395)K g = 4288 lb
K g = 405
Table of BHN = 838
BHN1 = 229
BHN 2 = 838 229 = 609
Therefore use carburized teeth.
650.
Gears with carefully cut, 20o F.D. teeth have Pd = 5 , b = 2 , mg = 5 , N p = 24 .

Pinion material is manganeses gear bronze (heading of Table AT 3); gear is cast
iron, class 25. Gear speed ng = 200 rpm ; smooth load. They are to transmit 18
hp. (a) Are the teeth strong enough for intermittent service? (b) Does the limiting
wear load indicate long life? Suggestion: Compute C for equation (13.7).
Solution:
N
24
Dp = p =
= 4.8 in
Pd
5
Page 38 of 57

n p = mg ng = (5)(200 ) = 1000 rpm
vm =
D p n p
(4.8)(1000)
= 1257 fpm
12
12
33,000hp 33,000(18)
Ft =
=
= 473 lb
vm
1257
Carefully cut:
kE g E p
C=
Eg + E p
k = 0.111e for 20o full-depth
Fig. AF 20, e = 0.001 in , Pd = 5
C=
(0.111)(0.001)(11.5 106 )(16 106 ) = 743
Fd = Ft +
11.5 106 + 16 106

0.05vm (Cb + Ft )
1
0.05vm + (Cb + Ft )2
0.05(1257 )[743(2) + 473]
Fd = 473 +
= 1622 lb
1
0.05(1257 ) + [743(2) + 473]2
(a) Fs N sf Fd
N sf = 1.0 , smooth load
sbY
K f Pd
Gear: cast-iron, class 25, 20o F.D.
N g = mg N p = (5)(24 ) = 120
Fs =
Y = 0.7646 , load near middle

sn = 0.4(25) = 10 ksi = 10,000 psi
snY = (10,000)(0.7646) = 7646 psi

Pinion: manganese gear bronze, 20o F.D.
N p = 24
Y = 0.572 , load near middle
sn = 17 ksi = 17,000 psi
snY = (17,000)(0.572) = 9724 psi

Gear is weaker
K f = 1 .7
Fs =
(10,000)(2)(0.7646) = 1799 lb > N F

sf d
(1.7 )(5)
Page 39 of 57

Therefore, enough for intermittent service
(b) Fw = D pbQK g
Q=
2m g
mg + 1
2(5)
= 1.667
5 +1
s 2 sin 1
1
+
K g =
1.4 E p E g
Pinion, manganese gear bronze
s = su = 75 ksi
= 20o
(75,000 )2 sin 20 1
1
Kg =
+
= 205
6
6
1 .4
16 10 11.5 10
Fw = (4.8)(2)(1.667 )(205) = 3281 lb > Fd
Therefore, indicates long life.
A 20-tooth pinion. 20o F.D., drives a 100-tooth gear. The pinion is made of SAE
1035, heat treated to Rockwell C15; the gear is cast iron class 35, HT; Pd = 3 ,
b = 2.5 in .; carefully cut teeth; pinion speed n p = 870 rpm , smooth load. (a) For
a continuous service, indefinite life, what is a safe horsepower? (b) For
intermittent service (wear unimportant), compute the safe horsepower.
651.
Solution:
N p = 20
N g = 100
Dp =
vm =
Np
Pd
D p n p
12
Fd = Ft +
20
= 6.667 in
3
=
(6.667 )(870)
12
0.05vm (Cb + Ft )
1
= 1519 fpm
0.05vm + (Cb + Ft )2
Carefully cut gears, steel and cast iron, 20o F.D.
Pd = 3 , Fig. AF 20, Table AT 25
e = 0.0016 in
C = 1.6(1140) = 1824
0.05vm (Cb + Ft )
Fd = Ft +
1
0.05vm + (Cb + Ft )2
Page 40 of 57
Fd = Ft +
Fd = Ft +
0.05(1519)[1824(2.5) + Ft ]
1
0.05(1519) + [1824(2.5) + Ft ]2
75.95(4560 + Ft )
1
75.95 + (4560 + Ft )2
(a) Continuous ser vice
Strength:
sbY
Fs =
K f Pd
Pinion: SAE 1035, Rc = C15
Fig. AF 4, BHN = 200
sn = (250)(200) = 50,000 psi
N p = 20
Table AT 24, 20o F.D., load near middle
Y = 0.544
snY = (50,000)(0.544) = 27,200 psi
Gear: Cast iron, class 35
sn = 0.4su = 0.4(35,000) = 14,000 psi
N g = 100
Table AT 24, 20o F.D., load near middle
Y = 0.755
snY = (14,000)(0.755) = 10,570 psi
Gear is weaker
K f = 1 .7
Fs =
(14,000)(2.5)(0.755) = 5181 lb
(1.7)(3)
Wear:
Fw = D pbQK g
Q=
2N g
N p + Ng
2(100 )
= 1.667
20 + 100
s 2 sin 1
1
K g =
+
1.4 E p E g
= 20o
s = 0.4 BHN 10 = 0.4(200) 10 = 70 ksi = 70,000 psi
E p = 30106 psi
Page 41 of 57

