Ilass Book of Abstracts 2007

ILASS -Americas 2007
20th Annual Conference on
Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems
Book of Abstracts
20 Years of ILASS [
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ILASS-AMERICAS BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Chair
Will Bachalo
Artium Technologies, Inc.
Vice-Chair
Greg Smallwood
National Research Council Canada
Treasurer
Steve Londerville
Coen Company, Inc.
Secretary
Doug Talley
Air Force Research Laboratory
Member-at-Large
Vince McDonell
University of California, Irvine
Member-at-Large
Michael Benjamin
Parker Hannifin Corporation
Member-at-Large
Jim Drallmeier
University of Missouri, Rolla
Member-at-Large
Ken Giles
University of California, Davis
Member-at-Large
Corinne Lengsfeld
University of Denver
Member-at-Large
Chuck Lipp
Dow Chemical Company
Member-at-Large
Rudolf Schick
Spraying Systems Co.
Past-Chair
Chris Edwards
Stanford University
Ex Officio
Norman Chigier
Carnegie Mellon University
ILASS-AMERICAS 2007 CONFERENCE

Local Arrangements Chair
Rudolf Schick
Program Chair
Shankar Subramaniam
Iowa State University
ILASS-07 LIST OF SPONSORS

ILASS Americas thanks the following Sponsors for their generous contributions toward
the success of this years conference:
Coen Company, Inc.

Steve Londerville
Chief Technical Officer
100 Foster City Blvd.
Foster City, CA 94404
Ph: (650) 638-0365
Fax: (650) 638-0355
slonderville@coen.com
Nektar Therapeutics
Chris Varga
150 Industrial Road
San Carlos, CA 94070
Ph: (650) 631-3100
Fax: (650) 631-3150
cvarga@nektar.com
www.nektar.com

Engineering and Process
Sciences
Dr. Chuck Lipp
2301 Brazosport Blvd.,
B-1226
Freeport, TX 77541-3257
Ph: (979) 238-9091
Fax: (979) 238-0140
charlipp@dow.com
Parker Hannifin
Corporation
Gas Turbine Fuel Systems
Division
Adel Mansour, Ph.D.
R&D Technical Team Leader
9200 Tyler Boulevard
Mentor, OH 44060
Ph: (440) 954-8171/8100
Fax: (440) 954-8111
amabsour@parker.com
www.parker.com/gasturbine
General Motors R&D and

Planning
Scott E. Parrish
Mail Code 480-106-252
30500 Mound Road
Warren, MI 48090-9055
Ph: (586) 986-0692
Fax: (586) 986-0176
scott.parrish@gm.com
Goodrich Corporation
Turbine Fuel Technologies
Tim Griffith
Chief Engineer, New Product
Development
811 4th Street
West Des Moines, IA 50265
Ph: (515) 271-7231
Fax: (515) 271-7205
Kevin.gordon@goodrich.com
www.goodrich.com
Procter & Gamble

Corporate Engineering
Technologies Labs
8256 Union Centre Blvd.
West Chester, OH 45069
John Hecht
Ph: (513) 634-9625
hecht.jp@pg.com
Simulent Inc.
Hamideh Parizi, Ph.D.,
P.Eng.
Vice President
203 College Street,
Suite 302
Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P9
Canada
Ph: (416) 979-5544
1-800-969-2708
Parizi@simulent.com
www.simulent.com
Solar Turbines Inc.

Dr. Gareth Oskam
Applied Research Lead
Combustion Engineering
P.O. Box 85376
San Diego, CA 92186-5376
Ph: (619) 544-5000
Direct: (619) 544-5260
oskam_gary_w@solarturbine
s.com
Spray Analysis and
Research Services
Rudolf Schick
Vice President
P.O. Box 7900
Wheaton, IL 60189-7900
Ph: (630) 517-1409
Fax: (630) 260-7593
rudi.schick@spray.com
www.spray.com
www.sprayconsultants.com
Spraying Systems
Company
Rudolf Schick
North Ave. at Schmale Road
Wheaton, IL 60189-7900
Ph: (630) 517-1409
Fax: (630) 260-7593
rudi.schick@spray.com
www.spray.com
Woodward, Inc.
Paul G. Hicks, Ph.D.
700 North Centennial Street
Zeeland, MI 49464
Ph: (616) 772-9171 x8381
phicks@woodward.com
ILASS - AMERICAS 2007

20th Annual Conference On
Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems
ILASS-2007 is the 20th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems,
North and South America. Like previous ILASS conferences, it provides a venue for
industrialists, researchers, academics, and students engaged in the scientific development
and practice of atomization and spray processes to meet and share recent developments in
the field. In addition, the 2007 conference will include a retrospective of the last 20 years
of our organization and activities and events to ensure we provide a solid technology base
for spray researchers for the next 20 years.
All aspects of atomization and spray processes will be covered, including:
Instrumentation related to sprays for drop size, drop velocity and impact, drop
concentration, patternation, film thickness, vapor concentration, etc.
Modeling of flow phenomena inside and outside of atomizers, including CFD.
Design, operation, and performance of liquid atomizers and spray systems.
Transfer processes in which liquid sprays are used, such as in spray reactors,
spray dryers, humidifiers, spray coating, spray combustion, fire fighting sprays,
agricultural applications, pressure back sprays for domestic or medical use, and
atomization for metal powders and spray forming.
The ILASS-Americas 2007 Conference will include:
Tutorial sessions representing a discussion of topics of broad interest to the spray

community
Technical sessions at which state-of-the-art research and methods are presented.
Manufacturer's exhibits showing the latest instrumentation and hardware in the

field.
Technical committee meetings enabling participants to engage in specific topical

discussions in areas of personal interest.
PROGRAM NOTES AND SPECIAL EVENTS

Registration will take place between 600 and 7:30 pm on Tuesday in the St. Clair
Meeting Room Pre-Function Area Third Floor.
An Exhibitors Display will be held from Wednesday Friday in the St. Clair Salons
1, 2 & 3 Third Floor.
A Continental Breakfast will be served each morning from 7:00 to 8:00 am in the St.
Clair Meeting Room Pre-Function Area Third Floor.
Morning and afternoon refreshment breaks will take place as indicated at the time
listed in the program in the St. Clair Meeting Room Pre-Function Area Third Floor.
Lunch will be served each day as indicated at the time listed in the program in the
Grand Ballroom B & C Second Floor.
The ILASS-Americas Annual Business Meeting will be held during Lunch on
Thursday. All are encouraged to attend.
The Conference Banquet will be held at the Field Museum, located in the middle of
the beautiful Museum Campus near the Chicago lakefront. Attendees will eat and
socialize near Sue, the worlds largest, most complete, and most famous T-Rex. During
the banquet both the Robert Marshall Award for the best paper from the 2006
conference, and the Harold C. Simmons Award, recognizing the best graduate student
presentation will be presented. This award is sponsored by Parker-Hannifins Gas
Turbine Fuel Systems Division in honor of Harold Simmons contributions to ILASSAmericas from its inception.
Technical Committee Meetings will be held from 4:40 to 5:40 pm on Wednesday and
4:50 to 5:35pm on Thursday. Conference participants are strongly encouraged to join
those Technical Committees with which their interests are aligned. Please contact the
committee chairs for further information.
Day
Wednesday
Thursday
Technical Committee
Computation and Modeling
Diesel and Automotive Sprays
Agricultural Sprays
Industrial Combustion and Sprays
Rocket & Air Breathing Power Fuel
Atomization
Physics of Atomization
Spray Measurement and Instrumentation
Chair(s)
J. Bellan, D. P. Schmidt
S. Parrish, G. Smallwood
A. Hewitt, K. Giles
C. Lipp, S. Londerville
M. Benjamin, R. Jensen
N. Chigier, C. Lengsfeld
V. McDonnell, S. Parrish
Program changes will be announced before each morning's Plenary Session. They
will also be posted throughout the day on the Message Board. Please check the
Message Board often for updates.
MANUFACTURER EXHIBITOR INFORMATION

There are nine manufacturer exhibits at this years conference. They offer diagnostic and
analytical equipment, digital imaging and photography equipment, spray characterization
services and spray nozzles.
Artium Technologies, Inc.
Dantec Dynamics, Inc.
EnUrga Inc.
LaVision Inc.
Malvern Instruments
Spray Analysis and Research Services
Sympatec Inc.
TSI Incorporated
Vision Research Inc.
These companies represent the leading technologies in spray characterization,

diagnostics, imaging and analysis. Also, most have been long-term supporters of ILASSAmericas.
Please take the time to visit the exhibits located in St. Clair Salons 1, 2 & 3 Third
Floor.
EXHIBITORS
Artium Technologies, Inc. is leading the way in development of the next generation of
instrumentation for spray dynamics characterization. Founded in 1998 by key former
employees of Aerometrics, Inc., Artium has combined the latest technology in lasers,
signal processing, and computer software with our globally-recognized expertise in
two-phase flow research to produce the most compact and automated Phase-Doppler
Interferometer (PDI, also referred to as a PDPA or PDA) on the market.
Through funding from NASA GRC and the US Navy ONR we have developed a unique
flight-based Dual-Range PDI to meet a broad range of cloud and drizzle measurement
requirements. This new instrument, mounted on an aircraft or inside a wind tunnel, is
capable of making droplet size measurements simultaneously spanning a range of 1 to
1,500 m while being exposed to extreme icing conditions. The Dual-Range PDI has
been successfully demonstrated at the NASA GRC Icing Research Tunnel.
In addition to standard and custom PDI and LDV instruments, Artium Technologies also
produces a Laser-Induced Incandescence instrument for soot characterization for both
combustion system emissions monitoring and carbon black production. Additionally
Artium is conducting research under NIH NIDDK support to apply spray technology and
characterization to islet encapsulation and transplantation in an effort to treat Type
1diabetes.
Contact Information:
Will Bachalo
Artium Technologies
14660 Saltamontes Way
Los Altos Hills, CA 94022-2036
Phone: 408-737-2364
Fax: 408-737-2374
Email: wbachalo@aol.com or info@artium.com
For more information please visit our web site, http://www.artium.com.
Dantec Dynamics, Inc. develops and manufactures advanced instrumentation for

diagnostics and research into fluid dynamics, micro fluids, spray atomization, combustion
technology and materials/components. Universities, research institutions and industry use
Dantec Dynamics equipment in a wide range of applications in the fields of fluid
mechanics, mechanical and civil engineering, thermodynamics, and environmental
protection.
Cliff Weissman
Dantec Dynamics, Inc.
200 Williams Dr.
Ramsey, NJ 07446
Phone: 201-236-2466
Fax: 201-236-2469
Email: cliff.weissman@dantecdynamics.com
For more information please visit our web site, http://www.dantec.co.uk.
EnUrga Inc. is the industry leader in customized optical diagnostic equipment for the
most challenging factory floor application. En'Urga Inc. has 10 years experience in
optical diagnostics and research, serving many Fortune 50 companies and Federal
Government agencies. Our expertise in emission and absorption tomography in hostile
environments enables measurement and control of varied processes in a wide array of
industries. We specialize in research, design, development, calibration, and installation of
instruments suitable for the measurement of temperatures, gas concentrations, emissivity,
and particulate characteristics. Our products include an extinction tomography based
optical spray patternator, an imaging infrared spectrometer, and a capacitance
tomography based two phase pipe flow analyzer.
Dr. Yudaya Sivathanu or Dr. Jongmook Lim
EnUrga Inc.
1291-A Cumberland Avenue
West Lafayette, IN 47906
Phone: 765-497-3269
Fax: 765-463-7004
Email: deepa@enurga.com or sales@enurga.com
For more information please visit our web site, http://www.enurga.com.
LaVision, Inc. is a recognized specialist in global and local laser imaging techniques.
We have developed integrated systems for flow mapping, combustion diagnostics,
surface and material deformation and spray diagnostics. Measurable spray parameters
include geometry, droplet size, shape, velocity and liquid vapor transition. Applications
cover diverse fields including, fuel delivery, agriculture, pharmaceuticals as well as
numerous fundamental studies.
Dr. Callum Gray or Dr. Steven Anderson
La Vision, Inc.
301 W. Michigan Ave., Suite 403
Ypsilanti, MI 48197
Phone: 734-485-0913
Fax: 240-465-4306
Email: callum.gray@lavisioninc.com or steven.anderson@lavisioninc.com
For more information please visit our web site, http://www.lavision.com.
Malvern Instruments is a global company that develops, manufactures and markets

advanced analytical systems used in characterizing a wide variety of materials, from bulk
powders to nanomaterials and delicate macromolecules. Innovative technologies and
powerful software produce systems that deliver industrially relevant data enabling
customers to make the connection between micro (eg particle size) and macro (bulk)
material properties (rheology) and chemical composition (chemical imaging). Malvern
solutions are proven in sectors from cement to pharmaceuticals and support the
understanding, improvement and optimization of many industrial processes. Extensive
industry experience and analytical expertise enable Malvern to deliver exceptional
support to customers worldwide.
Henrik Krarup or Paul Norlander
Malvern Instruments
10 Southville Rd.
Southborough, MA 01772
Phone: 508-480-0200
Fax: 508-460-9692
Email: info@malvernusa.com or salesinfo@malvern.co.uk
For more information, please visit our web site: http://www.malvern.com.
Spray Analysis and Research Services, a service of Spraying Systems

Co., assists customers in a wide range of industries with spray system optimization.
This includes spray nozzle specification and selection through performance testing and
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD); troubleshooting problems in existing spray
operations; and developing new ways to utilize spray technology. Our services
include research, consulting, computer modeling, spray characterization/performance
testing, proof-of-concept studies and spray nozzle/header prototype development. Spray
Analysis is home to the world's largest and most sophisticated spray laboratories and
conducts educational seminars on spray technology seminars twice annually for
individuals seeking an advanced understanding of the science behind atomization and
sprays.
Rudolf Schick or Elizabeth Kucharz
P.O. Box 7900
Wheaton, IL 60189
Phone: 630-665-5000
Fax: 630-260-7593
Email: rudi.schick@spray.com or elizabeth.kucharz@spray.com
For more information please visit our web site: http://www.SprayConsultants.com
Spraying Systems Co. is the worlds leader in spray technology. With more than 70
years of experience, we serve customers in hundreds of industries with spray
cleaning, cooling, drying, coating applications and more. Our dedicated sales engineers
are located in 85 offices around the world and are supported by 11 manufacturing
facilities in the Americas, Europe and Asia. Our product line includes the industry's most
extensive line of spray nozzles, accessories and standard and custom spray headers,
showers, lances and injectors. AutoJet Technologies is a division of Spraying Systems
Co. and provides spray controllers, software and turnkey systems designed to optimize
spray nozzle efficiency and automate spray system operation. Spray characterization,
performance testing, proof-of-concept studies, CFD analysis and prototyping/fabrication
services are available through Spray Analysis and Research Services group.
Rudolf Schick or Elizabeth Kucharz
P.O. Box 7900
Wheaton, IL 60189
Phone: 630-665-5000
Fax: 630-260-7593
Email: rudi.schick@spray.com or elizabeth.kucharz@spray.com
For more information, please visit our web site: http://www.spray.com.
Sympatec specializes in Laser Diffraction instruments for measurement of droplet size

distribution in sprays. Since our beginning days in the Harz Mountains of Germany in
1984, we have been well known for high quality laser diffraction technologies. Sympatec
is still owned and managed by the 4 PhD Physicists that founded the company, which
explains our no-nonsense approach to physics and hardware.
Our HELOS/VARIO can measure from 0.25um to 3,500um, with several innovative
features to guarantee the best possible results. We offer a choice of 7 measurement
ranges (lenses), to concentrate on the droplet size range you are most interested in, with
the best possible sensitivity. Our patented beam expander offers 3 beam sizes: 2mm,
13mm, and 26mm, for the best balance of laser intensity and particle count. Construction
is thick extruded aluminum mounted to an X-95 backbone, with a 5mW HeNe laser and
auto-focusing of the 31 element detector.
Alan Pieper or
9A Princess Rd.
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648
Phone: 609-844-1020
Fax: 609-844-1225
Email: usa@sympatec.com
For more information, please visit our web site: http://www.sympatec.com.
TSI Incorporated designs and manufactures precision instruments used to

measure sprays, flows, particulates, and other key parameters in environments the world
over. TSI serves the needs of industry, governments, research institutions, and
universities, with applications ranging from pure research to primary manufacturing. Our
PDPA System, like every TSI instrument, is backed by unique technical expertise and
outstanding quality.
TSI instruments are used around the world. They are found on mountaintops and ocean
beaches. They are used in submarines, office towers, factories, and schools. They operate
in laboratories and on farms. They went to the North and South Poles and served on
desert battlefields. They flew in the space shuttle, and one even went to Mars to measure
the velocity and direction of Martian winds.
TSI instruments help people investigate, identify and solve measurement problems. They
often play a pivotal role in designing or modifying production processes or energy
conversion systems. They are used in industrial, university, and government facilities in
every industrialized country, in nearly every major industry and technical discipline,
often in crucial research or control situations.
TSI has a worldwide presence with over 800 dedicated employees working in facilities in
North America and Europe and Asia. Our corporate sales and service offices (St. Paul,
Minnesota, USA; Aachen, Germany; Marseille, France; Arlanda Stad, Sweden; High
Wycombe, United Kingdom; Beijing, China, and Bangalore, India) provide regional
customer support. We also maintain a network of knowledgeable manufacturers
representatives and distributors to provide local support worldwide.
Joe Shakal or Dr. Stamatios Pothos
TSI Incorporated
500 Cardigan Rd.
Shoreview, MN 55126
Phone: 651-490-2856
Fax: 651-490-3824
Email: jshakal@tsi.com or particle@tsi.com
For more information, please visit our web site: http://www.tsi.com
Vision Research Inc. designs and manufactures high-speed digital imaging systems used
in measurement and entertainment applications. Their broad line of cameras, marketed
under the Phantom trademark, span a variety of application domains including
Defense, Automotive, Engineering, Scientific and Medical Research, Industrial and
Commercial, Sports and Entertainment, and Digital Broadcast and Cinematography. The
Phantom product family has been recognized for their innovations in high-speed digital
camera technology and sensor design receiving numerous research and development
awards.
Vision Research prides itself on the light sensitivity, the high resolution and image
quality of their cameras; the robust yet easy to use software interface; and the reliability
and versatility of their Phantom camera family which continue to be the benchmark for
all other high speed digital camera manufacturers.
VRI cameras add a new dimension to the sense of sight, allowing the user to see details
of an event when its too fast to see, but too important not to.
Tim Mills or Ray Maguire
Vision Research, Inc.
100 Dey Rd.
Wayne, NJ 07470
Phone: 248-546-0251
Email: tim.mills@visionresearch.com
For more information please visit our web site, http://www.visionresearch.com
PROGRAM SCHEDULE
Welcome to the ILASS-Americas 2007
20th Annual Conference
TUESDAY - MAY 15, 2007
6:00 pm 9:00 pm
Reception and Registration, Grand Ballroom Pre-Function Area
(Sponsored by ILASS Americas)
ILASS-2007 is the 20th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and

Spray Systems, North and South America. As an organization, weve grown
and developed since our very first meeting in Madison, Wisconsin in 1987.
Like previous ILASS conferences, ILASS-2007 will provide a venue for
industrialists, researchers, academics, and students engaged in the scientific
development and practice of atomization to meet and share recent
developments in the field. In addition, this years conference will include a
retrospective of the last 20 years of our organization and activities and
events to ensure we provide a solid technology base for spray researchers for
the next 20 years. There is no better opportunity to learn about the latest
advancements in sprays and atomization and to network with other experts
in the industry.
Please take advantage of the free networking time set aside to connect with
old friends and make new ones. We at ILASS Americas extend you a warm
welcome and wish you a great conference.
WEDNESDAY - MAY 16, 2007

7:00 am Breakfast
Room: St. Clair Meeting Room Pre-Function Area
(Sponsored by Woodward Inc.)
7:45 am Welcome and opening remarks, Grand Ballroom

Salon B & C
8:00 am Invited Lecture:

Chung (Ed) K. Law, Princeton University
Dynamics of Droplet Collision
8:50 am Transition to General Sessions

SESSION 1A
SESSION 1B
AUTOMOTIVE SPRAYS
SPRAY MODELING
(Room: Lakeshore East)
(Room: Lakeshore West)
Chairpersons: Scott E. Parrish,

General Motors R&D, and Chia-fon
Lee, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign
Chairpersons: Josette Bellan, Jet

Propulsion Laboratory and California
Institute of Technology, and Rolf D.,
Reitz, University of Wisconsin-Madison
9:00 am
Multi-Hole Injector Spray
Characterization Utilizing White
Light Volume Illumination and
Schlieren Techniques
Adam Pawlowski, Aachen Reinhold
Kneer, RWTH Aachen and Scott E.
Parrish, General Motors R&D
Modeling requirements for Large

Eddy Simulation of multicomponent
fuel two-phase flows using
Continuous Thermodynamics
Josette Bellan and Laurent Selle, Jet
Propulsion Laboratory and California
Institute of Technology
9:25 am
Experimental and Numerical
Investigation of Common-Rail
Ethanol and Propylene Glycole
Sprays at Engine-Like Conditions
Peter Spiekermann, Sven Jerzembeck,
Christian Felsch, Norbert Peters,
RWTH Aachen, Germany
A Continuous Thermodynamics
Formulation for the Vaporization of
Liquid Mixtures
Way Lee Cheng, Chia-fon Lee,
University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign
9:50 am
Fuel film measurements of an
impinging Diesel spray
Ben Steinhaus, Jaal Ghandhi,
University of Wisconsin-Madison
A New Spray Model for Transient

Diesel Sprays with Time-varying
Injection Rates
Neerav Abani, Rolf D., Reitz,
10:15 am - Break, Exhibits, Posters

Breaks in Room: St. Clair Meeting Room, Pre-Function
Exhibition Room: St. Clair Salons 1, 2 & 3
(Sponsored by General Motors, R&D and Planning)
SESSION 2A
SESSION 2B
Panel Session
ATOMIZATION
Chairpersons: Douglas G. Talley,

Air Force Research Laboratory, and
Stephen D. Heister, Purdue University
10:30 am
On the Contribution of Orifice
Design to the Primary Atomization
Process
James V. Canino, Stephen D. Heister,
Purdue University
DENSE SPRAY DIAGNOSTICS

Moderator: Greg Smallwood, NRC

Canada
This session was organized by the
Measurement and Instrumentation
Technical Committee. A one page
mini-paper that provides some details
regarding the methods discussed is
included in the book of abstracts.
Yudaya Sivathanu, EnUrga
Visible Light Extinction Tomography
10:55 am
The primary breakup of a round
liquid jet by a coaxial flow of gas
Dokyun Kim, Olivier Desjardins,
Marcus Herrmann, Parviz Moin,
Stanford University
11:20 am
A Method to Predict Atomization
Performance in Gas-Centered
Swirl-Coaxial Injectors
Malissa D.A. Lightfoot, Stephen A.
Danczyk, Douglas G. Talley, Air Force
Research Laboratory
Terry Parker, Colorado School of

Mines
Infrared Scattering
Jin Wang, Argonne National Laboratory
X-Ray Extinction
Mark Linne, Sandia National
Laboratory
Ballistic Imaging
Moderated Discussion
Panelists and Audience
11:45 am
Low pressure atomization and
mixing to simulate cryogenic fluid
behavior in a thermodynamic vent
system for long storage duration
Philippe Konieczny, Jean-Paul
Thibault, Bruno Vieille, CNES, France
12:10 pm - Lunch Break, Exhibits, Posters