E g = 14.5 106 psi
(70,000 )2 sin 20 1
1
Kg =
+
= 122
6
6
1 .4
30 10 14.5 10
Fw = (6.667 )(2.5)(1.667 )(122) = 3390 lb
Fw = Fd
3390 = Ft +
75.95(4560 + Ft )
1
75.95 + (4560 + Ft )2
Ft = 700 lb
Fv
(700)(1519) = 32 hp
hp = t m =
33,000
33,000
(b) Fs = N sf Fd
N sf = 1.0 , smooth load
5181 = Ft +
75.95(4560 + Ft )
1
75.95 + (4560 + Ft )2
Ft = 2000 lb
Fv
(2000)(1519) = 92 hp
hp = t m =
33,000
33,000
652.
A pair of steel gears is defined by Pd = 8 , b = 1.5 in , N p = 25 , N g = 75 ,

e = 0.001 in , 20o F.D. If these gears may transmit continuously and without
failure 75 hp at 1140 rpm of the pinion, what horsepower would be satisfactory
for n p = 1750 rpm ?
Solution:
N
25
Dp = p =
= 3.125 in
Pd
8
D p n p (3.125)(1140 )
vm =
=
= 933 fpm
12
12
33,000hp 33,000(75)
Ft =
=
= 2653 lb
vm
933
Table AT 25, e = 0.001 in , 20o F.D.
C = 1660
0.05vm (Cb + Ft )
Fd = Ft +
1
0.05vm + (Cb + Ft )2
Page 42 of 57
Fd = 2653 +
0.05(933)[1660(1.5) + 2653]
1
2
0.05(933) + [1660(1.5) + 2653]
= 4680 lb
For n p = 1750 rpm

vm =
D p n p
(3.125)(1750 )
= 1432 fpm
12
0.05(1432)[1660(1.5) + Ft ]
Fd = Ft +
= 4680 lb
1
0.05(1432 ) + [1660(1.5) + Ft ]2
Ft = 2260 lb
Fv
(2260)(1432) = 98 hp
hp = t m =
33,000
33,000
654.
12
A gear manufacturer recommends that the following gears can transmit 25 hp at

600 rpm of the pinion during continuous 24-hr. service, indefinite life, moderate
shock: N p = 31 , N g = 70 , b = 3.25 in , Pd = 6 , 20o F.D.; pinion material is SAE
2335 with BHN = 300; gear material is SAE 1040 with BHN = 250. At what
horsepower would you rate them?
Solution:
N
31
D p = p = = 5.167 in
Pd
6
D p n p (5.167 )(600)
vm =
=
= 812 fpm
12
12
0.05vm (Cb + Ft )
Fd = Ft +
1
0.05vm + (Cb + Ft )2
Commercial cut, e = 0.001 in , 20o F.D., Pd = 6
Table AT 25
C = (2)(1660) = 3320
0.05(812)[3220(3.25) + Ft ]
Fd = Ft +
1
0.05(812) + [3220(3.25) + Ft ]2
40.6(10,465 + Ft )
Fd = Ft +
1
40.6 + (10,465 + Ft )2
Strength:
Pinion: SAE 2335, bhn = 300
sn = 250(300) = 75,000 psi
N p = 31 , Table AT 24, Load near middle, 20o F.D.
Y = 0.6115
Page 43 of 57

snY = (75,000)(0.6115) = 45,862 psi
Gear: SAE 1040, BHN = 250
sn = 250(250 ) = 62,500 psi
N g = 70 , Table AT 24, Load near middle, 20o F.D.
Y = 0.728
snY = (62,500)(0.728) = 45,500 psi
Gear is weaker, K f = 1.7
Fs =
(62,500)(3.25)(0.728) = 14,498 lb
sbY
=
(1.7 )(6)
K f Pd
Wear load:
Fw = D pbQK g
Q=
2N g
N p + Ng
2(70 )
= 1.386
31 + 70
Sum of BHN = 300+250 = 550

K g = 162
Fw = (5.167 )(3.25)(1.386)(162) = 3770 lb
Fw = Fd
40.6(10465 + Ft )
3770 = Ft +
1
40.6 + (10465 + Ft )2
Ft = 675 lb
(675)(812) = 16.6 hp
Fv
hp = t m =
33,000
33,000
For carefully cut, C = 1660
Cb = (1660)(3.25) = 5395
40.6(5395 + Ft )
3770 = Ft +
1
40.6 + (5395 + Ft )2
Ft = 1500 lb
Fv
(1500)(812) = 36.9 hp carefully cut
hp = t m =
33,000
33,000
use hp = 36.9 hp , carefully cut.
Page 44 of 57

NONMETALLIC GEARS
655.
A 4-in. Bakelite pinion meshing with a cast-iron gear, is to be on the shaft of a 12

hp induction motor that turns at 850 rpm; mw = 5 , 20o F.D. teeth. (a) Determine
Pd , b , N p , N g for indefinitely continuous service with a smooth load. Is there
serious interference in the gears you have designed? (b) Are the teeth of your
design strong enough to taje without damage an occasional 60 % overload?
Solution:
Pinion as weaker
(200 + vm )Ft
Fd =
v
200 + m
4
D p n p (4)(850)
vm =
=
= 890 fpm
12
12
33,000hp 33,000(12 )
Ft =
=
= 445 lb
vm
890
(200 + 890)(445) = 1148 lb
Fd =
890
200 +
4
Strength: s = 6000 psi
sbY
Fs =
Pd
10
and Y = 0.33 , 20o F.D. Load at tip.
assume b =
Pd
Fs = Fd (smooth load)
(6000)(10)(0.33) = 1148 lb
Fs =
Pd2
Pd = 4.15
use Pd = 4
10 10
b=
=
= 2.5 in
Pd
4
say b = 3 in
N p = D p Pd = (4 )(4 ) = 16
Table At 24, Y = 0.295 , 20o F.D. Load at tip.

(6000)(3)(0.295) = 1328 lb > 1148 lb
Fs =
4
Check:
Page 45 of 57

Wear:
Fw = D pbQK g
2mw
2(5)
=
= 1.667
mw + 1 5 + 1
Table AT 26,
Use K g = 64 , 20o F.D.
Q=
Fw = (4)(3)(1.667 )(64) = 1280 lb > Fd , o.k.