Lunch Room: Grand Ballroom B & C
(Sponsored by Parker Hannifin Corporation)
SESSION 3A
SESSION 3B
ELECTROSTATICS
DROPLET DEFORMATION AND

BREAKUP

Chairpersons: Farzad Mashayek,
University of Illinois at Chicago, and
Dimitrios Kyritsis, University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign
Chairpersons: Chia-fon Lee,

University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, and Nasser Ashgriz,
University of Toronto
1:30 pm
Electrostatic Atomization of
Vegetable Oils
G. Al-Ahmed, University of Illinois at
Chicago, J. S. Shrimpton, Imperial
College, London, and F. Mashayek,
University of Illinois at Chicago
A model for deformation of liquid

jets and droplets subjected to
gaseous flows
Alireza Mashayek, University of
California San Diego Ali Jafari and
Nasser Ashgriz, University of Toronto
1:55 pm
Electrostatically Assisted Fuel
Injection and Charged Droplet
Combustion
Eric Anderson, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign Antonio, P.
Carlucci and Arturo De Risi, University
of Lecce, Italy and Dimitrios Kyritsis,
Modeling Droplet Breakup

Processes in Biodiesel Engines
under Micro-Explosion Conditions
Kuo-Ting Wang, Chia-fon Lee,
2:20 pm
POSTER SESSION
3:00 pm - Break, Exhibits, Posters

Breaks in Room: St. Clair Meeting Room Pre-Function
(Sponsored by Solar Turbines Inc.)
SESSION 4A
DIAGNOSTICS
Chairpersons: James A. Drallmeier,
University of Missouri Rolla, and
Mark Linne, Sandia National Lab
SESSION 4B
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS
Chairpersons: Chris Edwards,
Stanford University, and M.F. Trujillo,
Penn State University
3:25 pm
Propagation of ultra-short laser light
pulses in spray environments
Edouard Berrocal, Combustion
Physics Lund University David L.
Sedarsky, Megan E. Paciaroni, Igor V.
Meglinski, Mark A. Linne, Sandia
National Lab
Beyond the Point Particle: LES-Style

Filtering of Finite-Sized Particles.
Brooks Moses, Chris Edwards,
Stanford University
3:50 pm
Development of a Non-intrusive
Film Thickness Measurement
Technique for Dynamic Sheardriven Thin Liquid Films
Mark A. Friedrich, Hai Lan, James A.
Drallmeier, and Bassem F. Armaly,
University of Missouri Rolla
Accurate Spray Simulations using

the Lagrangian-Eulerian Method
Rahul Garg, Shankar Subramaniam,
Iowa State University
4:15 pm
Ballistic imaging of the near field for
jets in gaseous crossflow
David Sedarsky, Lund University
Megan Paciaroni, International
Scientific Solutions Incorporated
Analytical Calculations of Spatial

Accuracy of Collision Rate
Computations
Scott Post, Bradley University,
Foo-Chern Ting, Ford Motor Co., and
Song-Lin Yang, Michigan Technological
University
4:40 pm
Technical Meetings
Computational and Modeling (Room: Lakeshore East)
Diesel and Automotive (Room: Lakeshore West)
Industrial and Agricultural Sprays (Room: Ontario Board Room)
5:40 pm
Close 1st Day
THURSDAY - MAY 17, 2007

7:00 am Breakfast
(Sponsored by Nektar Therapeutics)
8:00 am Invited Speaker:

Antonio Cavaliere, University Federico II, Naples
Liquid Jet in Gas Cross Flow
Room: Grand Ballroom Salon B & C
8:50 am Transition to General Sessions

SESSION 1A
SESSION 1B
CROSSFLOW ATOMIZATION
BIOLOGICAL SPRAYS
Chairpersons: Sachin Khosla, CFD

Research Corporation, and May Corn,
United Technologies Research Center
Chairpersons: Corinne Lengsfeld,

University of Denver, and Derek DunnRankin, University of California, Irvine
9:00 am
Investigation of the Effect of Injector
Internal Geometry on Penetration of
a Plain Liquid Jet into a Subsonic
Crossflow
Chris Bolszo, Vincent McDonell,
UC Irvine
Cellular response of Human Lung

Cells to EHDA
Michelle Zeles-Hahn, University of
Denver Yvonne Lentz, Thomas
Anchordoquy, University of Colorado
School of Pharmacy, and Corinne
Lengsfeld, University of Denver
9:25 am
Towards A Robust
Phenomenological Turbulent Jet-inCrossflow Atomization Model
Sachin Khosla, Alex Conley, Clifford E.
Smith, CFD Research Corporation
Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Interaction with

a Stream of Droplets
Peter Chueh, Ioana Rizoiu, Biolase
Technology, Derek Dunn-Rankin,
University of California, Irvine
9:50 am
Modeling the effect of momentum
flux ratio on the wake velocity
characteristics of a liquid jet in
crossflow
Ravi K. Madabhushi, Marco Arienti,
Understanding EHDA and Protein

Stability
Michelle Zeles-Hahn, Elizabeth
Nottingham, Corinne Lengsfeld,

(Sponsored by Procter & Gamble)

SESSION 2A
SESSION 2B
INDUSTRIAL
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS
Chairpersons: Ravi K. Madabhushi,

United Technologies Research Center,
and Michael Benjamin, Parker Hannifin
Corporation
Chairpersons: Sourabh V. Apte,

Oregon State University, and Shankar
Subramaniam, Iowa State University
10:30 am
Numerical Simulation of Spray
Pattern in a Liquid Flashing Column
R. J. Schick, Spraying Systems Co,
Heshmat Massah, Ansys Inc
A Refined Level Set Grid Method for

Simulating Primary Atomization
Marcus Herrmann, Stanford University
10:55 am
Insights Into Flashing Spray
Characteristics Using a Capillary
Tube Expansion Model
Henry Vu, University of California,
Riverside Octavio Garca-Valladares,
Centro de Investigacin en Energa de
la Universidad Nacional Autnoma de
Mxico, Morelos, Mxico, and
University of California, Irvine,
Guillermo Aguilar, University of
California, Riverside
A Hybrid Lagrangian-Eulerian
Approach for Two-Phase Flows with
Fully Resolved Interfaces
Ehsan Shams, Sourabh V. Apte,
Oregon State University
11:20 am
Modeling Sprays for Lean Premix
Prevaporized Fuel Injection in Gas
Turbines
Gareth Oskam, SOLAR Turbines Inc
An implicit implementation of
surface tension in finite volume
models for two-phase flows
Mehdi Raessi, Javad Mostaghimi,
Markus Bussmann, University of Toronto
11:45 am
Effect of Fan Air Flow Rate on the
Spray Distribution
M. Choi - PCTS, Inc., R. J. Schick and
K. C. Cronce, Spraying Systems Co.
Conservative Level Set/Ghost Fluid

Method for Simulating Primary
Atomization
Olivier Desjardins, Marcus Herrmann,
and Heinz Pitsch Stanford University
12:10 pm Annual Business Meeting, Exhibits, Posters

Lunch Room: Grand Ballroom B & C
(Sponsored by Goodrich Corporation)

SESSION 3A
SESSION 3B
SPRAY MODELING
SIMULATIONS
Chairpersons: Rolf D. Reitz,

University of Wisconsin-Madison, and
and M.F. Trujillo, Penn State
University
Chairpersons: Nasser Ashgriz,

University of Toronto, and Ravi K.
Madabhushi, United Technologies
Research Center
1:30 pm
Development of a Next-Generation
Spray and Atomization Model Using
an Eulerian-Lagrangian
Methodology
Wei Ning, Rolf D. Reitz, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Andreas Lippert,
and Ramachandra Diwakar, General
Motor Corporation
CFD Analysis for NOx-Control in

Refinery
K. Brown, R. Schick, K. and R. Gardner,
Spraying Systems Co
1:55 pm
Lagrangian to Eulerian conversion
schemes for estimating deposition
probability rates
M. Iftekher Rahman, Carlos F. Lange,
University of Alberta
Spray Characterization of a multihole injector

Yangbing Zeng, Andreas Lippert and
Ronald Grover, General Motors
Corporation
2:20 pm
Modelling of Water-Air Internal-Mix
nozzles
J. Anthonis, L. Wulteputte, B. De
Ketelaere and K.U.Leuven,
Department BIOSYST, AutoJet
Technologies, Belgium
CFD Analysis Of Gas Cooling

Stefan Markus, Spraying Systems
Deutschland GmbH
2:45 pm - Break, Exhibits, Posters

(Sponsored by Simulent Inc.)
SESSION 4A
SESSION 4B
DIAGNOSTICS
DROPLET IMPACT
Chairpersons: Khaled Sallam,

Oklahoma State University, and
Yudaya Sivathanu, Purdue University
Chairpersons: Milind A. Jog,

University of Cincinnati, and Scott Post,
Bradley University
3:10 pm
Velocity and Size Measurements of
Aerated Spray using Digital
Microscopic Holography
Jaiho Lee, Oklahoma State University
Brian Miller and Khaled Sallam,
Oklahoma State University, Kuo-Cheng
Lin, Taitech Inc., Campbell Carter,
AFRL
Experiments and Simulations of

Spreading, Impact, and Recoil of
Surfactant Solution Droplets on a
Hydrophobic Surface
Arun Sanjeev, University of Cincinnati,
Kalpak Gatne, Cummins Inc., Raj M.
Manglik, and Milind A. Jog, University
of Cincinnati
3:35 pm
Measurement of Spatially Resolved
Mean Velocities in a Transient Spray
using Statistical Correlation
Velocimetry
Jongmmok Lim, En'Urga Inc. Yudaya
Sivathanu and Paul Sojka, Purdue
University, Prabodh Varanasi, Nitin
Sharma and Yong Chen, S.C. Johnson
& Son Inc.
Experimental and Numerical Studies

on Splashing of Mono-disperse
Spray Injected onto a Cylindrical
Rod of Various Surface Shapes
S. S. Yoon, H. Y. Kim, D. J. Lee, N. S.
Kim, Department of Mechanical, Korea
University, R. A. Jepsen, Sandia
National Labs
4:00 pm
Atomization of a common nasal
spray formulation as a function of
applied force and velocity
H.G. Krarup, Malvern Instruments Inc.
Heat Transfer Phenomena Due to

Impact of Multiple-Cryogen Droplets
onto Skin Phantom
Jie Liu, Guillermo Aguila, University of
California, Riverside
4:25 pm
Optical and Mechanical Patternation
of an High Flow Rate Industrial Gas
Turbine Nozzle
Yudaya Sivathanu, En'Urga Inc.
Jongmook Lim, En'Urga Inc., Paul
Hicks, Woodward Governor Company
Impact of Plasma-Sprayed Particles

on Textured Silicon Wafers
Andre McDonald, University of Toronto,
Larry Rosenzweig, General Electric
Global Research, Sanjeev Chandra,
University of Toronto, Christian Moreau,
4:50 pm
Technical Meetings
Rocket and Airbreathing Power Fuel Atomization and Industrial
Combustion (Room: Lakeshore West)
Physics of Atomization (Room: Lakeshore West)
Spray Measurement and Instrumentation (Room: Ontario Board Room)
5:35 pm
Close 2nd Day
6:00 PM ILASS Banquet
The Field Museum
(Sponsored by Spraying Systems Co.)
FRIDAY - MAY 18, 2007

7:15 am Breakfast
(Sponsored by Spray Analysis and Research Services)

SESSION 1A
SESSION 1B
SESSION 1C
DIESEL
JET ATOMIZATION
FIRE
SUPPRESSION
(Room: Grand Ballroom A )
Chairpersons: Jin
Wang, Argonne National
Lab, and James E.
McCarthy, Jr., Eaton
Corporation
Chairpersons: Antonio
Chairpersons: Jerry
Cavaliere, University
Hagers, Spraying
Federico II, and James A. Systems Co.
Drallmeier, University of
Missouri Rolla
8:00 am
Fuel Effects on the
Spray and Combustion
Processes Within an
Optical HSDI Diesel
Engine
Tiegang Fang, Chia-fon
Lee, University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign
Breakup of a laminar
axisymmetric liquid jet
Sadegh Dabiri, William A.
Sirignano, University of
California, Irvine, Daniel
D. Joseph, University of
Minnesota
Extinguishment of
Horizontal Wood Slabs
Fire by a Water Spray
Tri Poespowati,
The Institute of National
Technology, Malang Indonesia
8:25 am
Improved
Method to Determine
Spray Axial Velocity
Using X-Ray
Radiography
Alan Kastengren, F.
Powell, Yujie Wang,
Kyoung-Su Im, Xin Liu,
Seong-Kyun Cheong and
Jin Wang, Argonne
National Laboratory, and
Thomas Riedel, Robert
Bosch, GmbH
On the Linear Stability

of Compound Capillary
Jets
Maksud (Max) Ismailov,
Stephen D. Heister,
Purdue University
Water Mist
Simplification Effects
on Fire Suppression
Modeling: A Challenge
to the Industry
Geoff Tanner,
Keith Knasiak,
8:50 am
Soot Formation within
Conventional and Low
Temperature Diesel
Combustion
Yi Xu, Chia-fon Lee,
University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign
Dissipative particle
dynamics simulations
of liquid nanocylinder
and nanojet breakup
Anupam Tiwari, John
Abraham, Purdue
University
Large Scale Rain

Simulator Preliminary
Design and Validation
Keith F. Knasiak, Spray
Analysis and Research
Services
SESSION 2A
SESSION 2B
SESSION 2C
SPRAY CONTROL
SIMULATIONS
INDUSTRIAL
(Room: Grand Ballroom A )
Chairpersons: Will
Bachalo, Artium
Corporation
Chairpersons: A. J. H.
McGaughey, Carnegie
Mellon University, and
John Abraham, Purdue
University
Chairpersons: Chuck
Lipp, Dow Chemical
Company
9:15 am
Predicting breakup
characteristics of liquid
jets disturbed by
practical piezoelectric
devices
Mina Rohani, Derek
Dunn-Rankin, and
Faryar Jabbari,
University of California,
Irvine
Subcritical and
supercritical
nanodroplet
evaporation: A
molecular dynamics
investigation
E. S. Landry, S.
Mikkilineni, and A. J. H.
McGaughey, Carnegie
Mellon University
Atomization of
Detergent Slurries:
Effects of Bubbles and
Solids Particles
John Hecht,
Jason Stamper,
Procter & Gamble
Ken Giles, University of
California, Davis
9:40 am
Independent control of
flow rates and droplet
size spectra from fan
nozzles using a single
actuator
D. Ken Giles, Duane
Needham, University of
Californina, Davis
Discrete Phase Based

Method (DPM) of
Modeling Splash Plate
Atomizers
Araz Sarchami, Nasser
Ashgriz, University of
Toronto
Scale Up of Two-Fluid
Nozzles for Chemical
Processing
Douglas Greminger,
Chuck Lipp,

(Sponsored by Dow Chemical Company)
SESSION 3A
SESSION 3B
SESSION 3C
INDUSTRIAL
FILM AND SHEET

ATOMIZATION
DIESEL
(Room: Grand Ballroom A)

Chairpersons: Vincent
G. McDonell, Energy
Research Consultants
and University of
California, Irvine
Chairpersons: Malissa
D.A. Lightfoot, Air Force
Research Laboratory
Chairpersons: Douglas
G. Talley, Air Force
Research Laboratory
10:20 am
Producing small molten
tin droplets by using a
pneumatic droplet
generator
Afsoon Amirzadeh
Goghari, Sanjeev
Chandra, University of
Toronto
Experimental
investigation of liquid
film stripping at a sharp
corner
Ben Steinhaus, Tim
Shedd and Jaal Ghandhi,
University of WisconsinMadison
Modeling Low-Pressure
Injections in Diesel
HCCI Engines
Yong Sun, Rolf D. Reitz,
Engine Research Center,
10:45 am
A Preliminary
Investigation of Flow
Scaling for Injector
Characterization
P. Andrew Corber,
National Research
Council of Canada
Computational Study of
Breakup Time of Liquid
Sheets
Mohammad Movassat,
Ali Dolatabadi, Concordia
University
Methodology for Using

Fuel Spray
Measurements in a
Diesel Engine
Aftertreatment Exhaust
Simulation
James E. McCarthy, Jr.,
Eaton Corporation
11:10 am
Design and Validation
of a Fuel-Air Mixer for a
Portable Reformer
May Corn, Lou
Chiappetta, Walter Borst,
John Costello, and
Sean Emerson,
United Technologies
Research Center
Disintegration of a
radially spreading
liquid sheet
Rajeev Dhiman, Sanjeev
Chandra, University of
Toronto
Modeling Biodiesel
Spray Breakup with
Well-Defined Fuel
Properties
Jonathon McCrady,
Valerie Stringer, Alan
Hansen, and Chia-fon
Lee, University of Illinois
SESSION 4A
SESSION 4B
SESSION 4C
SPRAY MODELING
INDUSTRIAL
BIODIESEL
(Room: Grand Ballroom A)
Chairpersons: Shankar
Subramaniam, Iowa
State University
Chairpersons: John
Hecht, Procter and
Gamble
Chairpersons: Yangbing
Zeng, General Motors
Corporation
11:35 am
Intra-Parcel Collision
Model
Scott Post,
Bradley University
Spray Velocity and

Drop Size
Measurements in
Vacuum Conditions
Renaud Lecourt, ONERA
Johan Steelant,
ESA-ESTEC
Spray Characteristics
of an Airblast Atomizer
on Biodiesel Blends
C. R. Krishna and
Thomas Butcher, Energy
Resources Division,
Brookhaven National
Laboratory
12:00 noon
Droplet Collision
Modeling in MultiDimensional Spray
Computations
Achuth Munnannur,
Prof. Rolf D. Reitz,
In-line nozzle
monitoring system
based on recursive
least squares
De Ketelaere,
Biostatistics and Sensors
(MeBioS), Wulteputte, L.,
AutoJet Technologies
B.V.B.A. Anthonis, J.,
Biostatistics and Sensors
(MeBioS)
12:25 pm
End of Conference
Optimization of
Airblast Atomization
for Reducing Pollutant
Emissions from a
Recuperated Gas
Turbine Engine
Operated on Biodiesel
Christopher T. Brown,
Ulises M. Mondragon,
Vincent G. McDonell,
Energy Research
Consultants
POSTER SESSION
Equilibrium Condition for Lagrangian Bubble and Droplet Motion
A.E. Parkhill, Applied Research Laboratory, Penn State University M.F. Trujillo,
Applied Research Laboratory, Penn State University, B.A. Edge, Applied
Research Laboratory, Penn State University
Vaporization of a nHeptane Droplet using Molecular Dynamics
B.A. Petrilla, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Penn State University M. F.
Trujillo, Applied Research Laboratory, Penn State University, M. M. Micci,
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Penn State University
Towards an Efficient Nonlinear Atomization Model for Thin Liquid Films
Carsten Mehring, Division of Engineering, Colorado School of Mines
CFD Methodology for High-Speed Liquid Jet Venting and Breakup
Predicitions
K.W. Brinckman, A. Hosangadi, and G.M. Feldman
Combustion Research & Flow Technology, Inc. (CRAFT Tech)
Impact Dynamics and Cooling of Water Droplets Impinging on Hydrophobic
and Hydrophilic Surfaces
A. Sanjeev, O. Huzzayin, K. P. Gatne, R. M. Manglik, and M. A. Jog, Department
of Mechanical, Industrial, and Nuclear Engineering, University of Cincinnati
Film Separation Criterion with Experiemental Validation for Dynamic Sheardriven Thin Liquid Films in Separated Gas Flows
M.A. Friedrich, H. Lan, J.A. Drallmeier, and B.F. Armaly, Department of
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla
Effects of an Induced Perturbation on the Interaction of Separated Gas
Flow and Shear-driven Thin Liquid Films
M.A. Friedrich, J.A. Drallmeier, and B.F. Armaly, Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla
A Numerical Study of In-cylinder Mixture Formation in a Low Pressure
Direct Injection Gasoline Engine
Yuxin Zhang and Harold Schock, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Michigan State University, David L.S. Hung, Visteon Corporation
Dynamics of the Shock Waves Generated by High-Speed Liquid Jets
Kyoung-Su Im, Seong-Kyun Cheong, X. Liu, and Jin Wang, Argonne National
Laboratory, M.-C. Lai, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48
ABSTRACTS
ILASS Americas, 20th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Chicago, IL, May 2007
Dynamics of Droplet Collision

C.K. Law
Princeton University
Recent advances on the dynamics of head-on droplet-droplet and droplet-film collision are discussed. For
droplet-droplet collision, the experimentally observed nonmonotonic outcome of merging versus bouncing
in response to increasing impact inertia are phenomenologically described and theoretically analyzed. The
roles of viscous loss through the droplet internal motion, the dynamics of the rarefied flow in the interfacial
gap, and molecular attraction through the van der Waals force leading to interface merging, were
formulated and analyzed, yielding results that largely agree with experimental observations. For dropletfilm collision, experiments revealed nonmonotonic response when the film thickness was varied. The
collision dynamics on the evolution of the surface contours of the droplet and film, as well as the energy
budget, were simulated, yielding satisfactory explanation of the various collision outcomes.
Invited Presentation
Multi-Hole Injector Spray Characterization Utilizing White Light Volume Illumination

and Schlieren Techniques
A. Pawlowski and R. Kneer*
Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer
RWTH Aachen University
52056 Aachen, Germany
S. E. Parrish
General Motors R&D and Planning
30500 Mound Road
Warren, MI 48090-9055 USA
Abstract
Spray characteristics from multi-hole injectors intended for use in direct-injected spark-ignited engines have been
evaluated in a pressurized spray chamber. The liquid and vapor phase of the spray has been investigated using a
combination of white light volume illumination and a z-type schlieren technique. The effects of fuel pressure, nozzle
geometry, fuel type and ambient temperature on spray characteristics were investigated at an ambient pressure of
0.55 MPa and an ambient temperature of up to 300C. For the investigated conditions, the presence of liquid fuel
was found to be a good marker for the spray tip position until the completion of the fuel evaporation process. The
presence of fuel vapor is restricted early in the injection process to the spray periphery and the region close to the
nozzle. Fewer holes and higher injection pressure increase the spray penetration, whereas the influence of ambient
temperature is small. A comparison between E85 and indolene revealed spray penetration to be similar. However,
liquid phase persisted longer in the case of E85. The governing influence appears to be not the lower boiling point of
ethanol but the higher latent heat.
Corresponding author
Wednesday, Session 1A - 1
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Common-Rail Ethanol Sprays at Diesel