Then
Pd = 4
b = 3 in
N p = 16
N g = mw N p = (5)(16 ) = 80
N p < 18 , there is interference.
(b) Ft = (1.6)(445) = 712 lb

Fd > 712 lb , strong enough.
656.
A Zytel pinion with molded teeth is to transmit 0.75 hp to a hardened-steel gear;

n p = 1750 rpm , D p 1.25 in . Determine the pitch, face, and number of teeth on
the pinion for intermittent service.
Solution:
D p n p (1.25)(1750)
vm =
=
= 573 fpm
12
12
33,000hp 33,000(0.75)
Ft =
=
= 43 lb
vm
573
Fd = (VF )Ft
For molded teeth, vm < 4000 fpm
VF = 1
Fd = (1)(43) = 43 lb
Load near middle, assume Y = 0.50
Fs = Fd
say s = 4.6 ksi = 4600 psi , 13.27
10
b=
Pd
sbY (4600 )(10 )(0.50 )
Fs =
=
= 43
Pd
Pd2
Page 46 of 57

Pd = 23
use Pd = 20
10
= 0.5 in
b=
20
N p = D p Pd = (1.25)(20 ) = 25 teeth
657.
A 10-in. Textolite pinion, driving a hardened steel gear, transmits power at 400
rpm; Pd = 2.5 , b = 5 in ., 14 1/2o F.D. teeth. Determine the safe horsepower (a)
for smooth, continuous, indefinite service, and also (b) for limited-life
intermittent service.
Solution:
D p = 10 in
n p = 400 rpm
vm =
D p n p
(10)(400)
= 1047 fpm
12
12
(200 + vm )Ft
Fd =
v
200 + m
4
Strength
sbY
Fs =
Pd
s = 6000 psi
b = 5 in
Pd = 2.5
N p = Pd D p = (2.5)(10 ) = 25
Table At 24, 14 1/2o F.D. Load at tip.
Y = 0.305
(6000)(5)(0.305) = 3660 lb
Fs =
2 .5
Wear load, Table At 26, 14 1/2o F.D.
K g = 46
Fw = D pbQK g
Q 1 .5
Fw = (10)(5)(1.5)(46) = 3450 lb
(a) Continuous service

Fw = Fd (smooth)
Page 47 of 57
3450 =
(200 + 1047 )Ft

200 +
1047
4
Fs = 1277 lb
Fv
(1277)(1047) = 40 hp
hp = t m =
33,000
33,000
(b) Intermittent service
Fs = Fd
(200 + 1047 )Ft
3660 =
1047
200 +
4
Fs = 1355 lb
Fv
(1355)(1047) = 43 hp
hp = t m =
33,000
33,000
658.
5
in .
8
(a) What safe horsepower may be transmitted for long-life? (b) For 107 cycles?
A 16-pitch Zytel pinion, with 26, 20o F.D. cut teeth, rotates at 600 rpm; b =
Solution:
D p n p
vm =
12
N
26
Dp = p =
= 1.625 in
Pd 16
(1.625)(600)
vm =
= 255 fpm
12
Cut-teeth, vm < 4000 fpm
VF = 1.2
Fd = (VF )Ft
Fd = Ft
(a) Long life, 5 108 cycles
Pd = 16
s = 2.3 ksi = 2300 psi
sbY
Fs =
Pd
For N p = 26 , 20o F.D., Load near middle
Y = 0.588
Page 48 of 57
(2300) 5 (0.588)
8
= 53 lb
16
Fs = 53 = 1.2 Ft
Ft = 44 lb
(44)(255) = 0.34 hp
Fv
hp = t m =
33,000
33,000
Fs =
(b) 107 cycles. s = 4.2 ksi = 4200 psi , Pd = 16
(4200) 5 (0.588)
8
= 96.5 lb
16
Fs = 96.5 = 1.2 Ft
Ft = 80 lb
Fv
(44)(255) = 0.34 hp
hp = t m =
33,000
33,000
Fs =
CAST-TOOTH GEARS
659.
A pair of cast-iron spur gears, ASTM 20, with cast teeth, transmits 10 hp at 125
rpm of the pinion; mw = 5 , D p 8 in . Determine Pc , b , N p , N g .
Solution:
D p n p (8)(125)
vm =
=
= 262 fpm
12
12
600 + vm
Fd =
Ft
600
33,000hp 33,000(10 )
Ft =
=
= 1260 lb
vm
262
600 + 262
Fd =
(1260) = 1810 lb
600
Fs = 0.054sbPc
say b = 2.5Pc
s = 0.4su = 0.4(20) = 8 ksi = 8000 psi
Fs = 0.054(8000 )(2.5)Pc2 = 1080 Pc2
Fs = Fd
1080 Pc2 = 1810
Pc = 1.29 in
Page 49 of 57