Engine-Like Conditions
P. Spiekermann, S. Jerzembeck*, S. Vogel, C. Felsch and N. Peters
Institut fr Technische Verbrennung
RWTH Aachen University
Templergraben 64, 52064 Aachen, Germany
Abstract
Experimental Common-Rail Ethanol Sprays are investigated in a high pressure vessel for pressures up to 50 bar and
temperatures up to 800 K. Mie-, Shadow- and 1-D Raman optical measurement techniques are used for the spray
investigations. The liquid and gaseous spray penetrations obtained from all experiments are compared with results
from corresponding transient numerical CFD simulations. Furthermore, measured and calculated fuel mass fractions
and temperatures of the gaseous phase are compared for one reference experiment. The agreement between
experiment and simulation is found to be very good.
Spray penetration for liquid and gas phase is discussed with respect to effects of ambient gas density and ambient
gas temperature variations.
A reference spray vessel experiment is investigated in detail. The spray model parameters in the CFD simulation are
adjusted such that the simulation results match the experimental data in terms of liquid and gaseous spray
penetration. Moreover, the experimentally obtained fuel mass fraction and the temperature of the gaseous phase are
compared to simulation data. These quantities are the determining ones for auto-ignition timing and subsequent heat
release in Diesel engine applications. Thus, capturing these quantities well is an essential prerequisite in all CFD
simulations that address Diesel engine combustion.
In addition to the reference experiment, three other cases are investigated with the spray model parameters in the
CFD simulations kept unchanged with respect to the reference case, in order to validate the predictability of the
spray models applied. It is found that these additional simulations yield very good results as well.
Measurement of Diesel Spray Impingement and Fuel Film Thickness Using Refractive
Index matching Methods
B. C. Steinhaus and J. B. Ghandhi*
Engine Research Center
University of Wisconsin Madison
Madison, WI 53706 USA
Abstract
The spatial distribution of fuel film thickness resulting from the impingement of a diesel fuel spray on a surface
was measured in a chamber at conditions similar to early injection conditions used for low temperature diesel
combustion. The volume of the adhered fuel and radial distribution of the film thickness are presented. Fuel was
injected normal to, and at a 45 angle to the impingement surface at ambient temperatures of 353, 427 and 500 K,
with densities of 10, 25 and 50 kg/m3. Two injectors, with single-hole nozzles having diameters of 120 and 207 m
were used. The results show that the adhered fuel film volume was strongly affected by the ambient temperature, but
was minimally affected by the chamber density and spray impingement angle. The maximum fuel film thickness and
film radius were found to increase with decreased temperature. Initial results indicate that the effect of injector
nozzle diameter was slight, with a larger diameter depositing more fuel on the surface for comparable condition.
IILASS Americas 20th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Chicago, USA, May 2007
Modeling Requirements for Large Eddy Simulation of Multi-Component Fuel

Two-Phase Flows Using Continuous Thermodynamics
Laurent C. Selle1 and Josette Bellan,1,2
California Institute of Technology1 , Pasadena CA 91125
Jet Propulsion Laboratory2 , California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91109-8099
Abstract
The Large Eddy Simulation (LES) equations for multi-component (MC) fuel two-phase flow are derived
from the Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) equations by filtering the DNS equations using a top-hat
filter. The filtered equations contain two categories of subgrid-scale (SGS) terms that must be modeled: (1)
SGS terms and (2) terms representing the LES assumptions. In contrast to single-component (SC) fuels,
it is shown that two LES formulations, rather than a single one, are possible, and these formulations are
not equivalent. Assumptions not present in corresponding SC LES equations are examined and assessed.
Criteria are proposed to select the formulation best suited for LES. These criteria are used in conjunction
with evaluations based on a DNS database and lead to the final LES equations. This analysis represents the
precursor to a future study for modeling the MC LES equations.
Wednesday, Session 1B - 1
Comparisons between a High Speed Direct Injection Engine Operating with Biodiesel and
Petroleum Based Diesel
W. L. Cheng1, V. L. Stringer1, J. McCrady2, A. Hansen2 and C. F. Lee1*
1
Department of Mechanical Science Engineering
2
Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Abstract
Numerical calculations using the KIVA 3V code developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory are performed to
compare the operation of a small bore high speed direct injection engine using biodiesel and diesel fuels. Several
modifications to the code are made to improve its capability with biodiesel simulations. These include the KelvinHelmholtz/Rayleigh-Taylor model for describing the droplet breakup process and the Shell model, calibrated for
biodiesel and low temperature combustion. Formation of nitrogen oxide is described by the extended Zeldovich
mechanism. The fuel library is expanded to include properties of soybean biodiesel using BDProp. The modified
KIVA code is shown to accurately predict the major combustion characteristics, include the peak combustion temperature, heat release rate and ignition timing, so is nitrogen oxide emission. The simulations show that biodiesel
has a longer ignition delay and lower peak combustion pressure. A longer combustion process is observed in conventional diesel. Experimental data shows that diffusion flame may exist when biodiesel is injected at 3 after topdead-center, even though the main combustion process can be described as HCCI from the single peaked heat release curve. Formation of nitrogen oxide is correctly predicted by the modified KIVA code also. The formation of
nitrogen oxide, for both biodiesel and petroleum based diesel fuel, are characterized by rapid initial formation, then,
frozen at the maximum value as in the extended Zeldovich model. Deferring injection time reduces the production
of nitrogen oxide significantly. The combustion process starts in the later part of the cycle with delayed fuel injection. This allows the fuel vapor-air mixture to better mix upon ignition, thus, preventing high temperature flame.
The cooler ambient temperature due to expansion also assists in inhibiting formation of the species. Reduction of
over 90% is observed when fuel injection is delayed from 335 to 363.
A Model to Predict Spray-tip Penetration for Time -varying Injection Profiles

Neerav Abani* and Rolf D. Reitz
Engine Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Abstract
A new model to predict spray-tip penetration for a time-varying injection profile has been formulated based on gasjet theory. The approach involves using an effective injection velocity for the spray tip based on a representative
spray response time. It is assumed that the instantaneous injection velocity affects the spray tip with an exponential
response function and that the response time is the particle residence time, consistent with the theory of translation
of jet vortex rings from Helmholtzs vortex motion analysis [11]. This Helmholtz theory is also shown to yield the
well-known velocity decay rate of turbulent gas jets. A Duhamel superposition integral is used to determine the
effective injection velocity for time-varying injection rates. The model is tested with different injection profiles and
different ambient densities. The results are also compared with numerical results from a CFD code that has been
calibrated for spray simulations. The comparisons agree very well and the new spray penetration model offers an
efficient method to predict penetrations. The model also can be used to predict equivalence ratio distributions for
combusting sprays and jets.
Keywords: Sprays, Droplet, Super-position integral, Vortex Motion, CFD
Introduction:
Spray models are extensively used in the modeling and
simulation of various combustion systems, such as
Internal Combustion engines and Gas Turbine engines.
Currently available zero-dimensional combustion
modeling codes use spray penetration models which are
based on a quasi-steady assumption [1, 2]. These spray
models are a direct extension of gas-jet theory based on
steady injections [3, 4, and 5]. Such gas-jet theorybased models have been used extensively to determine
the spray-tip penetration for steady-state injections by
various researchers [3, 4]. The results have been found
to agree well with experiments and fine-mesh CFD
computations. However, realistic injection profiles are
usually time-varying and thus steady-state gas -jet
theory cannot be applied directly. CFD modeling of
sprays and jets provides good predictions of tippenetration, but as the mesh size is increased to be
compatible with practical engine computations, the
prediction accuracy becomes poorer. Hence, there is a
need for a better predictive model for spray penetration
that can be used with practical time-varying injection
velocity profiles and realistic engine ambient conditions.
In this work, we present a new method, which is based
on jet-theory and a superposition integral formulation to
determine an effective injection velocity and hence, the
spray-tip penetration.
There have been attempts to study non-stationary jets
and sprays. Measurements by Bore et al. [6], involved
a study of a sudden decrease in injection velocity, and
they proposed a self-similar result based on a temporal
scaling. They found that a time-scale of the form x/
Uinj,2 , where x is the position of the spray tip and Uinj,2 is
the suddenly decreased injection velocity, leads to a

self-similar result. However, their results and model
only apply to a sudden decrease in injection velocity
from an initial constant value to a constant lower value.
Previous works pertaining to simple one-dimensional
spray models include the packet penetration model of
Desantes et al. [7 ], where an injected spray particle
instantly travels with a different momentum once it is
overtaken by a speeding subsequently injected particle.
This approach is an improvement over other quasisteady state models in the literature, but their study did
not include a wide range of tested injection profiles.
Zhang et al. [8] studied the effects of flow acceleration
on turbulent jets with linear, quadratic and exponential
injection profiles using measurements. They found that
the temporal evolution of the spray front follows the
same form as the forcing function at the nozzle. Wan et
al. [9] also modeled spray penetration for evaporating
sprays by using scaling parameters. They showed their
model worked well for a linearly increasing injection
velocity profile. However, they did not consider other
injection velocity rate shapes. Breidenthal [10], in a
study of self-similar, turbulent jets postulated that if the
flow is non-stationary or non-steady a choice of selfsimilarity function is the exponential function. This
self-similarity function can be thought of as the
response function of a particle in the jet to a change in
injection velocity. Crowe et a l. [11] studied the
response function of a droplet to the surrounding gas
velocity. Their analysis also reveals an exponential
response function of time for the droplet to reach the
surrounding gas velocity.
In this work we propose a relatively simple explicit
model that can be used to predict spray tip penetration.
_________________________________
*Corresponding author, Graduate Research Assistant
email: abani@wisc.edu
Wednesday,
Session 1B - 3
On the Contributions of Orifice Hydrodynamic Instabilities to Primary Atomization

J. Canino and S.D. Heister*
School of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN 47907-2023 USA
Abstract
A series of parametric computational studies are conducted to assess the frequency/wavelength of disturbances that
issue into the atomizing jet as a result of instabilities in the vena-contracta formed at the orifice entry. Axisymmetric, laminar incompressible computations are performed for a variety of orifice lengths and inlet rounding levels.
The results are summarized and compared against classical linear theories. The computations show that as the inlet
of the injector is rounded the amplitude of the unsteadiness is reduced and for large enough radii the unsteadiness is
absent. Furthermore, as the injector length is increased local maxima in the amplitude of the unsteadiness are observed. Moreover, it is hypothesized that the wavelengths associated with unsteadiness could be amplified by the
boundary layer instabilities at the exit of the nozzle and lead to the primary atomization of the liquid jet.
ILASS Americas 20th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Chicago, IL, May 2007
The Primary Breakup of a Round Liquid Jet by a Coaxial Flow of Gas

D. Kim, O. Desjardins, M. Herrmann and P. Moin
Center for Turbulence Research
Stanford University, CA 94305
Abstract
Numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the primary atomization of a round liquid jet surrounded
by a coaxial flow of gas. A Refined Level Set Grid (RLSG) method coupled to a Lagrangian spray model
is used to capture the whole breakup process of the liquid jet. In the near field of the liquid jet, where the
primary breakup occurs, motion and topological changes of the liquid jet are described by the RLSG method.
The ligaments are growing from the liquid core and broken into various sizes of drops. The small broken
drops are transferred to a Lagrangian stochastic spray model in order to describe the secondary breakup
process. The characteristic mechanisms of the jet breakup are consistent with the experimentally observed
physical mechanisms and the corresponding stability analysis. The drop-size distribution of the resulting
spray is dependent on the grid size for drops smaller than two G-grid cells.
Corresponding
Author
A Method to Predict Atomization Performance in Gas-Centered Swirl-Coaxial Injectors

M.D.A. Lightfoot * , S. A. Danczyk and D. G. Talley
Air Force Research Laboratory
Edwards AFB, CA
Abstract
The ability to predict atomizer performance can reduce the cost of system development in many areas. This paper
investigates the atomization efficiency and droplet distribution from films with strong gas-phase influences. A prediction of atomization efficiency based on a general theory of the droplet creation process is given. In this process a
disturbance is created on the film surface then broken down into droplets via stripping. The theory relates the mass
of film lost via atomization to the mass of liquid introduced into the atomizer to predict atomization efficiency and
offers some estimations of primary droplet diameter. A specific example involving a gas-centered swirl coaxial
injector is given to illustrate how the theory would be applied; however, efforts are made to keep the model as general as possible so that it applies to many types of atomizers and a wide range of operating conditions.
Distribution A: Approved for public release. Distribution Unlimited.
Experimental investigations of cryogenic fluid in a thermodynamic vent system

for long-time storage
P. Konieczny+, J. P. Thibault+ and B. Vieille++

++
Direction des Lanceurs dAriane, Centre Spatial dEvry, CNES
Laboratoire des Ecoulements Gophysiques et Industriels, UJF-CNRS-INPG
BP 53, 38000 Grenoble, France
Abstract
During zero-gravity orbital cryogenic propulsion operations, a Thermodynamic Vent System (TVS) concept
is expected to reduce self-pressurization effect without propellant resettling. Various concepts are under
consideration, all of them using multiple injectors supplied by a low pressure pump which can be optionally
coupled to a Joule-Thomson valve and heat exchanger. The multiple sprays are used to thermally de-stratify
and control both liquid and ullage, independently of liquid-vapor interface position. The efficiency of the
system is closely connected to liquid droplets size and velocity, which control heat and mass transfer. An
experiment is carried out to investigate low-pressure atomizer performances with conventional as well as
highly evaporating fluids available to simulate cryogenic fluid close to room temperature.
Corresponding
Author
Visible Light Extinction Tomography for Dense Sprays

Yudaya Sivathanu and Jongmook Lim
EnUrga Inc., 1291-A Cumberland Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47906
This study examines the feasibility of visible light extinction tomography for understanding the structure of
dense sprays. Some sample results obtained during the study are reported.
Introduction
Laser sheet extinction tomography has become
a popular technique used in the quality assurance
of injectors. Data from laser sheet extinction
tomography that have been presented in the past
have focused on oil and water sprays with peak
path integrated absorptances of approximately
60% [1,2]. This present study extends the use of
laser extinction tomography to sprays that have
extinction greater than 90%.
Theory
Laser
extinction
tomography
involves
measurement of path integrated extinction from
multiple view angles.
The path integrated
extinction is deconvoluted using the Maximum
Likelihood Estimate (MLE) method [3].
The
deconvolution provides the local extinction
coefficient. For a cloud of droplets from a nonabsorbing spray, the liquid surface area per unit
volume, is identical to the local extinction
coefficient, provided the drop sizes are much
greater than the wavelength of light.
Experimental Apparatus
Three different nozzles were used in this study.
The first is a large industrial nozzle, with an oil flow
rate of 375 lbs/hr. The second is an aircraft engine
nozzle with a water flow rate of 1200 lbs/hr. The
last is a ketchup dispenser. Path integrated
extinction for the first two nozzles were obtained
using the SETscan OP-600 patternator. The
OP2-200 patternator was used to obtain data from
the ketchup dispenser.
Results
Path integrated extinction measurements from
the first two nozzles are shown in Fig. 1. Only one
six view angles is shown for the figures. The
convergence of the algorithm to the measured
values is within 0.5%. Therefore, there is a high
degree of confidence in the results.
Similar
agreement between the measurements and the
calculations were obtained for the ketchup jet,
which had a peak absorptance value of 0.99.
The contour plot of surface area densities for the
water spray is shown in Fig. 2. The hollow cone
behavior of the nozzle is evident, with the center
value being less than 5% of the peak.
Sample characteristics obtained for three
ketchup nozzles are shown in Table 1. Even for
essentially obscuring jets, small differences in
nozzle performances can be obtained. Based on

the study, it can be concluded that the method
works reasonably well for very dense sprays.
Figure 1. Measured and deconvoluted path integrated

absorptance for the oil and water sprays.
Figure 1. Contour map of surface area densities for the

water spray.
Table 1: Characteristics of ketchup nozzles

Parameter
Total surface
area (mm2)
Patternation no.
(12 sector)
Maximum
density (mm-1)
Nozzle 1
Nozzle 2
Nozzle 3
11.55
12.06
9.902
0.230
0.254
0.279
2.166
2.237
1.834
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
Lim, J., Sivathanu, Y., Narayanan, V., and Chang,

S., Atomization and Sprays, 13:27-43 (2003).
Lim, J., and Sivathanu, Y., Atomization and Sprays
15:687-698 (2003).
Vardi, Y., and Lee, D., J. R. Statist. Soc. B, 55:569612 (1993).
Wednesday, Session 2B
Quantitative Measurements of Sauter Mean Diameter and Volume Fraction in

Dense, Transient, Diesel Sprays
T. E. Parker* and J.E. Labs
Engineering Division, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401
This abstract summarizes a measurement technique that provides time and spatially resolved droplet size and volume fraction measurements within transient, optically dense diesel sprays. Results are quantitative and can be used
in repeatable systems to build up a pseudo-image, in a scattering plane, of size or volume fraction results.
Introduction
Measurements near the fuel injector outlet are difficult to make due to the high number densities of droplets and the transient nature of the spray event. This
paper summarizes work with infrared laser probes to
produce spatially and temporally resolved Sauter mean
diameter (SMD) and liquid volume fraction data from
the spray interior. Details of this measurement can be
found in the literature;1 extensions that allow application of the measurement in very dense regions are also
described.2 This work is the culmination of many years
of effort and complements the more recent efforts focused on imaging measurements of the dense spray
(note that two significant techniques have emerged:
ballistic imaging3 and X-ray extinction4).
Experimental Apparatus
Experiments have been conducted in a system capable of producing high pressures and temperatures
while providing optical access; this system is coupled to
a high pressure, single orifice diesel spray nozzle and Figure 2. Droplet size results for the combusting spray.
the most relevant experiments have been conducted at
initial temperatures of 873 K and 12.5 atm.
tion and scattering signals is used with the known scattering response from droplets to invert the acquired
signals into sauter mean diameter and volume fraction.
Results
Results from multiple, yet identical, events have been
used to construct two-dimensional contour plots of the
Sauter mean diameter and volume fraction within the
spray. These plots are based on data obtained throughout the data acquisition grid (axial locations in 5 mm
increments and radial locations in 0.3 mm increments);
results are presented as contour plots of SMD and liquid
volume fraction with one contour plot for each 100 s
in the spray development. Figure 2 is a contour plot of
the SMD as a function of axial and radial position for
the times 0.55 ms, 2.05 ms, and 3.45 ms (which represent a 0.1 ms time average during spray development,
Figure 1. Measurement layout for infrared dense spray meassteady state and spray dissipation). Full movies for all
urements.
cases examined can be viewed online.
Optical measurements were based upon dual wave- References
length coaxial beam scattering and extinction and opti- [1] Labs, J. and Parker, T.E., Atomization and Sprays,
cal access was provided normal to the injector axis in
16, 7, pp. 843-855 (2006).
two orthogonal directions through barium fluoride win- [2] Labs, J. and Parker, T.E., Applied Optics, 44, 28,
pp. 6049-6057(2005).
dows (chosen for their visible and infrared transmittance
properties). Figure 1 depicts a schematic of the meas- [3] Linne, M., Paciaronni, M., Hall, T. and Parker, T.E.,
Experiments in Fluids, 40, 6, pp. 836-846 (2006).
urement layout. This system used a tunable CO2 laser
[4] MacPhee, A. G., et al., Science, 295, pp. 1261operated at 9.27m and an Nd:Yag laser operated at the
1263, (2002).
fundamental frequency (1.06m), both cw, to produce [5] http://www.begelhouse.com/video/6a7c7e10642258cc/X.avi,
co-aligned probe volumes. The combination of extinctwhere X is smd_movie_cold, smd_movie_comb,
vf_movie_cold, vf_movie_comb.
Visualizing Dense Sprays by

Ultrafast X-ray Radiography and Phase-Contrast Imaging
Jin Wang
Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
Dense sprays of direct-injection diesel and gasoline fuels in the near-nozzle region have been successfully visualized by s and sub-s x-ray radiography and phase-contrast imaging.
Introduction
The detailed analysis of the fuel sprays has
been well recognized as an important step for optimizing the operation of internal-combustion engines to improve efficiency and reduce emissions.
However, the structure and dynamics of highly
transient and dense fuel sprays have never been
fully visualized in the near-nozzle region due to
many technical difficulties associated with conventional visible-light-based visualization techniques.
By using intense x-ray beams from synchrotron
radiation sources, the fine structures and dynamics
of the fuel spray core can be elucidated with ultrafast x-ray radiography and phase-contrast imaging.
Methods
For x rays in most materials, the index of refraction is less than unity as n =1 i , where
and refer to the refractive index decrement and
the absorption index of the x rays in the medium,
respectively, and are extremely small quantities of
magnitude <10-5. Therefore, x rays are highly
penetrative in materials composed of low-Z materials due to the intrinsically low interaction cross
section. This makes x rays a useful tool for spray
studies designed to overcome the limitations of
visible light in the near-nozzle region. The absorption measurement yields the line-of-sight fuel density distribution. By developing an ultrafast computed microtomographic technique, we are able to
elucidate the 4-dimensional spray density structure
(time evolution of fuel volume fraction at given
coordinates spatially). The small but measurable
gives rise to phase contrast at gas/liquid interfaces, analogous to optical Schlieren imaging. The
phase contrast mechanism is more effective with
weakly absorbing materials such as fuel. Because
of the phase enhancement at the interfaces, with
high-brilliance x-ray beams available at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), it would be possible
to image the pintle motion during the injection
process and the sprays just exit from the orifice
with temporal resolution better than 1 s.
Experiment and results
The ultrafast tomography experiments were
performed at the D-1 beamline of the Cornell High
Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS). The spray
chamber is designed to rotate and to translate in
precise steps while the x-ray source and the detector are stationary. The injection nozzle rotated a
small angle increment of 1 covering 180 rotation.
Fuel was injected from a low-pressure directinjection system with multi-orifice. A cross section
of the reconstructed fuel mass distribution at 1 mm
from the nozzle exit is shown in Figure 1 [1]. Note
that we are able to measure the fuel mass density
quantitatively.
X-ray single-shot phase-contrast images of a
diesel fuel spray were collected at the 7-ID beamline at the APS with a temporal resolution of about
450 ns, as shown in Figure 2 [2]. The injection
pressure was set at 40 MPa. With our latest development, it is possible to obtain the images with a
much higher temporal resolution.
Fig. 1: Fuel density distribution 1 mm from the orifice exit

and 2 ms from the start of injection after tomographic
reconstruction.
Fig. 2: Diesel sprays at different injection stages visualized by ultrafast x-ray phase-contrast imaging.
References
[1]
[2]
X. Liu et al., SAE Paper 2006-01-1041, Journal of

Engines (SAE International, 2006), pp. 576-584.
K. Fezzaa et al., to be published.
The work and the use of the APS are supported by the
U.S. DOE under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357.
CHESS is funded by the U.S. NSF and NIH via NSF
under award DMR-9713424. The work is a collaboration
between the ANL group (X. Liu, K. Im, Y. Wang, S.
Cheong, K. Fezzaa, and W.K. Lee) and Professor Sol
Gruner Group at Cornell University.
Ballistic Imaging for the Dense Region of Atomizing Sprays

M.A. Linne
Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore CA
This paper describes ballistic imaging, a relatively new technique for imaging internal structures inside the
dense region of an atomizing spray.
Introduction
Observation of primary breakup in the near field
of atomizing sprays has proven difficult in many
cases because a dense fog of droplets obscures
the interior of the near field. Uncertainty about the
liquid core (if one exists, exactly what it consists of
and how it might behave) is most pronounced in
high Weber number sprays. Smallwood and
Glder 1 , in fact, have postulated that there actually
is no liquid core to an atomizing diesel spray; cavitation within the jet itself destroys it very near the
jet exit. Until recently this assertion remained untested. Recently, we have demonstrated the application of a new laser diagnostic named ballistic
imaging 2 to a steady atomizing water jet 3 , a diesel
spray issuing into 1 atm 4 , and a jet in cross flow 5 .
This paper will describe the technique, attempt to
answer common questions, and then describe
extensions for the future.
Ballistic Imaging
When light passes through turbid media, most
of it is multiply scattered (sometimes called diffuse
photons) but a small portion is scattered just a few
times (low order scattering, sometimes called
snake photons) and some of it actually passes
through without scattering (called ballistic photons). The ballistic photons carry a shadowgram
image of any structures within the turbid medium; a
liquid core in the case of an atomizing spray. The
snake photons also carry such an image but with
some degradation in image fidelity. Diffuse photons carry no information about the interior because they appear to come from randomly arrayed
sources. Ballistic imaging is a catch-all name that
identifies techniques that isolate ballistic, or ballistic + snake, photons from diffuse photons in order
to acquire images of interior structures. These
techniques take advantage of the signatures of the

ballistic and snake light: 1) coherence with the
input light, 2) early arrival, 3) preservation of the
input polarization state, and 4) directionality (the
light is collinear with the input and exits with a
small solid angle). The images are acquired similar
to shadowgraphy. In fact, ballistic images are simply specialized shadowgrams.
Kerr gating for early light
Our work includes high speed flows and transient diesel sprays, requiring acquisition of an image in a single shot. We have been concerned that
insufficient ballistic photons would exit truly dense
sprays to form an image at a camera. For this reason we developed a system that uses a 2 ps shutter (an optical Kerr gate) to sample both ballistic
and very early light. Such a system naturally samples narrow solid angles and polarized light as
well. This is not the only way to perform ballistic
imaging, but we have proven this technique can
acquire images through media with an optical
depth of 14 with high spatial resolution in a single
shot.
An example ballistic image of a transient diesel
spray issuing into 1 atmosphere is shown here.
The 2 ps shuttered image was frozen in time with
excellent spatial resolution (better than 40 m).
One can observe a periodic core structure with
voids.
Views on the structure of transient diesel sprays, G. J.

Smallwood and . Glder, Atomization Sprays 10:355386,
(2000).
2
"Single-shot two-dimensional ballistic imaging through scattering media", Me. Paciaroni and M. Linne, Applied Optics, 43:26,
5100-5109, (2004).
3
"Single-Shot Two-Dimensional Ballistic Imaging of the Liquid
Core in an Atomizing Spray", M. Paciaroni, T. Hall, J.-P.
Delplanque, T. Parker and M. Linne, Atomization and Sprays,
16:1, 51-70, (2006).
4
"Ballistic Imaging of the Near Field in a Diesel Spray", M.
Linne , M. Paciaroni, T. Hall, and T. Parker, Experiments in
Fluids, 40, 836-846, (2006).
5
Ballistic Imaging of the Liquid Core for a Steady Jet in Crossflow, M. Linne, M. Paciaroni, J. Gord and T. Meyer, Applied
Optics, 44:31, 6627-6634, (2005).
Fig. 1. Ballistic image of a transient diesel spray4

taken at the nozzle.
In this talk, we will describe ballistic imaging
systems, present a few ballistic images, discuss
common questions or misunderstandings (e.g.
comparison to a shadowgram, spatial resolution
etc.), and then describe future directions.
Electrostatic Atomization of Vegetable Oils

G. Al-Ahmad1 , J. S. Shrimpton2 and F. Mashayek1
1
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

University of Illinois at Chicago
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Imperial College, London
Abstract
Straight (or used) vegetable oils can be used as liquid fuels; however, atomization of these oils presents a
significant challenge. This is primarily due to the high viscosity of these oils (more than 10 times higher than
the viscosity of regular diesel oil), which results in poor atomization using conventional fuel-injectors. In
this work, a charge-injection method is used for electrostatic atomization of these electrically-insulating oils.
This method offers many advantages with respect to the quality and control of atomization for such highly
viscous bio-fuels. In our experiments, the performance of the electrostatic atomization of soybean oil is
compared with that of a regular diesel fuel at different atomizer geometrical parameters and flow conditions.
The atomizer optimal operating condition as a function of the atomizer geometry parameters and bulk flow
is specified and the response of the total injected and spray currents with respect to the applied voltage are
investigated.
Corresponding
Author, mashayek@uic.edu
Electrostatically Assisted Fuel Injection and Charged Droplet Combustion

E. K. Anderson1, A. P. Carlucci2, A. De Risi2, and D. C. Kyritsis1*
1
Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering
Urbana, IL 61820 USA
2
Department of Engineering for Innovation
University of Lecce
Lecce, Italy
Abstract
A gasoline fuel injector was modified to allow the induction of electrostatic charge to the spray as an additional
means of controlling fuel dispersion. Fraunhofer diffraction measurements were made on the sprays, and comparing
average droplet size for ten sprays, it was found that the standard deviation was cut in half by electrostatic
assistance, and the relative span factor of an individual spray was reduced by approximately 10%. E10 droplets at
various charge levels were ignited and the flame was recorded with a high speed camera. Morphological differences
between different levels of charge were dramatic.
A Model for Deformation of Liquid Jets and Droplets Subjected to Gaseous Flows
A. Mashayek1, A. Jafari2 and N. Ashgriz2*
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411, USA
2
University of Toronto, 5 Kings College Road, Toronto, ON, M2M 2G5 Canada
1
Abstract
An analytical model is used to calculate the deformation and spreading of the two-dimensional and axisymmetric
liquid drops in a gas stream. The model is based on the expansion of the Navier-Stokes equations in a series of small
parameters. The zeroth and first order terms correspond to the deceleration and deformation of the liquid body respectively. The axisymmetric formulation is used for calculating the spreading of the spherical droplets while the
two-dimensional formulation is used for predicting the spreading of the liquid jets cross section in cross flows.
There is good agreement between the present calculations and experimental data.
Modeling Droplet Breakup Processes in Bio-fuel Diesel Engines

under Micro-explosion Conditions
K. T. Wang and C. F. Lee*
Urbana, IL 61801-2906 USA
Abstract
A numerical study of micro-explosion for multi-component droplets in diesel engines is presented. The first part of
the model comprises the thermodynamic description of the droplet, the mathematical formulation of the bubble
generation and growth inside the droplet, and the final explosion of the droplet. After the explosion that shatters the
droplet, the size and velocity of secondary droplets are determined by a linear stability analysis. An extension to the
previous model, which allows a generic probability function to be inserted, is proposed. Comparison of droplet
behaviors for ethanol-tetradecane mixtures with and without micro-explosion shows that micro-explosion shortens
the droplet lifetime. Ambient temperature does not have a significant effect on micro-explosion. However, it is
observed that high ambient pressure is more likely to induce micro-explosion. There exists an optimal composition
of about 50% of ethanol for micro-explosion. Mixture composition does not have significant effect on the
secondary droplet sizes, so does the parent droplet size. But numerical results show that secondary droplets tend to
be smaller with ethanol-rich mixtures. On the other hand, the initial droplet size showed a significant effect on the
secondary droplet velocity with small initial droplet radius. The secondary droplet velocity for an initially 10 m is
six times as high as those with initial sizes larger than 15 m. It is found that micro-explosion is possible for
ethanol/tetradecane mixtures in typical diesel engine operation. The occurrence of micro-explosion and the
subsequent breakup promotes droplet atomization and enhance droplet dispersion which in turns improves engine
performance and reduces emissions of soot and unburned hydrocarbon.
Propagation of ultra-short laser light pulses within spray environments

E. Berrocal*, D. L. Sedarsky,
Department of Combustion Physics, Lund Institute of Technology, Box 118,
Lund 221 00, Sweden
M. E. Paciaroni,
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc., 2766 Indian Ripple Rd., Dayton, Ohio 45440, USA
M. A. Linne
Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 969, Livermore, California 94551, USA
Abstract
Conventional laser diagnostics for spray characterization are limited in dense spray regions due to errors introduced
by multiple scattering. The improvement and development of new laser based techniques for optically dense sprays
requires suppressing the multiply scattered component from the detected signal. Due to the fact that singly scattered
photons travel, on average, a shorter distance than the multiply scattered photons, a promising solution consists in
temporally selecting the first portion of the signal reaching the detection area. At present, ultra-fast time-gated detection can experimentally be performed using femtosecond laser pulses (~100fs) and ultra-fast detection devices
(~2ps). However, the optimization of such time-gated techniques requires predictions related to the broadening of
the incident ultra-short pulse as it propagates through the spray.
In this paper, we numerically calculate photon times-of-flight within a homogeneous collection of fuel droplets by
means of a Monte Carlo model specifically designed for spray diagnostics. The droplet distribution considered is
typical for fuel sprays and is deduced from the modified Rosin-Rammler formula (droplet mean diameter D = 14
m, and SMD = 23 m). From this distribution, the averaged Lorentz-Mie scattering phase function is deduced and
employed in the simulations. The scattering medium assumed is a 10 mm cubic volume and temporally resolved
calculations are carried out for the back, side and forward scattering detection geometries. A large detection acceptance angle, a = 15, and high optical depths, OD = 5 and OD = 10, are assumed in this work. The contribution of
each scattering order within the total time-resolved signal is also shown and analyzed.
For the forward scattering detection and at OD = 10, ~50% of the unwanted diffuse photons are removed from the
detected signal when applying a 2ps time gate. However, at OD =5, the amount of suppressed diffuse photons drops
to ~20%. In contrast to the forward scattering pulses, back and side scattering pulses have long durations (characteristic to the dimension of the probed scattering medium) and the scattering orders are well separated in time. It is
deduced, that performance in removing the contribution of diffuse photons using an ultra-fast time gate increases for
smaller droplets, larger scattering volumes and higher optical depths.
edouard.berrocal@forbrf.lth.se
Development of a Non-intrusive Film Thickness Measurement

Technique for Dynamic Shear-driven Thin Liquid Films
M.A. Friedrich*, N.E. Wilke, H. Lan, J.A. Drallmeier, and B.F. Armaly
University of Missouri-Rolla
Rolla, MO 65409-0050 USA
Abstract
The behavior of a shear-driven thin liquid film at a sharp expanding corner is of interest in many engineering
applications. However, details of the interaction between inertial, surface tension, shear and gravitational forces on
the film at the corner are not clear. An experimental facility has been constructed, which enables a controlled
development of a thin shear-driven film and subsequent analysis of the film just before a sharp expanding corner. A
primary parameter for understanding and predicting the film behavior at the corner is film thickness. An
interferometric film thickness measurement technique, along with a Fast Fourier Transform based post processing
method, are presented for use as a diagnostic approach with these dynamic films. The approach centers on the
concept that a single unique interferometric fringe spacing will exist over a valid fringe image. Important
considerations for accurate measurement of the film thickness with time include the optical configuration, imaging
quality, verification of a unique fringe spacing, and measurement of the fringe spacing. A high speed imaging lineof-sight method for characterization of the film surface instabilities and cross-correlation of events at two spatial
locations is also discussed. Control variables include gas and film velocities, film flow rate, and film surface
tension.
Contribution of the results toward developing a comprehensive film separation model is discussed.
Near Field Fluid Structure Analysis for Jets in Crossflow with Ballistic Imaging
D. Sedarsky *
Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, 22362 Sweden
M. Paciaroni
Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc., Dayton, Ohio, 45440 USA
J. Zelina
Propulsion Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, Ohio 45433 USA
M. Linne
Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551 USA
Abstract
In this work we present ballistic images of a liquid jet produced by a plain-orifice atomizer ejecting into a crossflow
of air. This arrangement is relevant to fuel injection within a lean, premixed, prevaporized (LPP) gas turbine duct as
one example. The characteristic geometry for an LPP duct incorporates the injection of liquid-fuel into a high temperature and pressure air stream as depicted schematically in Figure 1. The balance of aerodynamic drag, liquid
inertia, surface tension, and viscous forces induces both deflection and deformation of the jet column. Deflection
leads to a curved liquid-jet profile, breaking the liquid column into large segments near the point of curvature
(termed column breakup), and subsequent fragmentation. In contrast, deformation increases the frontal crosssection of the jet column increasing drag interaction along the liquid-gas shear layer. This leads to a stripping of
smaller ligaments and fragments directly from the column surface (termed surface stripping).
While the onset of jet-column breakup is well characterized, the time required to complete the process is more
difficult to measure with conventional imaging techniques due to the high optical density in this region. Even the
most advanced models do not account for other important structural features, such as wake effects, this results in an
under prediction of the volume flux in the near-wall region. Dense spray effects on breakup and atomization are
also typically ignored leading to uncertainties in the near field. Errors in the near field can be important when fuel
injection is closely coupled to an anchored flame. These problems in understanding the breakup process remain
because experimental observations of primary breakup are complicated by dense spray effects such as multiple scattering and low signal levels. When properly applied, ballistic imaging can mitigate these difficulties, providing high
resolution, single-shot images of the liquid core in a dense spray.
A time-gated ballistic imaging instrument is used to obtain high spatial resolution, single-shot images of the liquid core in a water spray issuing into a gaseous crossflow. We describe application of the diagnostic technique to a
jet in crossflow (JICF) and present new data including statistics for relevant spray features (e.g. mean droplet size,
and number density) for various experimental conditions (e.g. different Weber numbers). Series of these images
reveal a near-nozzle flow field undergoing breakup; under some conditions, periodic features are evident on the
windward edge of the JICF, facilitating investigation of the gas-liquid shear layer instabilities and their frequency
components.
david.sedarsky@forbrf.lth.se
Beyond the Point Particle: LES-Style Filtering of Finite-Sized Particles

Brooks Moses and Chris Edwards
Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
Abstract
Multiphase LES-style spatial filtering provides a rigorous means of modeling flow over computationally-unresolved
particles and droplets, without recourse to the point-particle limit. As such, it can be used to investigate the validity
of point-particle models for particles of finite sizes, and to provide refinements that extend the range of validity of the
models. We present results for the specific case of solid spherical particles, illustrating that a single-point-force model
derived from the point-particle assumption produces reasonably accurate results at a particle Reynolds number of 1.0
for particles with diameters as large as 1/2 of the filter radius, but causes significant errors in the filtered centerline
velocity and resolved-scale viscous dissipation at Reynolds numbers of 10 and 100 for particles with diameters as
small as 1/16th of the filter radius. Further, we show that the addition of an axial dipole component to the standard
single-point force provides a substantially improved model.
Corresponding
Author
Accurate spray simulations using LagrangianEulerian method

R. Garg and S. Subramaniam
Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010
Abstract
The LagrangianEulerian (LE) approach is used in many computational methods to simulate spray systems,
for example, KIVA, the discrete phase model (DPM) in Fluent, as well as direct numerical simulations
(DNS) and largeeddy simulations (LES) that approximate the dispersedphase spray droplets (or particles or
bubbles) as point sources. Accurate calculation of the interphase momentum transfer term in LE simulations
is crucial for predicting qualitatively correct physical behavior, as well as for quantitative comparison with
experiments. A novel static test that admits an analytical form for the interphase momentum transfer
term is devised to test the accuracy of four popular interpolation schemes. Our study reveals that the
error (with respect to analytical solution) incurred in estimating mean interphase momentum transfer by a
very commonly used scheme like fourth order Lagrange polynomial interpolation for representative choice of
numerical parameters (approximately 5 spray droplets per cell and one realization) is as high as 80%. We
construct a model [1] for the numerical error resulting from backward estimation by decomposing it into
statistical and deterministic (bias and discretization) components, and their convergence with number of
droplets and grid resolution is characterized. With the aid of a time evolving test problem, the traditional LE
simulations that do not use any computational particle number density control mechanism are demonstrated
as incapable of providing grid converged mean field estimates. As an alternative, an improved LE simulation
technique that uses computational particle number density control mechanism is proposed. The study shows
that our new improved LE simulation method is able to overcome the aforementioned limitation of traditional
LE simulations.
Corresponding
Author
Theoretical Convergence Characteristics of Calculations of Drop Collisions Rates

S. L. Post
Bradley University
Peoria, IL 61625 USA
Abstract
Multidimensional models that are used for engine computations must include spray sub-models when the fuel is
injected into the cylinder in liquid form. One of these spray sub-models is the droplet interaction model, which is
separated into two parts: first, calculation of a collision rate between drops, and second, calculation of the outcome
once a collision has occurred. This paper focuses on the problem of calculating the collision rate between drops
accurately. Computing the collision rate between drops or particles when they are non-uniformly distributed and
sharp gradients are present in their distribution, such as in Diesel sprays, is a challenging task. This paper analyzes
the theoretical errors that arise from the finite discretization of the spatial domain through which the drops move.
This analysis yields predictions for the errors made in collision calculations.
Introduction
In many engineering applications, it is necessary to
compute the collision rate among particles or drops. In
Diesel engines the atomization of liquid fuel injected at
high velocities into a high-pressure ambient
environment results in a large number of small drops.
The standard approach [1] to modeling these sprays
involves tracking the liquid drops in a Lagrangian
frame of reference by with the gas in an Eulerian frame
of reference. This is referred to as the Lagrangian-Drop
Eulerian-Fluid (LDEF) approach. Because there are so
many drops in a typical diesel spray, a Monte Carlo
technique is used to simulate the drops, with the total
mass of liquid broken into discrete parcels. Each parcel
contains a number, typically O(1000), identical liquid
drops.
An important physical process in the near-orifice
region is collisions among the drops that result from
atomization. This collision process may lead to further
break-up of the drops or to coalescence of drops.
Hence, collisions have a significant effect on drop sizes
in the spray, which in turn affects vaporization rates and
combustion characteristics. The standard approach to
computing collision rates among drops is to assume that
the drops are uniformly distributed in the gas-phase
computational cell in the discretized space and employ
concepts from the kinetic theory of gas to estimate the
collision rates. In order to do this, the number density
of drops for every computational cell has to be
estimated. The number density is total number of drops
in the cell divided by the volume of the cell. In each
grid cell it is assumed that all of the drops in the parcels
that reside in that cell are uniformly distributed
throughout the cell. If the drops truly are uniformly
distributed in space, then the computed number density
is independent of the size of the cell, assuming that
each cell contains a statistically sufficient number of

computational parcels. The challenge with this
approach is that as the drops are formed near the
injector, sharp gradients result in the distribution of the
drops in the vicinity of the spray centerline. For
example Figure 1 illustrates a 2D computational grid
with cell sizes O(1 mm) employed to model a diesel
spray corresponding to the conditions of Siebers
experiments [2], and Figure 2 shows computed profiles
of the drop distributions in those sprays. The
assumption of uniform distribution of drops breaks
down near the spray centerline and particularly near the
injector orifice. This implies that as the size of a
computational cell near the orifice is changed, the
number density of drops in the cell would change.
As a result, it has been shown by Aneja and Abraham
[3], Subramaniam and ORourke [4], and Hieber [5]
that spray computations that employ the LDEF
approach do not yield converged results as the grid is
refined. Approaches to deal with this problem have
been postulated by Asheim et al. [6], Schmidt and coworkers, [7-10], Nordin [11], and Post [12,13]. But to
this point no one has quantified how much numerical
error arrives from a given grid size employed.
In this paper, a mathematical analysis of the collision
rate calculation is employed. Expressions for the
numerical error within a given grid cell, as well as for
the computational do-main as a whole are derived. The
paper closes with summary and conclusions.
Methodology
As described in the previous section, in spray models,
the drops are followed in a Lagrangian frame of
reference once they are formed as a result of
atomization.
In this approach, for the collision
calculation it is assumed that the drops from each parcel
Biodiesel Airblast Atomization Optimization for Reducing Pollutant Emission in Small

Scale Gas Turbine Engines
C. D. Bolszo and V. G. McDonell
UCI Combustion Laboratory
University of California,
Irvine, CA 92697-3550 USA
Abstract
The present study assesses modifications to the fuel preparation process (and subsequent emissions impact) in a
commercial diesel fired gas turbine system for operation on soy biodiesel fuel (B99). The influence of liquid properties and injector operation on the resulting droplet sizes and evaporation characteristics are assessed. A theoretical
analysis of plain-jet airblast atomization and subsequent spray properties at atmospheric and engine conditions is
carried out for two different plain jet airblast atomizer configurations. An adaptation to an existing empirical Sauter
mean diameter is presented which accounts for the differing fuel properties found in B99 compared to DF2. A theoretical analysis of the influence of the fuel injector operation and liquid properties on the fuel evaporation characteristics is also carried out. In order to assess the overall NOx emissions performance attained, comparisons are made
with well stirred reactor results. The theoretical and experimental findings indicate that, while it is possible to improve NOx emissions for B99 through optimization of the fuel injection process, other factors in addition to atomization contribute to the generally higher NOx emissions observed for B99. Finally, discussion of an alternative approach to improving performance is presented in which blends of ethanol and B99 are used to achieve fuel properties that result in further optimized fuel preparation and therefore potentially further improved emissions.
Thursday, Session 1A - 1
Towards A Robust Phenomenological Turbulent Jet-in-Crossflow Atomization Model

S. Khosla*, A. Conley, C. E. Smith
CFD Research Corporation,
Huntsville, AL 35805 USA
Abstract
Jet In Crossflow (JIC) atomization models are typically based on liquid to air momentum ratio and gas Weber number. Although turbulence in a jet can significantly alter JIC atomization, the effect of turbulence is not considered
when characterizing jet breakup. In this paper, we demonstrate that commonly used injectors for augmentor applications produce high levels of turbulence in the jet, while injectors commonly used in research laboratories consists of
moderate to no turbulence in the jets. Thus, JIC models built using near laminar conditions will not produce accurate
predictions in practical applications.
In this paper, we present the beginnings of a phenomenological JIC atomization model that can account for turbulence in the jet. High fidelity VOF simulations for JIC atomization validated against high resolution, high-speed
photography will potentially be used to describe the primary and secondary breakup processes. The initial model is
developed by identifying and curve-fitting non-dimensional parameters through a wide range of experimental data.
Significant emphasis has been placed on minimizing the total number of correlations and maximizing the use of
non-dimensional parameters throughout primary and secondary atomization. The existing model is not a phenomenological model, but has the basic framework of the desired physics-based model. Future VOF simulations may fill
the gap in modeling and lead to a robust, phenomenological, turbulent JIC atomization model.
Sachin Khosla
ILASS Americas, 20th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Chicago, USA, May 2007
MODELING THE EFFECT OF MOMENTUM FLUX RATIO ON THE WAKE

VELOCITY CHARACTERISITICS OF A LIQUID JET IN CROSSFLOW
Marco Arienti and Ravi K. Madabhushi*
United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, CT 06108
ABSTRACT
The spray velocity characteristics in the wake of a liquid jet in crossflowing air are studied numerically
using the volume of fluid (VOF) method. Simulations are carried out at different liquid-to-gas momentum
flux ratios to understand the effect of jet injection conditions on droplet velocity profiles. The effects of jet
wake on droplet velocity are correctly captured in the calculations: (1) a decrease in droplet streamwise
(crossflow direction) velocity away from the injection plane due to the increasing blockage of the
spanwise-flattening jet and, (2) the subsequent increase in droplet velocity as jet bending becomes
significant due to increasing momentum exchange with the crossflow. The main result from this paper is
the finding that the observed increase in droplet streamwise velocity with injection velocity at the same
crossflow conditions can be explained by assuming a dependence of primary breakup droplet size on
injection velocity using empirical correlations.
___________________
*Corresponding author
Cellular Response of Human Lungs Cells to EHDA

M. G. Zeles-Hahn*, Y. K. Lentz, T. J. Anchordoquy, and C. S. Lengsfeld
Department of Engineering
Denver, CO 80208 USA
Abstract
Current aerosolization methods for the delivery of gene therapies to the lungs such as jet and ultrasonic nebulization have been shown to decrease the activity and effectiveness of these treatments. The low transfection rates exhibited by non-complexed plasmid DNA after being processed through these nebulizers have been primarily attributed to loss of molecular integrity as a consequence of shear-induced degradation. A recent investigation has shown
electrostatic sprays to be a gentle method by which non-complexed plasmid DNA can easily be aerosolized without
a substantial loss in molecular integrity. However, the effects of this aerosolization technique on human pulmonary
epithelial cells have yet to be examined. The purpose of this study is to assess toxicity, inflammatory response, and
transfection efficiency of naked and PEI-complexed plasmid DNA delivered via an electrostatic spray to normal
human bronchial/tracheal epithelial cells in vitro. We observed an increased cytokine response 9 hours postadministration for both naked DNA and PEI/DNA complexes. Because comparable responses were also observed in
the absence of the electrospray when cells were administered these formulations, we attribute the inflammatory response to the addition of a foreign agent as opposed to the aerosolization technique. There was little to no cellular
toxicity observed throughout all experiments. Transfection was not detected with either formulation.
Thursday, Session 1B - 1
Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Interaction with a Stream of Droplets