1
say Pc = 1 in
4
b = 2.4 Pc = 2.4(1.25) = 3 in
D p (8)
Np =
=
= 20
Pc
1.25
N g = mw N p = (5)(20 ) = 100
660.
Design the cast teeth for a pair of cast-iron spur gears to transmit 35 hp at 50 rpm
of the pinion; mw 2.5 . Decide upon a suitable grade of cast iron and find Pc , b ,
D p , Dg , and center distance.
Solution:
Using cast-iron, class 35
sn = 0.4su = 0.4(35) = 14 ksi = 14,000 psi
33,000hp 33,000(35) 1,155,000
Ft =
=
=
vm
vm
vm
600 + vm
Fd =
Ft
600
Try N p = 20
Dp =
vm =
Pc N p
D p n p
12
=
=
20 Pc
= 6.366 Pc
(6.366 Pc )(50)
12
Ft =
1,155,000 13,860
=
83.33Pc
Pc
Fd =
600 + 83.33Pc
600
= 83.33Pc
13,860 23.1(600 + 83.33Pc )
=
P
Pc
c
Fs = 0.054sbPc
b = 2.5Pc
Fs = 0.054(14,000 )(2.5)Pc2 = 1890 Pc2
Fs = Fd
23.1(600 + 83.33Pc )
Pc
Pc = 2.117 in
1890 Pc2 =
use Pc = 2 in
PN
20(2)
Dp = c p =
= 12.73 in
Page 50 of 57

Dg = mw D p = (2.5)(12.73) = 31.83 in
b = 2.5Pc = 2.5(2) = 5 in
1
1
C = (D p + Dg ) = (12.73 + 31.83) = 22.28 in
2
2
Summary:
Pc = 2 in
D p = 12.73 in
Dg = 31.83 in
b = 5 in
C = 22.28 in
661.
A manufacturers catalog specifies that a pair of gray cast-iron spur gears with
cast teeth will transmit 7.01 hp at a pitch-line speed of 100 fpm; N p = 20 ,
Pc = 1.5 in ., b = 4 in . Compute the stress and specify the grade of cast iron that
should be used.
Solution:
vm = 100 fpm
33,000hp 33,000(7.01)
Ft =
=
= 2313.3 lb
vm
100
600 + vm
600 + 100
Fd =
Ft =
(2313.3) = 2699 lb
600
600
Fs = 0.054sbPc
Fs = Fd
0.054s (4)(1.5) = 2699
s = 8330 psi
s 0.4su
8330 0.4su
su = 20,825 psi = 21 ksi
use Cast Iron, ASTM 25, su = 25 ksi
ARMS AND RIMS
662.
A 24-in. cast-iron gear transmits 30 hp at 240 rpm; 14 1/2o F.D. teeth, Pd = 4 ,

b = 2.5 in . The gear is on a 2 -in. shaft. Determine (a) the hub diameter, rim
thickness, and bead, (b) the dimensions of the arms at the hub and at the pitch
circle for an elliptical-shaped section, (c) the arm dimensions for a cross shape.
Page 51 of 57
Solution:
1
1
(a) Hub diameter = 2 Ds = 2 2 = 4 in , for cast iron
2
4
7

Rim thickness = 0.56 Pc = 0.56 = 0.44 in in
16
4
7

Bead = 0.56 Pc = 0.56 = 0.44 in in
16
4
(b) Elliptical section
use no. of arms = N a = 4 , D = 24 in < 120 in