P. Chueh*, I. Rizoiu*, and D. Dunn-Rankin+
*Biolase Technology
Irvine, California
+
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,

University of California
Irvine, CA 92697-3975 USA
Abstract
The use of Er,Cr:YSGG mid-infrared solid state lasers for dentistry applications is growing rapidly because of the
safe and effective removal of calcified tissues produced by the 2.79 micron wavelength with high absorption properties in water. The absorption generates pressures that can remove dental tissues/materials without the physical
grinding of a conventional bur. To remove such tissues/materials, the Er,Cr:YSGG laser is used in conjunction with
a water spray. Although the laser is very strongly absorbed in water, experiments show that the spray only modestly (less than 20%) attenuates the laser light reaching the tissue. To understand the processes involved, in this
study, the interaction between the laser and a steady stream of 250 micron diameter monodisperse droplets produced
by a piezoelectric generator was evaluated. High speed images of the resulting interaction indicated that droplets
required relatively low laser energy to shatter as compared to the energy that would be required to fully vaporize.
The results show that a combination of effects is responsible for the relatively modest laser attenuation through the
water spray.
+ Corresponding author
Understanding EHDA and Protein Stability

M. G. Zeles-Hahn* and C. S. Lengsfeld
Department of Engineering
Denver, CO 80208 USA
Abstract
The method of electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA), used in applications such as fuel combustion, has recently started making an appearance in the pharmaceutical world. It has been published that EHDA can aerosolize
DNA without loss of structural integrity. EHDA does not apply the shear forces felt by other devices such as the jet
nebulizer and ultrasonic nebulizer. It was proposed that EHDA would also be a better technique for atomizing proteins. Of the published papers on the topic, the outcomes of protein activity after being processed through EHDA
have been mixed. Some proteins keep 100% activity after spraying while other lose activity depending on flow rates
or concentration. Our research focused on comparing two enzymes (chymotrypsin and citrate synthase) atomized
through jet nebulization and EHDA. Structural integrity was monitored using enzymatic assays. It appeared that the
enzymes remained more active after being processed through the EHDA system compared with the jet nebulizer. In
addition, properties that helped retain enzymatic activity after processing were an increase in enzymes concentration, an increase in flow velocity, and a high melting temperature.
Numerical Simulation of Spray Pattern in a Liquid Flashing Column

R. J. Schick
P.O. Box 7900
Wheaton, IL 60189-7900 USA
Genong Li* and Heshmat Massah
Ansys Inc, 10 Cavendish Court
Lebanon, NH 03766 USA
Abstract
Spray columns and towers are fundamental in many industrial applications. Understanding the spray pattern in these
dynamic environments is very important in the design of an overall spray system solution. Traditional laboratory
physical experiments can be time-consuming, expensive, and sometimes impossible to complete. Computational
fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling can be used effectively in this area.
In this case study, a slurry feedstock is injected into a reaction column through numerous nozzles and a significant
amount of the feed gets flashed quickly after exiting the nozzles. The gas from flashing produces a complicated
flow field in the column that has a great impact on the spray pattern. A critical factor in the operating process is a
requirement that the spray have good coverage over the column while not impinging on the sidewalls. CFD is the
tool we used to optimize the position and the orientation of each nozzle in this spraying system.
The gas flow field in the column is solved by the Navier-Stokes equations while trajectories of droplets are calculated by the discrete phase model (DPM). The flow field and the droplets calculation are closely coupled, allowing
the interactions of spray and flow field to be accurately captured. Droplet size distribution of the spray is closely
accounted for as well.
In this case study, different nozzle layouts are studied and compared for optimization of the nozzles and their respective placement. From the simulation, it is apparent that flow-spray interactions are vital in the prediction of spray
pattern.
Insights Into Flashing Spray Characteristics Using a Capillary Tube Expansion Model
H. Vu1, O. Garca-Valladares2 and G. Aguilar1*
1
University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
2
Centro de Investigacin en Energa de la Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico
Privada Xochicalco S/N, 62580 Temixco, Morelos, Mxico
Abstract
R134a cooling sprays are used widely in dermatological laser surgery applications, such as port wine stain treatment, because of the high transient heat fluxes and precise control of cooling duration possible. Little information
exists, however, concerning the spray atomization mechanisms of this flash evaporating fluid. Evaporation of the
liquid within the spray nozzle is known to have significant effects on the characteristics of the resulting spray due to
the rapid expansion of the vapor immediately upon exiting the nozzle. This study examines flare flashing of a high
superheat fluid flowing through large L/D ratio micro tube nozzles (L/D=40,80,160). Because of the difficulty in
experimentally studying internal two-phase flow in micro-diameter (~0.5 mm) tubes, a one-dimensional, semiempirical numerical model of refrigerant flow through capillary tubes is used to quantify regions of liquid and vapor
phase, flow velocities, pressure and temperature distributions, and overall mass flow rate. These numerical results
provide exit conditions for the spray nozzle and are then correlated to external spray characteristics determined experimentally. Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer measurements of spray droplet diameter and velocity distributions
along the spray axis are obtained along with spray temperatures measured using a miniature thermocouple. Additionally, high-speed flash lamp images were obtained for the spray forming from each of the nozzles. Because of the
high void fractions at the nozzle exits (~80-90%), spray droplets are assumed to be fully formed and dispersed
within a continuous vapor phase before exiting the nozzle. Based on this assumption, a one-dimensional model of
external vapor/liquid interaction is developed which calculates the vapor phase velocity along the spray axis based
on measured liquid phase velocity. Droplet evaporation rate and R134a vapor partial pressures are also determined
through an energy balance using the measured temperature data. This provides a method to determine spray droplet
size evolution near the nozzle exit, which is difficult to measure accurately. The results of this work provide insight
into flash atomization mechanisms and how to better manipulate spray characteristics to achieve the desired heat
transfer.
ILASS Americas, 20th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Chicago, IL, May 2007.
Modeling Sprays for Lean Premix Prevaporized Liquid Fuel Injection in Gas Turbines
Gareth W. Oskam
Solar Turbines Incorporated
San Diego, California, 92101, USA.
Abstract
Lean Premix Prevaporized combustion reduces nitrogen oxide emissions in stationary gas
turbines. LPP requires the formation of a fuel spray in a stream of air prior to injection into the
combustor. CFD modeling may speed development but success is limited by the quality of the
spray models. Solar is assessing LES/DES spray predictions by comparison with drop
measurements in a 2D premix duct. This paper will present a selection of the data collected and
the comparison with LES/DES predictions. Comments will be made on the types of spray model
that must be considered when analyzing premixing flows.
Effect of Fan Air Flow Rate on the Spray Distribution

M. Choi*
PCTS, Inc.
P.O. Box 633, Montgomeryville
PA 18936 USA
R. J. Schick and K. L. Cronce
P.O. Box 7900
Abstract
In tablet film coating application, spray distribution plays a critical role in helping achieve a uniform coating [1].
The primary role of fan air in this application is to shape the spray into a flat fan, so that the liquid is distributed
evenly on the target.
In this study, the effect of fan air flow rate on air velocity, droplet size, and deposition distributions was examined at
varying atomizing air and water flow rates, and for various sizes of commonly used external-mix two fluid atomizers. Hot-wire anemometer, Phase-Doppler, and gravitational method were used to measure air velocity, droplet size,
and deposition distributions, respectively at 6, 12, and 18 distances from the nozzles.
The results showed that air velocity, droplet size, and deposition distributions followed the same trend in that, as the
fan air increased from zero velocity, the shape of the distribution changed from Gaussian to flat to bifurcated distribution. However, the width of the distribution was consistently wider for the deposition distribution compared to
the air velocity distribution, and the bifurcation occurred at slightly lower fan air flow rates for the deposition distribution compared to the air velocity distribution.
While the correlation is still being developed, the implication of this finding is that air velocity analysis, which is
simpler and more cost-effective than Phase-Doppler analysis, may be used to determine the bifurcation limits of the
spray.
On Simulating Primary Atomization Using the Refined Level Set Grid Method
M. Herrmann
Center for Turbulence Research
Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94040
Abstract
To simulate primary atomization, one has to track the position of the phase interface accurately, handle
large numbers of topology changes and drops, treat the singular force of surface tension in an accurate and
stable manner, and ensure grid-independent numerical results. To address all of these challenges we present
a balanced force Refined Level Set Grid (RLSG) method for collocated, unstructured finite volume flow
solver grids that can be coupled to a Lagrangian spray model. Special emphasis is placed on the accurate
treatment of surface tension forces, since during the atomization of liquid jets by coaxial fast-moving gas
streams, the details of the formation of small-scale drops from aerodynamically stretched out ligaments are
governed by capillary forces [1]. Several different generic verification examples are presented, discussing the
accuracy, volume preservation, and grid-convergence properties of the balanced force RLSG method.
Corresponding
Author
A Hybrid Lagrangian-Eulerian Approach for Two-Phase Flows

with Fully Resolved Interfaces
Ehsan Shams and Sourabh V. Apte
Oregon State University
204 Rogers Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331
Abstract
A hybrid Lagrangian-Eulerian (hLE) scheme, combining a particle-based, mesh-free technique with a finitevolume flow solver, is developed for direct simulations of two-phase flows. This approach merges the naturally
adaptive nature of particle-based schemes, for efficient representation of the interface between two media,
with the relative flexibility offered by grid-based solvers for complex flows. A mesh-free, particle-based scheme
for interface tracking (Hieber & Koumoutsakos 2005) is first integrated with a co-located grid based finite
volume solver. A balanced force algorithm (Francois et al. 2006, Herrmann 2006), for accurate representation
of surface tension forces, is used to solve the two-phase flow equations on a fixed background mesh. The
accuracy of the particle-based scheme is first verified for standard test cases on interface tracking. The
hybrid scheme is then applied to perform coupled two-phase flow simulations of stationary drop and rising
bubbles.
Corresponding
Author: sva@engr.orst.edu
An implicit implementation of surface tension in finite volume models for

two-phase flows
M. Raessi, M. Bussmann, and J. Mostaghimi
Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies,
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering,
Abstract
We present an implicit implementation of surface tension in finite volume models for two-phase flows. Using
the implicit model, the surface tension time step restriction, which is often the strictest one, can be exceeded
without destabilizing the solution. The surface tension force in the implicit model consists of an explicit part,
which is the regular continuum surface force (CSF), and an implicit part which represents the diffusion of
velocities induced by surface tension on an interface between two fluids. The surface tension force is applied
on velocity field by solving a system of equations iteratively. Since the equations are solved only near an
interface, the computational time spent on the iterative procedure is insignificant.
Corresponding
Author. Email: mraessi@mie.utoronto.ca
Conservative Level Set/Ghost Fluid Method for Simulating Primary

Atomization
O. Desjardins, V. Moureau, E. Knudsen, M. Herrmann and H. Pitsch
Stanford University, CA 94305
Abstract
This paper presents a novel approach for simulating incompressible two-phase flows by combining a conservative level set technique and the ghost-fluid method. Following the ideas of Olsson and Kreiss (2005), the
liquid-gas interface is localized using a hyperbolic tangent level set that is transported and reinitialized using
fully conservative numerical schemes. Mass conservation issues are greatly reduced in the process, therefore
eliminating one of the major limitations of the level set technique. The ghost-fluid method provides a way of
handling the interfacial forces and large density jumps associated with two-phase flows with good accuracy,
while avoiding artificial spreading of the interface. This methodology is applied to simple test cases to assess
its performance. We then use this technique to simulate the turbulent atomization of a liquid diesel jet.
Corresponding
Author
Development of a Next-generation Spray and Atomization Model Using an EulerianLagrangian Methodology

Wei Ning and Rolf D. Reitz*
Engine Research Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Madison, WI 53705-1687 USA
Andreas M. Lippert and Ramachandra Diwakar
Powertrain Systems Research Laboratory
General Motors Research and Development Center
Abstract
A next-generation spray and atomization model for high-pressure diesel sprays has been developed and implemented into an engine computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code (KIVA-3V), together with a nozzle flow cavitation
model and an evaporation model for the Eulerian liquid phase. In contrast to the widely used Lagrangian atomization models that are based on liquid jet instability analyses, such as Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) and Rayleigh-Taylor
(RT) instability analyses, the new model is based on the assumption that high-pressure spray atomization under
modern diesel engine conditions can be described by considering the turbulent mixing of a liquid jet with ambient
gases. In the present study, several previously proposed techniques are used to correct for vortex stretching and
compressibility effects in high-speed free jets. To describe the dispersion of the liquid phase into a gaseous medium,
two transport equations based on the turbulent mixing assumption are solved for the liquid mass fraction and the
liquid surface density (liquid surface area per unit volume). At an appropriate time, a switch from the Eulerian approach to the Lagrangian approach is made in order to benefit from the advantages of the traditional Lagrangian
droplet treatment beyond the dense spray region near the nozzle. As in the existing ELSA (Eulerian-Lagrangian
Spray and Atomization) model, the drop size, drop number and drop distributions are determined using the local
liquid mass fraction and local liquid surface density. As an integral part of this study, a three-dimensional homogeneous equilibrium model (HEM) was developed to simulate the cavitating flow within diesel injector nozzle passages. The effects of nozzle passage geometry and injection conditions on the development of cavitation zones and
the nozzle discharge coefficient were investigated. Vaporization in the Eulerian liquid phase is also accounted for
with an equilibrium evaporation model, which was also developed and implemented in this study. Finally, the integrated spray and atomization models have been used to predict diesel spray development and atomization under
various operating conditions, and the numerical results compare well with experimental data obtained from X-ray
and other measurements.
Lagrangian to Eulerian Conversion Schemes for Estimating Deposition Probability Rates

M. I. Rahman and C. F. Lange*
University of Alberta
Edmonton, AB T6H 4M5 Canada
Abstract
Eulerian deposition models use existing deposition probability functions of Lagrangian nature. While functions
based on instantaneous deposition rate would be ideal to capture the time dependent features often relevant for aerosol inhalation, their development is complex and expensive, both analytically and experimentally. As an alternative,
two numerical schemes were investigated to convert Lagrangian deposition probabilities into their Eulerian equivalents: one based on the traditional Generation Residence Time (GRT) and the other on Control Volume Residence
Time (CVRT). Both schemes showed excellent agreement with experimental aerosol deposition data in the human
respiratory tract, with CVRT giving slightly better results.
Modelling of water-air internal mix nozzles for process monitoring

J. Anthonis *(1), L. Wulteputte(2) and B. De Ketelaere(1)
(1)
Department BIOSYST, (2)Autojet Technologies
(1)
K.U.Leuven
(1)
B-3001 Leuven, (2) B-9051 Gent, Belgium
Abstract
In this paper, several models are discussed, to model the pressure inside an internal mix nozzle. These models can be
used to determine the optimal setting for a certain process or to monitor the nozzle during operation. Several model
structures are proposed, based on physical insight or by model structures proposed in the ISO standard. Optimisation
is employed to determine the model parameters. After tuning the model on a certain dataset, the prediction capabilities are assessed on a different data set. Advantages and disadvantages of the models are discussed. The different
models are tested on a nozzle to cool the slab in a casting process (Spraying Systems Inc., Wheaton, IL, USA, type
CasterJet). Initial tests reveal that the model allows to discriminate between in tact and damaged nozzles.
CFD Analysis for NOx-Control in Refinery

K. Brown and R. Schick
P.O. Box 7900
R. Gardner
P.O. Box 7900
Wheaton, IL 60189-7900 U.S.A
Abstract
In the refining business there is a large push by the industrial community to reduce emissions. Greenhouse gases as
well as nitrous oxides (NOX) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are the targeted pollutants. Governmental legislation outlined
by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through its MACT II guideline is a major thrust.
In refineries, downstream of process gases - cyclones, scrubbers, bag filter houses, and electrostatic precipitators are
used to reduce emissions prior to gases venting to the atmosphere. The operation of this equipment is highly
dependent on the humidity and temperature of the gases and so careful control must be integrated. The process of
controlling the gas temperature and humidity is referred to as the gas conditioning process. Spray nozzles are an
important factor in this process; spray nozzles add value by providing controlled volumes of liquid with predictable
drop size and consistent spray coverage. Knowing these values remains vital for the optimization of gas
conditioning processes.
In addition, the all-important placement of nozzles is often times misunderstood and therefore inaccurate. While
immense care is taken to optimize placement, this often leads to failure due to the inability to predict spray
performance in the application environment. This process can be facilitated by using computational fluid dynamics
(CFD).
In this case study, CFD is used to identify problem areas that would have caused wetting on walls and more
importantly eroded metal sections from the heavily catalyst-laden process stream. In the end, adjustments were
made to original nozzle placement suggestions in order to optimize the gas conditioning process.
Spray Characterization of Multi-Hole Injectors

Yangbing Zeng * , Andreas Lippert and Ronald Grover
General Motors Corporation
Abstract
This paper presents a modeling study of a multi-hole injector. Accurate modeling of injector characteristics is a key
step to establish robust math-based simulations for engine design and development. To avoid the uncertainty from
the simplifications of current primary atomization models, a semi-empirical approach is used in this study which
circumvents primary atomization by injecting droplets with a size representative of post primary atomization. The
effects of the mass, velocity and flow angle profiles at the nozzle exit on predicted spray dynamics are examined in
detail. It was found that the separate profiles themselves are not critical, and instead it is their joint effect depicting
the mass distribution over the flow angle that determines the predicted spray dynamics. Two controlling parameters
are identified, namely, mass-averaged velocity and mass-averaged flow angle. The predicted penetration and plume
angle are primarily dependent on those two parameters.
CFD Analysis Of Gas Cooling

J. S. Markus*
Spraying Systems Deutschland GmbH
Paul-Strhle Str. 10
73614 Schorndorf, Germany
markuss@spray.de
Abstract
In many industrial processes hot gas is cooled down due to the evaporation (boiling) of sprayed droplets. The effects
of two different atomizer types, inner mixing air atomizing nozzles and flow back nozzles, on the cooling behavior
inside a spray tower for a typical flue gas will be discussed. The heat and mass transfer is computed with Fluent.
Special attention is paid to the effect of the two-phase gas jets on the flow field. The interaction between the discrete
droplets and the average gas flow depending on the tower geometry is described for different drop size distributions.
Velocity and Size Measurements of Aerated Spray using Digital Holographic Microscopy
J. Lee, B. Miller, and K.A. Sallam*
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
K.-C. Lin
Taitech Inc., Beavercreek, OH 45433 USA
C. Carter
Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA
Abstract
Aerated liquid jets are of interest due to their applications in ramjet and scramjet engines. Probing the dense
spray region near the injector is optically challenging for traditional spray diagnostics like Phase Dppler Particle
Analyzer (PDPA). In the present work the use of digital inline holographic microscopy (DIHM) for probing this
dense spray region is investigated. When individual droplets are brought in focus during the reconstruction process,
the sizes and locations can be measured. Moreover, it is possible to get the velocity measurements for each droplet
by using a two laser pulses to store double-pulsed holograms on a double exposure CCD sensor. The flow field in
three-dimensions is easily expressed by several two-dimensional slices. The technique proved to be successful in
measuring droplet sizes and velocities in three dimensions. The small field view associated with the method was
overcome by constructing a map the spray field by patching several reconstructed holograms. A three dimensional
map of the droplets locations, sizes, and velocities can be obtained using this technique.
* Corresponding author
Measurement of Spatially Resolved Mean Velocities in a Transient Spray using Statistical

Image Correlation Velocimetry
Jongmook Lim* and Yudaya Sivathanu
EnUrga Inc.
and
Ariel Muliadi and Paul E. Sojka
Maurice J. Zucrow Laboratories
School of Mechanical Engineering
Purdue University
and
Yong Chen, Nitin Sharma, and Prabodh Varanasi
S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc.
1525 Howe Street
Racine, WI 53403
Abstract
Statistical Image Correlation Velocimetry (SICV) was used to obtain mean velocity information in the spray issuing
from a consumer fragrance injector. Statistical Image Correlation Velocimetry consists of obtaining several
ensembles of the entire transient spray event at 1000 Hz. The spatial correlation coefficient between all the pixels in
the image plane is then calculated from the ensemble of images. Based on the magnitude of the spatial correlation
coefficient at different locations in the image plane, the mean velocity distribution is obtained. These velocities can
be estimated from spatial correlation of streaklines in the images, without needing to resolve individual droplets.
Furthermore, it is also not necessary to have well defined streaklines to estimate the velocity because the correlation
is based on the statistics of the successive images, rather than on a single set of successive shots. The velocities
obtained using SICV were compared with those obtained using a conventional Phase Doppler Anemometer (PDA).
The mean velocities estimated from the fragrance dispenser compare reasonably well with those obtained using
conventional PDA.
Atomization of a common nasal spray formulation

as a function of applied force and velocity
H.G. Krarup
Malvern Instruments Inc.
Southtborough, MA 01772 USA
Abstract
The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research under the Food and Drug Administration has drafted a guidance
document Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies for Nasal Aerosols and Nasal Sprays for Local Action[1]
informing the Pharmaceutical industry on how to submit data to the agency when performing In Vitro testing of nasal sprays. Laser Diffraction is recommended for assessment of the droplet size distributions and automated actuation platforms for minimizing the variability of the droplet sizes generated from the nasal pumps. Two basic principles exist for the automated actuators: 1) a pneumatic force based actuator and 2) an electrical velocity based actuator. Both actuators use a load cell that is internally calibrated using two different weights. In the current study a high
viscous (no-drip), over the counter formulation in standard bottle and pump configuration is presented to both actuators. Different atomization behavior is observed and characterized by Laser Diffraction as specific parameters are
varied on the two actuators. The combined use of automated actuators and Laser Diffraction equipment allows the
experimenter to study the atomization of the nasal spray, perform method validation and follow compendial testing
as outlined in the draft guidance document from the agency.
Introduction
Besides relief of nasal congestion, nasal delivery
has been recognized as an effective route for systemic
active drugs. It represents a non-invasive delivery route
as compared to drugs delivered by injection and has the
ability of delivering a wide range of therapeutics from
small molecules to larger molecules such as peptides,
proteins and nucleic acids [2,3]. The formulations are
typically delivered by either multi or single dose metered pump devices or syringe type pumps. Depending
on the application a small amount of liquid, 0.1 ml, is
delivered by each actuation. To prevent discharge from
the nose after application, the formulation viscosity is
sometimes increased by addition of microcrystalline
cellulose and carboxymethyl-cellulose. The increased
viscosity further helps to increase the droplet sizes generated from the nasal spray [4,5] and droplet sizes
above a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 10 micron are considered not to enter the regions of the
lungs. A design goal for the pump designers is to
achieve actuation independent size distributions.
Experimental
Two different automated actuators were used to
generate the energy for the atomization. Both actuators
have a moving platform that pushes the bottle upwards
while the nozzle is maintained in a fixed position.
Actuator 1 requires clean, compressed air at 80 -120
PSI. It was subsequently capable of delivering an actuation force equivalent of lifting from 1 kg to 7.5 kg
(from 9.8 N to 74 N). Besides varying the force of the

actuation, the time required for the actuator to reach full
actuation force may be specified in the range from 0.1
to 2 seconds. Actuator 2 is an electrical, stepper motor
actuator that allows the velocity and acceleration of the
moving platform to be specified.
At the end of the experiment both actuators produce a
text file containing a time resolved log of platform displacement and applied force.
The actuators are placed in a control device (Fig. 1) that
allows positioning of the nasal pump nozzle at variable
distances to the laser beam. The laser diffraction instrument is set to acquire data at 1000 Hz as the atomized nasal spray passes through the laser beam. Synchronization is obtained by passing a TTL signal between the actuator and the Laser Diffraction instrument.
In order to perform meaningful comparisons all data is
integrated over a 30 millisecond period from the fully
developed portion of the spray events (Fig.2). Besides
measuring the droplet size distribution, the pumps are
weighed before and after each actuation to determine
the shot weights.
Results and Discussions
The actuators deliver consistent shot weights: each
actuation delivers approximately 0.1 g material with a
RSD of 1%. Assuming complete liquid transfer this
shot weight consistency indicate that the stroke length
of the pump is consistent for all the actuations such that
a consistent volume/mass of nasal spray formulation is
Optical and Mechanical Patternation of an High Flow Rate Industrial Gas Turbine Nozzle
Yudaya Sivathanu* and Jongmook Lim
EnUrga Inc.
and
Paul G. Hicks
Woodward Governor Company
700 North Centennial Street
Zeeland, MI 49464
Abstract
Many industrial gas turbine nozzles have a very high flow rate of fuel. Performing optical and mechanical
characterization of these high flow rate nozzles is of interest for quality assurance and nozzle improvement
programs. In particular, the objective of the study is to determine the impacts on performance of a nozzle tip redesign initiated to improve fuel injector performance. Towards this end, optical and mechanical patternation of the
original and a proposed redesign are discussed. The SETscan optical patternator that is used in this study is based
on statistical deconvolution of path integrated extinction measurements obtained at six view angles and 512 parallel
paths at each view angle. The local drop surface area per unit volume is obtained from the deconvolution. The drop
surface areas are directly proportional to the local mass, momentum, energy, and species transfers. Although
obscuration caused by the fuel drops was greater than 90% at the center of the spray, the theoretically calculated
path integrated extinction based on the local surface areas reported by the patternator agrees within 1% of the
measured path integrated extinction. Therefore, the nozzles provide an efficacy test of the SETscan optical
patternator for highly obscuring sprays. Also, mechanical patternation is performed using a twenty four-sector
patternator. The angular distribution of mass fluxes obtained from both the mechanical patternator compares
reasonably well with the angular distribution of surface area densities obtained from the optical patternator. The
differences between the original and the re-designed nozzle are immediately apparent with the optical patternator.
Based on the study, the feasibility of evaluating design and development iterations of high flow rate nozzles using
optical patternation is demonstrated.
Experiments and Simulations of Spreading, Impact and Recoil of Surfactant Solution

Droplets on a Hydrophobic Surface
A. Sanjeev, K. P. Gatne, R. M. Manglik, and M. A. Jog*
Department of Mechanical, Industrial, and Nuclear Engineering
598 Rhodes Hall, P. O. Box 210072
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221
Abstract
The impact dynamics, spreading and recoil behavior of water and aqueous surfactant solution droplets on a
hydrophobic surface (Teflon) are captured using a high-speed digital video camera at 4000 frames per second.
Computational simulations of the spreading, recoil, and rebound/break up were carried out with a finite volume
method on a structured grid. A volume-of-fluid (VOF) technique was used to track the liquid-air interface. The highspeed visualization reveals the water droplets to spread and then recoil sharply so as to form a vertical column,
which breaks up and ejects secondary droplets. The decrease in surface tension at the liquid-air interface and change
in the wetting characteristics of the liquid-solid interface facilitates larger initial spreading and weaker recoil of
surfactant solution droplets compared to water drops. The solution of lower molecular weight (higher mobility)
surfactant (SDS) showed a higher maximum and final spread with weaker recoil compared to the higher molecular
weight (lower mobility) Triton X-100 solution. The computational scheme based on the VOF method was able to
capture the dynamics of this droplet-surface interaction phenomenon observed in experiments. The numerical
treatment included the dynamic surface tension variation for surfactant solutions and different values for the
advancing and receding contact angles, which resulted in accurate prediction of the drop impact-spreading-recoil
behavior on a hydrophobic surface.
Experimental and Numerical Studies on Splashing of Mono-disperse Spray Injected

onto a Cylindrical Rod of Various Surface Shapes
S. S. Yoon1*, H. Y. Kim1, D. J. Lee1, N. S. Kim1, R. A. Jepsen2,
1
Department of Mechanical, Korea University

Anamdong, 5-Ga, Sungbukgu, 136-713, Seoul, Korea
2
Mechanical Environments, Sandia National Labs
P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
Abstract
Though there are numerous studies on drop impact phenomena, the entire physics of the drop impact is not well understood to date. For example, when splashing occurs, how splashed corona and its necking introduce splashed
droplets, and the characteristics of the splashed droplets are virtually non-existent. The liquid volume that remains
on impact surface as a function of Weber or/and Reynolds numbers is also an unexplored area. The changes in gas
pressure of surrounding and impact substrate roughness and wettability are additional parameters which complicate
the analysis and prediction of the drop impact phenomena. Here we consider the simplest question possible: What
are the characteristics of the splashed droplets subsequent to their impact? The spatial variations of SMD and its
distribution for both water and diesel splashed droplets are reported for respective impact surface shapes. Liquid
drops of nearly uniform size have been injected under operating pressures of 1-3 bar onto an aluminum cylindrical
rod of 2 mm diameter. The top surface shape of the rod is tilted with 0-60 degree angle and the impact surface contour is shaped as concave, convex, and cone. An energy balance is applied to model the relevant splashing phenomenon. Preliminary results obtained from numerical simulation are presented herein.
Corresponding author: skyoon@korea.ac.kr
Heat transfer between cryogen droplet and epoxy skin model
J. Liu and G. Aguilar*

University of California-Riverside
Riverside, CA 92521
Abstract
Cryogen Spray Cooling (CSC) is an auxiliary procedure that pre-cools the epidermis during Laser Dermatologic
Surgery (LDS) to avoid non-specific epidermal thermal damage. To better understand the heat transfer mechanisms
during and after CSC, we first observe the heat transfer between a single and multiple cryogen (R134a) droplets and
an epoxy skin model. To avoid the effect of boiling of the cryogen drop during the impact process, we conduct our
experiments within a chamber pressurized above the saturation pressure of R134a at room temperature. Single or
multiple cryogen droplets impact onto a skin model instrumented with a fast-response thin-film thermocouple. The
surface temperature variations are recorded and used to calculate surface heat fluxes. Using this setup, we analyze
the effect of initial surface temperature, droplet size, droplet velocity and multiple droplet impact frequency on the
overall cooling efficiency and establish the similarities and differences of these parameters with those measured for
CSC.
ILASS Americas, 20th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Chicago, Illinois, May 2007
Impact of Plasma-Sprayed Particles on Textured Silicon Wafers

Andr McDonald1, Larry Rosenzweig2, Sanjeev Chandra1*, and Christian Moreau3
1
Toronto, ON M5S 3G8 Canada
2
GE Global Research
Niskayuna, NY 12309
3
Industrial Materials Institute
Boucherville, QC J4B 3G8 Canada
Abstract
Plasma-sprayed, molten nickel and molybdenum particles were photographed during spreading on silicon wafers
that were patterned with micron-sized columns to make a textured rough surface. The surfaces were maintained at
350oC. As droplets approached the surface, they were sensed by a photodetector and after a known delay, a fast
charge-coupled device (CCD) camera was triggered to capture time-integrated images of the spreading splat from
the substrate front surface. A rapid two-color pyrometer was used to collect the thermal radiation from the spreading
particles to follow the evolution of their temperature. It was found that the micron-sized columns impeded splat fluid
flow during spreading, promoting splashing and changes in morphology. When the column height was on the order
of the splat thickness, increasing the space between each column increased the splat cooling rate as the columns
penetrated into the liquid splat, providing larger surface areas for heat transfer.
Fuel Effects on the Spray and Combustion Processes

Within an Optical HSDI Diesel Engine
Tiegang Fang, Tien Mun Foong, Yuan-chung Lin, and Chia-fon F. Lee*
Urbana, IL 61801 USA
Abstract
An optically accessible single-cylinder high speed direct-injection (HSDI) Diesel engine equipped with a Bosch
common rail injection system was used to study the spray and combustion evolution using different fuels including
European low sulfur diesel and biodiesel fuels. Influences of injection timing and fuel type on liquid fuel evolution
and combustion characteristics were studied under similar loads. High-speed Mie-scattering was employed to investigate the liquid distribution and evolution. High-speed combustion video was also captured for all the studied cases
using the same frame rate. NOx emissions were measured in the exhaust pipe. It is found that biodiesel fuel leads to
longer liquid penetration and low soot formation with increased NOx emissions, and injection timings play important roles in soot and NOx emissions.
* Corresponding author: cflee@uiuc.edu
Friday, Session 1A - 1
Improved Method to Determine Spray Axial Velocity Using X-Ray Radiography

Alan L. Kastengren, Christopher F. Powell
Center for Transportation Research
Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne, IL 60439 USA
Thomas Riedel
Diesel Systems - Commercial Vehicles/ Engineering Systems Application
Robert Bosch GmbH
Stuttgart, Germany
Seong-Kyun Cheong, Yujie Wang, Kyoung-Su Im, Xin Liu, and Jin Wang
Advanced Photon Source
Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne, IL 60439 USA
Abstract
X-ray radiography is a technique that has provided important insights into the structure and behavior of diesel sprays
in recent years. An analysis method has been developed to derive the mass-averaged axial velocity from the radiography data. This determination, however, was found in previous work to be subject to a significant degree of noise,
limiting the usefulness of the analysis. In this work, a fitting procedure is implemented to substantially improve the
results from this analysis. After demonstrating the superiority of the fitting method over the previously used
method, the results of the analysis for four different sprays from light-duty diesel common rail injectors will be examined. Sprays from two different single-hole axial tip geometries (hydroground and non-hydroground) and two
injection durations (400 s and 1000 s) have been used. The injection pressure is 250 bar, with injections into N2
at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. The maximum velocity seen in the long-duration sprays is 20-25%
less than the Bernoulli velocity, though it appears that the injectors have not yet reached steady state at the end of
the data record. For the 1000 s duration sprays, the trends of spray axial velocity with axial position are quite similar between the two nozzles. This is surprising considering that the cone angle of these sprays is quite different.
Calculations of the spray momentum show that the spray from the non-hydroground nozzle has more total axial
momentum than the spray from the hydroground nozzle. For the 400 s duration injections, the hydroground nozzle
has the greater momentum, possibly due to differences in the injector current histories between the non-hydroground
and hydroground nozzle sprays.
Soot Formation within Conventional and Low Temperature Diesel Combustion

Y. Xu and C. F. Lee*
Urbana, IL 61801-2906 USA
Abstract
The soot formation processes of conventional and low temperature diesel combustion were investigated by a newly
developed Forward Illumination Light Extinction (FILE) soot measurement technique in a constant volume spray
chamber. The FILE technique has the capability to obtain two-dimensional time-resolved quantitative soot
measurements. For diesel combustion at conventional ambient condition, it was found that soot generation begins
shortly after the beginning of premixed combustion and increases rapidly as the flame penetrate into the chamber.
Soot oxidation becomes a dominant factor after the total soot amount reaches the peak at the end of injection. The
total soot mass had a peak value about 1% of total fuel mass, which demonstrates that only a small fraction of
hydrocarbon fragments are converted into soot. Combustion at 800K ambient temperature and 21% to 15% ambient
oxygen concentration had much lower soot generation than conventional diesel combustion. Even lower ambient
oxygen concentration or other ways to promote better near wall mixing could further lower the flame temperature to
have sootless diesel combustion.
Breakup of a laminar axisymmetric liquid jet

S. Dabiri, W. A. Sirignano
University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
Abstract
The flow of a liquid through a nozzle and resulting jet in a stagnant gas is investigated numerically. The
flow is considered to be laminar and axisymmetric. Creation and growth of surface waves due to KelvinHelmholtz and capillary instabilities leading to breakup of jet are captured. The disturbance in jet is caused
by perturbing the mass flux of liquid through nozzle by five percent. Effects of the geometry such as lengthto-diameter ratio and curvature of corners of the nozzle on the growth of interfacial waves and breakup
distance are studied. Numerical simulation is performed using a finite-volume method. A boundary-fitted
orthogonal grid has been used. Two-phase flow and surface tension are modeled using a level-set formulation.
Corresponding
Author
Friday, Session 1B - 1
ILASS Americas, 20th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization ad Spray Systems, Chicago, IL, May 2007
Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulations of Liquid Nanocylinder and Nanojet Breakup

A.Tiwari and J. Abraham*
School of Mechanical Engineering
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN 47907-2014 USA
Abstract
In this work, we use a dissipative particle dynamics (DPD)-based model for two-phase flows to simulate the breakup
of liquid nanocylinders and nanojets. Rayleighs criterion, which states that liquid cylinders are unstable to disturbances with a wavelength longer than their circumference, is shown to be applicable for the nanocylinders, in agreement with prior molecular dynamics simulations. It is shown that satellite drops are not observed at the nanolevel
because of the significant role played by thermal fluctuations which leads to a symmetric breakup of the neck joining the two main drops. We show that the global rupture time follows predictions from linear stability theory and the
dynamics near the breakup point agree well with the theoretical predictions which state that breakup is accelerated
due to thermal fluctuations. In the nanojet simulations, we find that the presence of a repulsive wall is necessary to
prevent clogging of liquid at the syringe wall. We are able to recover the time evolution of minimum jet radius as
given by prior theoretical analysis. This study shows that DPD is able to capture the thermal induced breakup phenomena. The coarse-grained nature of DPD along with its flexibility to allow for the modeling of complex fluids, in
combination with the results from this study, show that DPD is a useful tool for sub-micron fluid flow simulations.
* Corresponding author: jabraham@purdue.edu
On the Linear Stability of Compound Capillary Jets
Maksud (Max) Ismailov, Stephen D. Heister

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN
Abstract
Compound capillary jets are utilized in the manufacture of coated tablets within the pharmaceutical industry and
present an interesting atomization problem. Differences in density and surface tension between the inner fluid
(the medicine) and the outer fluid (the coating) provide for complex interactions relative to capillary instability.
The present study was motivated by a ILASS 2006 presentation by Bian and Mashayek who developed a one
dimensional nonlinear treatment of the instability. The present work was initially studied as a homework problem in a graduate class taught by the co-author at Purdue during the fall 2006 semester. An axisymmetric, inviscid linear instability analysis has been developed to compliment the Bian and Mashayek work and to provide
insight into the droplet sizes formed under a variety of conditions. Inner and outer fluid density and surface
tension are to be varied parametrically to assess their influence on the droplet sizes formed. The effect of the
thickness of the outer fluid will also be assessed parametrically.
Corresponding author, Graduate Research Assistant

Professor
ILASS Americas Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Chicago, IL, May 2007
EXTINGUISHMENT OF HORIZONTAL WOOD SLABS FIRE

BY A WATER SPRAY
T. Poespowati*
Department of Chemical Engineering
The Institute of National Technology
Jl. Bend. Sigura-gura 2, Malang - Indonesia
Abstract
Experiments were carried out on the extinguishment of burning wood slabs of Western Red cedar, Radiata pine, and
River Red gum using a modified mass loss cone calorimeter equipped with a water spray system. The slabs are
subjected to an electrical radiant heater to enhance the burning rate. The water is applied as a uniform spray from a
single nozzle of 1/8 BLM 4-90o -angle Delavan full cone with a round spray pattern. The time taken to extinguish
the fire under suppressive action is determined as functions of irradiance heat flux, type of wood (i.e. porosity) , and
flow rate of water application. The effectiveness of water in suppressing the fire is determined to be primarily
thermal effects, i.e. an evaporation time and a recovery time. Behavior of second ignition or re-ignition time after
extinguishment process shows that overall re-ignition time increases as the water application time is increased.
Other results indicated that average evaporation rate is a function of the external heat flux and type of sample (i.e.
porosity). Overall re-ignition time decreases as the increases oh external heat flux and sample porosity significantly
influenced the evaporation and recovery times. Evaporation time of water layer on the surface sample decreased
with an increase of porosity. On the other hand, recovery time of water evaporation in the sample structure increased
with sample porosity.
Corresponding author. Tel: +62 341 551431, ext. 112; fax: +62 341 553015.
E-mail address: poespowati@yahoo.com.au
Friday, Session 1C - 1
Water Mist Simplification Effects on Fire Suppression Modeling:

A Challenge to the Industry
G. A. Tanner* and K. F. Knasiak
Industrial Products Division
P.O. Box 7900
Abstract
As the use of water mist continues to gain acceptance as a practical fire suppression agent, the fire protection industry and computational fluid dynamic software designers continue to struggle with methods to model the formation,
delivery and flame interaction of water mist drops. Several efforts have been made over recent years to do just that,
with positive results and incredible progress. However, a simulation is only as meaningful as the quality of the initial assumptions and parameters used to drive the model, whether it is using a single bulk drop size statistic to characterize the entire spray field, ignoring the affect of radial position and fluid pressure, or simply a lack of practical
understanding of spray nozzle technology. It is with this in mind that the authors offer a challenge to the fire protection and the computational fluid dynamic software industries: incorporate a comprehensive water mist droplet characterization into fire suppression models.
Multiscale Design of Rain Simulator

K. Knasiak*, R. J. Schick and W. Kalata
Wheaton, IL 60189-7900 USA.
Abstract
The United States Army is interested in building a rain test simulator. It must be able to simulate rain rates ranging
from 1.07 - 14 mm/min. Furthermore, the drop size shall be in the range of 500 - 4500 m. The simulator has to be
designed to support two types of tests, rain resistance (top spraying) and water integrity (side spraying). The top
spraying rain simulator was build and tested for the drop size and rain fall distribution with variable spray heights
and rain rates. For each rain rate separate spray nozzle was chosen. The measured drop size fell within the desired
size range. The measured rain fall distributions were the most uniform at the highest nozzle heights.
Predicting Breakup Characteristics of Liquid Jets Disturbed by Practical

Piezoelectric Devices
M. Rohani, D. Dunn-Rankin, and F. Jabbari
University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
Abstract
In this paper, we study the breakup characteristics of a jet of liquid. To break a capillary jet into droplets, a
piezoelectric is often used to generate disturbances growing along the jet. Rayleighs linear theory predicts
that uniform droplets are produced when the jet is perturbed by a single wavenumber disturbance. However,
studies limited to linear behavior are unable to predict how the jet behaves if it is subjected to a multiplefrequency input. Measurements of an actual piezoelectrics dynamics show that driven with single frequency
harmonic signal, it disturbs the jet with three output sine waves: one steady state response and two very
lightly damped modes corresponding to the structural resonances of the device. In this paper, we study the
interaction of these output waves to estimate the range of frequencies where irregularity effects are likely
to occur on the surface of the jet that might lead to nonuniform droplet formation. Control strategies
designed to eliminate these unwanted dynamics can then retain uniform breakup over a wide range of input
frequencies.
Independent Control of Flow Rates and Droplet Size Spectra from Fan Nozzles Using a
Single Actuator
D. K. Giles* and D. Needham
Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering
University of California-Davis
Davis, CA 95616-5294 USA
Abstract
In processes were sprays are generated using pressure or orifice nozzles, the volumetric flowrate and resulting droplet size spectra are critical parameters. With passive nozzles, the flowrate and droplet size spectrum are coupled and
changes in one are coincident with changes in the other. Pulse width modulation of flow through nozzles has been
developed as a means to control flowrate independently of droplet size; however, this technique requires a separate
system and actuator for liquid pressure and droplet size control. This paper reports the development of a method
and prototype where a single actuator is used to provide real time control of flowrate through and pressure into a
spray nozzle. A direct-acting, direct-current solenoid valve was controlled using a complex waveform including a
burst current for initiating movement of the valve plunger, a high frequency PWM signal for plunger positioning and
an off period. The waveform was repeated at a 10 Hz rate. Manipulation of the duration of the high frequency
PWM signal provided control of the pressure drop across the valve and, consequently, supply pressure to the nozzle
while the duration of the PWM signal, in relation to the off time, provided the temporally-averaged flowrate. The
prototype was tested with 8002 and 8006 flat fan nozzles over a pressure range of 125 to 625 kPa and a flowrate
range of of 240 to 1080 ml/min (8002 nozzle). A droplet size (Dv0.5) range of 150 to 250 m was obtained. While
additional design and development work is necessary to bring the technique to commercial use, the preliminary data
establish the feasibility of the method.
Introduction
In agricultural spraying from mobile equipment,
the flow rate through a nozzle is important in order to
deliver the specified amount of active ingredient to a
specified area. The proper flow rate is often a function
of nozzle spacing on a spray boom and vehicle speed
over ground. Past studies have shown that nozzle flow
rate can be accurately manipulated by pulse width
modulation (PWM) of a solenoid valve, with the duty
cycle of the drive signal being linearly related to the
average flow rate [1, 2, 3, 4]. This allows flowrate to
be manipulated without changes in droplet size spectra.
The liquid pressure supply to a spray nozzle can
also be an important issue because it regulates the average and distribution of sizes of the droplets being delivered. Wind speeds, chemical type, and plant canopy
often determine the droplet size that is required. Traditionally, pressure in an agricultural sprayer has been
regulated on a total system basis by opening and closing an inline or a bypass valve in the fluid supply system.
Because the desired flow rate and the desired pressure are derived from different parameters, control of
the two independently would be beneficial to the applicator. Additionally, because agricultural spraying is a
*
low margin business, and because spray components

are typically expensive, independent control of both
pressure and flow with a single actuator would be desirable.
The flow through a valve and the pressure across
the valve in steady-state are usually related, where flow
is a function of the square root of pressure. However, if
the valve is controlled with a complex metering function, average flow rate and instantaneous pressure
(droplet size) may be controlled independently.
Design Strategy
The system described in this paper utilized a modulated square wave driving a solenoid valve to control
pressure and flow. The duty cycle of the highfrequency modulation was used to throttle a solenoid
poppet valve to manipulate outlet pressure. The lowfrequency pulse duty cycle was used to meter the average flow rate by enabling/disabling the instantaneous
flow rate that resulted from the outlet pressure. Thus,
the solenoid drive signal allowed decoupled control of
droplet size (pressure) and average flow rate.
Typically, a pulsing solenoid valve is designed to
be actuated to a fully open state when energized (assuming a normally closed valve). Therefore, the square
Subcritical and Supercritical Nanodroplet Evaporation:

A Molecular Dynamics Investigation
E. S. Landry, S. Mikkilineni, and A. J. H. McGaughey
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the subcritical and supercritical evaporation of a
Lennard-Jones (LJ) argon nanodroplet in its own vapor. Using a new technique to control both the ambient
temperature and pressure, a range of conditions are considered to define a transition line between subcritical
and supercritical evaporation. The evaporation is considered to be supercritical if the surface temperature
of the droplet reaches the LJ argon critical temperature during its lifetime. Between ambient temperatures
of 300 K and 800 K, the transition from subcritical to supercritical evaporation is observed to occur at an
ambient pressure 1.4 times greater than the LJ argon critical pressure. For subcritical conditions, the droplet
lifetimes obtained from the simulations are compared to independently predicted lifetimes from the D2 law.
Corresponding
Author. mcgaughey@cmu.edu
Discrete Phase Based Method (DPM) of Modeling Sheet Formation and Breakup
1
A.Sarchami, 1N.Ashgriz*, 2H.N.Tran