FL
M=
Na
1
24 4
D Dh
2 = 9.75 in
L=
=
2
2
F = Fd
M
s=
Z
h3
Z=
64
0.05vm (Cb + Ft )
Fd = Ft +
1
0.05vm + (Cb + Ft )2
D p n p (24)(240)
vm =
=
= 1506 fpm
12
12
assume C = 800 , 14 1/2o F.D.
33,000hp 33,000(30 )
Ft =
=
= 660 lb
vm
1506
0.05(1506)[800(2.5) + 660]
Fd = 660 +
= 2238 lb
1
0.05(1506 ) + [1800(2.5) + 660]2
M
FL
64 FL
s=
=
= 3
Z N a Z h N a
use s = 8000 psi
Page 52 of 57

64(2238)(9.75)
h3 (4)
h = 2.4 in
8000 =
At the hub
h = 2.4 in
h
h1 = = 1.2 in
2
At the pitch circle
h
h = = 1.2 in
2
h
h1 = = 1.2 in
2
(c) Cross shape
6Z
h2
G1 = 0.75G
h = 2.4 in
G=
Z=
h3
, 13.32
64
(2.4)3
Z=
= 0.6786 in 3
64
At the hub
6(0.6786 )
G=
= 0.71 in
(2.4)2
G1 = 0.75(0.71) = 0.53 in
h = 2.4 in
h
At the pitch circle, h = = 1.2 in
2
G = 0.71 in
G1 = 0.53 in
Page 53 of 57

INTERNAL GEARS
A 20-tooth pinion, with 20o F.D. teeth , drives a 75-tooth internal gear ( Pd = 8 ,
b = 1.5 in , n p = 1150 rpm ; material, cast iron, class 20). What horsepower may
be transmitted continuously (a) if the teeth are commercially hobbed (AGMA
equation, 13.15), (b) if they are precision cut? There are minor irregularities in
the loading.
664.
Solution:
(a) Commecially hobbed
1
2
m
50 + v
Ft
50
Fw = D pbQK g
Fd =
Q=
2N g
Ng N p
2(75)
= 2.727
75 20
From AT 26, K g = 112

Np
20
= 2.5 in
Pd
8
Fw = (2.5)(1.5)(2.727 )(112) = 1145 lb
Dp =
For strength:
sbY
Fs =
K f Pd
N p = 20 , Y = 0.320 at the tip
Let K f = 1.3 , s = 8000 psi
(8000)(1.5)(0.320) = 369 lb
(1.3)(8)
D p n p (2.5)(1150 )
=
=
= 753 fpm
Fs =
vm
12
Fs = Fd
12
1
50 + (753)2
Fd = 369 =
Ft
50
Ft = 238 lb
hp =
Ft vm
(238)(753) = 5.43 hp
=
33,000
33,000
(b) Precision cut
Page 54 of 57
78 + vm2
Fd =
Ft
78
1
2
Fd = 369 =
78 + (753)
Ft
78
Ft = 273 lb
hp =
666.
Ft vm
(273)(753) = 6.23 hp
=
33,000
33,000
A planetary gear train is composed of four gears the sun gear B , two planet
gears C , as shown. Gears B and C have 20 teeth each, gear D has 60; Pd = 10 ,
1
b = 1 in ., 20o F.D. teeth, cast iron, class 20, nB = 1750 rpm . (a) Determine the
4
speed of the arm. (b) What horsepower may be transmitted continuously? Note
that the dynamic load (AGMA equation , 13.15) depends on the speed of tooth
engagement, which is not the absolute pitch line speed of B (pitch-line speed
relative to arm for B C ). Check the speed of tooth engagement of both B C
and C D . (c) If the designer wishes to increase the power transmitted by using
three planet gears, instead of two, what changes must be made in tooth numbers
so that the gears can be assembled with the planets 120o apart?
Solution:
nL = enF + na (1 e )
(20)(20)
1
e=
=
(20)(60)
3
nF = nB = 1750 rpm
nL = 0 = nD
1
1
0 = (1750 ) + na 1 +
3
3
na = 437.5 rpm
(assumed)
(a) Speed pf arm = 437.5 rpm