1
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department,
2
Chemical Engineering Department,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Abstract
A discrete particle model (DPM) is used to simulate the spray formation by a splash plate nozzle. In a splash plate
nozzle, a continuous liquid jet impinges on a solid surface and spreads radially forming a liquid sheet. Later, this
liquid sheet breaks into small droplets forming the spray. In the present model, instead of a continuous liquid jet,
streams of droplets impinge on the splash plate and breakup into smaller droplets. Droplet diameter and velocity
distributions after impingement are determined based on the liquid sheet thickness and velocity distribution obtained
from an invicid theory for a jet impingement. This model is implemented in Kiva3V to determine the droplet size
and velocity distribution further downstream of the nozzle. Droplet diameter and velocity are now functions of
initial droplet impingement angle and the distance from the impinging point. To refine the jet impingement model
and use a more accurate sheet thickness and velocity distributions, DNS simulation of impinging jet on a plate has
also been performed.
* Corresponding Author:Ashgriz@mie.utoronto.ca
Scaleup of Two-Fluid Nozzles for Chemical Processing

D. C. Greminger* and C. W. Lipp
Engineering and Process Sciences
The Dow Chemical Company
Midland, MI 48667 USA
Abstract
The purpose of process research is to minimize scale up risk, both for new products and new processes for existing
products. One way to minimize nozzle scale up risk is to develop drop size correlations to predict large scale nozzle
performance from miniplant-sized nozzles. The drop size correlations based on the Weber and Ohnesorge numbers
available in the literature do not fit air-water drop size data generated on high-pressure, two-fluid external mix atomizers very well. This is not too surprising, as the correlations were developed for prefilming atomizers operating
under conditions of low velocity and high gas-to-liquid mass ratios. High-velocity, external mix nozzles have
broader application in chemical processing because they operate at low gas-to-liquid ratios and are plug-resistant.
Air/water drop size measurements on miniplant and plant size external mix nozzles have been correlated with the
specific dispersion work that could be performed by isentropic expansion of the gas. While the larger nozzle can
produce larger drops at conditions of low isentropic specific dispersion work, when both nozzles are operated at
conditions above 24 kJ/kg, they produce drops of similar size.
Pneumatic Atomization of Laundry Detergent Slurries as affected by Solid Particle Size

and Concentration
J. P. Hecht* and J. A. Stamper
Process Technologies, Procter & Gamble
8256 Union Centre Blvd.
West Chester, OH 45069 USA
D. K. Giles
Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering
University of California, Davis
Davis, CA 95616 USA
Abstract
A parametric experimental study of pneumatic atomization of concentrated laundry detergent slurries was performed
to better understand particle formation in pilot-scale spray dryers. Nine different slurry formulas were tested. The
formula space comprised three different particle-size distributions of added solids each at three different volume
fractions (0.095, 0.16, and 0.23). The droplet-size distribution at a fixed position 50 cm from the nozzle on the centerline of the spray was measured at air/liquid mass flow ratios of 0.34, 0.47, and 0.63. Two coaxial pneumatic nozzles were used, where the liquid jet diameter was varied from 3.05 mm to 3.45 mm and the air annulus was held
constant with inner and outer diameters of 3.81 and 4.57 mm, respectively. The data indicate that the volume median
droplet size decreased with increasing air/liquid mass flow ratio, but only slightly for concentrated slurries at higher
air flow rates. The data also show only slight differences between the two nozzle sizes used. The droplet size data at
the highest solids loading level showed very little variation with air pressure, liquid-orifice size, or solid particle
size. Steady-shear rheology measurements were conducted for the different formulations, but the results did not correlate to the atomization data even though the Ohnesorge number was of order unity. The implication of these observations is that the atomization processes for highly concentrated slurries is controlled by a balance between intraparticle solid-particle/liquid adhesion forces and the turbulent flow field downstream of the nozzle.
Producing Molten Tin Droplets Smaller than the Nozzle Diameter by using a
Pneumatic Drop-on-Demand Generator
A. Amirzadeh Goghari * , S. Chandra
Toronto, ON M5S 3G8 Canada
Abstract
A pneumatic droplet generator to produce molten tin droplets smaller than the nozzle diameter is described. The generator consists of a heated aluminum cylinder in which a cavity is machined. A small nozzle is press-fit into a
stainless steel nozzle holder attached to the bottom plate of the generator. The system is connected to a gas cylinder
through a solenoid valve. Opening the valve for a preset time sends a pressure pulse to the molten metal and ejects a
single droplet. Then, gas escapes through the exit vent and no further droplets emerge. To produce these droplets, the
required pressure variation was created within the droplet generator by connecting a 12 cm long tube to the exit vent.
The effect of various experimental parameters, such as exit vent tube length, ejection rate (frequency), and number of
nozzles on droplet formation was investigated. Depending on the length of the vent tube, droplets were generated
during the fourth or fifth peak pressure. Droplets were produced from a 102 m diameter nozzle at different ejection
rates. At an ejection rate of 0.5 Hz, 99% of droplets were smaller than the nozzle diameter and when the frequency
was increased to 5 and 10 Hz, more than 90% of droplets were smaller than the nozzle diameter. The results showed
that higher ejection rates, not only increases the production capacity, but produces small droplets in a relatively narrow size range (60-100 m).
A Preliminary Investigation of Flow Scaling for Injector Characterization

P. Andrew Corber*
Gas Turbine Laboratory
Institute for Aerospace Research
National Research Council of Canada
1200 Montreal Rd., M-10
Ottawa, ON, K2P2N7
Abstract
Gas turbine injectors, at realistic operating conditions, are difficult to characterize due to the very dense sprays that
result from large, well atomized fuel flows. The goal of this research is to establish scaling rules, such that the
droplet size and velocity of sprays that are too dense to measure can be determined semi-empirically from lower
operating conditions. This study employs a plain jet airblast atomizer operated at fuel flow rates up to 20g/s and air
pressures up to 15 bar at 293K. Preliminary results show that if the air-fuel-ratio and percent pressure drop are held
constant the measured droplet size increases with increasing ambient pressure, with only minor variations in axial
droplet velocity.
Design and Validation of a Fuel-Air Mixer for a Portable Reformer

M. L. Corn*, L. M. Chiappetta, W. H. Borst, J. T. Costello, and S. C. Emerson
East Hartford, CT 06108 USA
Abstract
The challenge of atomizing and fully vaporizing a low flow rate of jet fuel in a logistic fuel reformer intended for
portable fuel cell applications was met through a combined experimental and modeling effort. The design constraints led to the selection of a commercial, off-the-shelf twin-fluid atomizer for the mixer. Unheated, unconfined
spray tests with the atomizer were conducted to acquire droplet size measurements at a 0.39 kg/h flow rate and at
air-fuel ratios of 4 and 6. CFD modeling used these data to help define inlet boundary conditions and predict the
mixing and vaporization performance of the fuel injector under heated conditions in a confined cylindrical geometry. Heated tests verified that the spray was fully vaporized before the exit plane of the cylindrical mixer. All of the
constraints for the mixer were met with the atomizer except for the gas pressure drop, which was 20 to 40 times
higher than the design target.
Experimental Investigation of Liquid Film Stripping at a Sharp Corner

B. C. Steinhaus, J. B. Ghandhi* and T.A. Shedd
Madsion, WI, 53706-1609 USA
Abstract
During port fuel injection in an internal combustion engine, a significant fraction of the injected fuel impinges on the
back surface of the intake valve or on the intake runner walls and forms a thin film on the surface. When the intake
valve opens, the thin film is sheared by the high speed gas flow and flows toward the intake port where it will reach
a geometric discontinuity the valve lip or the valve seat. At this point, the film may remain attached to the solid
surface and flow around the discontinuity, or it may be stripped into droplets that are dispersed in the gas phase. In
this study, an experimental apparatus has been designed and fabricated that generates a uniform, thin liquid film
whose flow rate is controlled independently from an imposed high speed gas flow. With the current setup, liquid
film encounters a sharp 45 angle. The gas flow rate is accurately determined using a 2-D PDPA system and ranges
from about 50 to 200 m/s. The liquid film thickness before the sharp corner is measured using a non-intrusive optical technique, taking on values from 85 microns to partial dryout. The liquid flowing around the sharp corner and
along the wall is captured and measured using a secondary pump and collection system. As expected, it was found
that the liquid film thickness is a strong function of gas velocity with the liquid flow rate having a significant,
though secondary effect. On the other hand, the percentage of liquid remaining adhered to the corner is a strong
function of gas flow; the liquid flow rate has only a minor impact. These results show trends that are quite different
than other recently published work on liquid film stripping, and strongly suggest the need for further work in this
area.
Computational Study of Breakup Length of Liquid Sheets

M. Movassat, A. Dolatabadi*
Concordia University
Montral, QC, H3G 2W1, CANADA
Abstract
Primary breakup of viscous liquid sheets is studied. Evolution of liquid sheets in space is presented to study
the effect of flow parameters on the breakup length of liquid sheets moving in a gaseous medium. Volume
of Fluid method is used to capture the interface between liquid and surrounding gas. Interface is
reconstructed by a piecewise linear algorithm. Since the major reason of sheet breakup is the interaction
between liquid and gas, the boundary condition at the interface should be treated precisely. To implement
this boundary condition, spatial linear stability theory is applied on the sheet. Maximum growth rate
resulted from stability analysis is imposed at the interface. Effect of surface tension, viscosity, and density
is studied considering Weber number, Ohnesorge number, and gas to liquid density ratio as nondimensional parameters. Results show that both surface tension and viscosity tend to stabilize the sheet by
increasing the breakup length, while increasing gas to liquid density ratio decreases breakup length of
liquid sheets.
* Corresponding author: dolat@encs.concordia.ca
Disintegration of a radially-spreading liquid sheet

Rajeev Dhiman* and Sanjeev Chandra
Toronto, ON M5S 3G8 CANADA
Abstract
The spread and disintegration of thin liquid sheets, produced by the normal impact of a transient liquid jet on either a
flat plate or the tip of a pin, was photographed. Sheet velocity and maximum diameter were measured from photographs. Jets impacting on a plate spread into a smooth sheet with fingers around the edges whose number and length
increased with jet velocity. After impacting on a pin the spreading liquid sheet punctured, creating holes that grew
until the entire sheet had disintegrated. Simple analytical models were developed to describe spreading of liquid
sheets.
Modeling Low-Pressure Injections in Diesel HCCI Engines

Yong Sun* and Rolf D. Reitz
Engine Research Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Madison, WI 53706-1609 USA
Abstract
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion is being considered as an alternative to conventional engine combustion systems due to its high efficiency and low engine-out emissions. To prepare a homogeneous mixture for diesel HCCI combustion, two types of low pressure (5MPa~20MPa) injectors were considered: a
swirl injector and a multi-hole injector. A modified version of the KIVA-3V R2 code, was used to simulate the two
types of injections. The Kelvin-Helmholtz and Rayleigh-Taylor (KH-RT) hybrid breakup model, which is often used
to simulate droplet breakup processes of high-pressure (50MPa~300MPa) diesel injections, was recalibrated and
extended for low-pressure, multi-hole injection applications. Two techniques were used to improve the prediction of
spray behavior: use of an independent collision mesh with random rotation, and coupling the gas and liquid phases
using polar interpolation. The numerical models were validated by comparing simulation results with experiments
under different conditions. The simulation results show that the spray structure of the swirl nozzle injection is sensitive to the intake flow field and in-cylinder gas density, while the spray structure of a multi-hole nozzle injection is
less influenced by the in-cylinder flow and gas density. The simulation results also show that swirl injectors are
more suitable for low ambient pressure (<0.3MPa) conditions because at high pressures (>0.3MPa), the hollow-cone
spray collapses into a solid-cone spray. Multi-hole injectors are more suitable for high ambient pressure conditions
because at low pressures, the spray penetration is too long, which can cause spray-wall impingement.
Method to Specify Fuel Injection Profiles for Diesel Engine Exhaust Aftertreatment
Simulations Using Fuel Spray Measurements
J. E. McCarthy, Jr.
Eaton Corporation
26201 Northwestern Highway
Southfield, MI 48076
Abstract
The goal of this work is to develop a method for simulating fuel and exhaust mixing in diesel engine exhaust aftertreatment systems using standard spray measurement techniques. The method is used to support the development of
Eatons aftertreatment program consisting of a low pressure diesel injector, fuel-exhaust mixing elements, diesel
fuel reformer, lean NOx trap (LNT), diesel particulate filter (DPF) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts.
Fuel is injected into the exhaust tailpipe in a transient fashion covering a multitude of fuel injection rates to provide
uniform and fully vaporized sprays at the inlet of the fuel reformer catalyst. Although fuel sprays are quite complex
and difficult to model, low pressure diesel sprays are characterized using spray diagnostic equipment such that a
representative spray profile is injected into the simulation directly at the nozzle exit; thus, eliminating the need to
simulate fuel break-up. The spray profile is defined using probability density functions independent of the fuel injection rate resulting in a simple input file for the simulation. The drop size distribution is characterized in terms of
a volume probability density function while the spray pattern is described in terms of a volume flux probability density function. The fuel mass flow rate is a user input in order to evaluate a variety of fuel injection profiles. The
simulation is used to compare fuel injection systems, optimize mixing elements and guide experimental configurations.
Modeling Biodiesel Spray Breakup with Well-Defined Fuel Properties

V. L. Stringer1, J. P. McCrady2, A. C. Hansen2, C. F. Lee1*
1
2
Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering
Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
Abstract
The Kelvin-Helmholtz Rayleigh-Taylor (KH-RT) spray breakup model, which is used to model the breakup of fuels
in diesel engines, relies heavily upon the physical properties of the fuels being analyzed. Previous research indicates
significant differences in density, viscosity, surface tension and thermal conductivity between diesel and biodiesel
fuels. Using fatty acid profiles of the source oils for biodiesel, the physical properties and critical temperature of
soybean, coconut, palm, and lard biodiesels were predicted. These properties differ considerably between the biodiesel fuels, and this study shows the effect these differences will have on the vaporization of the fuel. Due to the
lower boiling point and critical temperature of the coconut biodiesel, it shows a tendency to vaporize faster than any
of the other pure biodiesel fuels when injected into engine-like conditions. The biodiesel fuels that behave most like
pure diesel include palm and lard biodiesel. Spray images generated from these simulations also demonstrate a relationship between droplet diameter and vaporization of the fuel. Significant differences in the spray and vaporization
between diesel-biodiesel blends of B2, B5 and B20 are also shown. These blends were modeled using the KIVA3VR2 engine code with modifications for a multi-component fuel. At low blend percentages of B2 and B5, simulations
for the biodiesel blends predict vaporization similar to that of diesel fuel, but as the blend percentage increases
greater than 5%, the fuel vapor mass is shown to decrease. The vapor mass composition is also affected by the
blend percentage and lower volatility of biodiesel. Further studies such as measurement of the properties of the pure
biodiesel fuels and diesel-biodiesel blends or experimental measurement of the spray of these fuels are needed to
verify the models used in this research.
Intra-Parcel Collision Model

Foo Chern Ting*
Mindware Engineering Inc., Novi, MI 48375
Scott L. Post
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625
Song-Lin Yang
Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics,
Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
Abstract
Multidimensional models that are used for engine computations must include spray sub-models when the fuel is
injected into the cylinder in liquid form. One of these spray sub-models is the droplet interaction model, which is
separated into two parts: first, calculation of a collision rate between drops, and second, calculation of the outcome
once a collision has occurred. This paper focuses on the problem of calculating the collision rate between drops accurately. Computing the collision rate between drops or particles when they are non-uniformly distributed and sharp
gradients are present in their distribution is a challenging task. Traditionally the collisions between parcels of drops
have been computed using the same spatial grid as is used for the Eulerian gas-phase calculations. Recently it has
been proposed to use a secondary grid for the collision rate calculation that is independent of the gas-phase grid, as
is done in the NTC collision algorithm. While this approach removes the constraint of using the relatively large gasphase grid cells for collision rate calculations, it still suffers from numerics sensitivities. A new drop-drop collision
model has been developed and implemented in the KIVA code to improve the droplet collision rate prediction. The
new Intra-parcel model proposed here has been validated and compared to experimental measurements. The IntraParcel model predicts drop size distributions more accurately than the other drop collision models currently available.
Corresponding author: fting1@ford.com
Droplet Collision Modeling in Multi-Dimensional Spray Computations

Achuth Munnannur* and Rolf D. Reitz
Madison, WI 53706, USA
Abstract
A significant portion of numerical dependencies in spray computations stems from droplet collision calculations. In
this work, a new approach is proposed where a radius-of-influence of collision is established for each gas-phase cell.
The radius-of-influence is used in estimating the collision probability for each parcel in the cell, thereby avoiding
the need for a secondary mesh. Two additional strategies are also explored to further reduce numerical dependencies. Dynamic improvement to discrete particle resolution in under-resolved spatial regions is obtained by selective
parcel-splitting. To obtain fidelity in the simulations, a mean collision time obtained from the specifics of the collision process is used in computations. The CFD code KIVA-3V with the proposed modifications was used to simulate a typical high velocity, non-evaporating diesel spray and adequate mesh-insensitivity and reduced time-stepdependency were demonstrated.
Spray Velocity and Drop Size Measurements

in Vacuum Conditions
Renaud Lecourt * and Philippe Barricau
ONERA, Mauzac, France, 31410
and
Johan Steelant
ESA-ESTEC, Noordwijk 2200 AG, Netherlands
Abstract
Injection or expelling of liquid propellants in vacuum conditions occurs in rocket engine starts or ventings in orbit.
This involves flashing atomisation which then rules engine ignition or droplet dispersion around the spacecraft. A
literature survey was undertaken on flashing atomisation and on related detailed experiments. Then, to complement
the literature database, experiments were carried out to obtain spray drop velocity & size measurements when highpressure fluid is injected into near vacuum conditions typically observed downstream from rocket engine injectors
and venting devices of upper-stages or spacecraft. The results show how flash atomisation in vacuum conditions
increases the droplet velocities and decreases their size, compared with non-flashing conditions. From these results,
several correlations were established for the different injectors according to injection velocity and superheat level.
Nozzle fault detection using recursive least squares

1
B. De Ketelaere*1, H. Saelens2, L. Wulteputte2 and J. Anthonis1

Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B3001 Heverlee, Belgium
2
AutoJet Technologies B.V.B.A., Buchtenstraat 2, B-9051 St.-Denijs-Westrem, Belgium
Abstract
A spraying device that sprays a mixture of fluids is monitored to determine whether it is functioning properly. The
considered spraying device has inlets for at two fluids, water and air, and a mixing chamber in which the fluids are
mixed. A mixture pressure sensor is mounted on the tube carrying the mixture from mixing chamber to the outlet to
detect the pressure of the mixture. The input pressures of the fluids entering the spraying device are also measured.
The measured input pressures of the fluids are used to calculate a predicted mixture pressure based on an empirica1
linear formula, which has parameters that are derived recursively when the spraying device is installed in its operating position. The calculated pressure and the measured actual mixture pressure are then used in a comparison process to determine whether or not the spraying device is functioning properly.
ILASS Americas, 20thAnnual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Chicago, IL, May 2007
Spray Characteristics of an Airblast Atomizer on Biodiesel Blends

C. R. Krishna and Thomas Butcher
Energy Resources Division
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Building 526, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA
Abstract
The cost and supply constraints of petroleum fuels and the concerns of global climate
change has renewed interest broadly in finding liquid biofuels as extenders and
substitutes for oil. Biodiesel is one such biofuel, which has characteristics very similar to
diesel fuel, or more generally, to distillate fuels from petroleum (ASTM # 2 fuel). There
is a growing body of literature on the use of blends of biodiesel and distillate fuels in
various types of combustion equipment such as diesel engines, and space heating
equipment. The work presented here was done in the context of testing such blends in
another type of power generation equipment, microturbines. The injector, whose spray
characteristics were tested, uses a plain jet type airblast atomizer. The sprays from the
atomizer were characterized using a Malvern System 2600 spray analyzer. Several blends
of biodiesel with ASTM # 2 oil and also water as a high surface tension liquid were
tested at various atomizing air to liquid flow ratios. A major conclusion was that the air to
liquid flow ratio was the key parameter determining the spray characteristics as defined
by the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) and the mass median diameter (MMD) and these
diameters were relatively insensitive to the changes in viscosities and surface tensions of
the liquids tested. The commonly used Lefebvre correlation for the SMD was found to
represent well the data for the MMD, and it is shown that with a simple multiplier, it
could be used to replicate the SMD data as well. The conclusion for the turbine operation
is that the overall combustion performance with the biodiesel blends should be similar to
that with the petroleum distillate fuel.
Corresponding Author
1
Friday, Session
4C - 1
ILASS Americas, 20th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Chicago, Illinois, May 2007
Investigation of the Effect of Injector Discharge Coefficient on Penetration

of a Plain Liquid Jet into a Subsonic Crossflow
Christopher T. Brown, Ulises M. Mondragon and Vincent G. McDonell*
Energy Research Consultants
23342 South Pointe Drive, Suite E
Laguna Hills, CA 92653-1422
Abstract
The injection of a liquid jet into a high speed crossflow has been studied extensively in the past decade or so. A
wide variety of expressions have been developed describing aspects of the jet behavior, including penetration. A
comparison of these expressions reveals significant variation in predicted penetration which makes their application
for engineering design questionable. In the present work, the typical practice of assuming unity discharge coefficient is examined in the context of these expressions and their use. To support the analysis, new experiments are
carried out using three injectors with varying discharge coefficients. High speed shadowgraphy is used to document
the penetration of liquid jets produced by each of the injectors for pressures ranging from 10 to 100kPa into a 60 m/s
crossflow. The results show that, for the conditions studied, inclusion of the discharge coefficient in the expressions
for penetration greatly reduces the scatter in the predictions.
Equilibrium Condition for Lagrangian Bubble and Droplet Motion

A.E. Parkhill, Applied Research Laboratory, Penn State University, M.F. Trujillo,
Applied Research Laboratory, Penn State University, B.A. Edge, Applied Research
Laboratory, Penn State University, USA
Equilibrium solutions to the Lagrangian equations of motion for bubbles and droplets can significantly
reduce the computational cost of the corresponding calculations for the full form of these equations. The
criteria employed in obtaining this reduced equilibrium form is analyzed in this work, first for droplets in
gas flows (sprays) and subsequently for bubbles in liquid. It is shown that the key parameter defining this
boundary between equilibrium and non-equilibrium is not only the particle time constant, as is suggested in
the literature, but involves additional characteristics of the flow. Various examples, ranging from analytical
solutions to DNS are presented to illustrate the usefulness of the criteria developed.
Poster - 1
Vaporization of a nHeptane Droplet using Molecular Dynami

B.A. Petrilla, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Penn State University, M. F.
Trujillo, Applied Research Laboratory,Penn State University, M. M. Micci, Department
of Aerospace Engineering, Penn State University
A molecular dynamics simulation is performed to study the characteristics of a nHeptane droplet
vaporizing in N2 environments ranging from ambient conditions to supercritical temperatures and
pressures. The model uses a Lennard-Jones and a torsion potential for inter-atomic interactions. The
structure of the molecule is maintained by constraining bond lengths and bond angles iteratively. One of
the open questions in the literature that is addressed in the present work is the attainment of phase
equilibrium as the pressure and temperature conditions vary from sub-critical to super-critical. These
dynamics are especially difficult to capture using a classical continuum approach since the temporal
changes taking place are not adequately represented in any existing model.
Poster - 2
Towards an Efficient Nonlinear Atomization Model for Thin Liquid Films

C. Mehring *
Division of Engineering
Colorado School of Mines
Golden, CO 80401, USA
Abstract
Reviewed is a previously developed nonlinear thin-film lubrication model aimed at the prediction of spray formation from thin films such as those found in gas-turbine engines (e.g., prefilming air-blast atomizers), heavy fuel-oil
burners (e.g., rotary-cup atomizers) and in the paint industry (e.g., flat-fan atomizers). Various implementations of
the model focusing on different physical aspects, i.e., effect of film geometry, surface tension, liquid viscosity, coupling with surrounding gas-phase flow, and influence of long-range intermolecular forces during film rupture, are
reviewed together with a validation of the predicted nonlinear wave-propagation characteristics for inviscid films
using a two-dimensional discrete vortex method. An extension and generalization of the current nonlinear film
model towards a film atomization model suitable for implementation into a general- purpose CFD solver is outlined.
Poster - 3
CRAFT Tech CFD Methodology for High Speed Liquid Jet Venting
and Breakup Predictions
K.W. Brinckman * A. Hosangadi, and G.M. Feldman
Combustion Research & Flow Technology, Inc. (CRAFT Tech)
Pipersville, PA 18947
Abstract
CRAFT Tech, Inc. has developed a robust computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology for simulating liquid
jet discharge and breakup in high-speed gas/liquid flows. An enhanced volume-of-fluid (VOF) type methodology is
utilized to capture the gas/liquid surface interface location. Relevant physics are modeled to predict liquid atomization/vaporization through a cascading process involving interface surface breakup, primary droplet formation, and
droplet secondary breakup and vaporization. The current VOF approach is well suited for applications involving
liquid jet discharge at lower ambient pressures, such as liquid fuel venting, gas-turbine fuel injection, or atmospheric
bulk-dispense problems, where the liquid behavior is essentially incompressible making the numerical solution more
difficult in a high-speed compressible flow environment. In place of a traditional VOF approach (with different thermodynamic treatments of gas and liquid), a unified, multi-phase thermodynamic framework is used which is applicable to both the gas and liquid phases. Density-based fluid dynamic equations are transformed to a quasi-pressurebased form, and preconditioning is used which facilitates integrating the equations with widely disparate sound
speeds. This approach is implemented in CRAFT Techs. structured grid code CRAFT CFD, and the multi-element
unstructured grid code, CRUNCH CFD, permitting grid adaptation to be applied to enhance gas-liquid interface
tracking. In order to avoid resolving the surface breakup numerically, CRAFT Tech applies a surface breakup model
with correlations for droplet formation based on local shear and surface tension across the gas/liquid interface,
allowing the size of the droplets generated to vary spatially as well as in time with the local evolution of the
gas/liquid interface. High resolution solutions of exemplary problems are presented, including the interface capture
of a vented liquid fuel jet into a supersonic freestream, primary droplet formation due to high-speed shear on a liquid
blob, and application of unified secondary breakup and vaporization of a liquid fuel venting problem.
Poster - 4
Impact Dynamics and Cooling of Water Droplets Impinging on Hydrophobic and

Hydrophilic Surfaces
A. Sanjeev, O. Huzzayin, K. P. Gatne, R. M. Manglik, and M. A. Jog*
Department of Mechanical, Industrial, and Nuclear Engineering
598 Rhodes Hall, P. O. Box 210072
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221
Abstract
Heat transfer to a hot water droplet impinging on a cold substrate is numerically and experimentally investigated.
The droplet impact on both the hydrophobic (Teflon) and the hydrophilic (glass) surfaces are considered for a drop
Weber number of 20. The drop deformation, spreading and recoil dynamics are captured using a high-speed digital
video camera at 4000 frames per second. A finite volume method is used to numerically model the transient drop
behavior and heat transfer. The liquid-air interface is tracked by the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method. The high-speed
visualization and computations reveal that surface wettability significantly affects the spreading-recoil behavior and
droplet cooling. On the hydrophobic substrate, the water drop spreads and then recoils sharply so as to form a
vertical column, which breaks up and ejects secondary droplets. The hydrophilic surface facilitates larger drop
spread followed by weak recoil, which leads to a higher rate of heat transfer from a hydrophilic surface compared to
a hydrophobic surface.
Poster - 5
Film Separation Criterion with Experiemental Validation for Dynamic Sheardriven Thin Liquid Films in Separated Gas Flows
M.A. Friedrich, H. Lan, J.A. Drallmeier, and B.F. Armaly
The onset of separation of sheardriven liquid films from a solid surface due to a sudden expansion in
geometry is studied. The thin (~300 m), horizontal film is driven by an adjacent gas flow and interacts
with the separated gas flow at a sharp 60 expanding corner on the lower wall. The objective is the
development of a comprehensive separation criterion for predicting whether the film will separate from the
corner and break up into droplets or negotiate the corner and stay attached. Quantitative estimates of the
film thickness and velocity just before separation is made using a simple two-dimensional film propagation
model. Using these estimates, a force balance is then performed to predict the separation or attachment of
the liquid film at the corner. Forces include momentum flux, surface tension forces and gravitational forces
acting on the film over the breakup length. Observations using high speed imaging as well as quantitative
measures of liquid mass attached to the wall after the corner are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of
the criterion to predict the onset of separation.
Poster - 6
Effects of an Induced Perturbation on the Interaction of Separated

Gas Flow and Shear-driven Thin Liquid Films
M.A. Friedrich, J.A. Drallmeier, and B.F. Armaly
The effect of an induced acoustic disturbance on the separation of a shear-driven liquid film from a solid
surface due to a sudden expansion in geometry is studied. A thin (~300 m), horizontal film, driven by an
adjacent gas flow, interacts with the separated gas flow at a sharp 60 expanding corner on the lower wall
and is disturbed by pressure fluctuations induced downstream. The perturbation frequencies were
established based on the characteristic Strouhal numbers for the gas phase vortex shedding frequency, as
well as the characteristic frequency of the large amplitude instabilities on the surface of the film.
Quantitative measures of liquid mass attached to the wall after the corner, as well as high speed imaging
observations of the liquid film separation and breakup for both the undisturbed and disturbed flow are
given.
Poster - 7
A Numerical Study of In-cylinder Mixture Formation in a

Low Pressure Direct Injection Gasoline Engine
Yuxin Zhang and Harold Schock
Automotive Research Experimental Station
Michigan State University
East Lansing, MI 48824
David L.S. Hung
Visteon Corporation
Van Buren Township, MI 48111-5711
Abstract
A KIVA-3V based numerical simulation has been performed to study the in-cylinder flow field
and fuel mixture formation process in a 5.4L V8 3-valve low pressure direct injection gasoline
engine. GRIDGEN, which is a commercial grid generator software program, was used to
build a fine mesh for the single cylinder with over a half million computational cells
configured in 50 blocks. To resolve the problems of fine moving mesh in KIVA-3V, a new
rezoner methodology was implemented. Simulation results show that the effect of injector
spray pattern, enabled by the use of multi-hole fuel injectors to achieve spray tailoring
flexibility, is a key factor to improve the fuel charge homogeneity in the cylinder.
Poster - 8
Dynamics of the Shock Waves Generated by High-Speed Liquid Jets

Kyoung-Su Im, Seong-Kyun Cheong, X. Liu, and Jin Wang
Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439
M.-C. Lai
Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202
Abstract
Ultra fast x-radiography and a multiphase numerical simulation were used to reveal complete
dynamical characteristics of the shock waves generated by supersonic liquid jets. Unlike the
conventional shock waves by a rigid body compression, this shock waves generated by highly
transient liquid jets are characterized by an weak but observable expansion immediately after
the compression caused by the liquid deformation due to aerodynamic drag on the jet front. A
transition mechanism from the transonic to the supersonic has been clearly observed. With the
quantitative analysis and the numerical simulation, the dynamic behavior induced by the
compression and expansion of the ambient gas in the vicinity of the shock front has been
examined, and also we demonstrated the dependence of the shock characteristics on spray
angles. Under specific injection condition, we provided the detailed internal structures and
interacting mechanisms between the ambient gas and liquid spray jet by simultaneously
simulating the fluid parameters such as gas velocities, density contours, and liquid sprays.
Poster - 9
Liquid Jet in Gas Cross Flow

A. Cavaliere+, R. Ragucci++, A. Bellofiore+
+
University Federico II, Naples,
++
Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, CNR, Naples
Abstract
Liquid Jet in Gas Cross Flow (LJGCF) bends, deforms and atomizes according to the oscillation reinforcement
occurring on the liquid-air interface, which depend in turn on modes similar to those occurring in more simple
configurations. In particular jets, injected in quiescent gas medium and droplets in uniform air flow are reference
conditions which allow identification of prevalent modes in deformation and fragmentation. Furthermore LJGCF is a
configuration which is also of interest in classification of atomization regimes passing from plain pressure
atomization to air assisted and air assisted processes. Therefore the LJGCF is a prototypal configuration which
synthesizes different simple behaviours as well as their interactions to be analyzed at an intermediate level of
complexity.
The not-dimensional numbers which control such a process have been identified, reduced to the most significant ones
and used to classify different relevant regimes according to several spay plume characteristics including shape
parameters both of spray and of the residual skeleton of the liquid jet. This inventory of phenomenological
characterizations is collected in a large ensemble of experimental works devoted to the subject and reported in the
literature.
The diagnostics techniques which are the ground for such characterization and the specific coupling of these techniques
to LJGCF configuration are also of interest as well as the assessment of their level of repeatability and accuracy. They
allow both to circumscribe regions of regime occurrences and to analyse the most important characteristics in terms of
quantitative dependence on the not-dimensional numbers.
Eventually the comparison of the semi-empirical correlations with those obtained from equations representing the
physical laws including gradually increasing level of complexity (more terms, more complex interactions, more
complicated boundary conditions) allow both to frame the different behaviours and to focus a conceptual model in
which the different parameters can be adjusted in a suitable way.
The technological aspects are also relevant for both single and multiple injections. They range from atomizationvaporization processes in most advanced gas turbine to liquid-gas mass exchange in Venturi scrubbers, to
homogenization of liquid film deposition.
_______________________________
AUTHOR INDEX
Abani, N
Abraham, J.
Aguila, G.
Aguilar, G.
Al-Ahmed, G.
Anchordoquy, T.
Anderson, E.
Anthonis, J.
Anthonis. J
Apte, S. V.
Arienti, M.
Armaly, B. F.
Armaly, B. F.
Armaly, B. F.
Ashgriz, N
Ashgriz, N.
Bellan, J
Berrocal, E.
Bolszo, C.
Borst, W.
Brinckman, K.
Brown, C. T.
Brown, K.
Bussmann, M.
Butcher, T.
Canino, J. V.
Carlucci, A. P
Carter, C.
Chandra, S.
Chandra, S.
Chandra, S.
Chen, Y.
Cheng, W. L.
Chiappetta, L.
Choi, M.
Chueh, P.
Corber, P. A.
Corn, M.
Costello, J.
Cronce, K. C.
Dabiri, S.
Danczyk, S. A.
De Ketelaere, B.
Desjardins, O.
Desjardins, O.
Dhiman, R.
Wed.,
Fri.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Wed.,
Thu.,
Wed.,
Thu.,
Fri.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Wed.,
Poster
Poster
Wed.,
Fri.,
Wed.,
Wed.,
Thu.,
Fri.,
Poster
Fri.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Fri.,
Wed.,
Wed.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
Thu.,
Wed.,
Fri.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
Thu.,
Fri.,
Wed.,
Thu.,
Wed.,
Thu.,
Fri.,
1B
1B
4B
2A
3A
1B
3A
3A
4B
2B
1A
4A
6
7
3B
2B
1B
4A
1A
3A
2
4C
3B
2B
4C
2A
3A
4A
4B
3A
3B
4A
1B
3A
2A
1B
3A
3A
3A
2A
1B
2A
3A
2A
2B
3B
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
3
3
3
2
1
1
2
3
2
2
3
2
/
/
/
/
/
/
1
2
1
1
1
3
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
2
1
3
1
1
2
1
4
1
3
2
2
3
4
2
2
3
3
4
1
3
3
2
4
3
Dolatabadi, A.
Drallmeier, J. A.
Drallmeier, J. A.
Drallmeier, J. A.
Dunn-Rankin, D.
Dunn-Rankin, D.
Edge, B. A.
Edwards, C.
Emerson, S.
Fang, T.
Felsch, C
Franco, W.
Friedrich, M. A.
Friedrich, M. A.
Friedrich, M. A.
Garca-Valladares,
O.
Gardner, K. R.
Garg, R.
Gatne, K.
Gatne, K.
Ghandhi, J
Ghandhi, J
Giles, D. K.
Giles, K.
Goghari, A. A.
Greminger, D.
Grover, R.
Hansen, A.
Hecht, J.
Heister, S. D.
Heister, S. D.
Herrmann, M.
Herrmann, M.
Herrmann, M.
Hicks, P.
Hung, D. L. S.
Huzzayin, O.
Im, K-S
Ismailov, M.
Jabbari, F.
Jafari, A.
Jepsen, R. A.
Jerzembeck, S
Jia, W.
Jog, M. A.
Fri.,
Wed.,
Poster
Poster
Thu.,
Fri.,
Poster
Wed.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
Wed.,
Thu.,
Wed.,
Poster
Poster
3B
4A
6
7
1B
2A
3
4B
3A
1A
1A
2A
4A
6
7
/
/
2
2
/
/
2
1
/
/
/
/
/
/
1
3
1
2
2
2
Thu.,
Thu.,
Wed.,
Poster
Thu.,
Wed.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
Thu.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
Wed.,
Fri.,
Wed.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Poster
Poster
Fri.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
Wed.,
Thu.,
Wed.,
Thu.,
Poster
2A
3B
4B
5
4B
1A
3B
2A
2C
3A
2C
3B
3C
2C
2A
1B
2A
2B
2B
4A
8
5
1A
1B
2A
3B
4B
1A
4B
5
/
/
/
2
1
2
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
1
3
1
2
2
1
1
2
3
2
1
2
2
1
4
4
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
2
2
1
1
2
2
3
Jog, M. A.
Joseph, D. D.
Kastengren, A.
Ketelaere, D.
Khosla, S.
Kim, D.
Kim, H. Y.
Kim, N. S.
Knasiak, K.
Knasiak, K.
Kneer, R
Konieczny, P.
Krarup, H. G.
Krishna, C. R.
Kyritsis, D.
Lan, H.
Lan, H.
Landry, E. S.
Lange, C. F.
Lecourt, R.
Lee, C-f
Lee, C-f
Lee, C-f
Lee, C-f
Lee, C-f
Lee, D. J.
Lee, J.
Lengsfeld, C.
Lengsfeld, C.
Lentz, Y.
Leuven, K. U.
Lightfoot, M. D.A.
Lim, J.
Lim, J.
Lin, K-C.
Linne, M
Linne, M
Linne, M. A.
Lipp, C.
Lippert, A.
Lippert, A.
Liu, J.
Liu, X.
Madabhushi, R. K.
Manglik, R. M.
Manglik, R. M.
Thu.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
Thu.,
Wed.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
Wed.,
Wed.,
Thu.,
Fri.,
Wed.,
Wed.,
Poster
Fri.,
Thu.,
Fri.,
Wed.,
Wed.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Wed.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Wed.,
Wed.,
Wed.,
Fri.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Fri.,
Thu.,
Poster
Thu.,
4B
1B
1A
4B
1A
2A
4B
4B
1C
1C
1A
2A
4A
4C
3A
4A
6
2B
3A
4B
1B
3B
1A
1A
3C
4B
4A
1B
1B
1B
3A
2A
4A
4A
4A
4A
2B
4A
2C
3A
3B
4B
1A
1A
5
4B
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
1
4
3
1
2
2
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
1
2
1
2
2
1
3
3
2
1
1
3
1
3
3
2
4
1
3
1
1
1
2
3
2
3
Markus, S.
Mashayek, A.
Mashayek, F.
Massah, H.
McCarthy, J. E.
McCrady, J.
McDonald, A.
McDonell, V.
McDonell, V.
McGaughey, A. J.
H.
Meglinski, I. V.
Mehring, C.
Micci, M. M.
Mikkilineni, S.
Miller, B.
Moin, P.
Mondragon, U. M.
Moreau, C.
Moses, B.
Mostaghimi, J.
Movassat, M.
Munnannur, A.
Needham, D. D.
Ning, W.
Nottingham, E.
Oskam, G.
Paciaroni, M. E.
Paciaroni, M. E.
Parker, T.
Parkhill, A. E.
Parrish, S. E
Pawlowski, A
Peters, N
Pertilla, B. A.
Pitsch, H.
Poespowati, T.
Post, S.
Post, S.
Powell, C. F.
Raessi, M.
Rahman, M. I.
Reitz, R. D.
Reitz, R. D.
Reitz, R. D.
Reitz, R. D.
Thu.,
Wed.,
Wed.,
Thu.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Fri.,
3B
3B
3A
2A
3C
3C
4B
1A
4C
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
3
1
1
1
2
3
4
1
2
Fri.,
Wed.,
Poster
Poster
Fri.,
Thu.,
Wed.,
Fri.,
Thu.,
Wed.,
Thu.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Wed.,
Wed.,
Wed.,
Poster
Wed.,
Wed.,
Wed.,
Poster
Thu.,
Fri.,
Wed.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Wed.,
Thu.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
2B
4A
1
4
2B
4A
2A
4C
4B
4B
2B
3B
4A
2A
3A
1B
2A
4A
4A
2B
3
1A
1A
1A
4
2B
1C
4B
4A
1A
2B
3A
1B
3A
3C
4A
/
/
1
1
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
1
1
2
2
4
1
3
2
2
2
1
3
3
1
3
/
/
/
1
1
2
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
4
1
3
1
2
3
2
3
1
1
2
Risi, A. D.
Rizoiu, I.
Rohani, M.
Rosenzweig, L.
Sallam, K.
Sanjeev, A.
Sanjeev, A.
Sarchami, A.
Schick, R. J.
Schick, R. J.
Schick, R. J.
Schock, H.
Sedarsky, D. L.
Sedarsky, D. L.
Selle, L
Shams, E.
Sharma, N.
Shedd, T.
Shrimpton, J. S.
Sirignano, W. A.
Sivathanu, Y.
Sivathanu, Y.
Sivathanu, Y.
Smith, C. E.
Sojka, P.
Spiekermann, P
Stamper, J.
Steelant, J.
Steinhaus, B
Steinhaus, B.
Stringer, V.
Subramaniam, S.
Sun, Y.
Talley, D. G.
Tanner, G.
Thibault, J-P.
Ting, F-C.
Tiwari, A.
Trujillo, M. F.
Trujillo, M. F.
Varanasi, P.
Vieille, B.
Vu, H.
Wang, J.
Wang, J.
Wang, K-T.
Wed.,
Thu.,
Fri.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Poster
Thu.,
Fri.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Poster
Wed.,
Wed.,
Wed.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Fri.,
Wed.,
Fri.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Wed.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Wed.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
Wed.,
Fri.,
Fri.,
Wed.,
Fri.,
Wed.,
Fri.,
Wed.,
Wed.,
Fri.,
Poster
Poster
Thu.,
Wed.,
Thu.,
Fri.,
Wed.,
Wed.,
3A
1B
2A
4B
4A
5
4B
2B
2A
2A
3B
8
4A
4A
1B
2B
4A
3B
3A
1B
4A
4A
2B
1A
4A
1A
2C
4B
1A
3B
3C
4B
3C
2A
1C
2A
4B
1B
3
4
4A
2A
2A
1A
2B
3B
/
/
/
/
/
2
2
1
4
1
/
/
/
/
/
1
2
1
4
1
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
1
3
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
4
/
/
/
/
/
/
2
2
2
2
1
3
1
3
2
1
3
2
4
3
3
2
4
2
2
2
Wang, Y.
Wulteputte L.
Wulteputte, L.
Xu, Y.
Yang, S-L.
Yoon, S. S.
Zeles-Hahn, M.
Zeles-Hahn, M.
Zeng, Y.
Zhang, Y.
Fri.,
Fri.,
Thu.,
Fri.,
Wed.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Thu.,
Poster
1A
4B
3A
1A
4B
4B
1B
1B
3B
8
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
2
2
3
3
3
2
1
3
2
Sponsors
dpq
(p-q)
Nidi
Nidi
p
q
DV0.9 - DV0.1
DV0.5
28,080,000
0gal
(112,300,000
0l)
$90,000
( 81,000)
Annual Cost of Wasted Water
$80,000
( 72,000)
100
70
60
CUMULATIVE VOLUME (% )
90
80
50
40
30
20
10
$70,000
( 63,000)
$60,000
( 54,000)
$50,000
( 45,000)
$40,000
( 36,000)
$30,000
( 27,000)
$20,000
( 18,000)
$10,000
( 9,
9000)
10
20
DROP SIZE DIAMETER (m)
40
5,616,000
0gal
(22,460,000
0l)
280,000gal
(1,1
1 120,000l)
561,600gal
(2,250,000
0l)
2,808,000
0gal
(11,230,000
0l)
5 (20)
10(40)
50(200)
0
100(400)
Total System Flow in gpm (l/min)
500(2000)
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ILASS -Americas 2007

20th Annual Conference on

Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems

Annual Cost of Wasted Water

DROP SIZE DIAMETER (m)

Total System Flow in gpm (l/min)

ILASS-AMERICAS BOARD OF DIRECTORS

ILASS-AMERICAS 2007 CONFERENCE

ILASS-07 LIST OF SPONSORS

Coen Company, Inc.

Dow Chemical Company

General Motors R&D and

Procter & Gamble

Solar Turbines Inc.

ILASS - AMERICAS 2007

Modeling of flow phenomena inside and outside of atomizers, including CFD.

Design, operation, and performance of liquid atomizers and spray systems.

The ILASS-Americas 2007 Conference will include:

Tutorial sessions representing a discussion of topics of broad interest to the spray

Technical sessions at which state-of-the-art research and methods are presented.

Manufacturer's exhibits showing the latest instrumentation and hardware in the

Technical committee meetings enabling participants to engage in specific topical

PROGRAM NOTES AND SPECIAL EVENTS

MANUFACTURER EXHIBITOR INFORMATION

Artium Technologies, Inc.

Dantec Dynamics, Inc.

Spray Analysis and Research Services

Spraying Systems Co.

Vision Research Inc.

These companies represent the leading technologies in spray characterization,

For more information please visit our web site, http://www.artium.com.

Dantec Dynamics, Inc. develops and manufactures advanced instrumentation for

For more information please visit our web site, http://www.dantec.co.uk.

For more information please visit our web site, http://www.enurga.com.

For more information please visit our web site, http://www.lavision.com.

Malvern Instruments is a global company that develops, manufactures and markets

For more information, please visit our web site: http://www.malvern.com.

Spray Analysis and Research Services, a service of Spraying Systems

For more information please visit our web site: http://www.SprayConsultants.com

For more information, please visit our web site: http://www.spray.com.

Sympatec specializes in Laser Diffraction instruments for measurement of droplet size

For more information, please visit our web site: http://www.sympatec.com.

TSI Incorporated designs and manufactures precision instruments used to

For more information please visit our web site, http://www.visionresearch.com

ILASS-2007 is the 20th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and

WEDNESDAY - MAY 16, 2007

(Sponsored by Woodward Inc.)

7:45 am Welcome and opening remarks, Grand Ballroom

8:00 am Invited Lecture:

8:50 am Transition to General Sessions

(Room: Lakeshore East)

(Room: Lakeshore West)

Chairpersons: Scott E. Parrish,

Chairpersons: Josette Bellan, Jet

Modeling requirements for Large

A New Spray Model for Transient

10:15 am - Break, Exhibits, Posters

(Sponsored by General Motors, R&D and Planning)

Chairpersons: Douglas G. Talley,

DENSE SPRAY DIAGNOSTICS

Moderator: Greg Smallwood, NRC

Terry Parker, Colorado School of

12:10 pm - Lunch Break, Exhibits, Posters

(Sponsored by Parker Hannifin Corporation)