(b) For BC
vm =
D p nB A
12
Page 55 of 57
Np
(nB n A ) 20 (1750 437.5)

D p
10
=
=
= 687 fpm
12
12

For BC
vm =
Dg nD A
12
N
g
Dp
(nD n A ) 60 (0 437.5)

10
=
= 687 fpm
12
12
vm = 687 fpm < 1000 fpm

Use commercial teeth
600 + vm
Ft
600
For cast-iron, continuous service
Fs N sf Fd
Fd =
For cast iron, assume N sf = 1

Fs =
sbY
K f Pd
Let K f = 1.2
s = 0.4su = 0.4(20) = 8 ksi = 8000 psi
For N = 20 , Y = 0.32 , load at tip, 20o F.D.
(8000)1 1 (0.32)
Fs =
4
(1.2)(10)
= 267 lb
Fs = Fd
600 + 687
267 =
Ft
600
Ft = 124 lb
hp =
Ft vm
(124)(687) = 2.6 hp
=
33,000
33,000
(c) For each planet gear,

2 .6
hp =
(1.15) = 1.495 hp
2
For 3 planet gears
1.495
hp =
(3) = 3.9 hp
1.15
sbY
600 + vm
Fs =
=
Ft
K f Pd
600
Page 56 of 57

33,000(3.9 )
= 187 lb
687
assume Y = 0.3
(8000)1 1 (0.30)
600 + 687
4
Fs =
=
(187)
600
(1.2)(Pd )
Pd = 6.65
Ft =
use Pd = 7
N = DPd = (2)(7 ) = 14 teeth
- end -
Page 57 of 57

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Section 11

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SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

For cast-iron, class 20, sn = 0.4 su

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

(b) Phosphor gear bronze , (SAE 65, Table AT 3)

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

It is desired to transmit 120 hp at 1800 rpm of the pinion; intermittent service;

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

s = 0.5su = 0.5(102) = 51 ksi = 51,000 psi

(13.18), light shock, N sf = 1.25

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

cast-iron, s = 0.4su = 0.4(30) = 12 ksi = 12,000 psi

A manufacturers catalog for cut-tooth spur gears rates a 25-tooth, cast-iron

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

(a) Using commercially cut.

use Y = 0.340 , weaker pinion

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

(b) Carefully cut, [1000 fpm < vm < 4000 fpm]

(c) Phosphor bronze, (SAE 65, Table AT 3)

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

Assume K f = 1.45 , average, load near tip

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

Table AT 26, 20o F.D.

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

8630 WQT 800 F, BHN = 375 gear

Sum of BHN = 375 + 429 = 804 800

s = 250(429) = 107,250 psi

2330 WQT 600 F, BHN = 429

(b) For 107 cycles

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

A pinion with 20o full-depth teeth, transmitting 60 hp at 2400 rpm, is part of a

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

To check for strength

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

(150,000)(2.5)(0.503) = 22,191 lb > F

(b) 107 cycles

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

0.05(3927 )830 + 840

For minor shock with frequent start

use s = sn = 77,000 psi

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

Conveyor drive, 1 < N sf < 1.25

Use Pd = 4 , commercially cut

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

Table AT 26, K g = 248 20o F.D.

A 4.8-in. (approximate) pinion with 20o full-depth teeth is to transmit 40 hp at

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

(0.111)(0.001)(14.5 106 )(16 106 ) = 844

14.5 106 + 16 106

use s = 14,000 psi , gear

smooth load, N sf = 1.0

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

Material combination. (Sum of BHN = 700)

Pinion: sY = (90,750)(0.544) = 49,368

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

Reciprocating compressor, N sf = 1.4

SECTION 11 SPUR GEARS

Material combination. (Sum of BHN = 600)